31 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies Volume 01, Issue 10, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2157 Characteristics of Occasional Words O. Y. Tokhtasinova PhD, associate professor of the Kokand State Pedagogical Institute Abstract: In this article, the study of occasional words in Russian and Uzbek linguistics, the specific characteristics of occasional words: dependence on speech (text), creativity, perception of the correctness or incorrectness of occasional words, the relationship between an occasional word and the linguistic norm, the one-time use of occasional words, occasional expressiveness of words, non-obligatory nomination, synchronic and diachronic confusion of occasional words are described. Keywords: occasionalism, occasional word, occasionalism of oral speech, artistic occasionalisms, peculiarity of speech, one-time use, non-acceptance, emergence on the basis of word formation, abnormality, expressiveness, nominativeness, synchro-diachronic mixture, peculiarity of individuality. Occasional words are created by speakers or creators in order to express their thoughts and goals in a unique and clear way, to show all aspects of a person, thing, object, event they are describing, and to vividly express their attitude, that is, their feelings, and is used. Occasionalisms are created when the possibilities of the language in describing the object of the image do not satisfy the speaker. Studying the processes of formation and development of the lexical structure of the language has its own history. In the works devoted to this issue, attention is paid to occasional words. In Russian linguistics, the study of occasional words from neologisms began in the 50s of the 20th century. In Russian linguistics, N.I. Feldman was the first to use the term occasional. He interprets occasional words as linguistic units that arise on the basis of productive types of word formation and have a specific meaning of a certain text [1]. Er. Khanpira's dissertation devoted to the study of occasionalisms characteristic of V. V. Mayakovsky's work was the first monographic work [2]. A. Mamatov studied occasional words in Uzbek linguistics from the point of view of their relation to the literary norm. He also distinguishes speech specificity as one of the main features of occasional words and emphasizes that one of the main conditions in their creation is to give speech variety. The researcher shows seven signs of Uzbek occasional words. They are: 1) relevance to speech; 2) abnormality, 3) single use; 4) creation by speakers or writers; 5) expressiveness; 6) following the rules of word formation; 7) historical-modern adaptation [3]. The researcher does not take into account the nominative sign. In our opinion, this sign is characteristic of occasional words, because they are the names of existing things - objects, events and actions. For example, qumzor, yozloq, gʻoʻzapoyahokim, futbolgoh, qishboy, xoʻpchi, hazilvon. S. Mominov compares neologisms and occasionalisms and shows their characteristic features. He mentions the following as important features of occasionalisms: 1) attitude of occasionalisms 32 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us to the vocabulary layer; 2) characteristic of an individual (occasional meaning); 3) a single-use speech unit, often with an emotional-expressive color; 4) serve for a specific artistic speech situation; 5) to be motivated [4]. It can be seen from the mentioned signs that the motivation of occasionalisms has not been distinguished by other researchers. S. Mominov based his work on this fifth sign. S. Toshaliyeva in her candidate's dissertation on the topic "Occasional word formation in Uzbek" shows the following characteristics of occasional words: Occasionalisms: 1) speech phenomenon; related to text and speech situation; 2) abnormal-irregular; 3) intended for one- time use; 4) personal-creative production - related to word creativity; 5) related to word formation and word usage; 6) manufacturing process, manufacturing method, reason for use; 7) the usual and unusual relations related to morpheme division and composition are clearly understood; 8) use and creation require a certain environment (microtext); 9) related to certain linguistic-conscious perceptions and transformations; 10) appears as a method of speech (naming) and text creation [5]. Other researchers did not elaborate on the characteristics of occasionalisms. They mainly noted the place and role of occasionalisms in the issue of the skill of using words of a certain artist. We briefly list the characteristics of occasionalisms: 1) synchro-diachronic mixing; 2) the presence of the author; 3) novelty measure; 4) whether or not the language is part of the dictionary. These signs are the signs that distinguish neologisms from occasionalisms. When approached from such a point of view, the most important feature of occasionalisms is their relationship to time, that is, in principle, they do not become obsolete, they remain a constantly new word. Occasional words are used on the basis of equal rights with other words (common words considered as a linguistic unit) in the course of their speech, but they differ from them only by their unique characteristics. They are as follows: 1. Dependence on speech (text). This sign is the most important sign of casual words. In a certain speech situation, there are such speech units that are more necessary than ordinary language units in terms of content and emotionality, they are created in the text to which they belong, are used in this text and live with it. It is not necessary for such words to be accepted into the language vocabulary and become common. The units included in the vocabulary of a particular language are stable words, and their dependence on the text is relative. Because stable words can be used repeatedly in speech alone, in phrases, one-word sentences and similar forms. And the dependence of occasional words on the text is absolutely necessary in most cases, and they cannot live separately, outside the text. The lexical meaning of an occasional word taken outside of the text (for example, uvadaband, kuzytirmak, damkash, sezim, nursiramak, rangdosh) has a probabilistic character and is clarified by the text, which gives the occasional word the opportunity to be used alongside stable words in speech. Thus, while the stable word depends on the text, it itself predetermines and shapes it. In other words, a stable word is an active factor that creatively shapes the text. An occasional word does not have the characteristics of creating a text by itself. For example: We are a spiritual organization - "Ranjkom", that is, it is our job to hurt others. (A. Oripov) The word ranjkom in this text is meaningless and completely unintelligible without reference to a much larger text of stable words. 