American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 14, | July, 2023 P a g e | 58 www.americanjournal.org HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MADRASAHS BUILT BY AMIR TEMUR AND TEMURIZA'S RULERS Mamatkulova Farangis Orzukulovna Doctoral Student of the Department of History and Source Studies of Samarkand State University mamatqulovafarangis@gmail.com A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S By the time of Timur, when Samarkand became a place of scholars, the functions of the madrasah had expanded and they had become high-level scientific institutions. Many scholars taught students in the Samarkand madrasas, which were established and flourished during the time of Timur and before Timur. In addition to religious values, the madrasah also began to train civil servants and talented young scientists. An example of this is the fact that Ibn Arabshah, a young scholar brought from Damascus, studied at the Idiku Temur Madrasah in Samarkand and became a renowned historian and scholar. This article describes the source study of madrasahs built during the period of Amir Temur and the Timurids. Statesmen, Talented commanders, Major politicians, Fur Traders Mosque, Darbi Oliya, Mirzoi caravanserai, Kosh madrasah, Giyosul-lugot, observatory, Ulugbek academy. Introduction Under the direct leadership of Amir Temur, in addition to the Timurids, more than 80 well-known statesmen, talented commanders, great politicians who mastered both teachings grew up. For example, Tajuddin as-Salmani, Masud as-Simnani, Muhammad as-Sogirji, Ahmed at-Tusi, Maulana Kutbiddin, Khoja Abdumalik, Maulana Ubaid, Fazlulla Maulana, Jamaluddin, Muhammad Kovchin, Amir Khamza, Mahmud Shahab Khurasani, Nasriddin Among them, Mahmud ., Amir Shah Malik, Amir Joku, Saifitdin Borlos, Amir Suleymonshah, Amir Abu Sayyed, Amir Usman Abbas, Amir Sarik Atko, Amir Jalolitdin. As for the question of the madrasah built under Timur, and their activity was improved, their activity was positively started, only in Samarkand alone their number approached a hundred. Among them were the madrasah of Temur's beloved grandson Muhammad Sultan, the Bibikhanim madrasah, the Feruzshah madrasah, the Idiku Temur madrasah, the Amir Shokhmalik madrasah, the Kutbiddin Sadr madrasah and others. MAIN PART Idigu (Igu or Edigei) Temur Madrasah. This madrasa was built by Idiqu Temur, one of the amirs of Amir Temur, in the second half of the 14th century. It is written in the sources that Khwaja Ibrahim Shoshi, the uncle of Ibn Arabshah and Khwaja Ahror, studied there. In another source, there is also information that in 1425 Mirzo Ulugbek was the amir of the guard named Iku Temur. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 14, July, 2023 P a g e | 59 www.americanjournal.org Mir Burunduq Madrasah. This madrasa was built by Amir Burunduk ibn Jahanshah, one of Temur's courtiers, at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century at the Chorsu intersection near Registan, near the "Fur Traders Mosque". Amirzada Muhammad Sultan madrasah. It was built by the grandson and crown prince of Amir Temur, Muhammad Sultan (1376-1403), at the beginning of the 15th century, and today the level of the Gori Amir mausoleum is located in the eastern tower. Maulana Qutbuddin Sadr Madrasah. At the end of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century, all the madrasas in Samarkand are the madrasahs built by Maulana Qutbiddi Haidar, the head of the waqf estate administration, in the city's felt market (behind the Amir Temur Jame and next to Prince Abdullah's madrasa). In 1427, Khoja Ahror Vali lived and studied in this madrasa for a while. Amir Feruzshah Madrasah. It was built by Amir Feruzshah, a courtier of the Timurid period, in the south-eastern part of Samarkand, namely on "Darbi Oliya" or "Feruza (Feruzshah) gate" street (now Qalandarkhana district on Panjakent street). There was also a garden with the same name in the area. Amir Shahmalik Madrasah. During 1405-1411, Amir Shahmalik was appointed by Shahrukh Mirza to take custody of Ulugbek until he came of age, and he built a madrasa in Samarkand. According to sources, this madrasa built by Ulugbek's uncle, Amir