American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 16, | Sep., 2023 P a g e | 104 www.americanjournal.org ACTIVITIES OF BUKHARA STATE PEDAGOGICAL AND TEACHERS` INSTITUTE DURING WORLD WAR II Ismoil Salomov Doctoral Student of Karshi State University +998912276661 Ismoilsalomov6661@gmail.com A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S In this article, you will see that achievements and shortcomings in education and science in Uzbekistan during World War II were highlighted on the example of the Bukhara State Pedagogical and Teacher's Institute. At the same time that the war began, all processes in the institute are re-structured or modified, depending on the demand for war. The institute also described the preparation of units made up of volunteer students for the front, the sending of material and military assistance for the front, as well as many noble works carried out by institute pedagogical workers. You can also get information about how the problems that arose in the conditions of war were eliminated, about the research work carried out. Second World War, curriculum, university, students, snipers, rifle battalion, martial law, teacher, front, social competition, evacuation. Introduction During the years of World War II, Uzbekistan performed the function of a front-line country. It serves as a refuge for evacuees, for industrial enterprises in areas at risk of attack, for local citizens at risk in areas where war is taking place, and for educational institutions and its employees. Uzbekistan's achievements in economic and labor resources and scientific research were mobilized to the front, and at the same time to victory. During this period, a new labor regime was introduced in Uzbekistan, that is, the working day was extended, weekends and labor holidays were canceled, and educational programs were adopted in educational institutions based on the demands of war. In such a tense situation, the issue of Personnel Training in the Uzbek SSR, the compensation of the place of professors and teachers, employees and students who went to the front at the expense of new personnel, scientific staff and applicants was also on the agenda. In order to fulfill these tasks in a timely manner, special plans, statements were adopted before each new school year, and the situation was relaxed as much as possible. In particular, the necessary measures were taken to prepare qualified specialists, to achieve the necessary scientific achievements for the front line, moreover, to maintain a wide content of the scientific layer. It is possible to show this on the example of the Bukhara State Pedagogical and Teacher's Institute and on the example of some reforms, innovations implemented in it. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 16 Sep., 2023 P a g e | 105 www.americanjournal.org RESEARCH PROBLEMS: 1) What changes took place in the institute during the war? 2) Is there information about the student contingent and contract payments at the institute during the war years? 3) What measures were taken by the institute to win the war and the front? RESULTS: Bukhara State Pedagogical and Teacher's Institute named after Orzhonikedze operated intensely during the years of World War II. The team, headed by the then director of the institute - Davlat Yusupov, set about rebuilding the educational life at the institute under the demands of war. The academic year 1941-1942 coincided with the period of the Great Patriotic War at the Bukhara State Pedagogical and Teacher's Institute. Martial law forced the restructuring of all the educational and methodological work of the Institute for the state of war. All the work of the institute, all educational processes were directed to one goal, that is, to train highly qualified personnel and, with their help, to add as massively as possible to victory during the invasion of Hitler's Germany. Also, the most important task of higher educational institutions was the training of qualified personnel. One of the main tasks of the government and party administration was to maintain the student body as it had been in the pre - war period. On May 5, 1942, the VKP (B) MQ and the Council of people's commissars of the USSR adopted the decision “On the plan for admission to higher educational institutions in 1942 and measures to strengthen the material and technical base of higher educational institutions". [1.] Thanks to this, in this academic year, the Bukhara Pedagogical and Teachers' Institute carried out a large amount of work in the implementation of State defense and in the cultural construction of specialists, as well as in the implementation of all the support they had for the front, in support of the country's production. On September 1, 1941, the Institute enrolled 478 students. In the first half of the academic year, 98 students left the Institute, of whom 65 were men and 33 were women, for a total of 31 indigenous nationalities. In the first half year, a total of 446 students continued their studies at the Institute. In the second half year, 4 more students were excluded from study. 