American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 28, | September - 2024 P a g e | 8 www.americanjournal.org THE TALE IN ANDALUSIAN SPEECHES: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY M.L. /Dr. Mehdi Ali Mohamed Al-Mayali Ministry of Education/Directorate of Qadisiyah Education Mah714138@gmail.com A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S This study addressed the story and how Arabs approach it and communicate it orally until it became a blog And this was the result of cultural diversity, multi-ethnicity and multiculturalism, all of which left its obvious effects on artistic prose. The books of stories and tales appeared down to the Andalusian speeches, which included in the most diverse tales that writers conveyed in a bright literary manner. In the Andalusian era, the stereotypical image overlaps with the sermon of the Andalusian era, so that the sermon is hardly without prejudice to the tale's style, This study is an attempt to clarify the ephemeral structure of the Ton of Andalusian speeches and journeys. Tale, narrative, Andalusian speeches, time, place. Introduction In the name of God the Merciful, thank God the Lord of the two worlds, prayer and peace for the good of creation and the messengers of Prophet Muhammad, God bless him and God, and after... The content of the present letter has worked on the subject of the story and its elements in the body of Andalusian speeches, which is based on the structural approach. The narrator is one of the main components of the narrative or narrative structure along with the two important components: (irrigated, irrigated) and the presence of each of these components is related to the presence of the other component, That is, the narrator's presence must be accompanied by the presence of the irrigator and the narrator in order to complete the process of communicating the message to the reader or hearing recipient. the narrator is a method of making the wording or the content on which the text is based, It is consistent with personality and with the temporal and spatial nature, which is the pattern of presenting content of an anecdotal nature. The narrator is one of the main components of the narrative story speech (1); Because narrative structure is formed only by the synergy of three components: narrator, irrigator, and irrigator.(2) The narrator means the person for whom the story is made in conflict with the narrator, and does not confuse the reader as the narrator of the writer.(3) The narrator is compatible with the narrator in terms of powers, as it is considered to be one of the elements that manufactures the narrative material, as well as a fact within the same anecdotal format, 1 Novel Construction: Cesa Kassim: Egyptian General Authority for Books: Cairo: 1984: p. 184. Encyclopedia of Arab Narrative: Play 2 Encyclopedia of Arab Narrative: Abdullah Ibrahim: Dar Qandeel Printing, Publishing and Distribution: United Arab Emirates: 2016: p. 10. 3 Lexicon of Contemporary Literary Terms: Ibrahim Fathi: Dar Al-Ennahda: Cairo: D. I: p. 111. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 28 September - 2024 P a g e | 9 www.americanjournal.org which means that the narrator cannot be pre-mingled with the narrator (albeit implied) in a more intermingling manner, thus confusing the narrator with the author's necessity.(4) Turning to irrigation, it is a key narrative component, defined in the narrative terminology as: "A large category of events, scenes and everything that happened in Operation Roy within a particular narrative".(5) The irrigation consists of the wise tendency and the wise building. Wise tongue is the set of events that relate to each other, which we are told about during the work. (6) That is, the body represents the story by its personality, time and place, that is, the temporal and causal system of events, and independently of the manner in which those events were organized or introduced into action. The story is based on the same facts and scenes. However, it continues to take account of the character's system of existence within the work.(7) It also takes into account all the things that follow, whether information is assigned to us or not.