Pa ge 1 Pa ge 30 American Journal of Physical Education and Health Science (AJPEHS) Managing the Security of Sports Stadiums and Their Impact on Consolidating the Values of Citizenship among Fans of Mass Clubs in Baghdad Mustafa Hameed Hussein1* Volume 3 Issue 1, Year 2025 ISSN: 2992-9679 (Online) DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajpehs.v3i1.4715 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs Article Information ABSTRACT Received: March 12, 2025 Accepted: April 17, 2025 Published: May 16, 2025 The security of sports stadiums is the security of human gatherings at all levels, it must have accurate planning based on sound information, the ability to anticipate possible scenarios that may occur in each match, and the preparation to face them in a way that ensures the safety of everyone and does not spoil the pleasure of watching the game. Sports is a luxurious societal image through which the values of good citizenship that society believes in are embodied and reflected on its behaviors inside the stadium. Many times, fans acquire good behaviors inside the stadium that enhance their good values outside the stadium. Therefore, it became necessary to strengthen this behavior through upbringing, organization, and training. Citizenship values are the result of what society believes in, behaviors that determine the actions of its members in a way that enhances social welfare. hence, the importance of research to promote the values of good citizenship through leading the masses in ideal and conscious ways that reflect a civilized image of practicing sports activities. The searcher analyzed the Relationship and impact among the two measures, sports stadium security management and citizenship values, established according to the scientific criteria of pedagogical and psychological scales. The research variables were also evaluated by some members of administrative and technical bodies and Club fan groups in Baghdad. The study reached multiple theoretical and practical results, From her: Statistically significant correlation between the studied variables (security of sports stadiums and citizenship values) and The results of the simple linear regression analysis revealed the existence of significant influence relationships for the independent variable represented by the security of sports stadiums and the dependent variable represented by citizenship values. The researcher recommended that sports clubs should pay attention to training and developing their training and technical staff and their fans ‘ associations to promote the values of citizenship in more modern ways and methods to enhance the spirit of volunteerism and community work. Keywords Consolidation, Fans, Mass Clubs, Security of Sports Stadiums, Values of Citizenship 1 AL Imam Al-a’adum University College, Iraq * Corresponding author’s e-mail: mustafa.hameed@imamaladham.edu.iq INTRODUCTION Sports stadiums represented the image of modernity in our current era in terms of Renaissance, perfection and splendor in their construction, as well as their place in activating the national and national economy, which makes it an important area that needs special insurance in terms of high-level implementation of the tasks of security agencies mixed with psychological techniques that deal professionally with the moods of the fans of competing teams in its multiple categories, it deals with a special kind of citizens who agree with their passion for football mixed with the challenge of winning and intolerance for their teams despite their multiple orientations, inclinations, ages and social levels. The security of sports stadiums represents the security of human gatherings at all levels, it must have accurate planning based on sound information and the ability to anticipate possible scenarios that may occur in each match and prepare to face them in a way that ensures the safety of everyone and does not spoil the pleasure of watching the match. Based on the foregoing, sports is a luxurious societal image through which the values of good citizenship that society believes in are embodied and reflected on its behaviors inside the stadium, and many times the masses acquire good behaviors inside the stadium that enhance their good values outside the stadium, so it became necessary to strengthen this behavior by upbringing, organization and training, as the values of citizenship are the product of the behaviors that society believes in that determine the actions of its members in a way that enhances social welfare, hence the importance of research to promote the values of good citizenship by leading the masses in ideal and conscious ways that reflect a civilized image of practicing sports activities. The research problem started from the strategies used in the security management of sports stadiums and its role in promoting the values of citizenship for an