American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 15, | August, 2023 P a g e | 79 www.americanjournal.org SOCIAL MOBILITY IS AN ISSUE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERESTS Ibragimov K. D. Senior Lecturer of the Department of General Sciences and Culture, Tashkent State University of Law ibragimovqd@gmail.com A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S The article examines the significance and role of social mobility in the development of society. The article attempts to clarify the concept of social mobility, its types, directions, and channels. The factors that influence the implementation of social mobility have been studied. The consequences of the marginal situation arising in the process of mobility have been analyzed. The article concludes with recommendations based on the analysis of social mobility processes. Social, mobility, marginality, migration, vertical, status, mobility, structure, immigration. INTRODUCTION Society is constantly changing and evolving. People change their place and role in society at a certain time, while also changing their status. Social mobility is a set of actions taken by members of society to change their status and role. Such actions can be carried out by certain individuals or social groups. Social life is always associated with change. The social lives of members of society can be affected by these changes, such as relocation, work, and promotion. The social mobility of individuals in a social space can be caused by a variety of factors, such as demography, migration, emigration, immigration, etc. In the course of historical development, families with high status and influence in society have sought to give their children a place at the top of the social space. Families with low status and influence also struggled to ensure their children had high social status and influence. Among the members of society, the principle of always striving for the top has taken precedence. Today, one of the main priorities in the development of society is the issue of human rights and interests. In the implementation of this strategic direction, the topic of social mobility is a topical issue. It is required to study the topic of social mobility from a scientific point of view based on modern requirements. MATERIALS AND METHODS The word mobility is an English word, which means movement. The term social mobility was first introduced into sociology by P. Sorokin in 1927. The main purpose of mobility carried out by people American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 80 www.americanjournal.org in society is to have a high status in the social space. Social mobility is a set of actions aimed at changing the social position of people in society. Social status has the following manifestations: • real social status; • transitional social status; • innate social status. Each individual from birth has a certain status. For example, belonging to a certain race, gender, place of birth, and birth in a family with material influence, etc. The more rigid the society to its members, the lower the level of social mobility in this society. As a result, the development of society slows down. On the contrary, the higher the social mobility in a society, the higher and more dynamic the level of development in this society. This reveals the real status of the individual in society. Social mobility is mainly carried out in two directions: between generations and within generations. There are two types of social mobility - vertical and horizontal. Intergenerational social mobility refers to the status of children of a particular family having a higher or lower status in society compared to their parents. For example, the child of a factory worker is promoted to the level of a highly educated engineer. Intergenerational mobility is understood as the achievement of children in a social career, regardless of the parents' social position. For example: from a factory worker to an engineer with a higher education, to a head department, and a minister of light industry. Social mobility in the second direction is a short-term process. In this mobility, there is a process of transition from physical work to mental work. Vertical mobility is a set of actions aimed at changing the social status of members of society. Here mobility can be both upward and downward. For example, an ice cream seller becomes a university professor or a banker becomes a driver. Horizontal mobility is a change in the social position of members of society while maintaining their social status. In this direction of mobility, a certain individual moves from one group to another, while retaining signs of his social status (for example, moving from one citizenship to another while maintaining wealth, influence, and power, etc.). An example of horizontal mobility associated with the professional activity is the change by a manager of his professional activity to the professional activity of a programmer. With vertical mobility, the principle of top-down, bottom-up operates, and with horizontal mobility, changes occur based on the principle of equality. The place and role of such principles in public life are very important. Timely scientific studies of changes in coordinates are essential for the development of society. It can also be the basis for strategic programs adopted by the state. The dynamics of social mobility is a factor that determines the degree of openness or closeness of society. Social mobility can be classified as both objective and from a subjective point of view. Initiated mobility from an organizational point of view: a change in the social status of a certain individual or group based on public administration. - based on the consent of the members of the society; - can be carried out without taking into account the wishes of members of the society. Structural social mobility: social mobility that is carried out based on changes in the economic sphere, regardless of the will of an individual or group American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 81 www.americanjournal.org DISCUSSION Taking into account the above points, social mobility can be classified based on other criteria. The first is individual mobility - vertical and horizontal mobility changes of each member of society are carried out independently and independently. There are the following factors influencing the process of individual mobility in society. In particular: - the social status of the family; - the level of education; - nationality; - physical and mental abilities, appearance; - level of education; - place of residence; - purposeful marriage. The second is group mobility, a process that includes the collective mobility of members of society. For example, as a result of a social revolution in society, one ruling class is replaced by another ruling class. Sociologist P. Sorokin points to the following factors causing group mobility: - social revolution; - foreign intervention; - wars between states; - civil wars; - military coups; - change of political regime; - the adoption of new state laws; The following examples can be cited as reasons for the group mobility mentioned above. In ancient Greece, the adoption of the constitution led to the liberation of most members of society from slavery and the elevation of the individual in social terms. The October Revolution in 1917 in Russia served as the basis for raising the status and influence of the working class to a higher level in society. The channels of social mobility (social