227 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies Volume 01, Issue 09, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2157 Architecturetand The Art of Designing Muhammedyar Alliyarov Teacher of Karakalpak State University named after Berdak Abstract: In this article, architecture and the art of designing and constructing buildings and structures based on the goals and tasks of architecture , modern technical capabilities and aesthetic views of society. Keywords: Architecture , buildings and structures, houses, architectural complexes, squares, cities Architecture (Architecture) is the art of designing and constructing buildings and structures based on the purposes and tasks of use, modern technical capabilities and aesthetic views of society. The architect first plans the spatial environment necessary for human life and activity in a creative project with the power of thinking, and builds it in practice with high taste and skill. Architectural works include various buildings, houses, architectural complexes, squares, cities, their monuments, open and closed structures. Urban planning is the comprehensive and most complex field of architecture dealing with the planning and organization of populated areas - villages, cities and towns. The field of creating an environment related to natural landscapes, creating gardens is the art of horticulture. Japan Apart from its practical service and function, the work of architecture embodies a certain ideological-artistic content, an architectural appearance - an image representing its era, it is the most majestic and costly component of material culture; at the same time, it appears as a majestic art. As architecture incorporates various other forms of art (such as sculpture, carving, carving), it is compared to the mother of arts, and architectural monuments of antiquity are likened to music frozen in stone, assuming that spatial forms are mutually proportional and harmonious. The fact that the building is strong, useful and beautiful is the main factor of the early development of architecture until now. It is no coincidence that all the famous Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were works of architectural art created by human genius. Isfahan (Iran) In the flood of the past eras, many magnificent buildings were washed away without a trace. But under the great monuments of architectural heritage that have reached over the centuries, one can observe the results and achievements of the rise of architecture. Especially, as a result of the expansion of material and technical possibilities, the increase of artistic and historical experience, the stylistic changes of architecture appeared. In the ancient East and Egypt, there were huge constructions related to the divine ideology, such as the majestic ehram (pyramid) and ziggurat, which were unknown to history and amazed people. Even now, they visit the Egyptian shrines with admiration. Huge buildings, especially temples, were built in the style of ancient and classical 228 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us periods in Greece (7th century BC), Romanesque (10th-12th centuries), Gothic (12th-15th centuries) styles of medieval European architecture. The majestic Parthenon on top of the Athenian Acropolis, along with Doric columns and magnificent relief sculptures, have become a famous symbol of classical architecture, and new imitation buildings such as schools, theaters, stadiums, and temples have been built. Long arches, spear-shaped decorations characteristic of the Gothic style have become sacred shrines of Western European cities. Notre-Dame Cathedral in Reims (France, XIII-XIV centuries) is a product of restoration and development of Renaissance- Renaissance (end of XV-beginning of XVI century) style by connecting the classical architecture of the ancient times with the requirements and possibilities of the new era. Complex architectural ensembles, complexes, and large cities were built on a large scale based on the system of classical orders - columns. The rules of classical architecture paved the way for the creation of unique and elegant compositions in the conditions of the new era. In the architecture of the Middle Ages, the baroque style became widespread from the middle of the 16th century. Particular attention was paid to the decoration of the buildings in all respects. Later (17th-19th centuries), the search for a new period style returned from luxurious decorations and gave good results. As a result of the creative use of the achievements of the principles of classical and renaissance architecture, the style of classicism appeared. Especially in the cities of Western Europe, wonderful architectural ensembles in the spirit of classicism were created. The development of industry in the first half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century led to the construction of new types of architectural structures. Industrial buildings such as factories, factories, power plants, railway stations, and elevators appeared. In particular, metal, reinforced concrete constructions and other new building materials (special glass, plastic, etc.) raised the horizons of architectural possibilities, methodological research gave excellent