important and diverse segment of Iraqi society that affects the consolidation of these values to become the culture of society in general. On the contrary, the values will fall one after another, causing social crises that are reflected not only on the sports movement of the country, but extend to include all other aspects. objective of the research determines the role of the sports stadium security department in promoting the citizenship values of mass clubs in Baghdad. To achieve this, two metrics have been built: the first for managing the security of sports stadiums, and the second for citizenship values, specifically for the Iraqi Environment, through them, the Pa ge 31 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 3(1) 30-38, 2025 research variables will be described in a way that enhances the values of good citizenship for safe matches. The spatial scope of the research was determined at the headquarters of the popular clubs in Baghdad, and the temporal scope was within the period between 10/2/2024 and 1/20/2025, and the human scope was for some members of the administrative and technical bodies and the fan associations of the popular clubs in Baghdad. LITERATURE REVIEW Sports stadiums: are the places where sports competitions of all forms and names are practiced, and they are often multipurpose, that is, they are suitable for more than one type of sports activities, the main of which is the game of football, defined (Eid, 2000) as: real estate of land and construction, whether dedicated all the time or for some time to conduct sports movement matters. Stadiums acquire their importance from the organization of mass sports competitions, which makes them targets, especially from organized crime gangs that try to take advantage of the chances of the presence of the largest mass gathering to commit their criminal acts (Abu al- Futuh , 2003), as well as the presence of important figures, which requires taking all necessary preventive measures to protect these stadiums and protect those present in them (Batayna, 2000). The most important sports stadiums in our Arab world are football stadiums because the audience of this game includes all segments of society. A football stadium consists of a playing field, a track, stands and service facilities that can contain a huge human mass inside during competitions, the management and organization of which requires a great effort on the part of the organizer and security personnel (Al-Harthy, 2004). The benefits of holding sports matches are manifested in raising the skill level of the participating teams and achieving good media publicity for the state through activating tourism and achieving economic return for the state, as well as satisfying the desires of the fans and their sports aspirations (Ibrahim , 2000). The risks that threaten sports stadiums are represented by the collapse of sports facilities, fire accidents, increasing the number of fans over the capacity of the stands, as well as riots, crimes of assault on public money, financial and administrative corruption, all this represents a burden on the tasks and duties of the sports stadium security forces, they are responsible for adjusting the rhythm of sports matches in a safe civilized manner, and they can also be one of the causes of sports riots if there are arbitrary practices against the public in addition to public intolerance, the behavior of players and referees and economic conditions (Al-Subaie, 2001). This can only be achieved if there is an ethical contract surrounding sports competitions, a contract to which all members of the sports community are committed to promoting the values of citizenship. Citizenship is derived from the word “homeland”, whose children, without exception, are united by a sacred bond that binds the individual to his homeland within the framework of a multidimensional socio-political concept, influenced by the level of intellectual maturity, civilized development, inherited values (Jalab, 2011). (Rayan, 2006) in their study “organizational citizenship among faculty members and achievement of Secondary School students” showed a positive correlation between students achievement in standardized tests and the degree of practicing organizational citizenship behavior among teachers, while a study (Mansour, 2009) entitled “organizational citizenship behavior among teachers of Government General Education schools for boys in Jeddah from the point of view of the principals of those schools” showed no correlation between the personal factors of the study sample and their A study (Barna, 2010) titled “behavior Organizational citizenship as an indicator to predict the academic achievement of students” that the dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior have a role in improving the motivation for education and is one of the important behavioral patterns to be practiced