American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 25, | June - 2024 P a g e | 100 www.americanjournal.org FACTORS OF USE OF TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCES IN CENTRAL ASIA Tashimov Bahodir Bahriddin ogli, 2nd Year Student of Termiz Economic Service University, Faculty of Pedagogy and Social and Humanities, Department of History Allamuratov Shukhrat Ashurovich, Scientific Supervisor, Doctor of Philosophy in History (PhD) A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S This article provides information on inaccessible ponds, basins and networks. There is also information about the water networks flowing across the borders of the world and the purposes and issues of international agreements, treaties, mutual agreements on it. In addition, there is talk of a positive development of relations between the Central Asian states on this issue. Water resources, water codex, transboundary water resources, water artery, convention, modernization, exploitation Introduction The history of the development of water-related relations in the middle of the 20th century, that is, after the Second World War, is characterized by a sharp increase in the demand for water resources as a result of the beginning of peaceful life, the development of large areas, the development of industry, and a sharp increase in the population. The existing water resources have been almost completely exploited, and now the question of which water resources will be provided for the future has begun to enter the agenda. Today, the water-related problems in our region, including the new economic, social, political and ecological reality show that water resources play a crucial role in the sustainable development of the region and the countries located in it. Therefore, future development depends to a large extent on the available water resources, their quantity and status, water requirements, the level of water use, and our attitude to water and water use in general. At the moment, the average annual water flow of Amudarya and Syrdarya, which have the status of transboundary water bodies, varies in a large range. In this regard, as the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Sh. Mirziyoyev, stated: " I am sure that there is no rational way to solve the water problem other than taking into account the interests of the countries and peoples of the region equally " [1, P.93]. METHODS AND RESEARCH The article was implemented on the basis of generally accepted methods - impartiality, historical- analysis, comparative-logical analysis, principles of chronological sequence. It briefly talks about the general situation of water resources flowing through the territory of the countries of the world, as well American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 25 June - 2024 P a g e | 101 www.americanjournal.org as the work being carried out on the basis of generally accepted rules for the use of transboundary water resources in Central Asia. Also, information on this topic can be found in the monograph "Transboundary rivers and large dams" by H. Yunusov, Z. Mamatova [2], "Water use in agriculture" co-authored by M. Hamidov, Kh. Shukurlaev, I. Begmatov, A. Mamataliev. in the pamphlet [3], the book "Fundamentals of integrated management of water resources and basin planning" by N. Rakhimov, V. Akhmadjonov [4] and in the researches of many other authors working on the water problem, as well as in popular scientific journals. RESULTS AND ITS DISCUSSION In Central Asia, waterways have been of great importance in the trade and communication system from ancient times to the present day. The Amudarya waterway, which has an important place in the internal and external relations of the region, has developed in an evolutionary way, first of all, the appearance of vehicles moving on rivers [5]. When it comes to transboundary waters, it is appropriate to focus primarily on the meaning of the term. Therefore, transboundary waters are any surface and underground waters that cross the borders of two or more countries or are located on such borders. At this point, it should be noted that local water bodies are any surface and underground water bodies located in the territory of one country, where water resources are formed, distributed or flow and consumed. According to UN official data, there are currently 276 transboundary water bodies (rivers and lakes) in the world, 68 of them in Europe, 64 in Africa, 60 in Asia, 46 in Central and North America, and 38 in South America. is located. 40 percent of the world's population lives around 276 water basins that cross the borders of two or more countries. Transboundary water basins cover about half of the earth's land, i.e. 46 percent. Two-thirds of 276 transboundary water bodies, i.e. 185 - cross at least two countries, 256, i.e. 92.7% - 2-4 countries, 20, i.e. 7.2% - cross the territory of more than 5 countries. 