international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 1 | nov-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 5 use of repeats in alisher navoi's works umarova nargizaxon rustamovna abdukhalilova ezozkhon abdumalik qizi doctor of philological sciences, farsu fardu faculty of philology linguistics: uzbek language master of the direction abstract: the article explores and analyzes the types of repetition and its types, which skillfully used the means of artistic imagery, syntactic and stylistic means in the work of a. navoi, enriching the poet's lyrics, increasing the expressiveness and effectiveness of the work, providing harmony and harmony of image, content and form. keywords: poetic arts, repetition, inevitable, repetition, anaphora, epiphora, infora, mixed (circular) repetition. introduction repetition is the most widely used syntactic and stylistic figure in the language of poetic and journalistic works. a number of works on the organization of repetitions in linguistics have been carried out, and russian monologists i.m.astafe, k.b.bochan and m.n.adilov have carried out special monographic researches. professor a. mamajonov, one of the uzbek linguists, gives a number of information about repetition and its stylistic function in his scientific views. in particular, repetition is mainly one of the methods of syntactic-stylistic expression inherent in artistic speech. by deliberately and precisely repeating the units of language or speech, the author manages to increase the power of his little thought, to express his feelings in an exaggerated way. repetition is the most common, most ancient type of stylistic tool in fiction, used by word masters to express subjective attitudes toward the object being depicted, to evaluate it, and to draw the listener's or reader's attention. the function of repetition is to express features such as making the author’s speech effective, concretizing the idea, and most importantly, convincing the listener or reader of it. repetition of repetitive textual, compositional or thematic units for certain artistic and aesthetic purposes is the common name of such methods inherent in the literary text. are noted in the form of figurative-thematic repetitions. in linguistics, repetition is one of the sources of enrichment of linguistic stylistic means. repetition is the most widely used syntactic-stylistic figure in the language of poetic and journalistic works. there are also lexical repetitions, morphological repetitions, syntactic repetitions, which are widely used in the language of folklore, fiction and non-fiction. when we study the repetitions used in the works of alisher navoi, we see that the artistic means used in them are uniquely polished. in particular, the artistic repetitions used in the poet's ghazals not only provided a deeper expression of thought, a balance between the idea and form of the work, but also expressed the figurative image through repetition, providing a melody in the work and a unique musical expression. . american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 6 in alisher navoi's work we find beautiful examples of repetitions. in this case, lexicalmorphological and syntactic repetitions serve to ensure the effectiveness of the work. in navoi's works, this influence is expressed through anaphora, inevitability, repetition, epiphora, and infora repetition. so‘zdurki nishon berur o‘lukka jondin, so‘zdurki berur jong‘a xabar jonondin, insonni so‘z ayladi judo hayvondin, bilkim, guhare sharifroq yo‘q andin in the above rubai found in navoi's work, he skillfully used the anaphora method of repetition, which was a syntactic and stylistic tool. using the anaphoric repetition used by the poet, he praises the power of the word, its power, and encourages the reader to use the word correctly and effectively. through the repetition of the word, it serves to increase the effectiveness of the thought, to attract the attention of the listener. this type of repetition is the repetition of a melodic word at the beginning of a verse, a way of starting with the same grammatical form of the simple sentences that make up the text. olloh, olloh! bu dag‘i inshomu ekin, yoruhi quds fayzidin iymomu ekin, insho demay, anfosi masihomu ekin, yo qudrati ollohu taolomu ekin. in the above-mentioned rubai, the description of allah, his power, and his attributes are praised and described through repetition. takrir is derived from the arabic word for "repetition", which is the repetition of a word in various forms in a poem. lahza-lahza chiqdimu, chekdim yo‘lida intizor, keldi jon og‘zimg‘ayu, ul sho‘xi badxo‘ kelmadi. he used the inevitable in the above verses. one of the most common forms of repetition in the arts is repetition. the word mukarrar means "over and over", "over and over". an inevitable repetition is the repetition of a word in a byte or paragraph. the word "moment by moment" is inevitably created to increase the effectiveness of the meaning. shukr ayladi shiddatda rijo izhori, har mehnat aro dafi balo izhori, mol istasang et shukru sano izhori kim, shukr demak qilur g‘ino in navoi's rubai mentioned above, we see that the epiphora method of repetition was used. an epiphora is a repetition of a sound, word, or phrase at the end of a verse. the epiphora is a strictly systematic repetition, contradicting the anaphora instead of the verse. because anaphora is a repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a verse, epiphora is a repetition of a language unit at the end of a verse. epiphora is a method of completing syntactic constructions with exactly the same forms. the word "izhori" in the verses is a repetition of the epiphora, and is used in three places at the end of the verses. this gave the poems a special charm. in the following rubai we can find a beautiful example of information repetition: jahl ahli bila kimgaki ulfat bo‘lg‘ay, ul ulfati ichra yuz ming ofat bo‘lg‘ay, faqr ahli bila angaki suhbat bo‘lg‘ay, american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 7 shak yo‘qki, ziyoda shuki nemat bo‘lg‘ay inforic repetition is the exact method of repetition of the same grammatical form between the components that make up the syntactic construction, and the information used in the speech components serves as the children of the known sentence, distinguishing and emphasizing their meaning. in navoi's works we can also find mixed (circular) types of repetition: har kimki aning himmati dunroq boldi, bilki, gamining naxli nigunroq boldi har kimki, himmati rifati fuzunroq boldi, qaygularining tori uzunroq boldi mixed (circular) repetition is a method of combining types of repetition in syntactic components, and the presence of both anaphoric and epiphoric parts in a syntactic structure creates a circular repetition phenomenon. in the above verses, the words harkimki and boldi serve to enhance the meaning of the work by creating anaphora-epiphora mixed repetitions. there is no doubt that the words used by alisher navoi are a generalized artistic description of the events of the xiv-xv centuries. the idea expressed by the artist is reflected in the socio-political, philosophical-ethical, educational, the nature and scope of the problem, the diversity of lexical repetition, the rationale for the use of artistic symbols, the role and importance in revealing the content of the work. also paid special attention. in conclusion, a. navoi is one of the great representatives of uzbek classical literature. the poet's poetry is rich in repetitions and is widely used in art and methodology. the means of repetition demonstrated the ideological strength of the poet's poetry, his artistic perfection, and his ability to use his own words. in his poems, the poet skillfully used the means of artistic representation, especially artistic repetition, the semantic and stylistic features of which determine the uniqueness of navoi's work. the artistic repetitions in a. navoi's work provided harmony. increased sensitivity, loaded with miraculous meaning. the poet conveys the non-formal meaning of the poem through repetition in his poems, which provides a connection between the lines or verses, enhances the expressiveness of the image, and creates a harmony of content and form. references: 1. astaf'eva i.m. vidy sintaksicheskix povtorov, ix priroda i stilicheskoe ispolzovaniya (na materiale sovremennogo angliyskogo yazyka) m., 1964; bochan k.b. about repetition of words and lexical synonyms. irkutsk, 1965. 