American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (E): 2832-8019 Volume 5, | Oct., 2022 P a g e | 5 www.americanjournal.org THE SPREAD OF THE CHOLERA EPIDEMIC IN TURKESTAN Toshtemirov Doston Researcher, Karshi State University Uzbekistan, Karshi A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S As we know, the Republic of Turkestan lived for a short time, but it had its place in the history of Uzbekistan. The difficult conditions in the republic, that is, the derailment of the economy due to political contradictions, the fact that social problems have become extremely acute, and the country has become the center of various epidemics, demanded special attention to health care. The Soviet government established the system based on its ideals. This process took place in Turkestan in a very complicated situation. Because the management in Turkestan was based on full military principles, the management and control of health care was initially entrusted to the military- sanitary department. The People's Commissar of Health, heads of regional health departments, regional doctors were appointed from the ranks of former military doctors in most cases. This created a number of difficulties in setting up the industry. Republic of Turkestan, evacuation, Volgaboyi, Uraloldi, Krasnovodsk, epidemic. Introduction In 1921-1922, a terrible famine occurred in the Volga and Ural regions of Russia. The food problem among the population of the famine-stricken area is getting worse day by day, and the destitute people cannot find bread and have to eat non-edible things like kunjara, kipik, yumronkozik, tree barks, salt. Due to the current situation, part of the hungry population was evacuated to Turkestan. The Center entrusted the Republic of Turkestan with all the organizational issues and expenses related to feeding, clothing, employment, and health care of the displaced persons. At the same time, the living conditions of the people of Turkestan were also difficult. But the Center was more concerned about the problem of hunger in the Volgabuyi and Uralaldi regions than the people of distant Turkestan. That's why the Center preferred to move the hungry as quickly and as much as possible to avoid their problem. Because wherever the hungry were moved, they were provided at the expense of that region. According to the official list, 320000 people were displaced. But those who came to Turkestan unorganized, that is, in the form of hungry refugees, make up the majority. Most of them consisted of Tatars, Bashkirs and other Muslims. Why, the hungry had no chance to register in their gubernias and uezds and wait for their evacuation. Among the refugees were those infected with cholera, which caused a new wave of epidemics in the country. At the beginning of June 1921, cholera patients were identified in the Tashkent bacteriology laboratory. This disease was recorded in Samarkand, Jizzakh, Oratepa regions of Turkestan. In American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 5, Oct., 2022 P a g e | 6 www.americanjournal.org general, 113 people were diagnosed with cholera in Samarkand region, and 48 of them died. Anti- cholera week was announced in the cities of Turkestan. The government of Turkestan has established a commission to combat the epidemic, its chairman is E.B. It was Brodov. The commission included M. Mirazimov, A.L. Lepekhin, etc. were introduced. The program of the course on sanitary measures during the outbreak of cholera was distributed to health departments in the regions. In it, concepts were given about sanitary disinfection. There were two different estimates of the spread of the plague. 1) In Krasnovodsk, on June 7,5 people infected with cholera and 3 corpses of people infected with cholera on a steamer from Astrakhan and 35 people among passengers are suspected to be infected with cholera. 2) A cholera patient is identified on a train that arrived from Orenburg on June 20 at the Aris station. Both cases were confirmed by bacteriological studies. So, the analyzes indicate that the cholera disease spread to Turkestan at the expense of the foreign population. Cholera entered the Republic of Turkestan from Orenburg on June 24, 1921 from Perovsk, Chernyaevsky. Cholera on June 27 in Tashkent, on July 1 in Kazalinsk and on July 2 among the residents of the Aral Sea, on July 5 in Samarkand, on July 8 in Qovunchi station of Tashkent district, on July 10 in Kokand, on July 15 in the village of Nikolsky (Tashkent region), on July 18 in Andijan. and on July 23 at Gorchakovo station, on August 1 in Kattakorgan (Samarkand region), on August 3 in Osh city (Fergana region). Cholera disease, especially in the city of Tashkent, the death rate from this disease is high, cholera disease was recorded in this area from June 27, 1921 to December. A cholera epidemic occurred in 29 settlements of Central Asia, 3315 people were registered with cholera, and 1179 of them or 35.6 percent died. In particular, 383 soldiers of the Red Army fell ill with cholera, and 128 of them died. 2922 of the population were registered with cholera and 1049 of them died. The analysis shows that cholera incidence rate is high in Syrdarya region, and a total of 510 people are registered. 