13 of the existing water basins flow through the territory of 5-8 countries, 5 (Congo, Niger, Rhine, Nile and Zambezi) flow through the territory of 9-11 countries, and one (Danube River) flows through the territory of almost 19 countries. The number of large and small rivers in the world is several hundred. There are 175 rivers with a length of more than 1000 km. The number of rivers flowing through several countries is 261, of which 71 are located in Europe, 53 in Asia, 39 in Central and North America, and 38 in South America. International water bodies partially cross the territory of 148 countries and completely cross the territory of 21 countries [2, P.19-20]. Transboundary organizations play a key role in solving international problems related to the management of transboundary water resources. Such organizations may have different management styles according to the political environment, water issues and cultural characteristics of the area. They are often based on voluntary agreements between sovereign states, but may also include international and local water management bodies and commissions. International organizations are traditionally established to solve specific problems. For example, issues such as water transport or flood relief. Their authority is continuous and provides comprehensive assistance in solving problems in the basin. A consultative body may be useful to broaden the range of stakeholders, as the ministers of each country are interested in making decisions that are acceptable to them. The activities of such organizations are carried out on the basis of agreements, memoranda and international agreements. The effective functioning of transnational organizations requires a reliable American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 25 June - 2024 P a g e | 102 www.americanjournal.org financial basis, the political will of governments and the fulfillment of cooperation obligations between them. Transboundary, interstate and local water bodies account for water resources, their distribution and their use are carried out on the basis of various regulatory documents adopted around the world. To this day, many regulatory documents have been adopted on the world scale to account for the amount of water resources in such water bodies, their distribution between countries and their use, and work is being carried out based on them. This includes the "Convention on the Use and Protection of International Water Bodies and Transboundary Waterways" adopted in Helsinki on March 17, 1992 [6] and the "Declaration on the Development of Environmental Protection" adopted in Rio de Janeiro in 1998. an example can be cited as documents [7]. Today, in order to increase the potential of transboundary water management in cooperation, it is necessary to increase the reliability of the information-database. Creating an atmosphere of trust between mediators and negotiators in reaching the terms of the agreement requires certain funds and resources, certain time and efforts. In this situation, donor support from international organizations such as the UN and the World Bank can have a positive result. Coordination of national water policy by transboundary interdepartmental organizations should be supported by partner organizations. Pressure from citizens, the media, and non-governmental organizations often has a positive effect on issues such as mitigating environmental issues related to water use. Once transboundary water management is established, the work does not stop there, but to strengthen it, specific control measures, communication and data collection, as well as financing mechanisms are required. Experience shows that technical skills play a very important role in this regard. As serious problems in the management of transboundary water bodies, it is possible to cite the lack of a unified interstate system of water distribution in the joint use of transboundary rivers, the monitoring of the use of water resources, and the lack of quick and reliable information on the exchange of information on the water resources of transboundary rivers and emergency situations. In the absence of a legal and methodological basis for the regulation of joint use of natural resources, it is necessary to coordinate transboundary environmental damage assessment and restoration. Attempts to solve the problems of transboundary pollution bilaterally did not lead to practical results in reducing the level of pollution of transboundary rivers. The growth of population water supply, industry and environmental stability of the country has led to the seriousness of transboundary problems, corresponding to the formation of water resources and the increase of water pollution. It should be noted that there are no national mechanisms for fulfilling obligations under international conventions. The problem is the lack of methods and methodologies for planning cross-sectoral activities that take into account the obligations of countries under conventions and treaties. When it comes to the use of water from transboundary rivers, it would be appropriate to focus on the way in which the works are being carried out between the countries of Central Asia. The results of the cooperative solution of interstate water relations problems at the basin level are positively recognized by the Central Asian countries. It is known that before the independence of the Central Asian countries, the water legislation of the republics and the water relations related to the legal documents according to them were regulated according to the former "Fundamentals of Water Legislation of the USSR". According to the data, the surface water produced in the territory of Uzbekistan is 10% of the total amount in the Aral Sea basin. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 25 June - 2024 P a g e | 103 www.americanjournal.org The available water volumes among the Central Asian countries are distributed based on the "Amudarya and Syrdarya Basin Schemes" developed in 1983-1984. Based on this distribution, Uzbekistan received 71.69 billion. cubic meter of water is specified. Including: 58.6 billion from rivers. cubic meters (81.7 percent), of which 11.47 billion from internal rivers. cubic meters (19.6 percent), 10.07 billion from underground water. cubic meters (14.0 percent), 3.02 billion from ditch wastewater. cubic meters (4.3 percent). Amudarya waters were distributed on the basis of the Protocol adopted in 1986 (Protocol No. 566 of September 10, 1987 of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Ministry of Reclamation and Water Management of the former Union). Based on this document, Amudarya water: 9.5 billion to Tajikistan. cubic meters (15.5 percent); 22.0 billion to Turkmenistan. cubic meters (35.8 percent); 29.6 billion to Uzbekistan. cubic meters (48.1 percent) [3, P.12-13]. After the states gained independence, there was a need to rework the legal framework regulating water relations at the national and international levels. In 1993, the Water Code was adopted in the Republics of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. In 1994, the Kyrgyz Republic adopted laws "About Water", and in 1993, Uzbekistan "About Water and Water Use". The "Water Code" adopted by Turkmenistan in 1973 remained in force until November 11, 2004 [4, P.39-40]. In the Central Asian region, since 2000, new efforts have been started in the development of the legal framework in the field of water management. At the moment, the Water Codes of the Republics of Kazakhstan (2003), Kyrgyzstan (2005) and Tajikistan (2000), the Code of Turkmenistan "On Water" (2003) and the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Water and Water Use" (1993) in the field of water relations of Central Asian countries They can be summarized under the name of National Laws (MSQ) and they are regulated on the basis of existing interstate water relations agreements [4, P.39- 40]. It should be noted that Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan are the countries where the main water resources are formed in the Aral Sea basin (ASB). The states of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are characterized as the main water consumers. According to various estimates, in the north of Afghanistan (upper Amudarya) from 8-10 to 16-18 cubic km per year. 25% of the ODH in Kyrgyzstan, 80% of the Amudarya flow in Tajikistan and almost all of the water of the transboundary Zarafshan River [8]. The situation is further complicated by the fragmented structure of water infrastructure facilities of interstate importance. Thus, the water supply of South Kazakhstan and the lower Syr Darya depends on the Tokhtagul (Kyrgyzstan), Qairokkum (Tajikistan), Chervok (Uzbekistan) reservoirs, and the work of interstate canals passing through Uzbekistan. The water supply of Keles region depends on the management of the flow of the Chirchik River. More than half of the water area of the Tuyamoyin hydropower station, which supplies Karakalpakstan and Khorezm region, Amu-Bukhara machine canal (ABMK), and Karshi main canal (KMK) main water intake facility and other infrastructures, is located in Turkmenistan. The water supply of regions such as Bukhara, Navoi (ABMK) and Kashkadarya (KMK) in Uzbekistan depends on their stable operation. 90 percent of the water used by Uzbekistan is formed in Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Kyrgyzstan has water from the Sokh, Kosonsoy, Andijan reservoirs. The operation of the Qayraqqum (Tajikistan) hydroelectric network affects the water supply of Jizzakh, Syrdarya and partially Tashkent regions. It is known that at the beginning of the last century, connecting the Central Asian regions of Tsarist Russia with the western regions, especially waterways, was of great importance [9, P.65-71; 10, S. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 25 June - 2024 P a g e | 104 www.americanjournal.org 348-353]. According to many experts and analysts, there are many conflict situations in the use of transboundary water resources (TSR) in Central Asia, which may cause serious problems in the region in the future. The political situation arising in connection with the water problems in the region can be the factors that cause the consolidation of the Central Asian countries or, on the contrary, the increase of conflicts between them. The principles of international water law (IWLA), based on the generally recognized special environmental principles of international law, are as follows: a) Fair and reasonable use of the TSR, taking into account the cooperation and equal rights of the coastal states, the existing established practice; b) Sovereignty of the countries belonging to it on the coast of the transboundary river; c ) Use of international rivers, respecting the common interests of all riparian states and the special interests of each of them; g) not to harm the cross-border procedures; d) Compensation for the damage caused ("the person causing the damage pays") [4, P.41-42]. These