2. alisher navoi. nazm ul-javohir. tashkent, 1967. 3. mamajonov a. stylistics of compound speech. tashkent: fan, 1990. 4. mamajonov a. linguistics of text. tashkent, 1989. 5. mamajonov a. repetition and its syntactic-stylistic function // uzbek language and literature.1978.№3 b .. 6. quronov d and b. literary dictionary. t., 2010. 305-p 7. umarova n. methodological features of formal parallelism in the poetry of shavkat rahmon // language and literature education. 2015. 8. khodzhiakhmedov a. poetic arts and classical rhyme. t .: sharq, 1998. 9. khodzhiakhmedov a. do you know the art of poetry? t .: sharq, 2001. p. 96. 10. hojiev a. explanatory dictionary of linguistic terms. t .: teacher, 1985. 11. hojiev a. form making in modern uzbek language. t .: teacher, 1979. 12. shofqarov a.m. artistic repetition in uzbek language. t .: science and technology, 2019. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 120 basic methods and educational requirements for the development of children's musical abilities in preschool educational institutions nasimova nasiba qurbon qizi teacher of bukhara state university, uzbekistan abstract: the article describes the musical abilities of children and methods of their development, as well as the duties of a teacher. keywords: music, ability, methods of development. music gives a person a cheerful mood, is a companion of the human heart, teaches to feel beauty. music is part of the cultivation of refinement. from childhood, a person tends to listen to music, sing songs, perform dance movements to various musical sounds. as a result of this aspiration, abilities, talent and talent develop in a person. the first period in the development of children's abilities is preschool education. in the state requirements for the development of preschool children, the development of musical education in children is indicated in the direction of social and emotional development and in the direction of physical development. as a teacher, it is necessary to ensure the accuracy of the directions of development of students and their convenience for the child. the organization of preschool education is an important stage in the upbringing of a child. a music teacher plays a special role in the education of children from an aesthetic and moral point of view. musical education in the organization is an important area of aesthetic education. because any activity of children can be organized in an interesting and understandable way with the help of music. with this in mind, if we use music in every activity, we can get the desired result. music is a world of joy and experiences for children, and it manifests itself in musical and practical activities, that is, listening to music, singing, moving to music and playing musical instruments, children develop their emotional feelings. music is a rich resource for children's development. the most obvious role of music is to support the emotional development of children: alla calms and pacifies children, and children who fall asleep listening to alla also say alla to their dolls. relaxing music doesn't have to be a song. in all ages and among peoples, mothers sang to their babies in a low voice a repeating two-tone melody. every culture has simple love and holiday songs that kids can memorize to help them express their feelings. march gives the child a sense of pride, enthusiasm and freshness. requirements for music lessons:  creating a creative atmosphere in the group;  achievement of conscious assimilation of knowledge;  achieving the unity of education and training;  be able to distinguish beauty from ugliness in the art of music, always striving for elegance;  guide the understanding of elegance and beauty in art; american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 121  carefully listen to musical works, achieve expressive performance of the songs being performed. music can be included in many activities throughout the day. however, background music must be approached carefully. in most cases when music is playing, the children should be the center of attention. background music, especially popular adult music, can be enjoyable for adults but can be distracting for children. maria motessori was a researcher, naturalist, physician, psychologist who lived and worked in italy and died in the netherlands. his pedagogical activity in the field of preschool education is known to people all over the world. in the process of working with children, he studied the psychological characteristics of children: their abilities, interests, level of knowledge. based on them, he created didactic games and didactic materials. in his opinion, pedagogy helps not the child, but the educator. it really is. a good method of training is not connected with jelaniem, interesom i nablyudatelnostyu detey, nelzya dumat ob effektivnosti etogo metoda. esli my posmotrim po-staromu, k chemu my privykli, to detey prosili sobrat ix vse bez ucheta ix pojelanyi i zastavit ix slushat nas, tak je rasskazyvat skazku, risovat kartinku kak na kartinke. model. such a situation limits the child's ego and self-esteem, independent thinking and creativity. as a result, only the child does not go beyond blind imitation of others. childhood is a part of a person's life. most of the knowledge that he receives, a person learns throughout his life, especially at the age of preschool education. it is necessary to create conditions for adults both in the family and in kindergarten so that from an early age he acts according to his desires, thinks and thinks independently. let the child decide "with whom", "when", "what". for example: his logical thinking continues to develop only if he can solve all the steps of the solution. adults should not rush to answer the question correctly and quickly. it depends on the teacher whether children will be able to think freely and freely express their desires, therefore we can achieve such a result only if we treat children kindly and sincerely, as mature specialists in their profession. it is very important to be able to listen to children without being harsh. the children's world is full of miracles and happy moments. the main way to develop children's abilities is to create a foundation for their free thinking. references 1. мирзаева, дилфуза шавкатовна, насиба қурбон қизи насимова, and наргиза супхоновна ҳакимова. "арт-педагогика для дошкольников." scientific progress 2.7 (2021): 1201-1205. 2. nasimova nasiba qurbon qizi. use of innovative methods in speeching classes in preschool educational organizations. international journal of culture and modernity issn 2697-2131, volume 11 https://ijcm.academicjournal.io/index.php/ijcm. 3. nasimova nasiba qurbon qizi. methods of musical education and upbringing of preschool children. european journal of innovation in nonformal education (ejine) volume 2 | issue 2 | issn: 2795-8612. european journal of innovation in nonformal education www.innovatus.es 4. хакимова н. с. обряды и обычьи связанные с рождением и воспитанием ребенка у народов средней азии //boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 67-72. 5. raxmonova g. s., hakimova n. s. o‟quvchilarni ma‟naviy-axloqiy tarbiyalashda interfaol metodlardan foydalanish //oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 1. – с. 1012-1019. 6. gaybullayevna d. n., supxonovna h. n. forming a sense of respect for the students in primary school educational lessons //journal of pedagogical inventions and practices. – 2022. – т. 9. – с. 194-198. 