2. Creativity. The creativity of occasional words is contrasted with the stagnation of stable (usual) words. The persistence of stable words means that they can be restored in memory, that is, they are readily available in the dictionary and functionally can be used again (repeatedly). 33 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us According to its form and importance, stable words belong to the vocabulary of the language, and they are used in speech based on certain skills and qualifications. In this, their form and meaning in the language is remembered. The use of occasional words is not about remembering a ready-made form or meaning, but about creating a new word. Each use of such words is its new occurrence. An occasional word must be essentially a made-up word because it is the result of at least two relatively free combinations of morphemes. An occasional word is not always created, it is the result of a speech need, an emergent demand. Therefore, such words are rarely found in speech and are not found in the language of any artist. Because creating such words requires a certain ingenuity and skill from the writer. 3. The relationship between an occasional word and a linguistic norm. The formation of occasional words is a violation of the lexical-semantic norms of the language to one degree or another. Occasional words do not have the same relation to the norm. Some occasional words are created on the basis of existing word formation rules in the language: Har nechuk, shoirman ─ you're my soulmate, I'm a wedding partner at your wedding, I'm a living shoulder-to-shoulder. I say, thinking about your young life, my blood, Bitgum, I have your unfinished story. (A. Oripov) In this passage, the occasionalism of the bridegroom does not differ from the words "blood brother", "brother", "brother-in-law" in terms of word formation. But despite this, it differs from these words, firstly, in its one-time use, and secondly, in its creation by the author. This word is a unit of speech that is not standardized in dictionaries and grammars, like the basic elements of a language. Even though the occasional words Azalistan, Changistan, Balchigistan, Ruzzor, Khukurizor were created based on existing productive word formation patterns, the rule of word formation is violated in them. Because the suffix -zor is understood from the base ". "makes", and "istan" "..is a noun denoting the name of a people (nation) or added to some other word, meaning the country where this people (nation) lives or a place where there is a lot of what the creator means" [6]. But the following examples show a violation of this norm: O, Oʻzbekiston, asal sandigʻim mening, asalistonim mening. (O.Matjon) Yozda changistonu qishda balchigʻiston koʻchamen. (E. Vohidov) Hech kim sezmay qoladi Bir kun arshga yetganim, Bu shovqinzor oralab Dodlab oʻtib ketganim. (H.Xudoyberdiyeva) ... Olamning shikoyatlari oquvchi sovuq simlar ulangan telefon hamda qoʻngʻiroqzor xona... (N.Norqobul) According to the language criterion, the affixes -zor and -istan are added to the words denoting living, growing things, but in the above examples, they make a new word from the words denoting a completely inanimate thing and figuratively express their abundance. However, many of these things are represented by analytical forms. Compare: there is a lot of honey in Uzbekistan - asaliston Uzbekistan, dusty street - dusty street, muddy street - Balkhistan street, noisy (world) - noisy (world), a room where bells are always heard - like a bell-ringing room. It can be seen from the comparison that although the norm of word formation is violated in such occasionalisms, the reader or listener likes them. The reason is that in such use, first of all, the need to strive for conciseness is satisfied, and on the other hand, beautiful figurative expressions are created. In modern Uzbek, there are a number of suffixes that form personal nouns, whose productivity has decreased. For example, the suffixes -khor, -kash, -furush are originally elements of the Persian-Tajik languages, and nowadays they almost do not form new words. However, with their participation, a certain author created words such as air-eater, foreigner, sharfurush, mansabfurush, balokash. It is not normal to make such a word. That's why they seem unnatural. But this is a reasonable inadequacy, a mistake, and it was subordinated to a certain goal. Examples: Deylik, Los-Anjeles shahri ustiga Qora qanot yoydi motorlar dudi. Tokio, London, Nyu- .. Qurum bosgach, koʻk ─ Havoxoʻr bir kalxat, ofat hudhudi! (O.Matjon) ...Uzoq boʻldi bu 34 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us gʻurbatkash umrim. Koʻrdim goh sheʼrfurush, goho sur mansabfurush. (E.Vohidov) It can be seen from the examples that the occasional words are embedded in the above text and cannot be replaced by another word. In this sense, the relationship of occasional words with the language norm is shown from another side. 4. Perception of correctness or incorrectness of occasional words. It is known that the perception of spelling, orthographic, grammatical and stylistic errors is not the same as the perception that occasionalisms are correct or incorrect. The impression of incorrectness of occasional words seems to fade away due to their most important functional qualities - their "predetermined" affectivity, their specific semantics. Occasional words as a created unit testify to the speaker's (author's) specific speech skills and thereby remove the listener's doubts about the speech capabilities of the creator of the occasional word. The informality of occasional words is "justified" by its functional expediency and imagery. Even some mistakes, if not the result of illiteracy, serve as a visual tool to show a certain character. Thus, as long as the violation of the criterion becomes a purposefully organized representational tool, it is not perceived as a mistake. 