Shohmalik, is located at the beginning of the road leading from the city center (now Registan square) to Faqeh Abu Lais's house, approximately where the current Islam Karimov street begins. located around a small park. Ulugbek Higher Madrasah. It was built in 1417-1420 by Ulugbek Mirzo in the area called Sarduaniq in Samarkand. This area was later called Registon. The madrasa was built with two floors, four domes and four towers. Cells for students are located under dozens of arches, and under each arch there are two cell doors. Each cell consists of two parts, each part has two students. By the time of Shaibani, the second floor of the madrasa was destroyed as a result of wars. By the time of the Ashtarkhanids (by 1113/1701), as a result of wars and famines, the city of Samarkand was almost depopulated, and the madrasahs were deserted without students. The ruler of the Manghit dynasty, who received the nickname "reviver of Islamic religion and culture in Movarounnahr", revived the city only by the time of Amir Ma'sum-Shahmurad, and all madrasas, including the Ulugbek madrasa, were restored. The "Mirzoi" caravanserai built by Ulugbek Mirzo on this site for the provision of the madrasa (now the Tillakori madrasa is located in its place) and the "Mirzoi" stream were designated as the property of the foundation. By 1225/1810, Muhammad Davlatbiy Inaq established a huge endowment for the Ulugbek madrasa, according to which more than a hundred palaces and shops became the property of the endowment. Amir Aboka (Buqa) madrasah. It was built by Amir Aboka, a member of the Timurid Palace. Prince Abdullah madrasah. Built in honor of the son of Ulugbek Mirza, Prince Abdullah, who was born in 1420 and died young, this madrasa is located in the felt market (behind Amir Temur mosque) and is almost next to Mawlana Qutbiddini Sadr madrasa. They also called them "Double Madrasa". American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 14, July, 2023 P a g e | 60 www.americanjournal.org Amir Kasim Madrasah. This madrasa named after the Timurid prince Muhammad Qasim ibn Muhammad Joki ibn Shahrukh Mirza, born in 1422, is located in Muhammad Qasim Bazaar on Tagachilar Street. There is also a mosque in it, and a bath built by Amir Kasim on this street was dedicated to the madrasa. Khoja Ahror Madrasah. In 860/1455, Khoja Ahrori Vali gave funds to the governor of Samarkand, Ahmad Hajibek ibn Sultan Malik Kashkari, and built a two-story madrasa on the street leading to the gate of Sozangaran. There is a mosque in the southeastern part of the madrasah. The madrasa was destroyed during the ruins of Samarkand at the beginning of the 18th century. By the decree of the ruler of Bukhara, Amir Ma'sum (Shahmurad) and the fatwa of the priests, the white bricks from the ruins of the Alayka Kokaldosh madrasa in Registan were used in the renovation of the Khoja Ahror madrasa, and as a result, it was called "White (Safed) madrasa". Fazlullah Abu Laysi madrasah. Built in the middle of the 15th century, this madrasa was built by one of the famous mudarris of Samarkand, Khoja Fazlullah Abu Laysi, near the house in the area called "Faqeh Abu Lays neighborhood" in honor of his grandfather. There are different opinions about this person, his madrasa and some dates. This structure was rebuilt on the site of an ancient madrasa, which was renovated several times since the 10th century. From the founder of the dynasty, Sheikhul-Imam Abu Lays, who died in 373 Hijri (983 AD), to Fazlullah Abu Laysi, who is considered to be his 12th- 14th generation, about four and a half centuries have passed. Most of the Abu Lays who have lived in this area for so long, engaged in fiqh and hadith like their great ancestors and became famous scholars and mudarris, it is impossible not to build a madrasa in the area of their ancestors. Fazlullah Abu Laysi became the leader of the famous house and reached the level of building a madrasa next to the house, when he was about 60-65 years old. By the 18th century, when the Abu Laysi madrasa fell into ruins, it was rebuilt by the ruler of Bukhara, Amir Ma'sum. Currently, the madrasa is not preserved, and according to historical and topographical