American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 31, | December - 2024 P a g e | 4 www.americanjournal.org THE POLICY OF "CLEANING" THE PARTY RANKS OF THE BOLSHEVIKS IN UZBEKISTAN AND ITS CONSEQUENCES Oybek Rashidov Doctor of History, Professor Tashkent State University of Economics, Uzbekistan A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S The article examines the policy of "cleansing" the party ranks of the Bolsheviks during the Soviet rule in Uzbekistan and its consequences. The author explained that during the period of Soviet rule, the Center distrusted the activities of national political leaders, unjustified interference in their work, and the fact that they were under strong control. Bolshevik, Soviet, communist, ideological struggle, national politics, nationalism, cleansing of party ranks, totalitarian rule. Introduction In the administration of the Soviet state, the absolute power of the communist party was established. Cells of the Communist Party operated in all structures, offices, commissariats. The question of cleansing the ranks of the party was considered a special management system of the Bolsheviks. Therefore, the Bolsheviks paid special attention to "cleansing" the ranks of the party. The following information about each investigated communist is to be included in the personal inspection protocol. Name, patronymic, surname of the examinee, from which year he or she received a party ticket in the VKP (b) or a candidate, type of card number, social status, work done at the time of inspection, how long he was in the Red Army, whether he was in the White Army, if he was whether it was mandatory or voluntary and with whom he served, what he did before 1917, whether he was in another party, and if so, how long [1]. After national-territorial demarcation was carried out in Central Asia and the formation of Soviet republics, attention was paid to the issue of clearing party ranks. In 1925, the results of the cleansing of some regions of Uzbekistan were announced: in the Samarkand region, according to the list, 471 candidates of 494 valid members (965 in total) were scheduled to be checked. But at the time of verification, 551 valid members and 534 candidates (1085 people in total) passed the verification. In his lectures, the leader of the Bolsheviks talked a lot about cleaning the ranks of the Communist Party. In his opinion, if the party is not purged of members promoting anti-communist theories, it is inevitable that it will disintegrate ideologically and materially. He pointed out that the things that serve to define the boundary between the theories in accordance with the party and the theories against the party are the party program, the resolutions about the tactics of the party, and its ustafi. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 5 www.americanjournal.org The purpose and objectives of the research. The Soviet state demanded that the leading personnel should have the qualities of self-analysis, self-criticism, not only admitting the mistakes made, but also identifying the reason that caused this mistake and eliminating these mistakes in their further practical activities. It was during the cleansing of the party ranks that each member had to look critically at his work and self-criticize. The cadres and intellectuals who defended the national interests were accused by the Bolsheviks of spreading all kinds of corrupt ideas among the Communist Party and the youth. The need to fight against "foreign elements" among party members was always in their focus and this was exposed in the press. For example, when the "printing movement" was on the rise in Ferghana, when the party instructed them to "fight the printmakers" and were given weapons, there were those who threw away their party tickets saying "we did not join the sect to fight the printmakers". After handing over the party ticket, they said, "The goals of the Bolsheviks and ours are opposite to each other. We will get autonomy, the Bolsheviks want to unite all nations, we cannot agree with their opinion" [2]. In 1929, at the 4th meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (b), I. V. Salin gave a speech entitled "Frustration in the face of achievements". In this, he emphasizes that persons who are cold-hearted in the implementation of party decisions are perceived as having deviated from Lenin's position [3]. In the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (b) adopted on May 25, 1929 "On the work of the Uzbek party organization", it was stated that in those years "there were cases of general condemnation of the leading core of national