(8) Objective of the study: The purpose of the research was an attempt to achieve objectives such as: clarification of the wisdom aspect of Andalusian speeches. Using aspects of the story in Andalusian speeches. Previous studies: I did not sign a study based on illustrating the wise aspect of Andalusian speeches, but there are some studies that dealt with the talk of the story in the Andalusian era, including: the structure of the tale in the Andalusian journey: a letter with Nabil Hadi Nahi to the Council of the Faculty of Arts of Qadisia University. d. Shima Khairy Fahm, a letter that concluded that the tale was clarified and linked to the Andalusian journey, including by narrative, dialogue, characters, time, place and other aspects of the tale. Religious discourse in Andalusia: Abdul Rahim Hamdan, an article presented to the Forum of Speakers magazine, 2022. Curriculum of study: which forms the basis of any linguistic study, is a method based on explaining the building of the story in the Andalusian sermon, and employing it as an indicative and moral employment based on context and style. Before starting the core of the study, the concepts of our study, namely: A- Tale: Tale by breaking and re-talking about something. And the meaning of the last story of the case in scientists knew to impose that what was in the past was a reality in this time. It may be expressed by the word "present", and it may be expressed by the word "actor", not by the meaning that the word of that time now tells what it says, but rather by meaning. It does this in a surprising past act like you bring him to the speeches and imagine him to marvel at as you say I saw the lion and I take the sword 4 Tale Speech: Gérard Gennette: Mu 'tasim Press: Cairo 1997: p. 268-269 5 Narrative term: Gerald Prince: Translation by Abed Kherndar and Mohamed Burberry: Supreme Council for Culture Cairo: 2003: p. 142. 6 The theory of the formal curriculum: Ibrahim al-Khatib: Arab Research Foundation: Beirut 1982: p. 180. 7 Ibid.: p. 180. 8 The Theory of a Formal Curriculum: p. 180. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 28 September - 2024 P a g e | 10 www.americanjournal.org and kill him. So the meaning of the story of the past case was said to appreciate that the past is a reality in the case of speaking, as the Almighty said: "Say, you have never killed God's prophets before."(9) B- Speech: The sermon is a colour of artistic prose, and this art has had a good chance of growth and prosperity in Andalusia, as have other prose arts; Because the people of Andalusian Island have been speechleaders, poetry heads and writers. First Research Event The event is an important and essential element of the narrative construction of the irrigator, the fundamental pillar of literary work. It is a distinct part of the act, a brief or short narrative that addresses a single position, and when events are organized together and combined by a single thread in a coherent manner, it becomes a series of events in the plot.(10) The plot is the context and interconnectedness of events and works to lead to a conclusion, and the plot may be based on a collision of whims and feelings, or on an outsider, and, in the opinion of many art critics, it is necessary in the play, the story, the story and the stories; To excite the viewer or hearing and integrate it with the real or symbolic characters moving and thinker.(11) The plot is necessary in the tale to link attitudes and events in a sequential format, without which the internal conflict between the tale's characters, which is a narrative of my stories, cannot be managed. The event demonstrates movement, action and action; No, it is the act as Gerald Prince pointed out.(12) The event is characterized by organic unity in its ranking, and therefore it is necessary to arrange the events in order that they become of organic unity and are intended to focus the facts on a fundamental fact, a general idea or a fundamental personality to which other facts, ideas and personalities relate.(13) The narrative of events in any narrative text takes different patterns of its narrative and communicates it to the recipient. The problem with the construction of the juvenile lies in the order of the facts that constitute the juvenile's mission a sequential, overlapping, parallel or alternating arrangement, i.e. its presentation is subject to an upward, interrupted or declining chronology.(14) Through our reading of Andalusian travels and speeches, it contains three patterns of the event's narrative and story: 1- Single event: To tell once what happened once and to call it "Jinnit" B (The Individual Tale).