7. hakimova n. s. boshlang‟ich sinf o‟quvchilarida ijtimoiy-huquqiy mehyorlarga hurmat hissini shakllantirish metodlari //science and education. – 2022. – т. 3. – №. 3. – с. 466-475. 8. mamedova, m. (2022). maktabgacha ta‟lim yoshdagi bolalar ijodiy qobiliyatlarini shakllantirish. ilmiy nashrlar markazi (buxdu.uz), 8(8). https://ijcm.academicjournal.io/index.php/ijcm http://www.innovatus.es/ american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 122 9. mamedova m. maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarning ijtimoiy xususiyatlarini shakllantirishda tarbiyaning o‟rni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 10. mamedova m. m. ta‟lim sifatini oshirishda axborot texnologiyalarining o „rni //scientific progress. – 2021. – т. 2. – №. 7. – с. 12301234. 11. habiba g. birinchi sinf o „quvchilarida yozuv malakalarini shakllantirish //scientific progress. – 2021. – т. 2. – №. 7. – с. 983-989. 12. g„aforovna j. h. savod o „rgatishga tayyorgarlik bosqichida o „qish va yozuvga o „rgatish //бошқарув ва этика қоидалари онлайн илмий журнали. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 1-4. 13. xayrullayeva, d. n. q. (2021). boshlang‟ich sinf ona tili darsliklaridagi ijodiy mashq va topshiriqlar tizimi. scientific progress, 2(7), 1235-1242. 14. qo‟ldoshev, avezmurodovich rustambek. "forming writing skills in left-handed students." middle european scientific bulletin 10 (2021). 15. dilnoza, x. (2022). 1-sinf “ona tili va o‟qish savodxonligi” darslarida etnopedagogika namunalarini o‟rgatish metodikasi. барқарорлик ва етакчи тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали, 2(4), 337-341. 16. xayrullayeva, d. (2021). boshlang „ich sinflarda ona tili ta‟limining ahamiyati. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 117 ideological and educational significance of the works of jalaliddin rumi gafurova dilbar xakimovna bukhara state pedagogical institute, department of uzbek and russian languages abstract: the article deals with issues related to the ideological and educational value of the work of the great persian-tajik poet jalaliddin rumi. the author revealed the pedagogical and humanistic ideas of rumi. in addition, the article deals with the rich heritage of the world-class poet. and also, the author analyzed the most important and world-famous work of rumi "masnavi" and his quotes. keywords: eastern poetry, omnipotence, preacher, sufism, parable, fable, self-improvement, religion, enlightenment, moral purity, didactic views. the humanistic ideas of the great thinkers of the east represent a democratic direction in the pedagogical thought of the middle ages and have made a significant contribution to world pedagogy. the great personalities of the medieval east left for centuries their pedagogical guidelines, pedagogical principles, methods and methods of teaching and education, requirements for a teacher. they all wanted to see a person comprehensively developed and educated. all methods, principles, ideas proposed by the great thinkers of the east are recognized as relevant at the present time. jalaliddin rumi is an outstanding persian-tajik sufi poet who created magnificent works of oriental poetry in persian. jalaliddin rumi is a world-class poet. the greatness of rumi is that he was able to rise to the rank of the greatest poet and educator in the turkic world. he preached a single idea that glorifies love for the creator, faith in his omnipotence, purity in thoughts and deeds. rumi was born in the family of a court scholar theologian and preacher a sufi in 1204 and received a good education, knew arabic and greek, the koran and its interpretation. with shamsi tabrizi he studied philosophy and got acquainted with sufism. his passion for sufi teachings changed the course and nature of his life and work. then he became a sufi sheikh. and also, in the fact that he reached such heights in poetry, the merit of sheikh farididdin muhammad attor, who dedicated his book ―asrorname‖ to him. in his work, rumi attached great importance to the issues of science and knowledge, love for his native land, work, and his people. he sang all the positive qualities inherent in humanity, such as honesty, justice, diligence, love and respect for other people. he called for the friendship of different peoples and nations, the unity of religion. rumi illustrates his ideas of humanism with parables, fables, short stories. rumi wrote his favorite work for 15 years. and the work consists of twenty-five thousand six hundred and eighteen verses. the book is considered a masterpiece of world literature and is called the "canon of sufism". the most important and world-famous work of rumi "masnavi" is the most valuable collection of oral folk art of the xiii century. "masnavi" consists of six parts notebooks, at least 40,000 bayts american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 118 and covers more than 1800 topics of various nature. considered a genuine encyclopedia of sufism, it has been translated into many languages of the world. the book was read, memorized and studied throughout the near and middle east, especially in iran, india, pakistan, turkey. although there is no unity of plot in the work, it is all imbued with a single mood. small stories from eastern folklore made the work of "masnavi" accessible and attractive to different readers. rumi gives stories that are common among different peoples of the east and then, in connection with his story, expresses his views. rumi did not invent new stories, but borrowed them from folklore, persians, tajiks, arabs, greeks. "masnavi" is of great pedagogical importance, since in it one can find rumi's views on various aspects of pedagogy. for example, about taciturnity, about the benefits of knowledge, about friendship, about fulfilling the promised word. jalaliddin rumi points out that upbringing first of all means the upbringing of the soul of a person, since the soul is the nature of a person, his essential features. the book "masnavi" is a manifestation of beauty and an expression of the author's views on aesthetics. in his parables, fables, rumi painted a colorful canvas of the life of his contemporary society. many of the characters in his stories are realistic and life circumstances in them are taken from everyday life. quotes from jalaliddin rumi: make friends with smart people, for a friend is a fool sometimes more dangerous than a smart enemy. before you train your tongue, train your heart. because words come from the heart, come out through the tongue. the word is like an arrow shot. and the arrow never came back. will you understand, who is always full, that sometimes need creates with people. rumi's worldview combines two ideas. the first is the achievement by a person of the ways of moral purification, moral self-improvement. and the second is a manifestation of inner life, in relationships with people around. the idea of noble selfless service to others, even to the detriment of one's own interests, is of great pedagogical importance. the study and research of the rich heritage of rumi shows that he was an outstanding theorist and practitioner of pedagogy and didactics of the medieval east, who created an integral system of pedagogical and didactic ideas of the problem of man and his education. the pedagogical ideas of jalaliddin rumi are of great theoretical and practical importance for the upbringing of the younger generation, for modern pedagogical science. since he considered labor education to be an important component of education. it is labor, in his opinion, that brings up in a person such qualities as decency, honesty, morality. and he argued that everyone can choose the craft and occupation himself slowly, having thought it over well so as not to make a mistake. each person in this transitional world must live by his own mind and work to the best of his ability. ―while you are healthy and strong, work hard! labor and striving do not oppose the happiness of