cadres, which in practice led to the discrediting of healthy local leading cadres, thereby various dubious and unstable elements ( it was noted that the conditions were created for the danger of the influence of the right to increase" [4]. Bolsheviks argue that the comprehensive development of criticism and self-criticism is the true expression of internal party democracy. He believes that criticism and self-criticism are necessary to properly train personnel, eliminate mistakes and ensure success in the party's practical activities. Bolshevik leader V.I. Lenin said about this: "He who does not make mistakes is not intelligent, there are no such people in nature. A person who makes a small mistake, identifies and admits it, and works diligently to correct this mistake is smart" [5]. Methodology The Communist Party notes that the Bolsheviks educate all working people in the spirit of a deep understanding of social interests, and points out the following as the shortcomings of the cadres: Our cadres sometimes fall into the path of deceiving the state in order to emphasize how deeply they understand the interests of the general state. They conceal the truth about the state of affairs in the enterprises or institutions they lead, exaggerate the results of work, and make false statements. Party and Soviet organizations must not ignore any of the illegal facts and expose the shortcomings in the interest of work and the interests of educating people correctly. Since 1929, the work of cleaning the ranks of the party has reached a new stage. During the purges, the Bolsheviks tried to remove the representatives of the local people whom they doubted from the administration and punish them with various slanders. In the process of clearing the ranks of communists in Zomin district, they were accused of being "rich man's son", "printer's assistant", "having strong connections with priests and priests", "exploiting the poor and the poor", "against women's freedom". All in all, 39 people (23.7% of communists) were given various punishments in American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 6 www.americanjournal.org Zomin district. 21 of them (12.8% of all sect organizations) were expelled from the party. In particular, Mamatqul Samandarov (deputy chairman of the Turkmen agricultural company) was considered a member of the faction since 1922. He was the son of a rich man. This person was accused of having armed 8 young men with horses from the village of Yom and sent them to help the oppressors. He was expelled from the party and imprisoned [6]. Jamal Murodov from this district was also purged from the party ranks. He was a party candidate from 1928. In the spring of 1929, he made 35 tunics for the rich and wealthy. He over-exploited the workers. Also, Karimkul Mamadaliev was a member of the party since 1922, was an active supporter of the printers, had 2 wives, and maintained strong ties with priests and rich people [7]. Together with these, a number of office workers were found to be colleagues of Mamatkul Samandarov and were expelled from the party. In the meetings of the Communist Party, ideological issues were also addressed to the members. "The party always takes part in ideological struggle and practical work with one mind and strength, like the children of the same father, like the disciples of the same master. This unity and discipline will enable us to establish a republic of social councils and implement a workers' dictatorship in a country where there are few culturally backward workers and people of various nationalities" [8]. In 1930, the next 19th party purge meeting will take place. Then Ghulam Rakhimov, who was born in 1899 and had party ticket No. 0830124, was cleared. This person is accused of being a descendant of the khan of Kokan (his aunt was the wife of the khan of Kokan) [9]. During the purge, Bolshevik Pervukhin asked Ghulam Rakhimov the following questions. Question: What was the cause of the collapse of the First International? Answer: No answer. Question: What was the cause of the collapse of the Second International? Answer: No answer. Question: When was the "2nd meeting" of the party and what issues were discussed? Answer: Organizational issues in 1903. Question: When was the 3rd Party Congress held and what issues were discussed? Answer: It was 1905, the issues of preparation for the revolution. Question: What should we do about this 5-year plan? Answer: Raising agriculture, establishing state farms and collective farms. Question: Why did we organize collective farms? Answer: Cooperativeization of the population, culturalization of agriculture and