American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 31, | December - 2024 P a g e | 95 www.americanjournal.org LAWS ON THE ASSIGNMENT TO CLERICAL SERVICE IN TURKESTAN (BASED ON MATERIALS FROM THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL'S OFFICE) Ergashev Bakhtiyar Ergashevich Doctor of Science (DSc), Professor of the Department of Historiography and Source Studies, Samarkand State University Named After Sharof Rashidov E-mail: 1baxergashev@gmail.com A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S Source study of the history of the Chancellery of the Governor-General in Turkestan requires the analysis of a large number of documents to establish the objective reasons for the activities of the executive body. This article analyzes information about the laws on appointment to church service in Turkestan. Turkestan, governorship, church service, laws, source studies. Introduction For a complete retrospective of the activities of the Governor-General's Office, it is necessary to become familiar with the legislative sources of the history of state institutions of the Russian Empire, which in quantitative terms significantly exceed all types of other written sources. Laws as a type of historical source were an encyclopedic collection of laws of previous times, and by the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries they had acquired features characteristic of the legislation of the Empire. MAIN PART After the conquest, the Turkestan region became a testing ground for the introduction of imperial legislation. According to Russian scientists: "An independent society, while it is independent, cannot submit to alien laws brought from outside". [1] This statement confirms that Turkestan was a conquered land. Changes in the ratio of customs, laws in Turkestan, the introduction and priorities of Russian imperial laws are a historical source about the beginning of a new stage in the history of the life of the peoples of Turkestan. Therefore, the Turkestan governors-general after some time had a clear idea of the possibility of social change in the course of historical development of the peoples of Turkestan, and they had the idea that it was possible to influence this process by disseminating legislative documents of the empire. According to the topic of the study, it is not necessary to provide a full volume of legislative acts from the entire extensive Russian history of law, but some sources related to the introduction of colonial governing bodies in Turkestan, for the benefit of the case, it will be appropriate to cite as examples.In the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the variety of historical sources increased significantly. Most of all, new types of documents appear in office work and in the Office of the Turkestan Governor- General. In accordance with the imperial decree on the formation of the Turkestan Governorate General American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 96 www.americanjournal.org consisting of two regions – Semirechye and Syrdarya, the related issues of governing the region were reflected in a document called the "Draft Regulation on the Administration in the Semirechye and Syrdarya Regions". This document defined all issues related to the organization of work on governing the Turkestan region. This project is based in particular on the "Code of Statutes on Civil Service". [2] According to this document, the Turkestan Governor-General and his Chancellery carried out actions on determining service in the region. Thus, the first book, called "The Charter on Service by Determination from the Government", gives broad explanations. In the first section "On Acceptance into Civil Service and Determination to Positions", the following are the main requirements for those being determined: 1) The status of the person, or his origin; 2) age; 3) knowledge. In the same chapter, a list of persons by origin who had the right to enter the civil service is determined. The main requirement for civil ranks was hereditary noble origin. Further: sons of officers and officials who received, according to rank, personal honorary citizenship; sons of priests of the Orthodox faith and Reformed Pastors; sons of commerce and merchants of the first guild; sons of scientists and artists who received a university education and received the academic degrees of doctor, master or candidate and the title of active student; sons of teachers; sons of office workers, etc. [3] According to the charter, prohibitions were introduced on accepting into service. According to Article 13, persons under the age of fourteen were not assigned to any civil department. The beginning of active service was considered to be the time when the employee passed the age of sixteen. Persons who graduated from universities and gymnasiums were accepted into service in accordance with the issued certificates, and those who did not have certificates, wishing to enter the civil service, had to pass tests, where they, in addition to spelling and reading, had to know the basics of grammar and arithmetic. These tests were conducted at the places where they were assigned. [4] According to the Code of Laws, governors were responsible for those assigned to service without a salary until vacancies opened, and they bore strict responsibility for this matter. Those persons who were assigned to other places in the empire had to present evidence from the provincial authorities that there were no obstacles to assigning them to service. In the documents of the Chancellery of the Turkestan General Governorate, when determining an official for civil service, there is always a request from the Chancellery to the provincial administration and to the Chancellery about the suitability of the candidate for holding clerical positions. [5] Persons who were suitable by origin for clerical servants of the civil department, according to the difference in ranks upon entering the service, were divided into 3 categories. [6] The fourth category of clerical servants consisted of sons of former clergymen, as well as sons of clergymen of the Armenian-Gregorian Church, clergymen. [7] In the documents of the Chancellery of the "Code of Laws" the word "again" is found, which in the modern sense should be perceived as "new". The code of civil service regulations as a source testifies to the fact that graduates of various educational institutions "If they received the right to class ranks upon graduation from educational institutions, then they are accepted with these ranks, and others are admitted to the ranks of office workers, in