results. Extremely powerful technology and industry entered the construction field. This made it possible to rebuild high-rise, multi-story buildings. Buildings were assembled on the basis of standard and repetitive (typical) parts and began to be built very quickly. New materials, techniques, new demands and opportunities quickly brought new currents to the fore in architecture. Functionalists (F. Wright in the USA and others) emphasize that the beauty of the building depends on the integrity of its form and function, the elegance of the structure, and the naturalness of the materials, while another group of architects (W. Gropius in Germany and others, the creative center "Bauhaus") is completely new. they declared that there is no place for decoration in architecture. The current of constructivism appeared as a result of cases of denying the ideological-artistic and even beauty qualities of architecture, paying more attention to the achievements and possibilities of construction techniques. The abundance of creative flow was expressed in the form of architectural objects. During the next half-century, the art of urban planning has grown on an unprecedented scale all over the world, and amazing, beautiful, modern cities are being built in a historically short period of time. In the architecture of the present time, artistic features previously unknown to history are felt, that is, the boundless international spirit and form are clearly felt in the architectural art. That is why the issue of nationality in architecture is drawing attention again. Therefore, scientific research works in the field of architecture, urban planning, gardening arts are also aimed at studying the architectural heritage of the whole world, advanced architectural experiences serve to improve the level of creative architects, artists, and students. According to the custom in the world of architecture, history books mainly analyze the architecture of the ancient world - Egypt, Greece, Rome and the European countries of the Middle Ages. As the architecture of ancient cultural centers such as Asian countries, China, India, Arabia is relatively little studied, their international influence seems to be somewhat limited. In particular, the architecture of Central 229 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us Asia, especially the architecture of Uzbekistan, is just beginning to be explored by experts. of Uzbekistan [ edit source] The architecture of Uzbekistan attracts attention with its great antiquity, various architectural monuments, and magnificent works of art. The oldest cultural centers between the Amudarya and Syrdarya still present a wonderful architectural treasure from the depths of archaeological monuments (such as Sopollitepa, Koykirilan Castle, Tuproqkala, Afrosiyob, Varakhsha, Poykend, Kanqa). Old cities such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, Khiva, Shahrisabz, Termiz, Koqan have their unique architectural monuments (Somonites' mausoleum, Mag'oki Attori, Chashmai Ayyub, Poyi Kalon complex, Labi pool complex, Samarkand Registan, including Ulugbek madrasa, Sherdar madrasa, Tillakori mosque -madrasa and others) known to the world. Among the periods of the development of Uzbekistan's architecture, the most historically remarkable is inextricably linked with the period of Amir Temur and the Timurids, and it is customary to describe it as the Renaissance - Eastern Renaissance, Samarkand, the "polish of the earth", "the dome of knowledge and manners", Kesh - Shahrisabz cities, especially Amir Temur It was rebuilt from the ground up due to the efforts, architectural vayu-yati (abundance of valyyati) and karomat. Magnificent and luxurious buildings such as Aksaroy, Koksaroy palaces, Dor us-Siyadat madrasa, Blue dome, Jame' mosque were erected. An architectural necropolis like Shahizinda was built. Kokhna Kesh was honored with the name of Shahrisabz because it turned into a flourishing architectural garden. In the ring of coral gardens that appeared around Samarkand, beautiful buildings such as Dilkusho Koshki - Ishratkhana, Chilustun Koshki, small Aksaroy Koshki, beautiful gardens such as Bogi Dilkusho, Bogi Naqshi Jahan, Bogi Shamol, Bogi Chinor laid the foundation for the development of the art of architectural gardening in general. Indian art historians acknowledge that the real art of gardening came to India with Zahiruddin Babur during the reign of Timurid. It's no secret that even medieval European gardens were influenced by Timurid gardens. In the same period, it is worth noting that science treatises related to architecture were created. If in the works of scholars such as Muhammad Khorazmi, Abu Nasr Farabi, and Birjandi, the aspects related to harmony in architecture are based on the text, the scientists around Ulugbek did not limit themselves to researches on astronomy, but wrote treatises on architecture and created programs on gardening. Rare architectural drawings created by folk architects of Bukhara in the 16th century have been preserved (UzFASHI fund). The modular system, which is widely used in modern architecture, has long been known in Uzbek architecture as the scale. A lot of effective studies have been carried out to study the history of Uzbekistan's architecture. In