(15) This type of frequency relationship is the most common and calls it "Jinnit". Single Story Narrative.(16) And what came to us from those speeches: The Sermon of the Barbarian Leader approached us before one of 9 Art Terms: Muhammad Ali Al-Tahani: Presentation, Supervision and Review: Dr. AG: D. Ali Dahroj: Lebanon Library Publishers: Beirut: 1996: P.O. 735 10 Dictionary of literary terms: Ibrahim Fathi: p. 137. 11 Encyclopedia of literary creativity: Ali Harba: Arab Cultural Center: Beirut: Dr. TP 120. 12 Narrative term: p. 19. 13 Modern literary criticism: Mohamed Ghanimi Hilal: Dar Al-Nahda: Egypt: 2008: p. 510. 14 Al-Matikhal al-Sardi: Abdullah Ibrahim: House of Heritage Revival: Beirut: 2014: p. 121. 15 Narrative Techniques: Yemeni Eid: p. 130 16 Tale Speech: Gérard Gennette: p. 130. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 28 September - 2024 P a g e | 11 www.americanjournal.org your exhibits at the opening of the Andalusia, and that was when he learned of the Earth's attitude to the Earth The Mujahideen's hearts, so he got engaged to them, and he applauded God and then said, "Where is the escape?" The sea behind you and the enemy before you, and you and God have nothing but honesty and patience, And know that in this island I am lost from orphans in the banquet of harmony. And when you accept your enemies with his military, his armaments and forces are provided, and you only visit your swords, And you can only solve what you extract from the hands of your enemy, and if you take the day to your discretion, You have not accomplished something that has gone to your wind, and hearts have been compensated for their horror at you; Let your breath down. Let this punishment down from your belief in the success of this tyranny. She threw it to you, His fortified city, and he took the chance on it, could have forgotten yourselves to die.(17) B- Sequential event: Relay is the essence of literary fiction, because the basic relationship between events is the pure chronological relay of what a minute tells us about what happened somewhere or what is in the hero's consciousness.(18) Sequencing is intended to relate facts and events in time,(19) in the sense that the narrative of events is in chronology, since the narrative of the event starts at a specific point and follows up to a certain end, without bouncing back or going back.(20) In his sermon, in which the successive event appeared, the son of Jenan said: "Is the beautiful patience in the loss of his angel and Gabriel, and many in the wailing and wailing seven heavens? He was cut off from the wise and descending revelatory ground, and the greatness of the serenity with which he would perform her description and representation With a blunt heart and a long eyelid, the nation called out: the apostles died, in every crying, sobbing, noise and commitment house, and the fangs and minds flared, there was no patience; It's gone from the old patience.(21) C- Recurrent event: to tell infinitely what happened once, and it's called Jinnit B (Repetitive tale) That is, the narrator repeats the one-off event several times,(22) and when the narrative of the event is repeated it must be repeated with time and the narrative of the event may change once he tells using multiple perspectives and again replacing the main narrator (the main character) with other secondary characters.(23) The authors stated that the King's dignity and the lift of dullness to the scourges had been reported to have been the kings of Europe to which delegations were sending him requiring his threat. And he is sent the breath of ammunition and gifts, even if the inhabitants of León, the owner of the Constantinople, sent to him a delegation in 338 requesting his deposit and interest. He went on to insist that, and ordered him to make a great celebration, to do the hands of the sermons and the belligerents, so the preacher fiancé was foreshadowed. (And I remind you of God's days before you, and to avoid it to you by disagreeing with the Prince of the faithful who did not disgrace you, Your swarm has been secured, and your strength has been raised, after you have been a little bit too much, and your power 17 Tlemessani meadow: Nafah al-Tayeeb from the humid Andalusian branch: 1/240. 