and the generally recognized principles and norms of the CSQ may serve as a basis for the development of a draft agreement on the management of TSR in Central Asia. The position of Uzbekistan on the use of transboundary water is as follows: 1) Unilateral construction of large water reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations on transboundary rivers without ecological, socio-economic examination, technical and economic basis (TIA) and construction projects without agreement with neighboring countries should be considered from a legal point of view as interference of this country in the internal affairs of other countries; 2) Expertise in the construction of such objects, especially in the process of preparing their TIA and construction projects, the rights of the downstream countries to water and their interests should be legally strengthened; 3) It is necessary to develop a project of the Agreement, which defines the principles of managing the water flows of transboundary rivers and compensation for the damage caused to the states located in the lower reaches of the rivers in case of non-compliance with the agreed regime [4, P.42]. It should be noted that only 20% of the water resources used in our region are formed in our territory, and the remaining 80% come from neighboring countries. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoev, in his address to the Oliy Majlis, touched on the possibilities of water supply in our republic and said: - "The main way to meet the growing demands for water in the near future is to improve the management of water resources, rationalize their use, find internal reserves, and achieve water savings" [11, P. 146]. As a result of the effective organization of water use, the total amount of water used in our country has been reduced from 64 billion cubic kilometers before independence to 51 billion cubic kilometers or 20%. It was achieved to reduce the annual relative water consumption from the source for irrigating each hectare of land from 18,000 cubic meters to 10,500 cubic meters compared to the 90s of the last century. Such intensity of work and level of investments in the field of water management is not observed in any country in the region [1, P.98]. CONCLUSION Due to the rational state policy in the field of water management, the irrigation potential was not only preserved during the years of independence, but is being successfully modernized. During the years of American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 25 June - 2024 P a g e | 105 www.americanjournal.org independence, radical changes were made in water management. Integrated management of water resources is being implemented on a large scale. According to the assessment of the World Bank, Asian Development Bank and other funds, Uzbekistan is a recognized leader in the region in this regard. In conclusion, it can be said that water saving is an important source of sustainable water supply. Therefore, if all the people living in the region appreciate the priceless water and use it efficiently without wasting even a drop of it, they would make their grateful contribution to the development of nature and our society. REFERENCES 1. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev at the 72nd session of the UN General Assembly. Kuronboev Q.Q., Majidov I.U., Umrzakov O'.P., Bekmurodov A.Sh. (the creative team responsible for the publication). - Tashkent, "Spirituality", 2017. 2. Yunusov H., Mamatova Z. Transboundary rivers and large dams. - Tashkent, "New century generation", 2015. 3. Hamidov M., Shukurlaev Kh., Begmatov I., Mamataliev A. Use of water in agriculture. - Tashkent, 2018. 4. Rakhimov N. Akhmadjonov V. Fundamentals of integrated management of water resources and basin planning. - Tashkent, "Info Capital Group", 2019. 5. Ashurovich A.S. Craft and trade relations in eastern beks of the Bukhara Emirate //ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. – 2021. – Т. 11. – №. 2. 6. Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes . - Helsinki, 1992. 7. Rio declaration on environment and development / Document OON A / CONF 151 / 26/ Rev. 1 (Vol. 1), P. 3-7. 8. Varianty politicheskikh resheniy dlya stran s defitsitom vody URL : http :// www.cawater - info . net / library / rus / carewib / politics _ options . pdf 9. Allamuratov S.A. The role of the Amudarya fleet in the economic life of the Emirate of Bukhara at the end of the 19th century-the beginning of the 20th century //Ўтмишга назар журнали. – 2019. – Т. 21. – №. 2. 10. Алламуратов Ш. А. История амударьинского судостроения //Бюллетень науки и практики. – 2020. – Т. 6. – №. 10. 11. Majidov I.U., Khodiev B.Yu., Bekmurodov A.Sh., Mustafakulov Sh.I. (the creative team responsible for the publication). 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Resolution No. 82 of March 19, 2013 of the Cabinet of Ministers "On approving the regulations on water use and water consumption in the Republic of Uzbekistan. " URL. : https://www.lex.uz/docs/2145601 15. Resolution No. 171 of the Cabinet of Ministers of June 14, 2013 "On Approval of the Regulation on the Procedure for Issuing Permits for Special Use of Water or Special Consumption of Water" URL. : https://lex.uz/docs/2189316. https://www.lex.uz/docs/2145601 https://lex.uz/docs/2189316