American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 31, | December - 2024 P a g e | 83 www.americanjournal.org METHODOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES OF SYNONYMS Shukurov Akhat Akhmatovich Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Philology E-mail: shukurov@tersu.uz A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S In the article, various subtleties of meaning, linguopoetic possibilities of synonyms are described in the example of poetic epics. Synonym, historical epic, speech culture, emotional color, linguopoetic possibility, synonymous relationship. Introduction In modern Uzbek linguistics, attention has been paid to the issues of speech culture and stylistics, as well as to the study of the language of artistic works and text linguistics in general. It is known that when studying the language of an artistic work, special attention is paid to synonyms1. Synonyms are words that have different pronunciations and spellings, have the same (general) unifying meaning, and are distinguished by several features such as subtlety of additional meaning, emotional color, and use2. Synonyms are one of the important factors that ensure clarity and variety of thought, the positive, negative and impartial attitude of the subject towards the object of speech. The linguistic analyzes of the literary text is one of the problematic and important issues of modern Uzbek linguistics. The problem is with the proper solution of the linguistic character problem. Professor I.K.Mirzayevbased on the views of linguist Gakposes the following problem: “…Understanding the word in the scientific sources as a linguistic sign is a priority today. This view in our opinion is biased, first, the language and speech events are interchanged. Secondly, the word doesn`t give a complete picture of a particular thing and event as a semantic event. Only the word has such an opportunity. So, when we say full semantic sign, we need to understand the sentence. the word is half a mark”3. The linguopoetic possibilities of synonyms in the literary text are great. Synonyms are lexical units with a wide range of specific meaning properties. Synonymy applies in the fields of word formation, phraseology, and sentence construction as well as in the lexical sphere. Synonymous words perform the tasks of polishing the speech from a linguistic point of view and creating impressiveness based on the expression of various subtleties of meaning. 1Тожиев Ё. Ўзбек тилида аффиксиал синонимия. – Тошкент: Университет, 1991. – Б.3. 2 Ҳожиев А.Ўзбек тили синонимларининг изоҳли луғати. – Тошкент: Ўқитувчи, 1974. – Б.3. 3 Shukurov A.A. Linguistic interpretation of poetic text. International scientific journal theoretical & applied science. Issue: 04 / Volume: 84, 24.04.2020. – P. 533. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 84 www.americanjournal.org It is observed that synonyms are used in the poetic epics on historical topics, having their own linguopoetic meanings and fulfilling various methodological tasks. Synonyms are different according to the nature of creating linguopoetic possibilities - district. In particular, it is observed that synonyms are actively used in a row and express poetic meaning in historical epics: a) synonyms repeated in the tone of counting in the artistic text serve to imagine the meaning of place, and region. For example, in the epic "Shirok", such a repetition served to express the main character's meticulousness, vigilance, and love for the country where he grew up, and to bring to the reader's eyes the vastness of the territory where he lived: Qumliklarni, dashtlarni, qirni, Oʻtloqlarni bilar mukammal. b) the repetition of synonyms in artistic speech indicates the determination of the hero and his objectionable view of the events that happened. For example, in the epic "Hakim and Death", Mirza, who appears before the doctor on his way to the palace, tells his pain, this verb stiffens the interlocutor's neck and tries to get rid of this conversation as soon as possible: Qaradiyu, Mirzoning u hissiz koʻziga, Yurib ketdi ilgariga dadil, shiddatkor. c) sometimes such a repetition of synonyms expresses the meaning of convenience, convenience, and easy completion of work. For example, in the epic "Hakim and Death", the following comment is expressed in the description of how high power it was for Hakim to get permission to use the emir's library: Murodiga yetgandi u betoʻsiq, bejang. It was not easy for a ruler to achieve such a rank, the emir's pride was the removal of obstacles that had to be broken through, the opportunity to be won by battle was taken without a field; g) such repetition of synonyms serves to strengthen the reasoning. For example, in the epic "Hakim and Death" in the image of the wise doctor working in the library: Sahifalar orasidan roʻbarusiga, Chiqar edi turfa savol: Nimaga? Nechun? In