lift), which help to change the social status of members of society from the bottom up in a vertical position, are as follows: - families in society; - physical and mental abilities; - level of education and literacy; - military service; - purposeful marriage; - changing the living place; - civil war; - foreign intervention (economic, political, and other manifestations); - military coup; - religious beliefs and other factors. Each of them had its priority at a certain stage of historical development from the point of view of the unity of time and space. For example, religion and the army were considered one of the most convenient and important ways to climb the hierarchy of social position. Army - during martial law, the military creates the opportunity to improve their social status in society. Soldiers can achieve an increase in their social status in society due to the heroism and talent shown American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 82 www.americanjournal.org in defending the country. As an example, military service served as a social lift for 36 of the 92 emperors of ancient Rome in the course of historical development. Military service served as a career for 12 of the 65 emperors of ancient Byzantium. The army served as a social ladder for Napoleon and his generals to achieve a higher position. Already today the army has its dynamics in the process of social mobility. Religion is a great important channel of social circulation (as a social elevator). According to P. Sorokin, when studying the history of the social origin of 144 ancient Roman Catholic popes, it is known that 28 of them are from the lower class and 28 from the middle class. This analysis indicates that favorable conditions for social circulation were created in society at that time. This situation served as the basis for the development of society. Marginal status plays a vital role in the process of social mobility. Margin is a Latin word meaning "on the edge". In sociology, the term marginal is used to describe the indefinite position in society that is on the border or in the gap. Marginalized elements of society are more likely to experience depression, stress, and an identity crisis. The following features are of paramount importance in their actions and behavior: - increased level of anxiety; - state of aggression; - susceptibility to passion; - bypassing the law in many cases. To the classification of individuals and groups in a marginal position: - ethnomarginals - a marginal position that arose in the process of migration. - sociomarginals - a marginal position that has arisen due to the incompleteness of social changes. - religious marginals - marginal situations that arise outside of non-traditional religious conferences - political outcasts - situations that arise as a result of the loss of political culture and moral values. - biomarginals - a marginal state that arises when the state does not pay attention to human health. The factors that cause the emergence of marginal situations in the process of social mobility include the following: - ethnic reasons - social problems arising in connection with migration and forced resettlement, adaptation to a new place, environment, and culture. - economic reasons - aspects related to the loss of property, source of income, and failure to restore such a situation. - political reasons - the collapse of the current political regime, the creation of an atmosphere of distrust in a political party. - religious Causes - Sharing religious beliefs. The measure of social mobility: Mobility distance is a process related to the number of statuses achieved by a given person in an up or down movement. Normal social mobility is usually when a person moves up or down one or two steps in their social status. Anomalous, arises from a sudden jump of the individual from the bottom up and vice versa. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 83 www.americanjournal.org The volume of mobility is a concept that denotes the number of individuals changing their position on the vertical of the ladder during a certain period. If the volume of social mobility is determined by the number of individuals who have changed their position and location in the social space, then this situation is absolute, if such a quantitative dependence is applied to the entire population, then it is considered a relative situation. and is expressed as a percentage. Demographic factors of social mobility. The main factors influencing vertical and horizontal social mobility are birth rates, death rates and life expectancy, sex, and population density. Today, the consequences of the emigration situation associated with the migration of the population are more felt in the development of a particular society. If a country has a high birth rate, for example, if 60% of the population is young, then this society will have a high mobility coefficient. Sociologists have observed social mobility associated with professional activities among young people, economic factors among the middle-aged population, and political problems among the older population. It follows that social mobility is a phenomenon caused by and associated with the age of the population. The impact of fertility processes on social mobility. According to the results of the observation, among the representatives of the upper class, the tradition of childbearing is formed in the family less, and among the representatives of the lower class, there are more cases of childbearing. This ratio causes a certain gap in the system of social position occupied by representatives of the upper class. The families of professional employees (doctors, lawyers, etc.) have a low birth rate, so the problem arises that the younger generation occupies these positions. The opposite situation is observed in the families of farmers and agricultural workers. For example, in American society, farm workers and farmers have 50% more children than needed to replace existing jobs of the corresponding generation. It can be concluded that the difference in the birth rate in families of representatives of the upper and lower classes enhances the effect of vertical and horizontal mobility. Causes changes in emigration and migration processes in society. This can lead to an increase in the population in some countries and a decrease in the population in some countries. CONCLUSIONS Based on the above comments and conclusions, we considered it necessary to make the following proposals: 1. First of all, a legal space must be created for the safe and free movement of citizens in society, that is, social mobility. Such a provision must be defined in the highest law, that is, in the Constitution. 2. To change the vertical and horizontal status of a certain individual or social group, it is necessary to remove any restrictions on the process of circulation (change of place) in society. Conditions must be created for such a process to take place in a natural state. 3. Each society has its characteristics of social mobility at a certain stage of historical development. In history, religion and the army had priority in the implementation of social mobility, today measures should be developed based on the fact that mobility associated with education and professional activities has priority. 4. Social mobility should be analyzed in terms of the principle of time and space. After all, marginal situations that arise in the process of social mobility belong to the category of time. 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