130 students, on the other hand, stopped their studies for various reasons, namely 47 left for the Red Army, 49 stopped their studies due to problems with payment, and 34 showed different reasons. In the summer of 1942, having passed the state exams, 182 people graduated from the institute, as of August 1, 1942, there were 138 students left at the Institute, divided by directions as follows: GPI-49, UI-54, VUI-35. In the case of September 1, 1941, 51 educators were counted in the total teaching staff. These included 1 professor, 10 associate professors, 6 candidates of science, 14 senior teachers, and 26 lay teachers. Of the 51 teachers, 25 were indigenous nationalities. On July 1, 1942, the teaching staff of the professor fell to 42. Of these, 1 was a professor, 10 associate professors, 6 candidates of sciences, senior teachers were 12, and 19 were ordinary teachers. Of these, 17 were indigenous. A team of teachers of local nationalities received a call to the front. In particular, the names of some educators who went to the front are preserved in the archive sources: Shirboyev, Khasanov, Slosariev and others. In addition to these, the likes of Sharafutdinov, Gulomov, Kuldoshev were involved in ideological propaganda. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 16 Sep., 2023 P a g e | 106 www.americanjournal.org For the new 1942-1943 academic year, after being called to the front and involved in propaganda work, the institute lacked teaching staff in the following subjects: Basics of Marxism-Leninism (in Uzbek) - 1 Uzbek language-1 Uzbek literature-1 History of the peoples of the USSR (in Uzbek) - 1 General history (in Uzbek) 1 piece A vacancy has been announced for the position of professor of Russian literature-1 Mathematics-1 professor Pedagogy-1 professor In 1941-1942, professors and teachers of the institute taught the following subjects taking into account the war conditions: In the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics: 1. Radio physics 35 hours 2. Probability theory applied to shooting 20 hours In the Faculty of Natural Sciences: 3. Military geography (of warring countries) 20 hours At the Faculty of Literature: 4. The image and ideas of patriotism in Russian literature 5. Anti-fascist literature in the West 6. The Great Patriotic War in Soviet art 7. Children's literature Military job-1 The total number of pedagogues needed is 9 [2.] The laboratory and rooms at the institute were open for students during the session from 9:00 am to 11:00 pm. Specially appointed teachers not only taught them, but also guided their activities. In the academic year of 1941-1942, students of the Bukhara State Pedagogical and Teacher's Institute were involved in various activities for 1.5-2 months (harvesting, cotton picking, spring cleaning, etc.), as a result of which their educational courses were further extended. In addition to training, they took part in additional training for military operations and agricultural work. In addition, they participated in sending aid to the Red Army and in army training courses. During the academic year, the total number of students who participated in internships was 277 (14 groups). Among them: 97 students from the faculty of literature; 54 students from the Faculty of Natural Sciences; 31 students from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics and 24 students from the Institute of Evening Teachers participated. [3.] At the beginning of the 1941-1942 academic year, a special social competition was organized between faculty and interdepartmental pedagogical staff, scientific department staff, administrative and technical staff at the Bukhara State Pedagogical and Teacher's Institute. The conditions of the competition are implemented in the following points: 1. Reorganization of the education system based on the military situation; 2. To improve the quality of education; 3. Active participation in political and educational work among students; 4. Implementation of scientific research works for the benefit of military defense and agriculture; 5. Reading political lectures between Red Army units, Bukhara residents and party associations; American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 16 Sep., 2023 P a g e | 107 www.americanjournal.org 6. Having high-quality military skills. [4.] Activities of the Department of History at the Bukhara State Pedagogical and Teacher's Institute: At the beginning of the academic year, the history department developed its educational programs based on the war situation. History lessons were developed based on historical-patriotic and military defense topics. The lecture classes were conducted by pedagogues with great experience, the main attention was paid to military aspects due to the state of war. They read lectures on the following topics: "Battle on Ice Lake", "Battle of Kulikovo", "Polish-Swedish invasion at the beginning of the 17th century", "The Great Patriotic War of 1812", "German invaders Invasion of Ukraine in 1918" and the like. The members of the department Kuldashev and Aripov carried out a scientific work on the topic "Heroes of the Uzbek people in the past". In addition, Kuldashev also carried out scientific research on the topic of "Tax system and Management Policy in the Bukhara Khanate". It was also determined that the defense will be carried out in 1942. [5.] It was determined that 40 hours of classes will be held for students at the Department of Military Education. Lessons were organized mainly on air defense and military sanitation programs. From 1941, all men were divided into separate companies, and women were recruited for military sanitary courses. Lessons were always carried out according to the schedule. All men and women attended military classes. Through the implementation of educational work, personnel were trained in the following specialties for the reserve and active troops: 1. Heavy machine gunners 2. Snipers 3. Archers At the beginning of the academic year, 146 students studied at the machine gunner course. 