particular, as a result of studying the work of the people's architects, the creators of architecture, the secrets of some architectural laws and rules, which were forgotten in ancient times, were revealed. Even the problem that scientists have been discussing for the next two centuries about the project of pyramids in distant Egypt found an easy solution through the architectural alkanun- ulgutarh preserved in the practice of Uzbek folk architects. The traditions and laws of Uzbekistan's architecture, which have been passed down from generation to generation for centuries, suffered a sharp blow during the colonial period of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Architects were forced to work under the demands of the administration. Some innovations in architecture have been synchronized with the capitalist demands of mixed (eclectic), different styles (Russian, European, etc.). Folk architecture suffered a second sharp blow during the Soviet regime. Due to the state monopoly of architecture, creativity and initiative of architects were completely denied, and as a result, large-scale local constructions, especially private construction, were restricted, and as a result, experienced folk architects were reduced to the level of ordinary builders and even workers. 230 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us The implementation of architectural creations based on Moscow standards has extinguished national architecture. The slogan "national in form, socialist architecture in content" opened the way for some creative research from the 2nd half of the 20th century (such as the buildings of the Alisher Navoi Theater and the Mukimi Theater). Positive results were achieved with the participation of folk masters in the remarkable buildings created in that period. Independent Uzbekistan ended the non-requirements that were a dam in the field of architecture, a wide horizon of creativity was opened for the development of architecture. In Tashkent and Samarkand, special architectural and construction institutes are training qualified architects. Specialists such as artists, sculptors, engravers, and painters are trained in special educational institutions. The architecture of Uzbekistan achieved great achievements in the next decade (1991- 2001). In particular, the image of the capital Tashkent changed and became more prosperous, majestic buildings rose (Turkistan Palace, Aksaroy, Tashkent government, Oliy Majlis buildings, reconstruction of the Uzbek National Theater, the new building of the Uzbek Conservatory, the State Museum of the History of the Timurids, the statues of Amir Temur and Alisher Navoi and etc. ).[ 1][2] References: 1. Zakhidov P., Traditsii narodnih zodchikh Uzbekistana: M., 1964; Vseobshaya historical architecture, vol., 1-12, M.-L., 1944-1975; Zohidov P., World of architects, T., 1991. 2. ↑ Myself. The first volume. Tashkent, 2000 3. Alliyarov M. Importance of Excavation Work in the Organization and Enrichment of Museums //Procedia of Philosophical and Pedagogical Sciences. – 2023. – Т. 2. – №. 6. – С. 35-40. 4. Alliyarov, M. (2023). Primitive Community Layout Architecture. Spanish Journal of Innovation and Integrity, 18, 36-38. 5. Alliyarov M. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE GOTHIC PERIOD IS ALSO HISTORICAL //Modern Science and Research. – 2023. – Т. 2. – №. 5. – С. 182-184. 6. Тажимуратова Ш. С. САНЪАТШУНОСЛИК ФАНЛАРИНИ ЎҚИТИШ ОРҚАЛИ ТАЛАБАЛАРНИНГ МУСТАҚИЛ ИШЛАШ КЎНИКМАЛАРИНИ ШАКЛЛАНТИРИШ. – 2023. 7. Saginbaevna T. S. FORMATION OF STUDENTS'SKILLS OF INDEPENDENT PERFORMANCE THROUGH THE TEACHING OF ART HISTORY //Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development. – 2022. – Т. 9. – С. 386-392. 8. Tajimuraova S. S. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS IN MANAGEMENT //Journal of Integrated Education and Research. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 5. – С. 509-511. 9. Tajimuratova Shakhnoza Saginbaevna. (2022). MANAGEMENT AND STUDY OF CULTURE AND ART. Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal, 3(1), 758–762. 231 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us 10. Sag’inbaevna, T. S. (2023). Cultural Life in Uzbekistan during the Years of Independence. Spanish Journal of Innovation and Integrity, 18, 39-41. 11. Saginbaevna T. S. FORMATION OF STUDENTS'SKILLS OF INDEPENDENT PERFORMANCE THROUGH THE TEACHING OF ART HISTORY //Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development. – 2022. – Т. 9. – С. 386-392. 12. Tajimuraova S. S. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS IN MANAGEMENT //Journal of Integrated Education and Research. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 5. – С. 509-511. 13. Orinbaevich A. J. An Integrative Approach to Teaching Students to Understand Fine Art Samples //Journal of Pedagogical Inventions and Practices. – 2023. – Т. 24. – С. 49-53. 14. Orinbaevich A. J. An Integrative Approach to Teaching Students to Understand Fine Art Samples //Journal of Pedagogical Inventions and Practices. – 2023. – Т. 24. – С. 49-53. 15. Orınbaevich A. J., Muratbaevich I. A., Alimovich T. M. THE MEANING OF THE COLOR COMPOSITION IN THE VISUAL ARTS //Spectrum Journal of Innovation, Reforms and Development. – 2022. – Т. 3. – С. 67-69.