American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 9, | Feb., 2023 P a g e | 82 www.americanjournal.org GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE POPULARITY OF ELITE BASKETBALL IN IRAQ, A STUDY İN THE LIGHT OF ACTUAL TRENDS AND PROBLEMS IN TRAINING Dr. Mustafa Asaad Munshed General Directorate of Maysan Education - Iraq Iraqmstfa44@gmail.com A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S The research aims to identify training problems in the field of basketball for the elite class in the Iraqi league, study the impact of globalization on the popularity of this game, and make recommendations in the light of the research results to help overcome training problems, enhance the positive effects of globalization and avoid the negative effects. The final research sample reached (30) administrators in the Iraqi Basketball Association, and to achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the descriptive approach due to its suitability to the nature of the research, and the variables were represented by gender and the number of years of administrative work, while the questionnaire was adopted as a research tool. The research results revealed a set of points, most notably: • The most prominent training problems in the game of basketball revolve around focusing on physical ability exercises, relying on theoretical explanation, and not reviewing the mistakes of the previous match. • The most prominent effects of globalization on elite basketball were the widespread use of stimulants, the increase in mass violence and riots on the stands. • The agreement of the respondents about the problems of training in the game of basketball according to the variable of sex, and their differences about it according to the variable of the number of years of sports work. • The respondents agreed about the effects of globalization on the popularity of the game according to the search variables. In light of this, the researcher suggests emphasizing the integration and cooperation between the team members, balancing between theoretical and practical work, in order to achieve the best results, and increasing the time allotted for explaining training plans during training periods, and working on them continuously and not just a day or two before the match, and emphasizing mutual respect. between the members of the team, the coaching staff and the responsible administrative staff, creating an atmosphere of love and affection among them, focusing on the positive side of globalization, and working as much as possible to avoid its negatives. basketball, actual problems, training, globalization, elite. mailto:Iraqmstfa44@gmail.com American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 9, Feb., 2023 P a g e | 83 www.americanjournal.org -1 Defining the search 1-1 Introduction to the research and its importance: The globalization system has become the reality of the situation in all societies because of its importance and repercussions, some of which are positive and others are negative, according to its philosophy and the methods of its employment in society in all areas of life. And since the field of educational sports falls within the philosophy of globalization, it must be organized according to those requirements and the progressive reality in societies. In this regard, Dr. Trad Tawfiq points out that “the opinions of many researchers and scholars agree that sport was among the first fields to implement the concept of globalization through Olympic tournaments and championships. global sports, but it seems that the spread of the concept of globalization in the current era has brought with it more ideas and proposals that try to open borders and eliminate obstacles to the systems applied in the Western world with the aim of imposing or generalizing them on others (.) Opinions are divided between supporters of globalization and its benefits, and fears of its negatives and repercussions on sports in general. Several conferences were held on this topic with the aim of clarifying the relationship between sport and globalization, including the Cairo conference entitled "Sport and Globalization" (.) The importance of the research lies in revealing the problems facing the elite basketball game in Iraq, and the effects of globalization on the popularity of this game. Through our research, we seek to study the reality of basketball for the elite class, and to explain the problems of training in it, and the impact of globalization on the popularity of this game. 1-2 -Research Problem: The study looks at what is the ability of globalization on the popularity of basketball for the elite group in Iraq and the results it produces? 1-3- Research objectives: The research aims to identify: a) Finding variables for elite basketball in Iraq in the light of globalization. b) The extent of the benefit of scientific and intellectual progress on the reality of basketball. 1-4- Research Questions: The following two main questions will be answered during the research: a) What are the training problems facing elite basketball in Iraq? b) What is the impact of globalization on the popularity of elite basketball in Iraq? 1-5- Research hypotheses: The research hypotheses will be tested at the level of significance (0.05): The first hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the research sample's responses to the basketball game problems due to the gender variable (male - female). The second hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the research sample's responses to the basketball game problems due to the variable of the number of years of sports work (less than 10 years - 10 years or more). The third hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the research sample answers on the impact of globalization on the popularity of basketball for the elite group due to the gender variable (male - female). The fourth hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the research sample answers on the impact of globalization on the popularity of basketball for the elite group due to the variable of the number of years of sports work (less than 10 years - 10 years or more). American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 9, Feb., 2023 P a g e | 84 www.americanjournal.org 1-6- Research areas: a) The human field: the research sample included administrative officials in the Basketball Association. b) Time range: the period from 10/30/2022 to 11/17/2022. c) Spatial field: Basketball Association / Baghdad. 