18 Construction Theory in Literary Criticism: Salah Fazal: Egyptian Anglo Library: Cairo: 2008: p. 280. 19 Artistic Construction of Iraq's War Narrative: Ibrahim Abdullah: Public Cultural Affairs House: Iraq: P.O. 1988p. 27. 20 Ibid.: p. 27. 21 Nafah al-Tayeb from the humid Andalusia Branch: Telesani Headquarters: 7/428. 22 Narrative term: p. 120. 23 Introduction to Story Theory: Dr. Deizir Scale: Heritage Neighbourhood House: Beirut: 2021: p. 83. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 28 September - 2024 P a g e | 12 www.americanjournal.org has been weakened. And be humiliated with your victory, and may God care for you, and entrust it to your secretariat, whenever it strikes the orphanage on the horizons, And you were surrounded by a torch of hypocrisy, until you squeezed in like a barley pit, From the distress of the situation and the deplorability of living and edging, you begin by disagreeing with it from the intensity of prosperity, And you moved with his politics to pave the way for the aforementioned veil after the scourge.(24) I appeal to you for God's filling coexistence: Didn't the blood be drained and injected, and the scars are scared and secure, and the money is looted and he guards and fortifies it? Didn't the country be a ruin, and did the Muslims obscure her charcoal and victory? Mention God's loyalty to you by disagreeing with and avoiding Him. Gather your word after you have instilled it in His front Get out of her mind? What did it not do to the commanders and soldiers until he embarked on it with strength, glamour and children? He withdrew the angels, abandoned the homelands, rejected the pray and it was loved, and left the riders to the comfort and it was required, With a healthy intensity and express resolve, a piercing window eyesight, and a predominantly blistering wind. And a victory from God is an obligatory reality, a crescendo, an apparent grandfather, and a sword. Under a celebrated equation, prejudiced by the erection, resigned to what he had in God's side of tiredness, Even because the conditions were after their intensity, and the cheque broke at their severity, Garb only kept her a forehead, and he did not star for her people but his grandfather, By God's blessing, you have become brothers, and by the blessing of the Prince of the faithful of your shame on his enemies...) (25) Second Research Narrative in Andalusian speeches Andalusian rhetoric has varied and varied, encompassing various purposes of affairs. Life is between religious, political and social discourse, and the religious sphere has been one of the broadest areas in which the power and renaissance of discourse has manifested itself, witnessing the field of religious discourse. (Whether oral or written) A clear growth so that a number of preachers became rotating among themselves, each one was speaking a Friday a month, and he was required in the fiancé besides his eloquence and his knowledge to show piety,(26) credit and goodness. It belongs to the Age of Marabattin and Unified the most famous preachers of religious preaching in the Indulgence of them: Abu al-Hassan bin Shraih, whose disciple was witnessed by Abdul-Ghafoor's son al-Ihsan, eloquence and statement in the art of rhetoric He considered that "this art of rhetoric was pardoned in college and studied, but that he (a son of an anatomy) was returned to him by his grandmother and his idiot, and the property of his land alone and his sky"(27) 24 Fantastiki Narrative Ingredients: Shoaib Halifi: Egyptian Chapters Magazine: MJ 12: A1: p. 81 25 Khattab al-Arabiya al-Zahra: Ahmad Zaki Safwat: Scientific Library: Beirut: d. PC.3/169. 26 Address summarized: Abu Alwaleed Mohammed bin Ahmed bin Rushd: Abdel Rahman Badawi Investigation: Dar Al Qalam: Beirut: D. TS: 88 27 Religious Speech in Andalusia: Abd al-Rahim Hamdan: Speakers' Forum: 2017: P3 American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 28 September - 2024 P a g e | 13 www.americanjournal.org There are two basic types of narrative: objective and self-narrative: A- Objective narrative: The narrator in this type of narrative is familiar with everything about his characters until the secret ideas of the heroes and presents it to the reader,(28) and the objective narrative depends on the external vision and the well-informed narrator described as having an unlimited ability to gain the internal and external dimensions of the characters, so it is termed an objective narrative. and that he uses the conscience of the absent when presenting his story,(29) and a well-known narrator is the whole of knowledge. A narrator who knows everything about attitudes and irrigated events,(30) and who wants to see: A point or point of view according to which the facts and positions are presented.