finding a treasure. keep up with the case, and if you are endowed with fate, then it will find you. the life path of jalaliddin rumi didactic views, moral purity, truthfulness, the desire for enlightenment, mastery of a profession, the desire to help all people, the study of their ideas of generosity, in the teachings of spiritual prosperity, has a great influence on the worldview of members of society. but at present, little attention is paid to the work of rumi. the works of jalaliddin rumi, imbued with the ideas of philanthropy, honesty, morality, diligence, generosity, would be of great importance in the upbringing of the younger generation. especially his quotes about the benefits of knowledge, the choice of a craft, diligence, decency, taciturnity, compassion for poor people, friendship, relationships with people play a big role in shaping the personality of a american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 119 child. each of rumi's works is a treasury of wise instructions calling for living with dignity and honesty. the great russian educator k.d. ushinsky emphasized that the literature with which the child meets for the first time should introduce him ―to the world of folk thought, folk feeling, folk life, to the realm of the folk spirit.‖ and such literature, introducing the child to the spiritual life of the people, is the works of jalaliddin rumi in all its genre diversity. rumi's works, by their content and form, best meet the tasks of the upbringing and development of the child, adapted to children's needs. they imperceptibly introduce the baby into the element of the folk word, reveal its wealth and beauty, and are a model of speech. in them, he sings of love for life, the dignity of a human creator, friendship between people, freedom and peace. the poet argued that a person should dedicate life not only to himself, but usefully give it to society, people, learn crafts and sciences, be educated on the level of his time and to strive for the fulfillment of his high duty. rumi encouraged his contemporaries to be truthful, honest, noble, generous, reasonable and courteous. rumi's work is great and multifaceted. each of the poet's works is a treasury of wise instructions calling for living with dignity and honesty. for many years now, we have been separated from the era of jalaliddin rumi. but his immortal works continue to serve the spiritual enrichment of mankind and the upbringing of the younger generation even today. references 1. муҳаммад истеъломий. мавлоно жалолиддин муҳаммад балхий. теҳрон — 2001. — 88 б. 2. румий жалолиддин. маснавийи маънавий // ж.камол тарж. –т.: ―мериюс‖ ххмк, 2010. — 846 б. 3. фиш радий. жалолиддин румий: тарихий биографик роман /русчадан ж.камол тарж. — т.: адабиѐт ва санъат нашриѐти, 1986.-272 б. 4. избуллаева, г. в. педагогическое нравственное творчество маулана джалаладдин руми / 5. г. в. избуллаева. — текст: непосредственный // педагогика: традиции и инновации: материалы iii междунар. науч. конф. (г. челябинск, апрель 2013 г.). — т. 0. — челябинск: два комсомольца, 2013. — с. 30-32. — url: https://moluch.ru/conf/ped/archive/69/3678/ (дата обращения: 27.03.2022). 6. гафурова д. х. роль детской литературы в развитии детей дошкольного возраста //academy. – 2020. – №. 12 (63). 7. гафурова д. х. педагогические взгляды алишера навои //эффективность применения инновационных технологий и техники в сельском и водном хозяйстве. – 2020. – с. 542-544. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 150 development of creative thinking through interactive technologies in the educational system kozimova dilorom department of "pedagogy and psychology, educational technologies" of the bukhara region national center for training pedagogues in new methods, teacher abstract: the article describes the role of interactive technologies in the development of creative thinking in the educational process. also, the article provides feedback on pedagogical and psychological capabilities of the pedagogue in the implementation of this process, educational technologies that serve to develop creative thinking. keywords: interactive technologies, educational process, knowledge, skills, competence formation, independent learning, creative activity. introduction today, attention to the use of interactive technologies in the educational process is increasing day by day. modern technologies teach the student to find the acquired knowledge by himself, study and analyze independently, and draw conclusions by himself. helping students to perform independent, creative activities means creating conditions for them to determine and implement their positions in practice, providing tasks aimed at pedagogical support of their creative activities. the educational process in the pedagogical education system allows to acquire knowledge about man and society, history and culture, to acquire basic fundamental knowledge, to direct scientific activity, to absorb the basics of professional pedagogical knowledge, and to expand opportunities for the development of pedagogical creativity. any person acquires a certain activity experience as a result of the development of professional knowledge. that's why a person should create, enrich and complete the experience of professional activity with his creativity. a teacher should always be able to demonstrate the skills of creative activity, which are important. only then will he be able to show his creativity during his professional career. materials the use of such concepts as "self-management", "self-development", "personal activity", "selforganization" in the practice of individual-oriented education is the main evidence that the personoriented approach in teaching today is one of the leading tools in the formation of creativity in students. can be the summarizing aspect of all this is that the subject himself is the initiator and organizer of his learning, education and development process, that is, the learner-student does not become a subject of knowledge, but is considered as such from the beginning. methods agreeing with the opinion of pedagogic-psychological scientists, we would like to emphasize that the means of supporting students' cognitive activity and, on this basis, their creative aspirations should be directed to the following goals: american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 151 a) general pedagogical support for all learners (attentive and good treatment of students, involving them in planning the learning process, creating a mutual learning environment, active content of education, educational games, colorful creative works, positive reviews of their achievements « evaluation on the "ladder of success", use of dialogic communication); b) individual-personal support (identification of the student's personal problems; tactful diagnosis of development, upbringing, study; monitoring the development process of each student; providing the need for pedagogical help and support based on the student's individual characteristics, etc. 1. the analysis of different approaches shows that in order to fully study the orientation of the future teacher's professional activity to creativity, it is necessary to approach it from the point of view of the theory of attitude. because the attitude embodies the inclinations of the individual. in this way, there is an opportunity to determine the professional direction of the person. results the results of pedagogical support of students' creative activities are manifested in the deepening of their individuality and creative qualities. creative thinking in turn enables learners to:  independent and conscious learning;  constantly moving forward;  reasonable resolution of various conflicting and problematic situations;  teaches unconventional and new ways of thinking. creative activity is a form of thought and thinking, which is developed by training ability, talent, passion, innovation, creativity are signs of creative activity. it is appropriate to analyze creative tasks by dividing them into three groups. they are:  creative independent work;  creative exercise;  learning problems. 