1-7- Definition of Terms: Globalization: a comprehensive concept for the various aspects of life and its specialties, including mathematical aspects and the advanced means used in it (.) Basketball: A series of offensive and defensive moves that are sequential to each other, and are based on legal principles that students apply in different situations in order to reach the basket and shoot the ball at it(. 3- Research methodology and field procedures 3-1- Research Methodology: The research adopted the descriptive approach, due to its suitability to the nature and objectives of the research. The descriptive approach is defined as "one of the forms of organized scientific analysis and interpretation to describe a specific phenomenon or problem and visualize it quantitatively by collecting codified data and information about the phenomenon or problem, classifying and analyzing it, and subjecting it to careful study (.) 3-2- The research community and its sample: The research community was represented by administrative workers in the Iraqi Basketball Association, while the final research sample was (30) administrators out of a total of (40), and the percentage of the sample was (75%). the answer The given value according to the scale Arithmetic mean values for each answer Degree of appreciation Agree 3 1 1 – 1.66 low Neutral 2 2 1.67 – 2.44 Medium not agree 1 3 2.45 – 3 High 3-3 Means of collecting information and tools used: a) Examining the literature related to the research topic. b) Using the information network and the Internet. c) a questionnaire form. d) Choosing a representative sample of the research community. e) Data dumping and statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for Social and Educational Sciences (Spss) program. 3-4- Field procedures: After defining the objectives of the research, a questionnaire was built on training problems in basketball and the impact of globalization on its popularity in Iraq,the questionnaire may consist of two axises,the first axis included (15) items on training problems in the game of basketball, while the second axis included (8) items on the impact of globalization on the popularity of basketball, while a triple scale was used as a criterion for the answer, and for the purpose of comparison between the arithmetic averages and the order of the degree of the answer, it was adopted The following criteria for interpreting the data: American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 9, Feb., 2023 P a g e | 85 www.americanjournal.org - Range: (higher score of the scale - lower score of the scale), i.e. (3-1=2) The scores were divided into three levels: (2/3 = 0.66), and the score for answering the questionnaires was described as shown in Table (1). Table (1): The value given to each answer to the questionnaire used in the research, according to the triple scale. 5-3 Exploratory experience: The objectives of the pilot experiment were as follows: a) Submitting the questionnaire form to the basketball specialists From outside the research sample (10), to get their opinions and suggestions about the paragraphs of the questionnaire. b) Extract the scientific coefficients and internal consistency of the modified form. c) Statement of the method of correction and grading of the questionnaire items as follows: agree (3 marks), neutral (2 marks), disagree (1 mark). d) Statement of the positive and negative statements within the questionnaire. Globalization and elite basketball questionnaire the axis The value of the internal consistency validity test the first 0.76 the second 0.84 The questionnaire as a whole 0.78 3-6- Scientific Transactions: The constructive validity (internal consistency) and the stability coefficient were calculated by the half-partition of the questionnaire. Table No. (2) shows the obtained correlation coefficient values and their implications. Table (2) Correlation coefficient values between the degree of each axis of the questionnaire of globalization and basketball for the elite category and the total score for it. It is clear from Table No. (2) that there is a correlation between the degree of each axis of the questionnaire and its total score. The values of the correlation coefficients ranged between (0.76 and 0.84), which are acceptable correlation coefficients, and all of them are statistically significant at the level of significance (0.01), meaning that the questionnaire has with a high degree of internal consistency. Table No. (3) shows the stability coefficient values obtained and their indications Table (3) The values of the stability coefficient according to the Gutman equation for the questionnaire of globalization and basketball for the elite category Globalization and elite basketball questionnaire Guttman equation test value 0.79 By reading Table No. (3), it is clear to us that the stability of the resolution by the split-half method has reached (0.79), which is a high value, which indicates the stability of the resolution. 3-7- The final application of the questionnaire: After presenting the modified questionnaire to the experts and specialists from outside the research sample, the researcher presented the questionnaire in its final form to the research sample, and the details of the axes and paragraphs of the questionnaire and the method of correction were explained. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 9, Feb., 2023 P a g e | 86 www.americanjournal.org 4- Presentation and discussion of results First: View the results of the search questions: The answer to the first question: What are the training problems facing elite basketball in Iraq? To answer this question, the researcher calculated the arithmetic mean, relative weight, and degree of appreciation for each item of the questionnaire. Table No. (3) shows the values obtained for the answers of the sample. Table (4) The arithmetic means, relative weight, and degree of appreciation for the sample's answers on the training problems axis Clause The number The arithmetic mean relative weight Degree of appreciation 1 The explanation of the plan is not clear during the training 30 2.87 95.83% High 2 Physical ability training is more than tactical training 30 3 100% High 3 Exhaustion from too much training every week 30 2.25 75% High 4 Theoretical dependence without application to plans 30 3 100% High 5 Rely on explaining the plan on match day 30 2.12 70.83% High 6 Not rehearsing plans during preparation periods 30 2.5 83.33% High 7 The coach reprimanded the player when he made a mistake 30 2.75 91.66% High 8 Planning time is insufficient 30 2 66.66% Medium 9 Lack of tactical preparation training throughout the week 30 1.62 54.16% Medium 10 Training on the tactical aspect only one day before the match 30 2 66.66% Medium 11 Depends on a specific group of players 30 2.87 95.83% High 12 The tactical application in the match does not go as planned 30 2.12 70.83% High 13 Not fixing the schematic application errors of the previous match 30 3 100% High 14 Tactical training is done collectively only 30 2.37 79.16% High 15 Training on the tactical side is done individually only 30 1.62 54.16% Medium axis as a whole 30 2.56 85.41% High The results presented in Table No. (4) indicate that the total degree of training problems in the basketball game from the point of view of the sample was high, with the general arithmetic mean (2.56), and the relative weight (85.41%). By discussing these results, it is clear that items (2 - 4 - 13) have obtained the consensus of the sample, and they are related to focusing on physical exercises more than skill and tactics, and this leads to the players not knowing their duties and behavior towards the playing situation, and the lack of knowledge and experience to work in different situations. taking place in the match. This idea is reinforced by the fourth item, which includes reliance on theoretical explanation, but the theoretical aspect alone is not sufficient in facing the opponent, and therefore the player must know his tactical duties in a clear theoretical manner, and then move to application by creating conditions similar to the competition through the experimental match to find out the strengths. and weakness. While item (13) refers to an important point that falls on the coach during the training process, which is the need to fix the mistakes that were made in the previous match, however, some coaches may not care about the mistakes that American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 9, Feb., 2023 P a g e | 87 www.americanjournal.org occurred in the previous match, especially in the event of victory, believing that the victory covers on errors. It is clear that items (1-11) obtained the support of (95.83%) of the sample, and the first item is related to the lack of clarity in explaining the plan during training. Here it can be noted that the lack of discussion of the game plan, whether on the theoretical or practical level, will reduce the knowledge of the coach and the players. With the strengths and weaknesses of the team, and therefore the players will make mistakes that they do not know how to deal with or overcome, because they are not exposed to such situations during training, so the coach must explain the plans and movements of the players so that each player realizes his duties and what he will do during the match. As for item (11), it clarifies the importance of relying on all players within the team and avoiding relying on specific names, so that some players do not feel unimportant in the team and what will be reflected in their performance in case they are needed, and given the strength of the team in teamwork and cooperation. The answer to the second question: What is the impact of globalization on the popularity of elite basketball in Iraq? To answer this question, the researcher calculated the arithmetic mean, relative weight, and degree of appreciation for each item of the questionnaire. Table No. (5) shows the values obtained for the answers of the sample. Table (5) Arithmetic means, relative weight, and degree of appreciation for the respondents' answers on the axis of globalization and basketball The results presented in Table No. (5) indicate that the overall degree of the effects of globalization on the popularity of basketball from the point of view of the respondents was high, with the general arithmetic mean (2.64), and the relative weight (88%). By discussing these results, it becomes clear that items (3-8) have obtained the highest degree of support from the sample, as the third item relates to the spread of steroids and their common use by players, which are dangerous to the popularity of the game on the one hand, and the health and professionalism of the players on the other hand, and here It is necessary to work on moral and health awareness of the need to stay away from these stimulants. As for item (11), it shows the increase in cases of violence and rioting by the fans attending the matches, which is one of the problems that has been exacerbated in light of the globalization system, due to the blind fanaticism of the team, the spread of betting, and the desire to win and make money, here, awareness must be raised in its various cultural clause The number The arithmetic mean relative weight Degree of appreciation 1 The game called for human values to be replaced by winning at all costs 30 2.62 87.5% High 2 The game entered the era of industrialization of commerce and betting 30 2.37 79.16% High 3 The use of anabolic steroids has become common 30 2.87 95.83% High 4 Shortening the athletic ages of athletes 30 2.75 91.66% High 5 The competition program swelled at the expense of the players' health 30 2.62 87.5% High 6 Athletes and coaches have become commodities to be bought and sold 30 2.25 75% High 7 Concepts such as adversary, enemy, crush and rib-breaking have spread 30 2.62 87.5% High 8 Crowd violence and rioting on the stands increased 30 2.87 