(31) The narrator in the substantive narrative does not stand only in the presentation of events and characters. And they dive deep into the characters revealing their feelings and what they have in mind, An objective narrative may sometimes depend on a neutral narrative that does not intervene to explain the events it presents, but rather to describe it impartially as it sees it or as it is conceived in the minds of the heroes, leaving the reader free to explain what he tells and interprets,(32) in the sense that the narrator acts as a (Camera Eye) which is one of the techniques by which events and situations are recorded and transmitted like we are in front of a neutral recording machine.(33) B- Self-narrative: This type of narrative is other than the first (objective) pattern in the self-narrative, we track the narrator's eyes, or a listening party available on an explanation for each news, when and how the narrator or listener himself knew it.(34) Relying on the internal vision of the self-narrative, the participating or accompanying narrator presenting events associated with him or her and presenting his or her story using the speaker's conscience (I) Therefore, the self-narrative (35)and the self-narrative is the narrative of Benmaz with an apparent narrative whose feelings, beliefs and judgments confer shadows on the facts and attitudes presented, in contrast to the objective narrative describing behaviours, in which personalities' thoughts and feelings are presented.(36) The participating narrator is the narrator who recounts the events in the speaker's conscience, and the participating narrator is a key personality who tells what she can have suffered by contemporaneously and participating in even a limited part of the events.(37) 28 The Theory of the Formal Curriculum Texts of Russian Formalists: Ibrahim Al-Khatib: Arab Research Foundation: Beirut: 1982: p. 189. 29 Narrative fantasy: p. 119-120. 30 Dictionary of Narratives: Geberald Prince: Translation of Mr. Vallah: Merith Publishing and Information: Beirut: 2003 pp. 139. 31 Narrative term: p. 245. 32 The structure of the narrative text: Hamid al-Hamdani: Arab Cultural Center: Beirut: 1991: p. 47. 33 Dictionary of Narratives: p. 28. 34 Narrative structure: p. 46. 35 Narrative fantasy: p. 119. 36 Narrative term: p. 225. 37 Ajabi in the old Arab narrative: Nabil Hamdi Abd al-Maksoud: Dar al-Bibalat: Beirut: 2006 pp. 43. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 28 September - 2024 P a g e | 14 www.americanjournal.org The intensity of the Andalusian speeches examined contained dominant functions for the narrator, some of which are shared with the functions employed by Jenit and others which are not, according to the narrative tasks of the narrator formed in the following: A- Narrative function: Narrative function that no Sard can deviate from without at the same time losing the status of a Sard or narrator and can be defined as the process of transmitting the news and communicating it to another party, This industry confirms the utilitarian functional nature of the narrative phenomenon, which is enshrined in any case or reference.(38) information ", through which the narrative of the story, based on the transmission of the story or of the story information, is achieved as the primary raw material by cutting the incident or telling it in a particular way to the other recipient s memory of the narrative function.(39) The central and fundamental function that the narrator must exercise on what critics have said is in performing the narrative function because it is the narrative's central function. The narrator requires a faithful oral transfer obligation. The narrator is governed by his justice. He must document his transfer without manipulation, increase or shortage.