implementation of the 5-year plan. Question: Why was military communism introduced? Answer: To strike at the bourgeoisie. Question: Do you know about the "Group of 18"? Answer: I know that this group was formed during the land reforms [10]. According to the conclusion of Pervukhin, who is responsible for cleaning the ranks of the party, G. Rakhimov is ideologically strong and has no connection with the rich. During in 1930 year, cases of slanderand expulsion from the party for wrongdoing increased. One of them is Ilyas Kasimov, who was born in 1908 in Tashkent. He entered the ranks of the Communist Party with the 1st category in 1930 when he was in military service. At the end of 1935, VKP (b) was American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 7 www.americanjournal.org expelled from the party by the representative of the Control Commission of Uzbekistan before the MK. Later, a criminal case was initiated against him under Article 225 of the Criminal Code [11]. One of the main goals of the purge of the party ranks was the widespread involvement of workers in the construction of the soviet and the staffing of state agencies. The fact that the working class was very small in the work carried out by the Central Audit Commission, on the part of the Uzbek SSR, in the central institutions (People's Commissariat of Land, People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, People's Commissariat of Justice, Supreme Court of the Supreme Council of National Economy, People's Commissariat of Finance and People's Commissariat of Labor) seen Of the 635 employees of these institutions, 8.5% were workers, 6.8% were peasants, 14.6% were ethnic minorities, and 25.3% were members of the party Komsomol organization [12]. There have also been cases of pedagogues in higher education institutions being expelled from the party for various reasons. For example, at the Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute named after Sergo Arjinakidze, communists were unjustly removed from the party ranks and dismissed from their jobs. For example, the "enemies of the people" who settled in the former structure of the city party committee and were exposed later, in order to "investigate" the communist Umurzakov, instead of first seeing his work in the primary party organization of the institute, they only saw him in the bureau of the city party committee and deleted him from the party. Several active Komsomol members, such as Saidov, were expelled from the Komsomol and expelled from the institute. Their work was investigated by the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR, and Saidov was reinstated. Idrisov was not given the opportunity to work in his party organization and was busy with other work. Associate professors Valinchuk and Abdullaev were "criticized" at the two-year teacher's institute, the director communist Yakhshibayev dismissed them without a thorough investigation [13]. The Bolshevik party worked on the basis of a five-year plan aimed at controlling the economy in the country and national territories. The first five years of the national economy began in October 1928 and ended in December 1932. Fayzulla Khojaev stated that the five-year plans could not be fulfilled in the conditions of that time. In April 1927, he wrote in a letter addressed to I.A. Zelensky, the Secretary of the Central Asian Committee of the Central Asian Committee of the Central Asian Committee of the Central Asian Committee of the Central Asian Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union: "The five-year plan was drawn up with illusions. This plan does not correspond to the level of our capabilities, nor to the demands and scope of the means at our disposal. Also, this economic plan is not in accordance with our real capabilities, experience, and the development of our national economy. Therefore, I consider Burnashev's position (his opinion that our budget will grow too fast) wrong and false. This point of view stems from a lack of understanding and ignorance of the main issues of our economic situation" [14]. The socio-political life of the Uzbek SSR in the 1930s coincided with the strengthening of the Soviet system of violence and the rise of the cult of personality. During the "cleansing" of the ranks of the Communist Party, national leaders were accused of "not wanting to criticize their mistakes widely", "hiding their mistakes from the party", "hiding things from the party", "having special plans against the party" [15]. In 1928-1929, the struggle for national governance began to intensify. Previously, the Bolsheviks secretly attacked the local cadres, but