American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 26, | July - 2024 P a g e | 9 www.americanjournal.org THE ESTABLISHMENT AND STAGES OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM ARTICLE REVIEW Ph. D. Mohan Sha’lan Abbas University of Karbala/ College of Tourism Sciences Mohan.sh@uokerbala.edu.iq A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S This study explores the role of silent movies as a shared experience during the early twentieth century in the United States. Amid high immigration rates, non-English-speaking citizens faced economic and social challenges, including exclusion from public entertainment and discourse. Drawing evidence from reviews, personal correspondence, and diaries, our research demonstrates that silent films served as an affordable and inclusive form of entertainment. We argue for the accessible economic and representational nature of early cinema, evident in low admission prices and actors’ exaggerated gestures that transcended language barriers. Immigration, public discourse, entertainment Introduction Since ancient times, people have understood nomadism and travel to be natural occurrences in which people relocate from their initial place of residence to another location for various reasons. Later, this seemingly straightforward phenomenon expanded to encompass more objectives and ramifications, turning into a science with established principles and practices that directly and indirectly affect numerous issues. The lives of individuals and groups, with potential social, political, and cultural effects (Abu Rumman, 2008, p. 30). The Greek term "tornos," which means a circular road, is where the word "tourism" first appeared. As for the Arabic language, the word tourism is taken and derived from the verb (sahah), and here it came. To be more comprehensive. (Ayyash, 2019, p. 48). Therefore, it means the movement of people or groups from one place to another, and this movement includes some important rules to be included in the context and framework of tourism, provided that the duration of the movement does not exceed one year and is not for work and earning and that known tourist activities are practiced during that trip or movement (apparently, 2011, p. 35) The emergence of tourism coincided with the first step in man’s formation of small population centers, when the societies were primitive and simple in their lives, means, and goals, as their flexible goals were compatible with the ideas and activities of the ancient man himself, and at that time they were characterized by the necessities of daily life through the activities of searching for food, drink, shelter, and hunting. Accordingly, the search for new population centers to achieve social, economic, or security goals and objectives. Later, this phenomenon turned into a process of fulfilling desires and American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 26 July - 2024 P a g e | 10 www.americanjournal.org satisfying human needs, and among its goals are recreation and pleasure, as well as the economic goals of the individual and society (Al-Sisi, 2005, p. 22). ). Many countries of the world have begun to pay attention to the tourism industry due to its economic, political and cultural importance, and through this sector it is possible to build bridges of love and cooperation between peoples and countries in various countries of the world. Therefore, most countries of the world have embarked on the development and sustainable development of tourism, and laws and regulations that protect tourists have also been legislated. Generally, tourism prompted capital owners to invest in the tourism sector after the relevant authorities facilitated investment procedures and motivated them to contribute to revitalizing and building various tourism projects (Al-Suwaidan, 2006). After the emergence of development and technological and cultural progress for humanity, the phenomenon of tourism is no longer just a recreational activity or a means of entertainment, but rather it has become an important industry based on basic dimensions and objectives that work effectively in developing and revitalizing the national income of the national economy. It is also a means of getting to know people and nations in the context of spreading different cultures. And the circulation of science and useful knowledge (Al-Qasid, 2011, page 53) Stages of tourism Development: 1- Primitive times: One of the most important aspects of this period is the use of animals for travel and transportation. One of its most prominent goals was visiting religious places as well as searching for better places to live and housing (Mahmoud, 2007). 2- Antiquity: One of its most important manifestations is the use of sailing ships for transportation. One of its most prominent purposes was transportation for trade, as well as visiting sacred religious destinations such as Mecca, Bethlehem, and Holy Jerusalem, and transportation for education in well- known cities such as London and Paris. This period included the transportation of the children of the rich and kings. For enjoyment and entertainment (Ibrahim, 2006, p. 14) 3- The Middle Ages: This era appeared after the fall of the Roman Empire in the year 395 AD until the fifth century AD. At that time, the Roman Empire was considered the center of intellectual and cultural radiation and the hub of global trade. Among the most important motives for travel in this era were commercial motives and the pursuit of knowledge and discoveries. (Kharboutli, 2014, p. 43) 4- The Renaissance era: This stage was born after the decline of the feudal era on the European continent in the fifth century AD and the emergence of the world of commercial capitalism until the emergence of the industrial revolution in Europe at the beginning of the second half of the eighteenth century AD, and it included scientific cultural motives as well as religious motives (Rumman, 2008 ) 5- The modern era: - The Industrial Revolution and the achievements it achieved at the scientific level and machine industry and its development in various activities and contexts had a great impact, which led to the activation of tourism and travel and the emergence of means of transportation such as trains and ships. This development is accompanied by the financial stability of the working class and their enjoyment of paid vacations by amended laws (Al-Houri, 2010) 6- The digital electronic era: - In this era, the electronic tourism pattern emerged in the twenty-first century effectively, and brought about a major change in the field of the global economy, as tourism revenues doubled due to modern electronic or digital use. (Al-Tarwaneh, 2016, p. 41) American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 26 July - 2024 P a g e | 11 www.americanjournal.org 7-Digital e-tourism is a type of modern tourism in which technology and modern techniques are used in the context of the e-tourism business and the provision of the most beneficial procedures and facilities for tourists and consumers (Ibrahim, 2006, p. 14). Due to digital technology, all daily activities will gradually become possible supported by modern digital electronic science, and the essence of future responsibility is for the tourism sector to be able to respond to this specific human challenge in the digital electronic age. Finally, those in charge of tourism aim to achieve material economic benefits and cultural and cognitive communication between peoples and nations, while taking into account sustainable tourism development in all its scientific aspects (Al- Zahir, 2011, p. 35). However, despite the development achieved by the tourism industry over the nineteenth century and before, one finds that its development has accelerated in the last two centuries exceptionally, after international conditions experienced near stability in the economic and political contexts, as well as the social, moral and psychological aspects of humans and the adoption of technological methods in various sectoral fields. In addition to the development and growth of modern media in communications and transportation (Al-Abdali, 2011, p. 40) Conclusion In tracing the historical trajectory of tourism, we uncover a fascinating journey—from primitive nomadism to today’s thriving industry. What began as a quest for survival and exploration has blossomed into a global phenomenon that transcends borders, cultures, and economies. References 1. Abu Rumman. (2008). Tourism in Jordan. Amman, Jordan: Ithraa Printing and Publishing Press. 2. Ahmed Al-Abdali. (2011). Tourism basics. Amman: Al-Warar Printing and Publishing. 3. Ahmed Mahmoud. (2007). Tourism Industry (Vol. 1). Amman: Dar Al-Ma’rifa for Advertising, Distribution and Printing. 4. Bashir Abbas Al-Alaq. (2014). Commercial promotion and advertising; Foundations of theories and applications. Al-Yazouri Scientific House for Publishing and Distribution. 5. Khaled Al-Tarwaneh. (2016). Tourism industry. Dar Ajloun for Printing and Publishing. 6. 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