(40) And from that, the barbaric leader said, "And I didn't tell you something that I am about with survival, and I don't hold you on to an earliest plan, and I do not tell you what I have Do not wish for yourself; What I thought of you was the best of my time, and I told you what created this island of good spirits, From the Greek daughters, the condoms in the wilderness and the meadows, the solution woven by the knives. The casseroles of the King's Two Crowned Mansions, and the newborn elect you to be the King's slave Prince of the faithful heroes. And your satisfaction with the kings of this island are in-laws and in-laws, confident in your plague. And let you enjoy the glory of heroes and jockeys, so that her magnet can be pure to you without him and without believers but you. And God Almighty, I will find you what is remembered in the schools. And I knew that I was first responding to what I called you, and that when I met the two congregations, I was pregnant with my breath on the tyranny of the arch, and if I lost it, Dawn would love it Before I reached him, they left me in my grit, and carry yourselves on it, and just open this island by killing him; Then they let it down.(41) B- Documentation Function: This function is reflected in the narrator's documentation and mention of the source from which he obtained his information .(42) This job is called by Abdul Rahim al-Kurdi's the documentation function and he considers that it is one of the important functions entrusted with the narrator's neck to document the story, i.e. to make the reader more confident in its honesty. and to make the reader feel that honesty to accept and interact with her, Authentication methods vary according to times and tastes, the narrator must provide a convincing and reliable source to be able to learn the story's truthfulness. According to this function,(43) Motev is documented as a distinctive feature or narrative report that gives him the real situation or 38 Old Arab Narrative Types, Functions and Structures: Ibrahim Sahraoui: Arab Science House: Beirut: Dr. T: p. 97. 39 Formative Approach from Vision to Action: Dr. Rahman Garkan: Arab Deployment Foundation: Beirut 2010: p. 262. 40 Narrative term in modern Arab literary criticism: p. 119. 41 Nafah al-Tayeb from the humid Andalusia Branch: Telesani Headquarters: 1/240. 42 Introduction to Story Theory: p. 105. 43 Al-Rawi and the anecdotal text: Abd al-Rahim al-Kurdi: House of Heritage Revival: Beirut: d. pp. 67. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 28 September - 2024 P a g e | 15 www.americanjournal.org gives him any value. In the third person narrative, the distinctive features presented by the characters' speech are not documented other than the distinctive features or specifications presented by the narrative speech, which are documented customs. However, they may become documented or undocumented according to the course of the events or as determined by the narrator or the narrator.(44) My father's son entered the clay ring on the best of the son of the prince of the armies and preached to him and said: "The thing that you have become from the King, is that you must die before you, which is strictly out of your hand; God forbid you from this nation; God cushioned and glimpsed your liquid from the beak, the tomato and the fuse, knowing that God comforted him and brought Solomon to Daoun the King of Daouya in her breath, and harnessing him the joys of mankind, jinn, whale and mud On his account, I would like to say: [This is what we gave us.] No longer is a blessing as you enumerated it, not a dignity as you calculated it, but a fear that it would be a bounty of God's grace: [This is from my Lord's preference to blueprint me for thanking me for making amends.] [Ant: 40] Open the door, amplify the veil, and reject the darkness.] (45) C- Reporting function: The narrator in this post delivers a message to the recipient reader whether that communication message is the same tale or moral or human significance. (46) This function is based on securing everything that will control the attention of the listener and follow it up to the parts of the glossary.(47) The reporting function is the elements of which control the recipient's attention and sustain his contact with the wise act and event.