now they took the path of overt physical extermination. In particular, it was reported that party and political figure I.Khidiraliev shot himself on December 31, 1928 in Moscow's "National" hotel after writing a letter to I.V.Stalin. Historian scientist American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 8 www.americanjournal.org R.Shamsuddinov rejects this opinion and writes: "When we analyze a number of valid documents in our hands, accusations, slanders and incitements of national cadres in those 20s, I.Khidiraliev did not shoot himself, but deliberately "He shot himself" [16]. On the evening of May 10, 1929, Bobohun Salimov, who worked as the inspector of justice of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic and was later removed from state and party affairs, was surrounded by unknown people in his house and shot dead without a trial or interrogation [17]. The first editor of the newspaper "Inqilobquyoshi", the ideological and political leader of magazines such as "Qizil Xorazm", "Maorif" and newspapers such as "Xorazm xabarlari", "Yordam", "Qizil yoshlarovozi", "Ishchilar tovushi", "Qopqon" and in the USSR Mulla Bekchon Rahmonov, who worked as a supervisor of national culture, was tragically beaten to death on a ship by unknown persons in 1929 [18]. Under the leadership of Munavvar Qori, 87 intellectuals were imprisoned for various incitements and later some were shot. Summary The policy of the Bolsheviks to purge the ranks of the party was aimed at eliminating their opponents from the leadership. Their inability to compromise with a government, ideology and party other than the dictatorship of the proletariat was a chauvinist appearance. Forced expropriation of private property by the Bolsheviks, "class struggle" that became an ideological weapon of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the policy of "cleansing the party ranks" and their failure to agree with intellectuals and national cadres in state management had a negative impact on the development of society. The Soviet Union, a large multi-national state, allowed temporary nationalization of government in order to strengthen governance and ensure a continuous enforcement mechanism in the territories under its influence. Because the Bolsheviks needed local cadres to serve the Soviet ideology in remote areas. Therefore, it was allowed to train national communists from the local cadres and allow them to study and work in their mother tongue. However, in the following period, the rise of the movements in the national republics, which were considered as "counter-revolutionary", forced the Bolsheviks to make a sharp turn from the localization of the administration to the centralization and Russification. References: 1. Firqani tozalash ishidagi asosiy vazifamiz // “Qizil O‘zbekiston”. 1929 yil 22 may. 116-son. 2. Jo‘ra Zokiriy. YAna o‘sha ziyolilar tepasida // “Qizil O‘zbekiston”.1926 yil 20 iyul.162-son. 3. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezident administiratsiyasi arxivi , 58-fond, 5-ro‘yxat, 270-yig‘ma jild, 15-varaq. 4. Eshonov O. Fayzulla Xo‘jaev (Hayoti va faoliyati haqida ocherk). – Toshkent:O‘zbekiston,1973. –B.80. 5. Beliy V. Partiya ichki demokratiyasining lenincha prinsiplpri. – Toshkent: “O‘zbekiston”,1968.- B.34. 6. Zomin zaharlari // “Qizil O‘zbekiston”. 1929 yil 31 iyul.176-son. 7. Zomin zaharlari // “Qizil O‘zbekiston”. 1929 yil 31 iyul.176-son. 8. Firqamiz yo‘l bermasin // “Qizil O‘zbekiston”. 1926 yil 27 iyul.168-son. 9. Buxoro viloyat davlat arxivi, 286-fond, 1-ro‘yxat, 18-yig‘ma jild, 1-varaq. 10. Buxoro viloyat davlat arxivi, 286-fond, 1-ro‘yxat, 18-yig‘ma jild,1- 2-varaqlar. 11. O‘zbekiston Milliy arxivi, 1710-fond, 11-ro‘yxat, 108-yig‘ma jild, 253-varaq. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 9 www.americanjournal.org 12. Tozalash ishlarida navbatdagi vazifalarimiz // “Qizil O‘zbekiston”. 1929 yil 14 oktyabr.240-son. 13. Institut partiya tashkiloti ko‘proq diqqat talab qiladi // “Buxoro haqiqati”. 1938 yil 23 may. 23- son. 14. Rajabov Q. Fayzulla Xo‘jaevning O‘zbekiston davlatchiligi tarixida tutgan o‘rni / “Fayzulla Xo‘jaev – inson, siyosat arbobi va millat fidoyisi” mavzusidagi Respublika ilmiy-nazariy konferensiya materiallari.-Buxoro,2018. -51-52. 15. Qatag‘on qurbonlari xotirasi davlat muzeyi arxivi, 285-raqamli hujjat. 16. Shamsuddinov R. Istiqlol yo‘lida shahid ketganlar. – Toshkent:SHarq,2001.-B.279. 17. Matkarimov M. Xorazm respublikasi: davlat tuzilishi, nozirlari va iqtisodi. – Urganch:Xorazm,1993.-B.27-28. 18. Matkarimov M. Xorazm respublikasi: davlat tuzilishi, nozirlari va iqtisodi. – Urganch:Xorazm,1993.-B.28-29.