1. creative independent work differs from other types of creative assignments in two aspects: operational organization and the possibility of continuing educational activities. creative independent work is such a tool of education that, by applying it to education:  the passion for reading and learning is continued, the motives created within the lesson are ensured;  leads to the expansion of students' knowledge, knowledge and skills;  prepares the ground for students to continue their activities independently on the studied educational material;  makes it easier to guide students' activities to a certain extent. 2. creative exercise. always memorizing and rehearsing knowledge causes boredom in education. in the process of training, creative exercises are used to eliminate the boredom of learners. creative exercise is distinguished by two distinct characteristics: 1) expands the range of learned knowledge. when the learner repeatedly returns to the previously studied educational material, he enriches the scope of his understanding with wide knowledge, imagination, facts, connections; 2) creative exercises are tailored to both memory and thinking, unlike exercises designed for constant engagement. along with the topic, the learner creatively learns additional information and activity methods. problematic exercise is the use of educational materials that require knowledge unknown to the learner. this requires him to think actively. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 152 3. educational problems are "a set of educational tasks" and can be imagined in the form of a system of creative tasks. discussion in today's rapidly developing society, great changes are taking place in the field of education. today's student is not yesterday's student, but a person who can easily argue with adults who have knowledge from all sides, is thirsty for knowledge, demanding, and has a progressive outlook. now the teacher cannot satisfy the demand of our youth with old-fashioned traditional lessons or long lectures. the current era imposes a great responsibility on the teacher. when the teacher is preparing for a new lesson, he will achieve his goal only if he approaches it creatively and turns each lesson into a single creative product. for this, he needs to avoid monotonous lessons every day, bring something new to every lesson, try to find new teaching methods, constantly search, create and constantly work on himself. one of the important requirements for the organization of modern education is to achieve high results in a short time without spending too much mental and physical effort. delivering certain theoretical knowledge to students in a short period of time, forming knowledge, skills, skills and competencies in them in relation to certain activities, as well as controlling the activities of students, evaluating the level of knowledge, skills, skills and competencies acquired by them is a high pedagogical skill and educational process from the teacher. requires a relatively new approach. innovative technologies are innovations and changes in the activities of teachers and students in the pedagogical process, and interactive methods are mainly used in its implementation. active teaching methods, advanced pedagogical technologies are the product of innovative ideas. interactive teaching not only forms students' activity, creativity, independence in the process of acquiring information, but also helps in the full realization of educational goals. in this, the following concepts of education serve as a fundamental basis: 1) intensive activity of the teacher is manifested as the main form of educational activity, he acts as the subject and organizer of this activity; 2) the main basis and result of the educational activity, the subject of this activity is the student; 3) the main indicator of successful educational activity, the result of which is learning the student's ways of thinking and creative solving of practical problems, forming the skills of being able to act freely and independently; 4) the main indicator of educational activity is educational assignments. in this, teaching tactics that develop methods of thinking and cognitive actions in the student, who is the main subject of the educational process, play an important role; 5) the process of carrying out educational activities consists in preparing the ground for the student to master his personal cognitive skills and abilities. conclusion from a logical point of view, interactivity represents, first of all, the actions and activities of social subjects based on conversation, mutual cooperation. according to this, interactive teaching is organized on the basis of "cooperation between the main participants of the educational process the teacher, the student and the group of students, intense debates, having the opportunity to exchange ideas, in which they can think freely, express their personal views without hesitation, and jointly search for solutions in problem situations. , it is characterized by mutual respect, understanding and support of the "teacher-student-student group", sincere relationship, and spiritual unity. in the process of education, the teacher develops students' abilities, independence, self-control, selfmanagement, effective conversation, working with peers, listening and understanding their opinions, american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 153 independent and critical thinking, putting forward alternative proposals, feedback. he manages to form such qualities as free expression, defense of his points of view, striving to find a solution to the problem, and the ability to get out of difficult situations. most importantly, by using interactive methods, the teacher gets the opportunity to objectively evaluate the students' actions based on mutual cooperation in order to achieve a specific educational goal by organizing, directing, directing, controlling and analyzing. therefore, effective use of innovative technologies by every teacher in the educational process will further increase the quality and efficiency of teaching. they are the student's thorough acquisition of theoretical knowledge; efficient use of time; creative thinking; activation of the lesson; the ability to listen to the opinions of others; leads to conclusions from the expressed opinions literature 1. ibragimova g.n. development of students' creative abilities based on interactive teaching methods and technologies. / monograph. t.: "science and technology", 2016. -p.77. 2. yoldoshev j.g. education is on the way to renewal. t.: "teacher", 2000. p. 207. 3. modern education / sovremennoe obrazovanie magazine, 2017, 4 international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 70 interdependence of tangible and intangible cultural heritage xamrayeva guli assistant of the department of uzbek language and literature with russian, samarkand state medical university abstract: over the past twenty years, the concept of cultural heritage in uzbekistan has been constantly expanding. the question quickly expanded to include building groups, historical architecture and heritage. today, the anthropological approach to heritage forces us to view it as a social totality of many different, complex and interdependent manifestations. this now reflects the diversity of cultural expressions. searching for the "message" of cultural property has become more important. this requires us to define ethical values, social customs, beliefs or myths, the sign and expression of which is intangible heritage. the meaning of architectural or urban structures and the transformation of natural landscapes through human intervention are increasingly linked to issues of identity. it is on the basis of these reflections that a more comprehensive approach has been developed over the past decade to better