data, its place was located on the site of the present mosque and secondary school No. 15 in the district. Mir Ahmad Hajibek madrasah. Ahmad Hojibek ibn Amir Sultanmalik Kashgari, who was first governor of Herat during the reign of Timurid kings Abu Said and Ahmad Mirza, and then appointed governor of Samarkand in about 868/1463 (after the death of Samarkand governor Jonibek) in the 60s of the 15th century built a madrasa named after him in the middle of the 19th century, and it was one of the largest madrasas in the city. This governor from the Turkic people was a horse lover and a very brave person, and created under the nickname "Vafoiy" and provided all possible support to the young Alisher Navoi. He died in 1496 in the struggle for the throne that began after the death of Timurid Sultan Ahmed Mirza, the ruler of Samarkand. Mir Tarkhan (Amir Tarkhan) madrasah. This madrasa was built by the governor of Bukhara, Amir Abduali Tarkhan, who was the deputy in Bukhara of Movarunnahr ruler Sultan Ahmed Mirza (ruled 1469-1494), who ruled in Samarkand in the second half of the 15th century. The madrasa was built in the second half of the 15th century and was in existence until the beginning of the 18th century. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 14, July, 2023 P a g e | 61 www.americanjournal.org Javzaniya Madrasah. In this madrasa located on the eastern side of the Sherdar madrasa in the city, Sheikh Khudoydadi Vali, the murshi of the Yassawiya sect, who died in 1532, studied. The Javzaniya mosque is also located in this area. Mirzo Ulugbek Observatory. When talking about the Samarkand madrasas, it is appropriate to make a special stop at the observatory of Mirzo Ulugbek, which has worldwide scientific and historical importance. After all, the European scholar Voltaire did not call it "Ulugbek Academy" for nothing. "Rasad" is a Persian word that means to watch carefully for something on the way or in the distance. According to the book "Ghiyasul-lug'ot", in ancient times, astrologers climbed a high mountain, 700 gaz (1 gaz is a measure of length, equal to 91.5 cm.) high, two faces facing each other. (rye) was made and they sat in the middle and watched the stars. This was the first observatory. Many famous observatories are known from history. For example, Al-Khorazmi (783-850) at the Al- Ma'mun observatory of Baghdad, which was considered the center of the Muslim world at the time, Umar Khayyam (1040-1123) at the Isfahan observatory, Nasiruddin Tusi (1201-1274) at the Marogha observatory. Scholars like The observatory built by Mirzo Ulugbek is located in Samarkand. The science of astrology was carried out along with practical research in the magnificent observatory, which was built as a three-storey building. Before that, trainings in these and other specific subjects were held in the Ulugbek madrasa. Mirzo Ulugbek invited the most advanced scientists of mathematics and astronomy to Samarkand and ordered the construction of an observatory. During the years 1424-1428, a world-famous observatory was built in the north of Samarkand at the foot of the Kohak hill on the banks of the Abirakhmat stream. Prior to that, the scientific work of observing the disaster was carried out in the Ulugbek madrasa, built in 1417-1420 (in the present-day Registan Square). The observatory was a three-story cylindrical building, 30 m high, with a giant quadrant with a radius of 41 m. The southern part of the quadrant is underground, and the rest is 30 m above ground in the northern part. After the death of Mirzo Ulugbek, his scientific work continued for some time, and later the observatory was destroyed. Even the possibility of determining the location of the observatory was a difficult matter. In 1908, Samarkand local scholar and archaeologist V. L. Vyatkin (popularly known as Vosi aka) in cooperation with Samarkand scholar Abu Sa'id Mahzum, based on the historical work "Boburnoma" by Babur Mirza and "Samaria" by Abu Tahir Khoja, as well as information from the foundation document. , agreed to determine the location of the observatory. Excavations were carried out in 1908-1909, which attracted the attention of scientists from all over the