by lecturers, according to a study (Shaifu & Mahmoud, 2010) entitled “The relationship between the practice of organizational citizenship behavior and emotional intelligence” There is a statistically significant relationship between the study variables, a study (Yaghoubi & Hadi, 2011) entitled “security of sports facilities”, aimed to develop an optimal perception of how to protect sports facilities, while a study (Virlee & Clapham, 2003) entitled “security response to riots in sports stadiums” came to emphasize the importance of the preventive role of educational and media devices to reduce the manifestations of riots in sports stadiums. Through the above, the researcher came to his procedural definition of the security of sports stadiums, namely: (employing means and capabilities to ensure the success of sports competitions without accidents, by securing human and material resources inside and outside the stadium). The researcher also defined the values of citizenship as: (the social contract that ensures the security of society by showing the qualities of altruism, civility and sportsmanship). MATERIALS AND METHODS The researcher adopted the survey method for the descriptive research approach, as he sees it (Hussein, 2024) “It studies the nature of phenomena in terms of their characteristics, forms, relationships, and the factors affecting them”. Sampling and Data Collection The current research community was represented by the administrative bodies of four popular clubs and their fan associations in Baghdad. The research samples included (185) individuals, distributed as in Table (1). Pa ge 32 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 3(1) 30-38, 2025 Search Tools Based on the objectives of the current research, which requires the presence of two tools: The Sports Stadium Security Scale and the Citizenship Values Scale, he built the two scales according to the scientific steps adopted in building educational and psychological scales, as follows: First: Definition of Terms Related to Sports Stadium Security and Citizenship Values The researcher defined the security of sports stadiums as (employing the means and possibilities for the success of sports competitions without accidents by securing human and material resources inside and outside the stadium), and the researcher defined the values of citizenship as (the social contract guaranteeing the security of society by showing the qualities of altruism, civility and sportsmanship). Second: Defining the Dimensions (Axes) Concepts of Sports Stadium Security and Citizenship Values Through the researcher’s review of specialized literature in the fields of sports stadium security and citizenship values, to understand their concepts and dimensions accurately, he chose three axes for each of them, taking into account their suitability to the Iraqi environment, which are: Security of sports stadiums: (securing fans of both sides of the match-securing players and referees-securing VIPs). The values of citizenship: (altruism – civility – sportsmanship). Then the researcher presented these axes and definitions of procedural terms to (5) experts specializing in sports management, testing and measurement for scientific arbitration, and their agreement on their validity was 100%. Third: Formulating Phrases for Both Metrics The researcher formulated the phrases of the two scales in the (Self-Report) style and the phrases consisted of (21) phrases for each scale, and the five alternatives to the answer were chosen (always, often, sometimes, rarely, no), with the awarding of grades (5,4,3,2,1) respectively, this method is adopted for the following reasons: 1. Achieve greater homogeneity of scale. 2. Enable the respondent to express the degree of his feelings. 3. Provide greater contrast between individuals. 4. Ensure high honesty and stability. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Validity of Paragraphs for Both Metrics After formulating the phrases of the two scales, which amounted to (21) phrases for each scale, the researcher presented the phrases to (5) experts specialized in sports management, testing and measurement for scientific arbitration. The researcher adopted a percentage of 80% or more for the experts to agree on the validity of the phrases, and the two scales came out in their initial versions as in Tables (2 & 3). Table 1: Explains the details of the research samples S Club Exploratory sample Building sample Implementation sample 1 Al-Zawraa 1 10 35 2 Air power 1 10 35 3 The police 1 10 35 4 Students 1 10 35 Total 5 40 140 Table 2: The structure of the sports stadium security scale shows S Scale axes of the sports stadium security Paragraph numbers Number of paragraphs Percentage ratio 1 Securing fans of both sides of the match 1-7 7 33.33% 2 Insurance of players and referees 8-14 7 33.33% 3 VIP insurance 15-21 7 33.33% Total 21 100% Table 