25 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies Volume 01, Issue 10, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2157 Characteristics of the Formation of Toponyms in the Onomastic System S. A. Usmonova Doctor of philosophy (PhD) in philology Kokand State Pedagogical Institute Abstract: First of all, words related to the noun group have the possibility of becoming a toponym, sometimes such a situation is observed in adjectives, but it is very rare to create a toponym from a verb. This article compares the views of Russian onomasiologists with some Uzbek toponyms. Keywords: toponym, proper noun, common noun, adjective word group, verb word group, Appellation and toponym. A. V. Superanskaya in her "What is toponymy?" in his work, he expresses certain opinions about the basis of the formation of toponyms and important signs. He said that the properties of the object it is naming are important for a word to be a toponym. An important aspect of an object is its subject (thing). After all, only a thing (subject) has its own relatively independent signs (characteristics), and these characteristics serve as the basis for the formation of a geographical name or toponym. If the object stands out in the landscape with its features, it will have the need to have its famous name. First of all, words related to the noun group have the possibility of becoming a toponym. For example, cities are sharply distinguished from other objects on the basis of a complex of their own signs, so they have toponyms expressed by nouns. If a phrase and a sentence (sentence) are chosen as toponym nouns, they take the form of a noun group or become substantive. According to A.V.Superanskaya, words from the adjective group can also be toponyms. In this case, a contraction (ellipsis) of the determining compound occurs. For example, bystraya reka →Bystraya (toponym, name of the river). In this case, the adjective becomes a toponym and acquires the status of a noun. The scientist says that it is rare to create a toponym from a verb. For example, Borsa-kelmas in Turkic languages. In Russian, the formation of a toponym from a verb occurs in the adjective form: Bushchuyushiy, Gremyashchiy, for example. A.V.Superanskaya's toponym words are easily changed from one language to another and it becomes the lexical wealth of the language. He says that this can be seen in the example of new different languages in individual regions. It is noted that the toponyms of a certain people from the previous period are accepted by the next generation without difficulty. Toponyms may have undergone certain phonetic changes. According to the facts, the shortest or two-sound toponyms are the oldest. In her work, A.V. Superanskaya expresses her opinion about the textual (artificial, fictitious) toponyms, as well as stylistic signs of toponyms, based on historical facts. Geographers who 26 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us have gone to foreign countries often create toponyms from simple colloquial words or similar nouns (such as "No name", "I don't know") without motivation for objects. Turning into toponyms is characteristic of anthroponyms. In this case, anronyms can have different word-forming elements: Ivany, Ivanovo, Ivanokhino. S.N.Basik in his work "General toponymy" ("Obshchaya toponymyka") dwells on the basis of the formation of toponyms. The scientist said that people have been trying to name the places where they live and the natural objects that surround them since the first stage of development of society. Geographical names (toponyms) belonging to common nouns were formed from similar nouns in the later periods of language development. The oldest languages did not have proper nouns. In them, the function of a toponym was performed by a similar noun and a word combination used with it. Later, the combination of words and related nouns became stagnated and lexicalized to form toponyms. For example, in order to distinguish a certain (single, individual) mountain from others, the event that happened there is given in relation to this mountain, thus the mountain is individualized. Then, the word combination became a toponym based on various changes and shortenings: The mountain where you saw a wolf → Like Boritog. In general, in ancient times, words, phrases, and sentences served as toponyms. S.N. Basik "...a toponym appears on the basis of clarifying, narrowing, and enriching the concept of a generic noun: Kizil tepalik (Krasniy holm), Okdarya (Belayareka). The main necessity of formation of toponyms is to show the name of a specific place by naming it, and therefore to show its difference from other places and its location - address. In this way, the address function of the toponym is formed. "In the formation of a toponym, one of the similar places of the same type is distinguished based on its unique character and named on this basis," he admits. According to him, each historical period (epoch) had its own type of leading distinguishing sign system. In particular, in one period the places were named based on their natural and geographical features, in another period they were named according to who and where the object belonged, and in the third period they were named based on ideological, social and political events. There are general rules and special cases in the formation of toponyms in different languages. The general rule is that these names are the