American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 15, | August, 2023 P a g e | 44 www.americanjournal.org FORMATION TENDENCIES OF THE MILITARY ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM IN THE KOKAN KHANTY Hakimova Xandona Oybek qizi In 3rd Grade Student of the National University of Uzbekistan A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S This article describes the trends in the improvement of the army system and military weapons, which were considered an important issue of statehood in the late 18th century - 70s of the 19th century. military field, Khudoyor Khan, Malla Khan, military positions, rifle, cannons. Introduction Military work is an important and indispensable factor in the development of statehood. The reforms implemented in the Central Asian khanates, including the Kokan Khanate, to strengthen the state's military power, are noteworthy. The successors of Shahrukhbi, the representative of the Ming clan, who founded the Kokan Khanate, took important steps to expand the country's borders and strengthen the state's military power. They relied on a large number of military forces in all domestic and foreign policies implemented by the newly formed state. who relied on a large number of military forces. In particular, Abdurahimbi, the first representative of the Ming dynasty, increased the number of his army to 20 thousand people. The author of "History of Shahruhi" Mulla Niyaz Muhammad Ko'kan Khan Abdurahim Khan marched against the Khojand fortress with an army of 20 thousand people and captured it in 17251. The information indicates that the rulers tried to increase the country's military power and military forces from the first years of the Kokan Khanate. These military forces served as an instrument of internal and external policy carried out by subsequent rulers. Based on the importance of the military forces in the country's political, social life, management system, the Kokan rulers tried to strengthen and improve it in every way. In particular, Olim Khan (1798-1810), who expanded the borders of the Kokan Khanate to large areas at the beginning of the 19th century, implemented a number of measures aimed at strengthening the country's military forces. In the period of Umar Khan (1810- 1822) enough attention was paid to military work. In Mushrif's work, "Umar Khan's time 1 Tursunov B. Military work and army in the Kokhan Khanate: situation, management, traditions (until the 70s of the 19th century). – T. 2006. P.59. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 45 www.americanjournal.org was marked by scholars and scholars." "The army and its soldiers have found order and peace, and clarity has appeared in the minds of the people2." According to Ma'sum Khan's work about the size of the army during the time of Umar Khan, "According to the tradition spread in Central Asia, the number of soldiers in the army had to be 12 thousand in order to have the title of "Amir al-Muslimin"3. In 1815, when Umar Khan was found worthy of this title, according to the rules, soldiers were registered and their number was 40 thousand people. During the reign of Sherali Khan, an auxiliary unit "Qil Khayy" was organized in the Koqan Khanate. Ibrat, the son of Is'haqho Junayodullahhoja, says in his work, "When Sheralikhon marched on Tashkent, he introduced a rule called “Kil kuyruk” that is, when he went to war instead of riding a horse, the kill tail came out at the right time" writes4. In particular, the effectiveness of the supply and armament of troops in the Kokhan Khanate depended on how much the ruler of the state paid attention to the field. At this point, it should be said that some rulers of the khanate did not always pay due attention to this matter. Despite this, the state has always paid attention to the development of this industry. The Khanate was not behind the military potential of the Bukhara and Khiva states in terms of the number of military fortresses, the number and quality of cannons and rifles. Artillery is an important type of weapon in military operations, and it was considered one of the main striking forces of the Khanate troops. Torezlik, that is, the profession of throwing balls, is considered quite complicated5. Ball- casting workshops existed in large cities of the Khanate, such as Ko`kan, Tashkent, Margilan, Andijan. In particular, the existence of a separate section on the issue of the ball casting workshop, craftsmen and their support in the documents of the Kokhan Khanate archives confirms our opinion. The data of 1860 gives information about the fact that French and English specialists played ball in Kokan6. Along with the high rulers, the actions of various officials and military commanders in strengthening the military power of the Khanate are noteworthy. A number of officials and generals contributed to the development of the military power of the Khanate and the formation of defense capabilities. During the reign of Sultan Said Khan, in 1864, Mirza Ahmad, a pilot, was appointed governor of Tashkent. He constantly paid attention to the army and 2 Mirzaalim Mushrif. Ansab us - salatin and tawarikh ul khavokin... P. 19. 3 Hakim Khan ibn Sayyid Masum Khan. Muntakhab - ut - tawarikh. UzR FA ShI. manuscript N°_594. P. 78. 