95.83% High axis as a whole 30 2.64 88% High American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 9, Feb., 2023 P a g e | 88 www.americanjournal.org and media forms, and so on, to avoid these manifestations and to preserve the sportsmanship among fans and clubs. The fourth item related to the ages of the players and their impact on the intensity of matches and the large number of tournaments on the one hand, and the use of stimulants on the other hand, and its reflection on the decline in the ability of the players to continue for a long time in the fields of the game. As for items (1 - 5 - 7), they received the same appreciation from the sample, and they are also related to the intensity of tournaments at the expense of the health of the players, the spread of concepts far from the spirit and sports ethics such as cracking the ribs, and the loss of human values in exchange for the concept of profit at any cost, all of which are ideas Refers to the occurrence of despair among athletes who are committed to the concepts and values of sportsmanship, due to the negative impact of globalization on the game of basketball. Second: Displaying the results of the search hypotheses: The result of the first hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the research sample's responses to the training problems in the basketball game due to the gender variable (male - female). To verify the validity of the hypothesis, the T-test was used to identify the significance of the difference between the mean scores of the respondents on the axis of training problems in the basketball game, according to the gender variable, according to the following table: Table (6) T-test for the significance of the difference between the mean scores of the respondents on the axis of training problems in the basketball game according to the gender variable Training problems in the game of basketball Gender N Mean Std. Deviation T Sig. the decision male 12 39.7 5.54 0.118 0.907 There is no difference female 18 40.18 6.68 The results presented in Table No. (6) show that the value of the "T-test" to denote the difference between the mean scores of the sample members on the axis as a whole was (0.118), and the level of significance (0.907) was greater than the assumed level of significance (0.05). As a result, the difference is not statistically significant, and therefore there is no difference between administrators in the Basketball Federation in their assessment of the training problems in the game according to the gender variable. The researcher explains this result by considering the problems of training are clear to both sexes, and they are constantly aware of such problems, which makes administrators do not differ in their assessment of problems depending on the gender variable, and the nature of administrative work makes everyone in constant communication and in a state of constant discussion about everything that develops on matters. The game of basketball and thus exchange opinions and ideas on all points, including training problems that arise in elite league clubs. The result of the second hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the research sample's responses to the training problems in the basketball game due to the variable of the number of years of sports work (less than 10 years - 10 years or more). To verify the validity of the hypothesis, the T-test was used to identify the significance of the difference between the mean scores of the sample members on the axis of training problems in the basketball game according to the variable of the number of years of sports work (less than 10 years - 10 years and more) according to the following table: American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 9, Feb., 2023 P a g e | 89 www.americanjournal.org Table (7) The T-test for the significance of the difference between the mean scores of the sample members on the axis of training problems in the basketball game according to the variable of the number of years of sports work (less than 10 years - 10 years and more) Training problems in the game of asketball The number of years of sports work N Mean Std. Deviation T Sig. The decision less than 10 14 38.12 5.89 2.047 0.049 There is a difference 10 years and over 16 42.86 6.17 The results presented in Table (7) show that the value of the "T-test" to denote the difference between the mean scores of the sample members on the axis as a whole was (2.047), and the level of significance (0.049) is smaller than the assumed level of significance (0.05). The result is a statistically significant difference, and therefore there is a difference between administrators in the Basketball Association in their assessment of training problems in the game according to the variable of the number of years of sports work. This difference is due to those who are more experienced in the field of work, who have more than 10 years of administrative work in the framework of the Basketball Association. The researcher explains this result by the fact that the many years of work make the administrator aware of the various training problems that occur in the work of the coach and the players, and the more years of work increase, the more he becomes aware of new problems that are added to the previous problems until he reaches a stage of realization of various types. And forms of training problems that may face the work of the coach or players during training periods. The result of the third hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the research sample answers on the impact of globalization on the popularity of basketball for the elite group due to the gender variable (male - female). To validate the hypothesis, a T-test was used to identify the significance of the difference between the mean scores of the sample individuals on the axis of the impact of globalization on the popularity of elite basketball, according to the gender variable, according to the following table: Table (8) T-test for the significance of the difference between the mean scores of the sample members on the axis of the impact of globalization on the popularity of