accordance with their origin". [8] The assignment of class ranks belonged to the educational authorities. Accordingly, those awarded the academic degrees of doctor in the event of entering the civil service were assigned to the 8th class, master – ninth, first degree diploma – tenth and second degree – twelfth class. [9] If we take into account the fact that the Turkestan region was an eastern country, then knowledge of oriental languages was a very important factor in appointment to service. In the charter on this issue, Article 73 states: American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 97 www.americanjournal.org "Graduates of the languages of the St. Petersburg University are required to serve for six years as assigned by the authorities." [10] Most of the translators who worked in the chancery of the Turkestan Governor-General were graduates of the faculties of oriental languages or schools of translators. From the moment the Turkestan Governor-General was organized and from the beginning of the office work of its Chancellery, one of the most important organizational tasks was the recruitment of personnel. The Chancellery used a special practice of recruiting persons for service in the Turkestan region to select office employees. After that, employees for the Chancellery were selected from among the approved persons. Even the first office document of the Chancellery of the Turkestan Governor-General was called "List of persons intended for service in the Turkestan region". For example: Collegiate Secretary Brodovsky, secretary of the temporary commission on peasant affairs under the Vilnius Governor-General, was appointed to the position of clerk of the Chancellery of the Turkestan Governor-General; Provincial Secretary Pankov, who worked as an assistant to the head of the clerk of the Vilnius Provincial Administration of State Property, was appointed clerk of the Syr Darya Regional Administration; Collegiate Secretary Pinyagin, who was in the St. Petersburg District Quartermaster Administration, was appointed accountant of the Chancellery of the Turkestan Governor-General. From the original list, three officials assigned to the Chancellery of the Turkestan Governor-General became the Governors of the Chancellery: Brodovsky, Shcherbinsky and Gomzin. [11] According to the office records of the Chancellery as of December 31, 1867, out of 188 people, 46 people were assigned to serve in Turkestan for clerical ranks of various levels. [12] From the list of the administrative department No. 2361 of December 12, 1869, in the Chancellery of the Turkestan Governor-General, all officials had civilian ranks. (It should be noted that the first and second Governors of the Chancellery of the Governor-General, A.K.Gaines and A.I.Gomzin, held the military rank of major general, which corresponded to the civilian rank of Actual State Councilor of the 5th class. Of those assigned to the service, most of the clerks held the civilian rank of Titular Councilor, and the accountant of the Chancellery held the same rank. [13] In 1873, in the Chancellery of the Governor-General, Savenkov, who served as an assistant to the Governor of the Chancellery, was a chamberlain of the Imperial Court and a collegiate assessor. [14] Looking at the service records of the Governors of the Chancellery of the Turkestan Governor-General, it can be determined that they all had higher education in civilian and military specialties. For example: the first Governor of the Chancellery, Major General A.K.Gaines, was a nobleman of the Estland province, was educated in the Noble Regiment. [15] The next Head of the Chancellery, P.P.Kablukov (from hereditary nobility), completed science courses at the Imperial Alexander Lyceum with the rank of collegiate secretary. [16] The new Head of the Chancellery, N.S.Scherbinsky (from a noble family), who followed him, was educated at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, and in 1861 began civil service with the rank of provincial secretary. [17] Nesterovsky (from a clergyman’s rank), appointed Head of the Chancellery of the Governor-General, completed a full course of science at the University of St. Vladimir with a candidate’s degree in jurisprudence, and from January 20, 1869, he entered civil service with the rank of collegiate secretary. [18] American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 31 December- 2024 P a g e | 98 www.americanjournal.org CONCLUSION In conclusion, it can be said that the source materials indicate a high level of education of the clerical rulers appointed to serve in Turkestan and holding different levels of civil rank. All of them had a long history of state bureaucratic service and were promoted during their service in Turkestan. REFERENCES 1. Belyaev I.D. Lectures on the History of Russian Legislation. - M., 1879. P.: 1. 2. Collection of Statutes on the Civil Service. Book One. Statute on Service by Determination from the Government. Authors A.Skorov and A.Polyansky. Moscow, published by the Moscow Law Bookstore. A.F.Skorov. 1895. P.: 1. 3. The same source. P.: 2. 4. Collection of Statutes on the Civil Service. Book One. Statute on Service by Determination from the Government. Authors A.Skorov and A.Polyansky. Moscow, published by the Moscow Law Bookstore. A.F.Skorov. 1895. P.: 6. 5. Collection of Laws. Vol. II. P.: 283. 6. Collection of Statutes on the Civil Service. Book 1. Authors A.Skorov and A.Polyansky. Moscow. Published by the Moscow Law Bookstore of A.F.Skorov. 1895. P.: 9-10. 7. The same source. P.: 10. 8. Code of Civil Service Regulations. Book 1. Authors A.Skorov and A.Polyansky. Moscow. Published by A.F.Skorov's Moscow Law Shop. 1895. P.: 18. 9. The same source. P.: 20. 10. Code of Civil Service Regulations. Book 1. Authors A.Skorov and A.Polyansky. Moscow. Published by A.F.Skorov's Moscow Law Shop. 1895. P.: 22. 11. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, description-33, case-361, sheets 1-6. 12. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, description-33, case-361, sheets 13-37. 13. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, description-20, case-1752, sheet 4. 14. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, description-20, case-3101, sheet 28. 15. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, description-33, case-335, sheet 235. 16. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, description-33, case-304, sheet 1. 17. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, description-33, case-331, sheet 38. 18. National Archives of Uzbekistan. Fund I-1, description-33, case-313, sheets 182-183.