(48) Judge Ayyad addressed a sermon in which he included the names of the Reading Wall along the lines of his creation, saying: "The lavishness of God, which opened the lavishness of his speech, and between him in the bovine wall of his judgment and of his reign, and in general for his sake Unes Waller's repentance as writers judged his verses, adjacent to Yosef the Peculiar in the House of Dignity, praising the thunder with his lashings, and making the fire cold and salam on Ebrama; Let the people of the quarantine believe that if God's order comes, He shall not be cave, He shall not resort to Him, and they shall not be aggrieved, and He shall be made in letters as a secret.(49) Conclusion We reach the conclusion of our study by which we presented a clear model of Andalusian speeches, including what was political, what was religious, and what came out of the field of wisdom and preaching various preachers and purposes. The study was limited to the wise aspect and the use of the story with the event and narrative, Their types and functions benefit repetition, sequencing or even uniqueness and other narrative and documentation functions, as well as reporting functions, so as to demonstrate the purpose and purpose of the Andalusian sermon, which dealt with a specific wisdom aspect. We have also reached a set of conclusions drawn at the conclusion of the study, which are as follows: 1- Diversity between religious, political and other speeches 44 Dictionary of Narratives: p. 22. 45 Nafah al-Tayeb of Andalusia's moist branch: al-Masri al-Talsani: 2/87. 46 Introduction to Story Theory: p. 104. 47 Old Arabic Narrative Types, Functions and Structures: p. 97. 48 Formative approach from vision to action: p. 267. 49 Nafah al-Tayeb from the humid Andalusia branch: Al-Masri al-Talsani: 7/333. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 28 September - 2024 P a g e | 16 www.americanjournal.org 2- The multiplicity of purposes of Andalusian speeches in judgment, preaching, guidance and anecdote 3- Employing the Wise Side in Most Andalusian Speeches 4- Prevailing narrative character over Andalusian speeches 5- Narrative, documentation and reporting are the objectives of the Seminary Speeches References 1. The Holy Quran. 2. Art Construction of Iraq's War Novel: Ibrahim Abdullah: Public Cultural Affairs House: Iraq: 1988 3. Narrative structure: Hamid Hamidani: Arab Cultural Center: Beirut: 1991. 4. Novel Construction: Cesa Kassim: Egyptian General Commission for the Book: Cairo: 1984. 5. Narrative Techniques: Yemeni Al-Abdul: Dar Al-Bibah: Beirut: 2012. 6. Address summarized: Abu Alwaleed Mohammed bin Ahmed bin Rushd: Investigation: Abd Al Rahman Badawi: Dar Al Qalam: Beir TT 7. Al-Arabiya al-Zahra: Ahmad Zaki Safwat: Scientific Library: Beirut: Dr. Al-Zawwat T.T. ' 8. Tale Speech: Gérard jinnit: Mu 'tasim Press: Cairo: 1997. 9. Religious discourse in Andalusia: Abdulrahim Hamdan: Speakers' Forum: 2017. 10. Narrator and anecdotal text: Abd al-Rahim al-Kurdi: House of Revival of Heritage: Beirut: d. T.T.' 11. Old Arabic Narrative Types, Jobs and Structures: Ibrahim Sahraoui: Arabic House 12. Ajabi in the old Arab narrative: Nabil Hamdi Abd al-Maksoud: Dar al-Bibalat: Beirut: 2006. 13. Narrative Dictionary: Gerald Prince: Translation: Mr. Imam: Merritt Publishing and Information: Beirut: 2003. 14. Art Terms: Muhammad Ali Al-Tahanwi: Presentation, Supervision and Review: Dr. Ajam Companion: Realize: D. Ali Dahroj: Lebanon Library Publishers: Beirut: 1996. 15. Al-Matikhal Al-Sardi: Abdullah Ibrahim: Dar Al-Rehabilitation Heritage: Beirut: 2014. 16. Introduction to Story Theory: Dr. Dziza Sakal: Heritage Revival House: Beirut: 2021 17. Encyclopedia of Arab Narrative: Abdullah Ibrahim: Dar Qandeel Printing, Publishing and Distribution: United Arab Emirates: 2016. 18. Narrative term: Gerald Prince: Translation: Abed Kherndar and Mohamed Burberry: Supreme Council for Culture: Cairo: 2003. 19. Lexicon of Contemporary Literary Terms: Ibrahim Fathi: Dar Al-Ennahda: Cairo: D. T.T. ' 20. Fantastaki Narrative Ingredients: Shoaib Halifi: Egyptian Chapters Magazine: MJ 12: A1: D. TT 21. Formative Approach from Vision to Action: Dr. Rahman Garkan: Arab Deployment Foundation: Beirut: 2010. 22. Encyclopedia of literary creativity: Ali Harba: Arab Cultural Center: Beirut: Dr. T.T. ' 23. Construction Theory in Literary Criticism: Salah Fazal: Anglo-Egyptian Library: Cairo: 2008. 24. Formal curriculum theory: Ibrahim al-Khatib: Arab Research Foundation: Beirut: 1982. 25. Nafah al-Tayeb of Ghosn al-Andalus al-Ratib: Ahmed al-Maqri al-Taltasani: Investigation: Ihsan Abbas: Dar Sadr: Beirut: 1968. 26. Modern literary criticism: Mohamed Ghanimi Hilal: Dar Al-Ennahda: Egypt: 2008.