236 of them die. 70 percent of those who died from the epidemic were residents of Samarkand, most of them were people who were relocated from Povolje regions of Russia. Epidemics mainly affected the urban population. 57% of those who died died of cholera. First of all, this is explained by the harsh living conditions of the population, the lack of sanitary education, and the fact that the government's policy on epidemiology does not meet the requirements. The sanitary department of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Republic of Turkestan conducted investigations to determine how cholera patients contracted the disease. Health departments order all subordinate organizations and persons involved in the treatment of cholera patients to study medical records, determine whether or not they have been vaccinated against cholera, and take into account the timing of preventive vaccinations. As a result of such activities, the statistical department of the sanitary department of the People's Commissariat of Health was able to collect data on only 1483 cases. Half of them - 1832 (55.3 percent), were not identified due to unsatisfactory sanitary and statistical work in medical institutions. Most cases of cholera cases were not sent for case histories, probably because they were not taken. The Turkestan government summarizes the information related to the outbreak of cholera and states the following conclusions: 1) In 1921, the cholera epidemic in the Republic of Turkestan occurred in July and August. 2) The epidemic came from two opposite sides of the Republic of Turkestan almost at the same time. During the epidemic, mainly the local (non-migrant) population suffered. American Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 5, Oct., 2022 P a g e | 7 www.americanjournal.org 3) The epidemic developed at a high level in Syrdarya region (Tashkent). 4) Оn the whole, men accounted for the majority of cholera cases. 79.3 percent of those who died of cholera were Russians, 10.4 percent were representatives of local nationalities, and 1.7 percent were Jews. Therefore, representatives of the indigenous peoples were a minority among those infected with cholera. Cholera spreaders increased mainly at the expense of the foreign population. People who came to the country from abroad brought many infectious diseases with them. Of course, during this period, the laxity of measures for conducting medical control of those entering from the shet made the situation even worse. In conclusion, it can be said that the cholera epidemic spread in Turkestan under the influence of various factors. The analyzes showed that the cholera disease spread to Turkestan at the expense of the foreign population. The cholera epidemic of the summer of 1921 entered Turkestan almost simultaneously from two opposite sides. During the epidemic, most of those infected with cholera were mainly men and Russian-speaking population. The epidemic was ended as a result of the diligence of medical workers in the regions where the cholera epidemic spread, isolation of disease centers from other settlements, and timely measures to eliminate the consequences of the epidemic. List of References 1. Расулов А. Туркистон ва Волгабўйи, Уралолди халқлари ўртасидаги муносабатлар.- Тошкент,2005.-Б.101-104 2. Ўз МА, Р-40-фонд, 1-рўйхат, 138-иш, 66-варақ. 3. Ўз МА, Р-25-фонд, 1-рўйхат, 333-иш, 3-16-варақлар. 4. К статистике холеры в Туркестанской республике в эпидемию 1921 года П.А. Глазунов. (Статистический п/отдел Тур. НКЗ) // Туркестанский медицинский журнал, 1922 г. №4. – 337-342. 5. К статистике холеры в Туркестанской республике в эпидемию 1921 года П.А. Глазунов. (Статистический п/отдел Тур. НКЗ) // Туркестанский медицинский журнал, 1922 г. №4.– С.337-342. 6. Мухитдинов М, Хужаков А. Здравоохранение Андижанской области.– Ташкент: Медицина, 1985.–С. 19. 7. К статистике холеры в Туркестанской республике в эпидемию 1921 года П.А. Глазунов. (Статистический п/отдел Тур. НКЗ) // Туркестанский медицинский журнал, 1922 г. №4.– 337-342. 8. Данные Центра Статистического Управления согласно переписи населения Туркестанской Республики 1920 года. 9. К статистике холеры в Туркестанской республике в эпидемию 1921 года П.А. Глазунов. (Статистический п/отдел Тур. НКЗ) // Туркестанский медицинский журнал, 1922 г. №4. С.337-342.