world. Two parallel arcs made of marble, a fragment of a very large square (device) with a meridian radius of 41 m were found in the cave carved into the rock. In 1946-1948, the expedition of the Institute of History and Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan completed the excavation work. According to Babur Mirza, the observatory is a three-Oshiyan building, in the shape of a circle, the walls of the building are covered with mysterious tiles Abdurazzoq Samarkandi. describes the interior of this rare monument as follows: "The interior of the building is decorated with colorful patterns that have no equal in the world, seven planets and "fixed" (fixed) stars on the walls and ceilings are counted to the degree (degrees), minutes, even seconds of the sky, as well as the globe, seven climates, mountains, deserts and rivers and seas and the oceans are described." American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 14, July, 2023 P a g e | 62 www.americanjournal.org The observatory was built in 1424-1428. Abu Takhir Khoja's book "Samaria" also provides accurate information. In 1417, Mirzo Ulugbek invited astronomers to discuss the plans for creating an astronomical table and building an observatory. Observations began this year and ended 30 years later, i.e. in 1447. All planets are observed to revolve around the sun. By this time, the work "Zizhi" was finished. At the observatory, it was possible to conduct some observations with the naked eye, that is, without instruments. The diameter of the quadrant of the observatory was 80 meters, and the length of its arc was 63 meters. It was the largest of the existing instruments in the East, Beruni also reported that it had a large diameter quadrant (15 cubits). The famous scientists of their time - astronomers, mathematicians, architects, including Qazizada Rumi, Ghiyosiddin Jamshid and Ali Kushchilar - were involved in the construction. After the death of Mirzo Ulugbek, the observatory operated for several decades under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Kushchi and Miram Chalabi. According to the decree of the first President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, I. Karimov, 1994 was declared the year of "Mirzo Ulugbek" in our Republic in connection with the 600th anniversary of the birth of Mirzo Ulugbek. Taking into account that the building does not meet the seismic requirements, the museum building rose in a new form in 2010 under the initiative and leadership of the President. CONCLUSION Thanks to Amir Temur and the Timurids, scientists, many writers, poets, composers, painters, architects, engineers, architects, painters, skilled craftsmen were busy with their work in Shakhrisabz, Bukhara, Hirota. During this period, Temur's native Shakhrisabz, the madrasah where he studied, was renovated and expanded and turned into a center of scientific education, i.e. "The Dome of Adab Science". In the “Dor ut-tilovat” created by Timur, not only literature was studied, but also religious and secular knowledge. And in Hirat, Shahrukh Mirza accepted Timur's efforts in the field of science and education and founded the largest library in Khorasan. In both huge libraries of the kingdom of Timur, the rarest works are collected not only in Arabic and Turkish, but also in Persian, Latin and Greek, which will become great and famous scientists, known throughout the world for their work. REFERENCES 1. Alisher Navoi. Foundation. The perfect collection of works. Tashkent: Science, 1998. Volume 14. S. 231-270; 2. Fasih Ahmad ibn Jalal ad-Din Muhammad al-Khawafi. Mujmal-i Fasihi (Fasih Code). Tashkent: Fan, 1980. - 346 p. 3. Ibn Arabshah. History of Amir Temur. The amazing al-makdur fi story of Taimur (Miracles of fate in the history of Timur) - Tashkent: Mekhnat, 1992. Book 1, p. 87. 4. Kattaev Komilkhan. Problems of Khoja Arora and Mirzo Ulugek. Samarkand. Zarafshon. 2003. p. 31-32. 5. Kattaev Komilkhan. Samarkand madrasahs and the development of science. - Samarkand: Zarafshan, 2003, p. 24. 6. Khabibullaev A. Amir Temur and Ibn Khaldun. Tashkent, 2004. 9 p. 7. Mirza Ulugbek. History of four peoples. 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