appreciate the intangible heritage as a source of cultural identity, creativity and diversity. keywords: tangible and intangible heritage, culture, values, history. intangible heritage includes customs and oral traditions, music, languages, poetry, dances, festivals, religious ceremonies, as well as healing systems, traditional knowledge systems and skills related to the material aspects of culture such as tools and habitats. unesco action in the field of tangible and intangible heritage. for three decades, unesco's normative standard-setting activity has focused on the protection of tangible heritage through the creation of: the convention for the protection of the cultural heritage in the event of armed conflict (1954), the convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit export, import and transfer of ownership of cultural heritage values (1970), the convention for the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage (1972) and the convention for the protection of the underwater cultural heritage (2001). in the unesco world heritage list in uzbekistan as of 2012, 31 objects were included in the preliminary list. ii. unesco action on intangible heritage. as a consequence, the protection of the intangible heritage has long been largely neglected, although the first step in this direction was taken in 1973, a convention for the protection of folklore. this proposal was not successful, but helped to raise awareness of the need to recognize and include intangible aspects in the field of cultural heritage. however, it was not until 1982 that unesco established a ―committee of experts on the protection of folklore‖ and created a dedicated ―division of the intangible heritage‖, which resulted in the adoption of the recommendation on the protection of traditional culture and folklore in 1989. this recommendation set an important precedent for the recognition of ―traditional culture and folklore". he also called for international cooperation and considered the steps to be taken to identify, conserve, disseminate and protect it. the conference stressed the need to focus on the keepers of traditions and not on scholars. he also emphasized the need to be more inclusive, embracing not only artistic products such as fairy tales, songs, but also the knowledge and values that enable them to be created, the creative processes that american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 71 create products, and the ways of interaction through which these products are obtained and validated. the growing importance of the intangible cultural heritage at unesco is also highlighted by two programs: the living treasures of humanity system (launched in 1993) and the proclamation of masterpieces of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity (launched in 1998). place memory meaning: the preservation of intangible values in monuments and objects. monuments and cultural spaces were proclaimed by the director-general of unesco in may 2001. this declaration provides a useful indication of the type of intangible heritage that various member states wish to preserve. in 2000, unesco began to develop a new international convention for the protection of the intangible heritage, similar to the 1972 convention for the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage. the draft of this new convention was submitted to the 32nd session of the general conference and adopted by a large majority in october 2003. this initiative demonstrates that the need to protect intangible heritage, not only through operations but also through regulations, is increasingly recognized in member states. cultural heritage is a synchronized relationship involving society (i.e., the systems of interactions that bind people), norms, and values (i.e., ideas, such as belief systems, that give relative importance). symbols, technologies and objects are tangible evidence of the underlying norms and values. thus, they establish a symbiotic relationship between the material and the non-material. intangible heritage should be seen as the broader framework in which tangible heritage takes shape and meaning. the istanbul declaration, adopted at a round table of 71 ministers of culture organized by unesco in istanbul in september 2002, emphasizes that ―a comprehensive approach to cultural heritage must prevail, taking into account the dynamic relationship between tangible and intangible heritage. and their close interaction." this declaration is an eminently clear statement that intangible heritage acquires its true meaning only when it sheds light on the underlying values. conversely, intangible heritage must be embodied in material manifestations, then is in visible signs if it is to be preserved (which is only one form of protection for it.) this dialectic can be particularly fruitful in ensuring greater representation of those cultures of the world that place more importance on oral tradition than on written tradition. regions that could particularly benefit from this concept are africa, asia and oceania, whose heritage consists of an unparalleled wealth of oral traditions and cultural practices, heritages that the "monumentalist" approach has ignored for too long. however, the contribution of these cultures is an important past in the global heritage catalog. so what is meant by these ―holistic approaches to tangible and intangible heritage‖ and how can they be applied in practice? tangible cultural heritage, whether it be a monument, historic city or landscape, is easy to catalog and its protection consists mainly of conservation and restoration measures. intangible heritage, on the other hand, is made up of processes and practices and therefore requires a different approach to protection and methodology than tangible heritage. it is inherently fragile and therefore much more vulnerable than other forms of heritage, as it depends on actors and social and environmental conditions that are not subject to rapid change. the protection of intangible heritage includes the collection, documentation and archiving of cultural property, as well as the protection and support of their owners. while tangible cultural heritage is meant to outlive those who produce or commission it, the fate of intangible heritage is much more closely tied to its creators, as it depends in most cases on oral transmission. consequently, the legal and administrative measures traditionally taken to protect the tangible elements of cultural heritage are in most cases inappropriate for the protection of heritage, the most important elements of which relate to specific knowledge and value systems and specific social and cultural contexts. list of used literature: 1. хамраева г. н. роль художественной литературы в нравственном воспитании гармонично развитой личности //fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari. – с. 38. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 72 2. разыкова л. т., джамалдинова ш. о. содействие творчеству и инновациям в системе образования //ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 70-77. 3. obloberdiyevna d. s., tuychiyevna r. l. distance learning in the system of higher education //web of scholars: multidimensional research journal. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 4. – с. 53-59. 4. djamaldinova, shaxlo. "problemic methods of learning uzbek literature in english in american audiences." central asian journal of education 5.2 (2021): udc-398. 5. хусанбоева к. п., джамалдинова ш. о. проблемы преподавания узбекской литературы в английских (американских) аудиториях и пути их решения //science and world. – 2013. – с. 56. 6. джамалдинова ш., бекирова э. обучение навыкам решения проблем на занятиях //interconf. – 2020. 7. obloberdievna, djamaldinova shahlo, and bekirova elzara seydalievna. "avicenna's contribution to world medicine." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 9.11 (2021): 238-241. retrieved from https://giirj.com/index.php/giirj/article/view/479 8. джамалдинова ш., кучкарова о. роль социальных медиа в формировании эмоционального развития молодёжи //interconf. – 2020. 9. obloberdievna, d. s., & seydalievna, b. e. (2021). avicenna's contribution to world medicine. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 9(11), 238-241. 10. obloberdievna d. s., nematjonovna m. s. research approaches to improving the educational system //international journal of philosophical studies and social sciences. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 225-229. 11. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & tuychiyevna, r. l. (2022). distance learning in the system of higher education. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(4), 53-59. 12. obloberdiyevna d. s., odilkhonovna k. u. virtual learning as the only safe learning option during a pandemic //international journal of intellectual cultural heritage. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 117-121. 13. джамалдинова ш. о. этика в образовательной системе //boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 50-53. 14. хусанбаева к., джамалдинова ш. the agony of longing //in library. – 2020. – т. 20. – №. 2. – с. 2004-2008. 15. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & odilkhonovna, k. u. (2022). teaching languages using modern educational methods. international journal of intellectual cultural heritage, 2(3), 105-111. 16. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & yuldashevna, x. g. (2022). problem-based study of literary works in the science of methodology. international journal of philosophical studies and social sciences, 2(3), 205-213. 17. джамалдинова, ш. о. изучение произведения антуана де сент-экзюпери «маленький принц» на основе проблемного метода / ш. о. джамалдинова. — текст : непосредственный // молодой ученый. — 2022. — № 2 (397). — с. 196-198. — url: https://moluch.ru/archive/ 18. тошкулова м. и., джамалдинова ш. о. внедрение научных открытий в клиническую практику посредством функциональной медицины. – 2021. 19. джамалдинова ш. o ‗zbekiston milliy universiteti xabarlari, 2020,[1/3] issn 2181-7324. https://giirj.com/index.php/giirj/article/view/479 https://moluch.ru/archive/ american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 73 20. джамалдинова, ш. о. (2022). теоретические основы проблемного обучения и необходимость их использования в школьном литературном образовании. наука, образование и культура, (2 (62)), 40-42. 21. hayitova s. d. the levels of students‘independent learning activities and the ways to improve working independently //mental enlightenment scientific-methodological journal. – 2022. – т. 2022. – №. 2. – с. 136-149. 22. джамалдинова ш. ўзбек адабий таълимида муаммоли ўқитиш кечимининг ўзига хос хусусиятлари ва фойдаланишнинг амалий намунаси //общество и инновации. – 2022. – т. 3. – №. 4/s. – с. 539-546. 23. джамалдинова ш. о., необходимость т., образовании и. наука, образование и культура. 2022. № 2 (62) //url: https://cyberleninka. ru/article/n/teoreticheskie-osnovyproblemnogo-obucheniya-ineobhodimost-ih-ispolzovaniya-v-shkolnom-literaturnomobrazovanii. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 154 moral values are the main content of spirituality gullola shavkatovna rakhmonova teacher of bukhara state university, uzbekistan abstract: this article examines moral consciousness and its elements, essence, structure, formation in human life, moral requirements, norms, rules, views, ideas, thoughts that form ideas about justice, spiritual expression of the relationship between society, legal norms of morality. keywords: spiritual, moral, moral consciousness, essence, justice, society, law, feeling, norm, rule, thought, ideas, structure, formation. morality is a volatile complex social phenomenon. to understand the essence and nature of morality, it is necessary to know the patterns of its structuring, formation and decision-making. morality is a spiritual expression of objective interaction between a person and society, a manifestation of the need to coordinate common and individual interests. it is also one of the main forms of overcoming conflicts that arise between a person and society. morality cannot be attributed to social law or to subjective prescriptions, as well as law, since morality is one of the ways to solve a social problem from an individual. for this reason, morality cannot be considered as consisting only of moral consciousness. it has a logically perfect formal unity consisting of moral consciousness, moral practice, and moral attitudes. these elements cannot be separated from each other, they are interconnected, they can only be distinguished theoretically, since there are no purely moral phenomena in social reality. also, all the elements of morality are relatively independent, although they are interconnected. in the field of morality, in its structural structure, the most elementary is moral consciousness. moral consciousness is the views, ideas, thoughts, theories that form moral requirements, norms, rules, ideas about justice. any human behavior is committed through consciousness, but society analyzes them and identifies only those that are interesting to them. the same is true with the social significance of moral consciousness. in the moral consciousness, reality is fixed not as laws, but in the form of public order, requirements, norms that are imposed on human behavior. moral consciousness is divided into social and individual. therefore, moral consciousness, on the one hand, represents the standards of the requirements of a group of society, and on the other hand, it is an individual, personal form of awareness of these requirements and their manifestation in practice. the sense of reason gives a certain social orientation, while the emotional feeling finds its mental basis in the mind. feelings in a sense strengthen the foundations in a person, because the moral wound associated with analysis and evaluation takes a long time for the mind to react, while moral feelings are affected very quickly. as hegel said, no greatness in the universe was an event without passion. it is also impossible to reveal the truth without human feelings. so there is no true moral greatness without feelings. but although emotions determine the importance of behavior to some extent, they may not always be a permanent cause of behavior. although a person from the direct influence of a number of phenomena in a social situation can lead to correct behavior, for example, to a willingness to put social interests above personal ones, of course, but if he has not analyzed all the circumstances, does not have a firm intention, beliefs, beliefs, then his behavior cannot but speak american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 155 of an accidental temper. thus, the central element of moral consciousness is a belief, which consists of a stable emotional attitude to strict knowledge and moral procedures established in a person under the influence of certain circumstances and upbringing. trust is the subjective acceptance of the norm of behavior and the belief in the correctness and fairness of the moral principles that a person models. but the specific aspects of moral persuasion are not limited to this, since this side is just a mental understanding of moral necessity. this is not just an awareness of the correctness of moral requirements, but also an expression of the complete timeliness of compliance with these ethical programs. consequently, moral confidence determines the direction of an individual's activity, his pursuit of a goal, the structure of hidden motives of behavior, as well as his general point of view, his place in life, the meaning of life. moral confidence expresses its rational and emotional sides, gives stagnation, creates a guarantee that an individual will not "rust" morally, means that a person will not deviate from his principles even in any difficult conditions. the specific and at the same time the most important