the lines, the use of words and the repetition of the same question in two different forms serve to express the turmoil of the hero's spirit, the striving for intellectual pause in contemplation, and the restlessness of scientific thinking within it. d) This type of repetition of synonyms helps to clarify the expression. For example, in the epic "Hakim and Death," there is such a description: Malika deb Mirzo garchand cheksa ham hasrat, Oʻzga edi, boshqa edi, uning matlabi. Here the poet could not use the synonyms "other" and "different" at the same time, but the expression would not fully reflect the current state, and it would not be possible to draw a sharp conclusion from the description. The author's intention is to show the hypocrisy in the character of the hero, to clarify the hidden malicious intent in his heart, to depict the mystery, and through this veil to provoke contemplation in the reader, where the repetition of synonyms is extremely useful. The repetition of synonyms serves to express the sharpness, intensity, and high tone in the contemplation. For example, in the epic "Hakim and Death," there is a description of Mirzo setting fire to the library, and this blame falling upon the innocent hakim. At that moment, the king says to Hakim: American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 85 www.americanjournal.org "You are an unfaithful being, a deceiver, a rogue." Here, the subsequent synonyms used as separated parts (descriptive) serve to emphasize, sharpen, and intensify the tone of speech. The repetition of synonyms also serves to generalize the psychological state of the characters and to summarize and express the description. For example, let’s pay attention to the following excerpts taken from the epic "Hakim and Death": Soʻngra xilvat bu maskandan besas, besado. Chiqib ketdi... Yotar edi toʻshagida bezabon, xasta... It seems that both passages depict the state of the characters: in the first, a state of mental pain, and in the second, a state of physical pain. Repetition of synonyms helps convince the image before the eyes of the reader. Synonyms are used with connectives to express emphasis, consideration, caution, the abundance of the meaning understood from them, showing, summarizing. In this: a) the preposition -u (yu) is used as a conjunction. For example: Kori xayrga baxsh etardi lahzayu onni. (“Hakim va ajal”) Zulmu sitam koʻrdi yurti boshida. (“Afrosiyob”) b) synonyms connected with the negation link na..., na... indicate the strictness of the negative meaning. For example: Olmagaylar oʻzi bilan na mulk, na bisot. (“Hakim va ajal”) The combination of repeated synonyms with pronouns and modal words also increases emphasis and speech effectiveness. The repeated use of this demonstrative pronoun with synonyms also increases the emphasis on meaning and excitement in speech: Oʻlat edi bu dahshatli, bu qora ajal. (“Hakim va ajal”) in the artistic text, the pronoun "he" is combined with synonyms and repeated, it serves to increase the expressiveness of the speech, to express the emotional state of the speaker: For example: U bir gado, u bir tabib, u yalangoyoq. (“Hakim va ajal”) Here the pronoun he is used in both demonstrative and personal functions. Also, in this text, the word "one" was repeated along with synonymous words, which served to strengthen the expressiveness of the meaning. rather, the assistant comes between the repeated synonyms and adds a reflective meaning to the speech: Qayoqdandir kelib qolgan bir tabib yuzsiz, Malikaga suhbatdoshdir, balki hasratdosh. (“Hakim va ajal”) emphasis is also strong in the repetition of each pronoun with synonyms: Parchalansin har gʻov, har toʻsuv. (“Shiroq”) the meaning of emphasis increases when the word is repeated with synonyms. For example: Malikachi, hanuz horgʻin, hanuz majolsiz. (“Hakim va ajal”) American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 86 www.americanjournal.org Repeated synonyms come in the form of a pair of words and express the meaning of generality, plurality, and totality: Sizni kutar intizor, Begim bilan doʻsti yor. (“Tojmahal”) Through repeated synonyms in a poetic text, it can be seen that a word gains importance depending on which word it is associated with. This case shows that the combination of synonymous words with other words is also important in the use of synonyms. Lekin buyuk bul gunohga kimki qoʻl urmish, Uni ulugʻ bitiklarning zavoli urgay. (“Hakim va ajal”) This is evidenced by the fact that the word "great" cannot be used in conjunction with the great sin in the verses, or on the contrary, the word "great" cannot be used instead of the word "great" in the word "great" in the word "great" scripture. Synonyms serve to create various metaphors in speech and ensure its expressiveness and beauty. For example, in the epic "Afrosyab" there are synonymous lines such as