American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 29, | October - 2024 P a g e | 38 www.americanjournal.org PARADIGMS REPRESENTING CHARACTER QUANTITY CHANGES AT THE PHONOLOGICAL/PHONETIC LEVEL IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES Dilobar Azimova Kokand State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S This article devoted to the study paradigms representing character quantity changes at the phonological/phonetic level in English and Uzbek languages. As recognized in theoretical linguistics, language units have basically three types of relationships, i.e. syntagmatic, paradigmatic and hierarchical relationships. The important features (signs) of linguistic units are first determined on the basis of each level system, and then on the basis of the systems located below and above this level. if we take into account the theory of language-speech opposition of modern linguistics, we should call the level where sound types exist not "phonetic level", but "phonological level", to support such a view in linguistics. A phoneme, allophone, narrowness, a medium- wide position phonetic level, phonological level, language unit, speech unit, speech sounds, dichotomy. Introduction Language units such as morpheme (affix), lexeme (word), syntaxe (sentence) have expressive (sound) and expressive (meaning) aspects. The smallest constituents of speech are phonemes. Phonemes, as recognized in phonology, serve to create nomemes and sonemas, which are expressive aspects of lexemes and morphemes, and to semantically distinguish lexical nome from lexical nome, affix sonema from affix sonema [1; 18-21]. A phoneme is a virtual, memory language unit, on the basis of which speech sounds, called allophones, are formed, which have the characteristics of actual, materiality. A phoneme is stored in the memory in the form of an abstract mental pattern (for example, "b consonant + lip-lip + explosive + plosive"), and based on this phoneme pattern, speech sounds (allophones) occur in different regional differences (depending on the differences in the speech apparatus of people). Thus, the sounds that serve for the expressive side of communication units formed by the human speech apparatus have language (phonological) and speech (phonetic) stages and statuses [3; 32]. In fact, phonological units are derived from phonetic units. At this point, we must admit that both the allophone, which has real material acoustic properties, and the phoneme, the invariant, abstract form of the allophone stored in memory, are things in a broad (philosophical) sense. According to the dialectical doctrine, anything related to nature, society, and thinking (especially phonemes/allophones) is created as a result of quantitative changes to qualitative changes. Of course, the question arises: if the phoneme/allophone also has the status of a thing, what kind of quantitative changes are they formed, in other words, how does the transition of quantitative changes American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 29 October - 2024 P a g e | 39 www.americanjournal.org to qualitative changes occur in the reality of the phonology/phonetic level? Actually, how are speech sounds and phonemes formed? Linguist O. Bozorov's research on linguistic graduonomy (graduonomy in Uzbek) showed that the formation of allophones/phonemes is also related to the gradual transition of quantitative changes in articulatory-physiological and acoustic signs to qualitative changes [2; 14]. A vivid example of this is the formation of vowels as a result of the gradual transition of the mouth from one width stage to another width stage. It is known that the narrowness of the mouth opening occurs in two directions. The first one is the two sides (horizontal) pulling and flattening of the lips, and the second one is the narrow width created by the forward rounding of the lips. There are three vowel sounds in step (steps) of both widths [4; 65- 67]. We make the vowel I by straightening (pulling both edges) our lips that are touching each other. After that, if we widen the narrowness of the pronunciation of the vowel I and move it to a medium-wide position, the sound of E will be formed. After that, if the E is pronounced from the middle wide position to the wide position, the A sound is formed. In this way, I (narrow) → E (mid-wide) → A (wide), i.e., when narrow becomes middle-wide, and middle-wide becomes wide, I becomes E, and E becomes A. In this case, the sound E (change in quality), the formation of a new sound is 8, which is the result of the gradual increase in the width of E, the sound A (new quality), the emergence of another sound, the amount of changes in the width of E comes to a certain standard, and deviates from the standard (the standard width that forms E ) formed due to the transition. If we direct our lips forward and begin to open them in a round position (from narrow to wide), three vowels begin to be formed: if we open narrowly - U, if we open medium wide - O', if we open wide - O is formed. In this case too, we witness the process of formation of I, E, A - change of quantity to qualitative changes (formation of new sounds). In English, vowels are formed according to the levels (stages) of opening the mouth as follows: a) wide or open vowels (the tongue is based on the lower teeth): [а:, ɔ, ᴧ, æ]; b) semi-open vowels (the tongue is slightly raised towards the hard palate) [e, ɔ; ə,ə:]; c) closed vowels (the tongue is raised towards the hard palate, but does not touch the hard palate): [i:, u, u: i] [1; 18]. It can be seen that different languages used the sign of opening the mouth (raising the tongue). In particular, the Uzbek language formed 6 vowel phonemes (I, E, A, U, O', O) according to this sign, while the English formed 12 phonemes in the direction of opening the mouth [a:, ɔ,ɔ:,ᴧ,ə:,ə,æ i:,i,e u,u:,] is formed. Therefore, the vowel phoneme that exists in English is absent in Uzbek or vice versa. In particular, English has æ, middle wide E, O', vowels that do not exist in English, etc. Linguist O. Bozorov in his study "Graduonomy in the Uzbek language" tries to explain that the structure of the speech apparatus and organs, the place of articulation, and the method of gradation are suitable for the formation of speech sounds (phonemes) [2; 26]. Another type of quantitatively variable sign is the acoustic sign, which has types such as longness- shortness, softness-hardness, strength-weakness. To better understand these features, it is necessary to pay attention to their acoustic basis. It is known that any sound is created by the vibration of the body. Speech sounds are also formed by the vibration of the flour fiber under the influence of air flow or the influence of one speech organ on another. The resulting sound has such characteristics (characteristics) that intensification/de- American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 29 October - 2024 P a g e | 40 www.americanjournal.org intensification is possible based on these characteristics (characteristics). These are any type of sound, in particular, height, strength and length in speech sounds [5; 48]. The pitch of speech is related to the number of vibrations of the vocal cord. The higher the number of vibrations per second, the louder the speech. The same quantitative condition, i.e., small, more, large number of vibrations (frequencies) of the flour fiber creates gradations of speech sound pitch. In other words, pitch has a specific role in the gradations of speech sounds with a complex acoustic complex structure. Another acoustic property (sign) of speech sound is its strength. Loudness depends on the narrow- width of the speech muscle amplitude. The more the flour expands to the left and right during vibration, i.e. the more it moves to the two sides (embraces), the louder the speech sound. It is precisely this, that is, the large-small amplitude of the amplitude oscillation, that ensures that the sound power has a lower (less) or higher (more) level of strength. Thus, the possibility of having different levels of sound power is one of the possibilities of speech sound gradations. Another acoustic characteristic of any type of sound, in particular speech sound, is its length. This is the presence of continuity between the beginning and the end of the pronunciation of a particular speech sound. In particular, the duration of vowel pronunciation is greater than the duration of consonant pronunciation. On this basis, the longer the speech sound is, the longer it is, and the shorter it is, the shorter it is. Continuity-discontinuity characteristic of any speech sound, in particular, is the basis of speech graduonomy phenomenon In general, since the acoustic component (element) of any component characteristic of the speech sound has its quantitative nature, it is characterized by gradation, which is the type of quantity. Determining these is the task of experimental phonetics. As a final point, we can say that the listener/hearer can hear a complex, multi-component speech sound (whole) from 16 hertz to 20,000 hertz. That's why the range of hearing ranges from 16 to 20000 indicates that the power of the speech sound is in different levels, strong-weak or intensification/de-intensification. These acoustic properties formed in the speech apparatus also serve to form the type of speech sound or phoneme. Prolongation is the pronunciation or duration of a speech sound longer than normal. In phonetics, two types of lengthening are recognized, i.e. primary and secondary. The primary pitch is the pitch of a speech sound when it is pronounced separately: a, o, b. From this point of view, each speech sound has its own standard pitch. In his time, F. De Saussure showed two important aspects of the word, which is considered a sign: a) the free, arbitrary conditional (not natural) connection of the word's meaning with the sound aspect; b) length of the word (lineynost, protyajennost). He said that the study of word length is fundamental to linguistics It is not difficult to understand his point. Levels of longness or shortness of the speech sound ensure that the sound aspect of the speech is well received by the listener. The tone of words and sentences, formed from different lengths, reaches the listener discretely, that is, divided, clearly and clearly. If all the speech sounds were made with the same length or shortness, the tone of the speech would be monotonous and it would be difficult for him to understand it. That is why current theoretical phonetics pays great attention to determining shortness-longness dimensions, which are quantitative characteristics of speech sounds. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 29 October - 2024 P a g e | 41 www.americanjournal.org Each language has its own standard length of vowels and consonants. For example, the increase in the length of vowels in the modern literary language can be shown as follows according to the heard pronunciation: (when the sounds are pronounced separately as phonemes): I - E - A - O - O' - U. 1. In the system of consonants, glides (v, j, z, y, l, r, s f, x, sh, g', h) are longer than plosives (like b, g, d, p, t, ch, q). Also, each of the sliding sounds has its own internal prolongations. Also, short vowels, which are called shorter than normal, have different degrees of shortness within them. The long-shortness characteristic of the material-acoustic side of phonemes is manifested in each language in its own way. For example, short vowels in English are pronounced twice as short as in Uzbek: [ i, e , ə, u, ᴧ, ə, æ ]. Long vowels are pronounced twice as long as in Uzbek: [ i:,a;,ɔ:,u:,ə: ]. In general, normative, immanent characteristic of phonemes (types of speech sound), normative (average), long, short, short phoneme-type (typical of speech sound type) values (m/s) that make this speech sound a speech sound, constructively important in account) determination is the task of modern experiential phonetics. References 1. Abduazizov A. Phonology and morphonology of the Uzbek language. - Tashkent: Teacher, 1992. - B. 19 2. Bozorov O. Graduonomy in Uzbek. - Tashkent: Science, 1995. - 132 p. 3. Nematov Kh. The word, its role in language and speech // Uzbek language and literature, 1988, No. 6, pp. 38-43. 4. Solntsev V.A. Language as a system-structural formation. – M.: Nauka, 1971. -292 p. 5. Solntsev V.A. Variation as a general property of the language system// Questions of linguistics, 1984, No. 2 –p. 31-42 6. Trubetskoy N.S. Fundamentals of phonology. Moscow: Publishing House of Foreign Literature, 1960.- 372 p.