3: The structure of the citizenship values scale shows S Scale axes of Citizenship values Paragraph numbers Number of paragraphs Percentage ratio 1 Altruism 1-7 7 33.33% 2 Civility 8-14 7 33.33% 3 Sportsmanship 15-21 7 33.33% Total 21 100% Pa ge 33 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 3(1) 30-38, 2025 Scientific Conditions of The Two Scales The scientific conditions of any scale include (truthfulness, constancy, objectivity) that must be checked when constructing pedagogical and psychological scales, since the truthfulness, constancy and objectivity of the scale are significantly related to the quality of its paragraphs, and this is achieved by:- Virtual Honesty The apparent honesty expresses the extent to which the phrase is related to the scale, and it was extracted for the two scales by presenting them in their initial form to (5) experts specialized in sports management, testing and measurement for scientific arbitration previously. Discriminatory Power The researcher unloaded the answers of the construction sample of (40) individuals, calculated the total score for each form, then arranged the scores of the sample members in descending order from the highest total score to the lowest total score, and identified the two extreme groups in the total score by 50%, so the forms of the upper group were (20) forms versus (20) forms for the lower group and for each scale separately, measurement and evaluation experts point out that this ratio is used when the sample size is small, i.e. less than (80) individuals. The researcher used the t-test of two independent samples to calculate the significance of the difference between the two extreme groups for each of the two scales separately, as the statistical significance of the value of (T) represents the discriminatory power of the paragraph, so all the paragraphs of the two scales had a discriminatory power in statistical significance at the level of (0.001) and as an indicator in Tables (4 & 5). Table 4: Demonstrates the discriminatory power in the measure of security of sports stadiums S Upper group Lower group Calculated value (t) The power of the discriminatory paragraphMean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation 1 4.80 0.410 3.10 0.912 7.603 Featured 2 4.70 0.470 3.05 0.887 7.603 Featured 3 4.85 0.366 3.20 0.834 7.350 Featured 4 4.70 0.470 3.30 0.865 7.350 Featured 5 4.65 0.489 3.40 0.821 8.105 Featured 6 5.00 0.000 3.25 1.164 8.105 Featured 7 4.80 0.410 3.40 0.883 6.362 Featured 8 5.00 0.000 3.45 1.234 6.362 Featured 9 4.45 0.510 3.00 0.973 5.850 Featured 10 4.25 0.444 3.10 0.968 5.850 Featured 11 4.40 0.503 3.05 0.945 6.723 Featured 12 4.85 0.366 3.00 0.918 6.723 Featured 13 4.75 0.444 3.05 0.887 6.433 Featured 14 4.55 0.510 3.10 0.968 6.433 Featured 15 4.55 0.510 3.15 0.875 5.616 Featured 16 4.65 0.489 3.10 1.071 5.616 Featured 17 4.25 0.444 3.05 0.945 5.900 Featured 18 4.55 0.510 3.25 0.910 5.900 Featured 19 4.35 0.489 3.40 0.821 4.829 Featured 20 4.35 0.489 3.20 0.834 4.829 Featured 21 4.55 0.510 3.20 0.951 5.643 Featured Table 5: Demonstrates the discriminatory power of the citizenship values scale S Upper group Lower group Calculated value (t) The power of the discriminatory paragraphMean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation 1 3.90 0.718 2.90 1.165 3.267 Featured 2 4.20 0.616 2.80 1.196 3.267 Featured 3 4.15 0.489 2.75 1.020 4.653 Featured 4 4.20 0.768 3.05 1.234 4.653 Featured 5 4.15 0.587 2.75 1.164 5.536 Featured 6 3.75 1.164 2.45 1.234 5.536 Featured Pa ge 34 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 3(1) 30-38, 2025 7 4.25 0.444 2.95 1.317 3.538 Featured 8 4.50 0.513 2.75 1.333 3.538 Featured 9 4.00 0.725 2.45 1.191 4.802 Featured 10 4.10 0.788 2.55 1.099 4.802 Featured 11 4.10 0.641 2.55 0.999 3.426 Featured 12 3.75 0.851 2.60 1.095 3.426 Featured 13 3.95 0.686 2.60 1.046 4.183 Featured 14 4.20 0.523 2.50 1.235 4.183 Featured 15 4.35 0.745 2.35 1.089 5.480 Featured 16 3.90 0.718 2.65 1.182 5.480 Featured 17 4.20 0.523 2.50 1.235 4.971 Featured 18 4.10 0.852 2.25 1.070 4.971 Featured 19 3.95 0.759 2.40 1.046 5.126 Featured 20 4.05 0.686 2.70 1.031 5.126 Featured 21 4.15 0.587 2.30 1.129 5.842 Featured Internal Consistency The researcher used the simple correlation coefficient (Pearson) between the scores of each paragraph and the total score of the scale, and this correlation indicates the homogeneity of the scale, and since all the paragraphs in the two scales had statistically significant consistency coefficients at the indicative level (0.001), it can be said that the two scales have internal homogeneity, and this is evidenced in tables (6 & 7). Table 6: Demonstrates internal consistency in the measure of security of sports stadiums Securing fans of both sides of the match Insurance of players and referees VIP insurance P Pearson Correlation P Pearson Correlation P Pearson Correlation 