love, love, love, sorrow, sadness, grief, grief. Based on them, such metaphorical combinations as love pulpit, fire of love, guest if there is love, street of love, and ash of love were created. Sometimes in the poetic text, synonymous words fall from the adjective to the adjective, and serve to strengthen the emphasis and expressiveness of the meaning: Yurtni toptasa yot bir begona. (“Afrosiyob”) Here, the foreign words are synonyms of each other, and at the same time, one serves as a qualifier for the other, resulting in increased expressiveness in the expression. The structure of synonyms encountered in poetic epics on historical themes is also diverse in terms of their formation in the speech process. Some of them are as follows. Synonyms in the form of lexemes and metaphors: Malikaning koʻzlarida charaqlardi gʻam. Malikaning koʻzlarida porlar ekan mung. Ayon edi Malikaning dilidagi darz. (“Hakim va ajal”) The word "darz" in the metaphorical image has been a synonym for the words "gham" and "mung" in these speech fragments. Synonyms consisting of a Turkish lexeme and a word borrowed from Arabic: Odam loydan bunyod boʻlgan deyishgan qadim, Xoki turob boʻlajak u oʻlgandan soʻng ham. (“Hakim va ajal”) Synonyms consisting of words borrowed from Uzbek and Persian-Tajik: Necha tilu zabonlarni farq etdi oson. (“Hakim va ajal”) Here, the words for language and speech come together with their connector, expressing commonality, collectiveness, and the breadth of meaning. Synonyms based on words borrowed from Persian-Tajik: Kuni boʻyi ikkovi ham dilgir benavo. (“Hakim va ajal”) American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 87 www.americanjournal.org Synonyms can differ in relation to style, meaning they can belong to a certain type of style or have a neutral (indifferent) attitude towards style4. Using synonyms appropriately is a sign of linguistic skill; however, there are instances where their incorrect usage occurs, leading to repetition that has no relation to lexical-stylistic effectiveness. For example, in the epic "Afrosiyob," there is a line that says, "If you find it, let it be honor and respect." The use of the synonyms honor and respect with this kind of conjunction does not serve to enhance the speech's effectiveness; rather, it makes it artificial. Or: “Toj mahal” dostonida otash sinonimining “bagʻrim otashlab ketdi”, “oʻsha sher otash”, qoʻrqmay suvu otashdan, otash boʻlib yonarkan, qalbi otash sasida, otashin quyoshdan, yuragi otash, choʻgʻli repetition in verses and rhymes, such as, destroys stylistic effectiveness, increases repetitions, and weakens the reader's interest. There are many places where synonyms are skillfully used in the epic "Hakim and Death". At the same time, sometimes there are places where their normative aspect is not well preserved. For example: “Kuni bilan ikkovi ham dilgir, benavo”, “Qaytar ekan Hamadonga Hakim benavo”, “Dilgir Hakim qamchi bosdi otga besabr”. In one place, Mirza says to Hakim: "He is the one who separated you from your country." Here, the repetition of the synonyms "country" and "motherland" with a connecting link is intended to express the multiplicity of meanings. Although this is justified on the one hand, on the other hand, such a repetition of synonyms, especially the introduction of a conjunction, does not fully justify itself methodologically. If synonyms were used in this place, the determination, intensity, and clarity of Mirza's speech would have increased. Thus, the use of synonyms in a stylistic sense in poetic epics on a historical theme can be found in various forms. Their consecutive, connecting, and qualifying uses have their semantic features. They increase the effectiveness of the speech, provide the coloring of the expressive meaning, add the meaning of enthusiasm, thoughtfulness, and thoughtfulness to the speech, and provide a stylistic meaning. So, the practical importance of using synonyms in historical epics is very great, first of all, it shows how rich and developed our language is, and secondly, it provides impressiveness and diversity in fiction and speech in general5. REFERENCES 1. Тожиев Ё. Ўзбек тилида аффиксиал синонимия. – Тошкент: Университет, 1991. – Б.3. 2. Ҳожиев А.Ўзбек тили синонимларининг изоҳли луғати. – Тошкент: Ўқитувчи, 1974. – Б.3. 3. Shukurov A.A. Linguistic interpretation of poetic text. International scientific journal theoretical & applied science. Issue: 04 / Volume: 84, 24.04.2020. – P. 533. 4. Хожиев А. Ўзбек тили морфологияси, морфемикаси ва сўз ясалишининг назарий асослари. – Тошкент: Фан, 2010. – Б.127. 5. Тожиев Ё. Ўзбек тилида шахс отлари ясовчи аффикслар синонимияси. – Тошкент: Университет.1987. – Б. 3. 4Хожиев А. Ўзбек тили морфологияси, морфемикаси ва сўз ясалишининг назарий асослари. – Тошкент: Фан, 2010. – Б.127. 5Тожиев Ё. Ўзбек тилида шахс отлари ясовчи аффикслар синонимияси. – Тошкент: Университет.1987. – Б. 3.