basis of geographical environment and socio- historical conditions. Also, in his work, S.N. Basik shows that toponyms are formed according to uniqueness (unikolia) and subjective (based on natural, real signs) features in the toponymy of different languages. In this work, the scientist focuses on the relationship between folk geographical terms and toponyms, formation of toponyms based on folk names. In particular, folk geographical terms are primary names or common nouns of geographical objects given by the people, folk names express the character, gender, type of geographical objects, for example, hill, mountain, river; the fact that in primitive times, people with a very limited geographical outlook and understanding used similar names at the same time as intelligent names (toponyms): such as Mountain, River; later, when people's understandings became richer, the related nouns became a component indicating the type and characteristics of the toponym, i.e. the sea in the toponym of the Aral Sea, and the mountain in the toponym of the Pamir Mountains. In general, this work of S.N.Basik greatly helps the interpretation of issues such as the history and development of toponyms. Y.N.Melnikova and Y.S.Shigoreva in their article "The status of proper nouns in the lexical system (comparison with similar nouns)" think about the specific features related to all proper nouns and the general meaning of onim (prominent noun). Based on this (on the basis of the generality-specificity dialectic), it is possible to determine the specific characteristics of 27 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us toponyms. Because the authors say that there are views that the boundary between the toponyms of the same and common nouns is relative and absolute (sharply different from each other). Y.N.Melnikova and Y.S.Shigoreva support the point of view of the density, relativity, and overlap of the connection between appellatives and nouns. For this, they cite examples such as the use of common nouns instead of proper nouns, and the transition of nouns to appellatives. In our opinion, the word "mountain" is a related noun from toponyms, but this noun can be used instead of a proper noun (onym) in certain situations. Suppose one person says to another person, "I'm going to the mountain." This means not any mountain or mountains, but a mountain that is distinguished from mountains. In other words, the related mountain horse is used instead of the native horse (Mountain). Later, this "Mountain" can become a marked (with special indicators) toponym based on semantic and formal changes. So, if we draw a conclusion from this, the transition of a related noun to a proper noun or toponym occurs in the following stages: related noun → situational (speech) toponym → utilitarian toponym. The authors, like other researchers, note two types of onimisia, that is, the transformation of a related noun into a proper noun, in particular, into a toponym: 1) transformation of a related noun into a toponym without any form change, semantically: holm → Holm (gorod), krasnoe → Krasnoe (selo); 2) it is observed that a related noun turns into a toponym through a formal or word-forming affix. Y.N.Melnikova and Y.S.Shigoreva summarize the work done on onomastics in their articles and determine the specific characteristics and status of proper nouns compared to similar nouns. we will try to show some of the specific characteristics (status) of similar nouns. 1. In onomastic literature, proper nouns are formed on the basis of related nouns, that is, the proper noun is the second name for an object, in which the meaning of the related noun is supplemented and concretized with additional signs, and on this basis, the proper noun is one of the same kind of objects. it is recognized that it can be separated and shown separately. In this case, it is reminded that if this or that subject has a relative noun, it does not necessarily have a proper noun, but if the object has a proper noun, it must have a relative noun. In many toponyms, it is clear that they have a secondary name (nomination). For example, Olchazor: a) the meaning of the primary name is "place (field) with many cherry trees"; b) "One of the streets of the city of Kokan" of the name (Olchazor) in the status of a toponym. In many historical toponyms, the primary name has been obscured and forgotten. For example, the first name of the toponym Ko'qand (Khoqand) is determined only on the basis of etymological research. 2. In onomastic literature, proper nouns do not represent the sign of the object they name. Some common nouns, for example, anthroponyms, can have an indirect meaning. For example, like "Hans - mujskoe imya". In our opinion, any independent lexical unit in the language represents a meaning (concept). The meaning (concept) is only in its abstraction, precision, size. For example, the lexical meaning of the word Anwar is "the name of a man". The word Anwar has its full meaning (concept) in the characteristics (characteristics or description) given to it. Famous nouns or toponyms, unlike common nouns, have a wide semantic scope and content. Toponyms, which are a type of famous nouns, also have this feature. For example, the semantics (concept) of the Ko'kan toponym consists of a set (sum) of signs of objects and scope given to it. In other words, the semantics of the Ko'kan toponym consists of a broad description given to it. 