1 0.941** 8 0.876** 15 0.924** 2 0.922** 9 0.897** 16 0.901** 3 0.933** 10 0.855** 17 0.886** 4 0.866** 11 0.909** 18 0.749** 5 0.910** 12 0.890** 19 0.666** 6 0.835** 13 0.921** 20 0.873** 7 0.913** 14 0.922** 21 0.900** Table 7: Demonstrates internal consistency in the scale of citizenship values Altruism Civility Sportsmanship P Pearson Correlation P Pearson Correlation P Pearson Correlation 1 0.474** 8 0.890** 15 0.865** 2 0.628** 9 0.819** 16 0.750** 3 0.760** 10 0.821** 17 0.864** 4 0.638** 11 0.887** 18 0.886** 5 0.869** 12 0.741** 19 0.831** 6 0.708** 13 0.858** 20 0.822** 7 0.804** 14 0.886** 21 0.912** Table 8: Demonstrates the Alpha-Cronbach values for the two scales S The scale Alpha-Cronbach 1 Security of sports stadiums 0.770 2 Citizenship values 0.766 Constancy The researcher extracted the stability coefficient by applying the (Alpha-Cronbach) equation, and the values of the stability coefficient for the two scales came out good, as shown in Table (8). Pa ge 35 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 3(1) 30-38, 2025 Objectivity To find out the objectivity of the scale, the researcher determined the range of answers of his samples with five alternatives that give the same results when correcting the resolution, no matter how different the number of correctors, which indicates that the two scales are objective. Objectivity “is the test that gives the same results regardless of the difference of the correctors” (Abu al-Futuh , 2003). Execution of Two Scales on the Main Sample The researcher distributed the forms to the main research sample (implementation sample) of 140 individuals, and the scores were collected and arranged in tables in preparation for statistical processing in order to display and analyze the results. Analysis and Discussion of Results The researcher used the (t-test) Test for one sample of the data of the two scales, where the average score for the security of sports stadiums was (75.86), which is greater than his theoretical average of (63) with a standard deviation of (15.559), and the value of (T) (57.686) is significant at the level of statistical significance (0.001). The average score of citizenship values was (73.28), which is greater than the theoretical average of (63) with a standard deviation of (13,590). The value of (T) (63.802) is significant at the level of statistical significance Table 9: Shows the value (T) of the measure of security of sports stadiums S The measure of security of sports stadiums Sample size Mean Std. Deviation Theoretical Mean Calculated value (t) Level of significance 1 Sports stadium security 140 75.86 15.559 63 57.686 0.000 2 Securing the fans of both sides of the match 140 25.49 5.582 21 54.038 0.000 3 Insurance of players and referees 140 25.08 5.740 21 51.693 0.000 4 VIP insurance 140 25.29 5.558 21 53.825 0.000 Table 10: Shows the value (T) of the citizenship values scale S Citizenship values scale Sample size Mean Std. Deviation Theoretical Mean Calculated value (t) Level of significance 1 Citizenship values 140 73.28 13.590 63 63.802 0.000 2 Altruism 140 24.41 4.555 21 63.419 0.000 3 Civility 140 24.56 5.197 21 55.925 0.000 4 Sportsmanship 140 24.30 5.087 21 56.518 0.000 Table 11: The correlation coefficient (Pearson) between the two measures Citizenship values Altruism Civility Sportsmanship Sports stadium security 0.960** 0.853** 0.917** 0.885** Securing the fans of both sides of the match 0.872** 0.799** 0.837** 0.776** Insurance of players and referees 0.879** 0.767** 0.828** 0.836** VIP insurance 0.885** 0.779** 0.853** 0.815** (0.001), and tables (9 and 10) show these results in detail. Associative Relations The researcher used the simple correlation coefficient (Pearson) to calculate the relationship between the two scales, and table (11) indicates the existence of positive statistical correlation relationships at the level of significance (0.001) between the two scales and their axes. The Impact of Sports Stadium Security on Citizenship Values (Durbin-Watson) test show that there is one independent variable called the security of sports grounds, while the dependent variable represents citizenship values. The results indicate that the security of sports stadiums has a moral impact on the values of citizenship. The value of (T) for the Model constant was (2.315), while the calculated value of (T) for the independent variable was (40.354), which is a function statistically at the level of (0.05), which indicates the morale of the model in general. The determination coefficient reached (0.922) and the corrective determination coefficient (0.921), which means that the independent variable (security of sports stadiums) is able to explain (92.2%) of the changes in the dependent variable (citizenship values). Thus, (92.2%) of the behavior of the dependent variable (citizenship values) depends on the independent variable (security of sports stadiums), while (7.8%) of the changes in citizenship values are due to other variables that were Pa ge 36 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 3(1) 30-38, 2025 not included in the research model, and the calculated value of (F) reached (1628.439), which is significant at the indicative level (0.001), reflecting the ability of the model to accurately interpret the changes as shown in Table (12). Table 12: The linear regression model shows Source of Variability Sum of Squares Degrees of Freedom Mean Square Test Value (F) Level of Significance Between groups 31022.205 1 31022.205 31022.205 0.000 Within the groups 2628.938 138 19.050 19.050 Total 33651.143 139 0.828** CONCLUSIONS The research showed that the topic of sports stadium security and citizenship values is one of the modern topics in the field of sports management, as it represents the relationship between human Sports resources and their audience, He also pointed out that there is a strong moral correlation between the security of sports stadiums in its dimensions and the values of citizenship in its three dimensions, and this shows the important role played by the security of sports stadiums in consolidating the values of citizenship. The research has achieved the highest correlation between the two measures of sports stadium security and the values of citizenship as a whole, the lowest moral correlation between the two axes was the security of important figures in the measure of the security of sports stadiums and altruism in the measure of citizenship values. The results showed that the individuals of the research sample obtained high computational averages compared to the theoretical circles for both the security of sports stadiums and the values of citizenship, reflecting the desire of the sample to provide the best performance for fun, The results of the simple linear regression analysis revealed the existence of significant influence relationships for the independent variable represented by the security of sports stadiums and the dependent variable represented by citizenship values. Recommendations 1. Sports clubs should take care of applying the security measures of sports stadiums and put it in the first place, through which we get employees with high abilities and skills in dealing and providing high-quality services to the beneficiaries of the club (technical and administrative staff and the public). 2. The need for sports clubs to pay attention to the training and development of employees, raise their skills and personal behaviors, and reconsider their training programs to include in the future special training programs aimed at enhancing human resources. 3. The need for sports clubs to pay attention to training and developing the bonds of their fans to promote the values of citizenship in more modern ways and methods to enhance the spirit of volunteerism and community work. 4. Promote a culture of adherence to laws and rejection of intolerance by spreading awareness of national values and belonging. 5. Spreading the spirit of Service and tolerance contributes greatly to motivating positive behavior and reporting inappropriate behaviors. 6. Fairness in the provision of sports services by the organizing committees of sports competitions significantly contributes to a sense of responsibility towards accepting the loss. REFERENCES Abu al-Futuh, D. (2003). Towards effective electronic scenarios and simulations for crisis management. Published research, the First Scientific Conference on Legal Aspects of Electronic Operations, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Al-Subaie, B. (2001). Personal qualities of employees in the security and protection of VIPs in the light of some changes. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Naif Arab Academy for Security Sciences. Barna, P. (2010). Ethical behavior in the framework of educational and ethical leadership [Doctoral dissertation, UMI Dissertations Publishing]. ProQuest. Batayna, N. (2000). Practical models of sports stadium security. In The Scientific Symposium: Security of Sports Stadiums. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Naif Arab Academy for Security Sciences. Eid, M. (2000). Security of sports facilities. In The Scientific Symposium: Security of Sports Stadiums, March 24–26, 2001. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Naif Arab Academy for Security Sciences. Hussein, M. (2024). The degree of exercise of academic and sports freedom among faculty members at the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Baghdad. American Journal of Physical Education and Health Science, 2(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ ajpehs.v2i1.2379 Hussein, M. (2024). Analysis of the temporal orientation of the supervisors of the specialization of Physical Education in Baghdad. American Journal of Life Science and Innovation, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.54536/ajlsi. v3i1.2508 Jalab, E. (2011). Managing organizational behavior in the age of change (1st ed.). Amman, Jordan: Safa Publishing House. Mansour, L. (2009). Citizenship and the education system in the Arab world. Giza, Egypt: International Publishing and Distribution House. Rayan, M. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior and mutual trust and their impact on the performance of employees Pa ge 37 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 3(1) 30-38, 2025 in the Jordanian banking sector [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Amman Arab University for Graduate Studies. Shaifu, L., & Mahmoud, O. (2010). Organizational citizenship behavior as a predictor of student academic achievement. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(1), 7–56. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef. v2n1p65 Virlee, J., & Clapham, M. (2003). The relationship between leadership justice and organizational citizenship behaviors. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Academy of Management, October 3–5. Yaghoubi, E., & Hadi, A. (2011). An analysis of correlation between organizational citizenship behavior and emotional intelligence. Modern Applied Science, 5(2), 5–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v5n2p119 Ibrahim, H. (2000, June). The people cooperated positively in the security field. Journal of the Faculty of Studies, Mubarak Security Academy, King Fahd Security College, 5. Al-Harthy, F. (2004, June). The sense of security and its role in combating crime. Journal of Security Research, 12(24), 12. King Fahd Security College. Appendixes Appendix 1: The measure of security of sports stadiums S The measure of security of sports stadiums No Rarely Sometimes Mostly Always Securing fans of both sides of the match 1 2 3 4 5 1 Secure the stadium before entering the two sides of the match. 2 Put a barrier grille separating the two ends of the fixture. 3 Putting up a barrier net that prevents fans from entering the Stadium. 4 The entry cards specify the seating areas of the two sides of the match. 5 Divide the two sides of the game into small groups to control them. 6 Surveillance of hooligans in the stands by cameras. 7 Placing signs instructing the entry and evacuation of the public. Insurance of players and referees 1 2 3 4 5 8 Securing and inspecting vehicles for transporting players and referees to and from the stadium. 9 Securing the way of players and referees to and from the field. 10 Securing special rooms for changing the clothes of players and referees. 11 Securing the administrative and technical staff of the reserve for the two parties to the match. 12 Put a security cordon around the players and referees when entering and exiting the stadium. 13 Develop an emergency plan to evacuate players and referees from the field. 14 Securing the VAR zone and ruling IV. VIP insurance 1 2 3 4 5 15 Securing the VIP route to and from the stadium. 16 Secure VIP cars at the stadium. 17 Secure the location of VIPs before and after the game. 18 Customize and secure special gates for the entry and exit of VIPs. 19 Choose the most competent security men to protect VIPs. 20 Securing VIP hospitality items. 21 Secure command and control between the security services inside and outside the stadium. Pa ge 38 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 3(1) 30-38, 2025 Appendix 2: Citizenship values scale S Citizenship values scale No Rarely Sometimes Mostly Always Altruism 1 2 3 4 5 1 Help the fans even if they are from the other side of the match. 2 I advise fans to be positive. 3 I direct the fans towards law-abiding. 4 He shared his personal belongings with fans to help them when necessary. 5 Respect the rights and privileges of fans. 6 Anime cooperation between fans. 7 I prefer the public interest over his personal interest. Civility 1 2 3 4 5 8 I find it difficult to express my opinion tactfully in sensitive situations. 9 I try to respond in a respectful manner when someone offends me. 10 I see that civility helps in resolving conflicts. 11 Be careful to consider the feelings of others when providing criticism and feedback. 12 I believe that civility reflects how much a person respects others. 13 I think civility can be misinterpreted as weakness or excessive courtesy. 14 Overweight people get better treatment in social situations. Sportsmanship 1 2 3 4 5 15 I deal with losing in competitions with a positive spirit 16 Encourage colleagues and opponents to perform well during competitions. 17 Be sure to respect the referee's decisions, even if he thinks they are incorrect. 18 I believe that sportsmanship promotes positive relationships between fans. 19 I accept criticism from others. 20 I treat calmly when provoked by an opponent. 21 I think sportsmanship makes competition fun.