20 snipers, 25 gunners, and a total of 191 students studied. Most of those who studied in these courses were drafted into the army. At the end of April 1942, 94 out of 114 cadets successfully passed the exams. In all military branches, boys completed 140 hours of theoretical and 60 hours of practical lessons. [6.] [13.] The tuition fees for the 1941-1942 academic year at the Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute were as follows: [7.] Name of educational institutions The number of students Payment amount (in rubles) Dismissed from studies due to non- payment Those who went to the army Institute of Pedagogy 170 11500 8 6 Teacher's Institute (full- time) 183 7050 28 1 Institute of teachers (evening) 93 2850 13 6 Preparation department 27 600 - - Total: 473 22050 49 13 At a time when everyone was sending support for the front, the Bukhara State Pedagogical and Teacher's Institute collected a total of 47,040 rubles for the front fund until December 1, 1941, of American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 16 Sep., 2023 P a g e | 108 www.americanjournal.org which 8,640 rubles were in cash and 38,400 rubles were collected in the form of state bonds. In addition, monthly salaries of 2 hours were deducted for the defense of the country. [12.] The institute provided 265 pieces of various thermal equipment worth 7929.09 rubles, mainly padded jackets, sweaters, warm pants, etc. In total, 67243 rubles 91 kopecks were transferred for the defense of the country. The Institute actively participated in cotton harvesting in Bukhara, and the team picked a total of 7000 kg of cotton in 5 collective farms. [8.] The team of the institute also took an active part in picking and cleaning 11,300 kg of shovels in "Culture" and "Red Tractor" kolkhozes from November 27 to December 6, 1941. Also, in this period, the team of the institute transferred the monthly salaries of 13 working days to the national defense fund. [9.] In addition, the institute took care of 6 evacuated children of preschool age. To finance children's expenses, 1 working day's salary per month was directed. A special workshop was established under the institute, and winter socks, gloves and other clothes were prepared by volunteer students for those fighting at the front, and they were sent to the defenders. The students who worked in the workshop acquired the skills of making items and received an additional salary of 5 to 10 rubles per day. This money served to cover part of their education expenses. [10.] CONCLUSION: Thus, despite the difficult times, the team of the institute tried to adapt to the war situation, to reorganize the educational processes, to include subjects suitable for the war situation into the educational courses, in addition, to provide the necessary amount of military training for the front. the personnel trained in the trainings were prepared, the material and moral support provided are worthy of special praise. The team of the institute managed to achieve the goals set for itself in each academic year. REFERENCES: 1. Mamedova L.S. Leadership of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, the activities of the intellectuals during the Great Patriotic War. Abstract of Ph.D. dissertations. Tashkent, 1971, p.17 2. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fond-R-94. Inventory-number-5. Unit storage number-4103, page-4. 3. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fond-R-94. Inventory-number-5. Unit storage number-4103, page-10. 4. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fond-R-94. Inventory-number-5. Unit storage number-4103, page-16. 5. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fond-R-94. Inventory-number-5. Unit storage number-4103, page-32. 6. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fond-R-94. Inventory-number-5. Unit storage number-4103, page-51-52. 7. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fond-R-94. Inventory-number-5. Unit storage number-4103, page-85. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 16 Sep., 2023 P a g e | 109 www.americanjournal.org 8. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fond-R-94. Inventory-number-5. Unit storage number-4103, page-87. 9. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fond-R-94. Inventory-number-5. Unit storage number-4103, page-88. 10. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fond-R-94. Inventory-number-5. Unit storage number-4103, page-88. 11. Sadykov A.S. Science of Uzbekistan during the Great Patriotic War. ONU. Moscow-1975. 12. Ishankhodzhaeva Zamira Raimovna, Vladimir Konstantinovich Khazov, and Alexandra Borisovna Almazova-Ilyina. "Uzbekistan's contribution to the victory over fascism in World War II." History Issues 8 (2020): 205. 13. Bezugolny A.Yu., Borodkin L.I., Goryushina E.M.1, Dmitrieva N.V.1, Zakharina E.A., Korsak A.I., Kokhan A.A., Krinko E.F. .1, Leontyeva N.I., Ochirov U.B. The peoples of the USSR on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War: statistical and military-anthropological research Bibliography (issue X). T., 1964.