5. The one-time use of occasional words is one of their important features. Occasionalisms are used only once in a speech, they give a distinctive color to speech situations, show accuracy and creativity in expression, originality of the language, require the mobilization of the existing possibilities of the language in research. Occasional words in linguistics “individual soʻzlar”, “muallifning yangi soʻzlari”, “individual- muallif neologizmlari”, “uslubiy neologizmlar” or “individual-uslubiy neologizmlar”, “matniy neologizmlar”, “bir martalik neologizmlar”, “shoir neologizmlari” yoki “poetik neologizmlar” such names are related to this feature [7]. One-time neologisms can be highlighted among these names that show the specific characteristics of occasional words. This name indicates the functionally disposable nature of occasional words. Each polysemous word realizes (activates) only one of its meanings during speech. The property of the text as a piece of speech is revealed and the dependence of the word on the text is expressed. But the context dependence of an occasional word is much stronger than the context dependence of a stable word, which can perform a speech task only once with the text in which it is used. An occasional word is used only once in a certain text with the meaning it expresses, and does not express the same meaning the second time. Neologisms are characterized by the fact that they quickly enter the national lexicon, easily adapt to different texts, and soon they are recorded in dictionaries as full-fledged words and are used repeatedly. Occasionalism lives only in the text it is created [8] and is distinguished by its one- timeness. 6. The influence of occasional words. There are two types of word influence: word influence in relation to text and intrinsic influence. For example, when it comes to the character of a person, it can be called a golden person. The word gold sounds impressive in this text. Now let's take the correct meaning of this word: gold ring. It has only informativeness, not impressive power. Intrinsic effectiveness does not depend on the text, but is inherent in the essence of the word. If nominativeness is the primary function for stable words, imperative affectiveness is the characteristic feature for occasional words. Not all stable words are expressive. Most of them have a neutral meaning and form non-expressive units of the language. 35 AMERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies www. grnjournal.us The influence of occasional words is intrinsic. Although they are text-dependent, they are effective in their own right because of their special internal word-formation, the occasional word is only semantically related to the text, and its effectiveness does not derive from the text. Different occasionalisms have different degrees of occasionality and effectiveness. The less formal and semantic violations of the rules of word formation in the language in the formation of an occasional word, the less occasionality and impact this word has, and vice versa. Occasional words are more expressive than nominative. As a means of expressiveness, they enhance the impact of the speech and give it a color of unrepeatable originality. For example:Yulduzlar, men sizga boqqanda xumor, Qalbimda yer ishqi boʻladi toʻliq. Yulduzlar, bilmaysiz mening xalqimni, Bundayin zahmatkash yer yuzida kam. Yelda tinim bordir, unda yoʻq tinim, Shunday ishparastdir u munisginam. (A.Oripov) The word ishparast, which the poet used as a paronym for the word ishqparast, effectively expresses the industriousness of the Uzbek people. 7. Optional nomination. This feature is one of the characteristics of occasional words. Concepts about the world of existence are expressed in the lexical meanings of words. A stable word is a historically sealed unit of language that reflects a grain of existence. This can be explained with some simplified examples. In annotated dictionaries, the text of the dictionary articles explaining the meaning of a certain word describes the "piece of reality" reinforced by this word with general literary language tools. For example, in the "Annotated Dictionary of the Uzbek Language" 1. A child who is sucking, not separated from the breast. 2. mobile Having no experience of life: raw, caveman..." by reading the inscriptions, we can learn the lexical meanings of the word baby from them. This is the nominative obligation of a stable word, which is historically strengthened in the socio-speech experience of people. Occasional words do not have nominative obligation. The noun characteristic of it can be expressed by other stable words. For example, the meaning of the occasional word monkey can be understood by means of stable words in the expression "monkey-like". How many times have linguists shown the connection of synchrony with diachrony. It is impossible to separate synchrony and diachrony from each other, to oppose each other. Occasional words are both synchronic and diachronic. Therefore, synchronically, as well as the systematic relationship of stable words to each other, occasional words interact with them in terms of word formation, semantic, grammatical and other relations, and therefore are created from morphemes that are present in speech, that is, in the process of communication itself, and are understood by speakers of the language. In other words, functionally occasional words do not "stretch" across a diachronic cross-section, unlike a stable word that is remembered as that particular word over different periods of historical life. 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