3. According to the researchers of the lexical system, a relative noun can indicate both a type (the same class of objects) and one of this type in speech use. A proper noun always represents an object, concretizes, individualizes, identifies it, or a proper noun has maximum concreteness, nominativeness. A generic noun has different uses because it has different objects of the same type, and a proper noun does not have such properties because it is related to one object within the type. The meaning of a noun is understandable only to a person who is familiar with the subject of the noun. 28 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us Since the meaning of a kindred noun is a generalization of the characteristics of one type (class), it is not necessary to know each of the objects of the same type. The relative noun has the function of generalization, and the proper noun has the function of individualization. Individualization can be in several stages. If we apply the above theoretical facts to the toponym, it has the characteristic of individualizing one of the similar objects. The original meaning of the toponym is clear and understandable only to the person who has seen and knows the object. For example, the meaning of the toponym Ko'kan is abstract to a person who does not know the city (structure, objects of the city) it refers to, and concrete (concrete) to a person who knows it. Also, the toponym can individualize both one object and groups of these objects: Uzbekistan (one object), the Asian continent (summarizing a number of countries, this generality separates Asia from the generalization of other countries and individualizes it) from Europe, America, etc. 4. According to the onomastic literature, onomastic units do not have concepts that have clear signs, like common nouns. They (names) are not directly connected with the concept. Their linguistic meaning is very abstract, and they have a concrete understanding only in the context. It can be seen that in linguistics, the relation of nouns to the concept and meaning differs from the semantic concepts of cognate nouns. Based on the above theoretical views, the toponym, which is a type of onomastic units, has its own concept and meaning. In particular, when "Kokan" is said, first of all, one of the cities is understood, that is, there is an abstract concept. There is also a lexical meaning ("Qo'qan" = "city") formed on the basis of this concept. A complete understanding of the city of Kokan is formed only by the person who sees its object - the city. This concept is broad and reflects the system of the city structure and objects. The lexical meaning of the toponym "Koqan" consisting of its abstract scheme (skeleton) is formed on the basis of this wide content concept. 5. Renowned horse researchers note that the connection between the name and its object is not natural, but free and voluntary. For example, they give a boy one of the many male names freely and voluntarily. But to a certain extent, freedom is limited. In particular, a boy cannot be named after a girl. Freedom and discretion in naming can also be found in toponyms. This can be seen in the fact that there are several cities and states. On the other hand, freedom is often not absolute. The name is given based on the real characteristics of the object: Kokan (City of Winds), Tashkent (Stone City), for example. 6. According to famous horse researchers, onims have an encyclopedic (encyclopedic) meaning in addition to their linguistic and speech meanings. Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects are interconnected when a noun is fully described. Ethnographic, social, history, and literary studies will have their names based on the linguistic meaning. In this case, the meaning of the noun has a complex meaning, which indicates information about the known object. In it, the linguistic meaning reflects the basis (motives) of the naming of the object, the features of preservation and use (acceptance) of the noun in the language, and the historical etymology of the name. The extralinguistic part of the complex meaning shows the conditions of preservation of the name in society, the connection of the object and name with cultural and historical associations, and the level of awareness in society. The encyclopedic meaning of the famous noun consists of general and individual meanings. The higher the individuality and uniqueness of the object, the more its encyclopedic meaning is revealed. Toponyms also have their own linguistic, speech, and encyclopedic meanings. For example, the most general meaning of the toponymy "Kokan" (Kokan is one of the cities) is its very abstract linguistic meaning. The fact that the toponym "Koqan" is subjective by each user, and its use with adverbs is the colloquial meaning of this word ("Koqan"). If we describe the toponym "Ko'kan" based on all the signs of its object (city) (in the form of text), then the encyclopedic 29 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us (encyclopedic) meaning (content) of the toponym "Ko'kan" will be considered. The linguistic, speech, and encyclopedic meanings of toponyms are not independent, unrelated meanings. Linguistic and speech meanings are formed on the basis of encyclopedic meaning. 7. Nouns cannot be translated from one language to another. This situation also applies to toponyms. 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