4 Ibrat Ishokkhan Junaidullahhoja. History of Fargona. — T., 1991. P. 97 5 Tursunov B. Military work and army in the Kokhan Khanate: situation, management, traditions (until the 70s of the 19th century). – T. 2006. P.30. 6 Валихонов Ч.Ч. Записка о Қокандском ханстве 1 Собр. соч. в пяти томах. — Алма Ата, 1985. Т. 3, С. 318. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 46 www.americanjournal.org tried to improve its supply. Another army chief, Aliquli, is strongly committed to organizing the administration system in the khanate and encouraging the arming of the army. In order to develop the military power of Amirakar Aliquli Khan, he tried to cooperate with Muslim countries and provide the army with weapons of European standards7. Regarding Aliquli's actions in this field, the Russian officers noted the following: "We were informed that ambassadors were sent to the Emir of Kabul asking for help from Kokan. It can be seen that Mulla Aliquli is trying to create a diplomatic and military alliance between the Muslim countries for the benefit of Kokand and against us. "Based on his words about bringing 5,000 rifles to Tashkent, he made a deal with Kabul or Peshawar on the issue of arms delivery." According to Mullah Yunusjon Munshiy, "Aliquli does not even spare his savings on this road, he tries to raise their spirits by distributing it to the army." However, the efforts of the central government, some officials and military commanders to carry out reforms in the military sphere are not supported by everyone8. The 1950s and 1970s were a difficult period for the Kokan Khanate. Not only the internal conflict and the long struggle for the throne in the country, but also the external danger - the invasion of Tsarist Russia, was posing a serious threat to the integrity of the Kokand state 9 . In such conditions, the various ethical groups that made up the country's population did not unite around the central authority. This, in turn, led to the weakening of the central government and the weakening of the Khanate's military power. The struggle for power of different ethnic groups seriously damaged the state's military power. Even the gathering of military structures according to the territorial and ethnic aspects, the inability of these structures to unite during military operations was one of the reasons for the defeat of the Kokhan army10. In the first half of the 19th century, the rulers of Kokan made certain efforts to form a regular army in the country and strengthen it. There are conflicts in the internal life of the country, aggressive actions of the rulers of neighboring 7 Ilhomov Z. Aliquli Amirakar and his role in the political life of the Kokhan Khanate: Candidate of History. …dis. - T., 2004. P.74. 8 Mullah Yunusjon Munshiy. History of Amirakar Alimqul. - T., 1997. P. 10. 9 MDA of the Republic of Uzbekistan, I-715- collective volume, list 1, 24 - case 240 pages. 10 Валихонов Ч.Ч. Записка о Қокандском ханстве 1 Собр. соч. в пяти томах. — Алма Ата, 1985. Т. 3, С. 314. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 47 www.americanjournal.org countries. As mentioned above, it led to formation of a regular army in the country during the reign of Olim Khan, one of the rulers of Kokand. This army was further strengthened during the reign of Umar Khan and Madali Khan. According to the archive data, "Olim Khan and Umar Khan were able to collect about 40 thousand troops during the reigns", the regular army in the Kokan Khanate was mainly based in castles, military fortifications and large economic and political centers, cities standing. According to the information given by Cho'kan Valikhonov, in 1802, 14,000 regular troops were kept in the Yormozor garrison located in Margilon, and in 1813-1814, Filini Nazarov, who returned from being in the Kokan Khanate, said that 20,000 soldiers served in the Yormozor garrison. gives information. This author wrote about the fact that 10,000 soldiers lived in the Andijan garrison with their horses and families, and the Namangan garrison consisted of 1,500 people. Due to the danger of invasion by the army of the Sin Empire from Eastern Turkestan, more soldiers were kept in Andijan11. During the reign of Sherali Khan in the Kokan Khanate, the auxiliary unit "Kilquyruq" was established. Ibrat, the son of Ishaq Khan Junayodullahhoja, wrote about this in his work: "When Sheralikhon marched on Tashkent, he introduced a rule called "tail-tail", that is, when he went to war, instead of a horseman, the tail-tail came out at the same time." writes. In turn, the irregular army, auxiliary units - Karacherik and Qilquyruq were also important in increasing the military power of the Khanate, and during the military operations, around 20,000 people were gathered. In addition, special attention was paid to the military sector during the reign of Khudoyar Khan. During the time of Khudoyor Khan, there was a special enterprise that produced gunpowder cookies in the city of Kokan. The data shows that the gunpowder cookie was produced in Margilan city, Chaikent village of Andijan, in the center of Beklik. In particular, it is known that 70 cannons were made in the Kokhan workshop during the reign of Sultan Said Khan (1863-1865). Balls of this period are divided into two types according to their function: castle ball and field ball. The size and caliber of the castle cannon is large, and it was mainly used to protect cities and castles from the enemy. Such big balls were called "Jazayil" (according to some sources "Jaloyir"). For example, one of the cannons cast during the reign of Mallakhon (1858-1862), the ruler of the Kokhan Khanate, is 11 Записки o некоторвих народах и землях средней части Азии Филишпа Назарова отделъного Сибирского корпуса переводчика, посланного в Кокан а 1813 – 1814 г. - Сиб., 1891. С. 67. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 48 www.americanjournal.org "Said Muhammad Mallakhon Bahadir's special kata cannon." The words "Hijri 1276" are written on it, the ball is designed for long throw, the length of the ball is 280 cm, the inner circumference is 18 cm, and the weight is 1385 kg. Such cannons were carried in special wheeled devices12. Another important type of weapon is the rifle. During this period, a European-style rifle factory was built in Kokand and Andijan, where rifles and other firearms were repaired. In particular, it is known that about 10,000 rifles were prepared for the army in the khan's workshops during the reign of Sultan Said Khan (1863-1865)13. It is important for the state to occupy a superior position militarily, that its military system has developed, and that military fortresses have been built based on the needs of the times. In particular, the Kokhan Khanate has its own defense system, cities and fortresses are surrounded by strong walls, where army units and military weapons are always kept. Military fortresses were placed along the border regions of the country and ensured the security of the regions. The governor of the castles and fortifications located on the borders of the Kokan Khanate was a qalaban or kutvol, who was responsible for the military-administrative, tax and tax collection of these areas. According to the military purpose, people from dodkhoh to qushbegi were assigned to the task of qalaban14. The capital city of Kokhan was also surrounded by a strong wall, an army of 6000 people and up to 30 cannons were kept. The second important city in the Khanate, Tashkent, has a garrison of 2,000 people and 20 cannons, as well as an army of 600 people and 2-4 cannons in the city of Turkestan, 60 people and 1-3 cannons in the Yangigorgan fortress, and in the Kirovchi fortress 400 people and up to 1-3 cannons, 50 soldiers and up to 1-3 cannons in the Shoydon fortress, 100 soldiers and up to 1-3 cannons in Chinoz, 250 soldiers and up to 2-4 cannons in Shymkent, 60 in the Suzok fortress people and up to 1-3 cannons, 50 people and up to 1-3 cannons in the Jolak fortress, 600 people and up to 2-4 cannons in the Avliyoota fortress, 400 people and up to 1-3 12 Bobobekov H. History of Kokand. T.; 1996. P. 43. 13 Набиев Р. Н. Из историй Кокандского ханства. – Т: Фан, 1973. C. 207. 14 Eshov B. History of Uzbek statehood and administration. - T.: 2012. P. 86. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 49 www.americanjournal.org cannons in the Marki fortress, in Isfarada 200 people and 1-3 cannons, Pishpak fortress had 800 people and 1-3 cannons15. In conclusion, it can be noted that although the military administration system of the Kokand khanate was similar to that of the Bukhara and Khiva khanates, it also had many unique features. It can be seen from the sources related to the times of Kokhan Khans Olim Khan, Umar Khan, and Madali Khan that the lifestyle of the soldiers was a little better. Because during the time of these rulers, especially during the time of Olim Khan, military reforms were carried out and the life of soldiers was treated seriously. In addition, a good attention to the industry played an important role, especially during the times of Malla Khan and Sultan Said Khan. Modern cannons and rifles were produced with the involvement of the military. The border fortresses of the state are equipped with these weapons. The army had the necessary salary and food supply. This shows that the rulers of Kokan tried to provide their army in every possible way. REFERENCES: 1. Bobobekov H. History of Kokan. - T: Science, 1996. P. 69. 2. Eshov B. History of Uzbek statehood and administration. - T.: 2012. P. 86. 3. Hakim Khan ibn Sayyid Masum Khan. Muntakhab - ut - tawarikh. UzR FA ShI. manuscript N°_594. P. 78. 4. Ibrat Ishokkhan Junaidullahhoja. History of Fargona. — T., 1991. P. 97 5. Ilhomov Z. Aliquli Amirakar and his role in the political life of the Kokhan Khanate: Candidate of History. …dis. - T., 2004. P.74. 6. MDA of the Republic of Uzbekistan, I-715- collective volume, list 1, 24 - case 240 pages. 7. Mirzaalim Mushrif. Ansab us - salatin and tawarikh ul khavokin... P. 19. 8. Mullah Yunusjon Munshiy. History of Amirakar Alimqul. - T., 1997. P. 10. 9. Tursunov B. Military work and army in the Kokhan Khanate: situation, management, traditions (until the 70s of the 19th century). – T. 2006. P.59. 10. Валихонов Ч.Ч. Записка о Қокандском ханстве 1 Собр. соч. в пяти томах. — Алма Ата, 1985. Т. 3, С. 318. 15 Bobobekov H. History of Kokan. - T: Science, 1996. P. 69. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 50 www.americanjournal.org 11. Записки o некоторвих народах и землях средней части Азии Филишпа Назарова отделъного Сибирского корпуса переводчика, посланного в Кокан а 1813 – 1814 г. - Сиб., 1891. С. 67. 12. Набиев Р. Н. Из историй Кокандского ханства. – Т: Фан, 1973. C. 207.