elite basketball according to the gender variable. The impact of globalization on the popularity of elite basketball Gend er N Mean Std. Deviatio n T Sig. the decision male 12 19.24 5.62 0.364 0.719 There is no difference femal e 18 20.06 7.62 The results presented in Table No. (8) show that the value of the "T-test" to denote the difference between the mean scores of the respondents on the axis as a whole was (0.364), and the level of significance (0.719) was greater than the assumed level of significance (0.05). The result is not statistically significant, and therefore there is no difference between administrators in the Basketball Association in their estimation of the impact of globalization on the popularity of basketball for the elite group according to the gender variable. The researcher attributes the reasons for this agreement in opinion between the two sexes to the fact that globalization has covered all parts of the globe and in various fields, including sports, and the game of basketball is not immune from the effects of globalization, and everyone lives with it daily during his life and in his work, so everyone, male and female, agrees about the effects of this globalization on the popularity of the game Basketball is for the elite class, and the need to work to avoid the negative effects of this globalization and the need to enhance the positive effects in order to ensure the safety and continuity of the game in the best possible way. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 9, Feb., 2023 P a g e | 90 www.americanjournal.org The result of the fourth hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the research sample answers on the impact of globalization on the popularity of basketball for the elite group due to the variable of the number of years of sports work (less than 10 years - 10 years and more). To verify the validity of the hypothesis, a T-test was used to identify the significance of the difference between the average scores of the sample individuals on the axis of the impact of globalization on the popularity of elite basketball according to the variable of the number of years of sports work (less than 10 years - 10 years or more) according to The following table: Table (9) T-test for the significance of the difference between the mean scores of the sample individuals on the axis of the impact of globalization on the popularity of basketball for the elite group according to the variable of the number of years of sports work (less than 10 years - 10 years and more) The impact of globalization on the popularity of elite basketball The number of years of sports work N Mean Std. Deviation T Sig. the decision less than 10 14 22.31 4.12 1.43 0.15 There is no difference 10 years and ove 16 22.69 4.46 The results presented in Table No. (9) show that the value of the "T-test" to indicate the difference between the mean scores of the respondents on the axis as a whole was (1.43), and the level of significance (0.15) was greater than the assumed level of significance (0.05). The result is that the difference is not statistically significant, and therefore there is no difference between administrators in the Basketball Association in their estimation of the impact of globalization on the popularity of basketball for the elite group, according to the variable of the number of years of sports work. The researcher explains this by considering globalization not new, but for many years floating in the arena of sports work, and the game of basketball is not immune from it, and everyone with experience and newcomers to work are aware of the effects of this globalization because it cannot be hidden behind a wall, as it has a global impact, Here, the necessity of proper coexistence with it and benefiting from its positive aspects appears to serve the reality of the game and the elite class league, and to move away from its negative manifestations. 5- Conclusions and Recommendations 5-1- Conclusions: Through the research, the researcher reached a number of conclusions, as follows: a) The training problems facing the elite basketball game in Iraq came to a high degree, and the most prominent of these problems are represented in each of the following: i. Physical training is more than tactical training, theoretical dependence without practical application. ii. Explanation of training plans is not clear during training, relying on a specific group of players. iii. The coach reprimands the player when the error occurs. b) The effects of globalization on the popularity of basketball for the elite group came to a high degree, and the most prominent of these effects were represented in each of the following: i. The widespread use of stimulants, and the increase in violence and riots by the masses. ii. The absence of human values in the game, the inflation of competition programs, and the spread of concepts far from sportsmanship such as cracking ribs. c) The respondents agree in their estimation of the training problems in the basketball game according to the gender variable, while they differ in their estimations according to the number of years of sports work. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 9, Feb., 2023 P a g e | 91 www.americanjournal.org d) The respondents agree in their estimation of the effects of globalization on the popularity of basketball for the elite group, according to the research variables (gender - number of years of sports work). 5-2- Recommendations: In light of the results reached, the researcher proposes a number of recommendations that may contribute to improving the reality of the game and mitigating the effects of globalization on it: a) Emphasis on integration and cooperation among team members, and balancing between theoretical and practical work, in order to achieve the best results. b) Increasing the time allotted for explaining training plans during training periods, and working on them continuously and not just a day or two before the match. c) Focusing on the positive side of globalization, and working as much as possible to avoid its negative aspects. 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