element of moral consciousness is the moral qualities of the individual. the moral qualities of people, that is, their qualities, are explained by social, family, and economic reasons. in each period, the main moral qualities are determined by the general direction of the dominant ideologue, worldview. however, morality differs from ideology, worldview by its universal, national characteristics. moral qualities can be positive and negative. positive moral qualities we also include such qualities as diligence, humility, politeness, kindness, sincerity, dishonesty and honesty include. these are our moral values. negative qualities, we can also call them vices, include, for example, betrayal, bribery, hypocrisy, paganism, envy, vulgarity, lack of will, hypocrisy, individuality, selfishness, officialdom. ideas about moral qualities have changed, developed and improved throughout history, as have other social phenomena. for example, in the middle ages, when religion dominated in all spheres of social life, the church – faith, hope and love, that is, faith in god, hope for his mercy and love for him were considered the main virtues. at present, when our motherland is on the path of independence and democracy, in market economic conditions, it is necessary to combine the qualities of patriotism, national pride with the qualities of entrepreneurship, mutual interest, cooperation, patience, calmness, satisfaction. moral perfection, spiritual elevation above our national traditions, our cultural and educational heritage will not remain without influence in solving difficult economic conditions. moral relations are an integral part of social relations. like any kind of social relations, ethical relations are limited by moral norms, exist in the form of connections, connections between a person and society, between people. based on this, moral relations in their form are divided into episodic, that is, helping a doomed person, and stagnant, that is, relationships with family, collective, group, people in the neighborhood. but moral relations are not only connections, connections, but also interaction that has a normative basis, including the duties of a person to the society of other people. moral relations, as a rule, initially spontaneous, begin to form on the basis of material relations. then it gradually separates from material relations and enters the sphere of ideological, ideological, spiritual relations. moral relations arise outside the will of people and, of course, pass through the consciousness of people in the wounds of establishing moral norms, public support. moral relations differ from other types of social relations, the influence of moral norms and assessments is always and everywhere visible. they manifest themselves in moral activity, behavior, manner of behavior, moral influence in relation to the surrounding social being. the fact that moral relations, along with the evaluative character, have an imperative, guiding character, is also its distinctive feature. in moral relations, the activity and behavior of people, as a moral and practical expression of their relationships, occupy the main place. at this time, moral relationships are as independent as other social ones. moral consciousness, when it is difficult to distinguish moral relations from other methods regulating the activities of people, comes into the zone. in turn, moral relations are nothing but manifestations of behavior taken from the point of view of moral conditions and significance. moral relations are a social mechanism for supporting and executing architects, and they will always embody the desire to form, develop, preserve and pass on mayors to the next generations. impressionability of moral norms the criterion of khetbakhsh's strength is the expression of moral relations. morality would lose its social significance if it existed outside of its american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 156 results – moral relations. thus, all aspects of morality dictate to each other and define each other. but the fact that all sides of morality are solid also does not eliminate the differences and contradictions in them. for example, moral relations are a form of consolidation in society of norms of behavior tested by moral references 1. рахмонова г. ш. и др. ахлоқ–шахс тараққиётининг юқори маънавий пойдевори //boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 160-165. 2. рахмонова г. ш. и др. талаба-ёшларни тарбиялашда маънавий-ахлоқий қадриятларнинг ўрни ва аҳамияти //boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 108-113. 3. rakhmonova g. s. the content of the development of spiritual and moral competencies of students //european journal of innovation in nonformal education. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 179-183. 4. рахмонова г. ш., жалилов з. б. развитие духовно-нравственных способностей у будущих учителей //academy. – 2020. – №. 12 (63). – с. 62-64. 5. рахмонова г. ш., насруллаева м. н. к. методика проведения занятий по развитию речи в дошкольных образовательных учреждениях //academy. – 2019. – №. 12 (51). – с. 93-94. 6. рахмонова г. ш. содержание развития духовно-нравственных компетенций у студентов //проблемы педагогики. – 2022. – №. 1 (59). – с. 14-16. 7. рахмонова г. tалабаларда маънавий-ахлоқий компетенцияларни ривожлантириш //матеріали конференцій мцнд. – 2021. 8. shavkatovna r. g. methods of formation of spiritual and moral competencies in the education of future teachers //academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. – 2021. – т. 11. – №. 2. – с. 976-980. 9. shavkatovna r. g. formation of spiritual and moral attitudes of the student's personality //middle european scientific bulletin. – 2021. – т. 10. 10. рахмонова г. ш., тошхонова з., тоҳирова м. талабаларда маънавий-ахлоқий компетенцияларни шакллантириш технологиялари //scientific progress. – 2021. – т. 2. – №. 7. – с. 1032-1037. 11. xayrulloyeva, d. (2021). the gradual development of native language textbooks for grades 3-4 in primary school. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 7(7). 12. xayrulloyeva, d. (2021). system of creative exercises and tasks in primary school mother tongue textbooks. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 7(7). 13. xayrullayeva, d. n. q. (2021). boshlang‟ich sinf ona tili darsliklaridagi ijodiy mashq va topshiriqlar tizimi. scientific progress, 2(7), 1235-1242. 14. dilnoza, x. (2022). 1-sinf “ona tili va o‟qish savodxonligi” darslarida etnopedagogika namunalarini o‟rgatish metodikasi. барқарорлик ва етакчи тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали, 2(4), 337-341. 15. xayrullayeva, d. (2021). boshlang „ich sinflarda ona tili ta‟limining ahamiyati. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). 16. xayrullayeva, d. (2021). boshlang „ich sinflarda ona tili ta‟limining ahamiyati. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 113 use of digital games in children's activities m. m. nigmatova associate professor of preschool education department, bukhara state university abstract: this article analyzes educational digital games that can be an interesting way to study complex subjects that students usually don’t like. in this exercise, several educational digital games are used as an educational tool that allows the learner to learn and understand complex subjects without undue stress. keywords: digital games, teamwork, training, development, goal achievement. back in the 80s, m.i. makhmutov pointed out the significance and importance of new approaches in the development of a lesson. therefore, based on the relevance of the problem of developing forms of education, i would like to prepare the reader to comprehend and understand non-traditional active forms and methods of conducting educational work, in other words, to master the methodology for their implementation. here it is necessary to consider occupation as the main form of education. being an important organizational unit of the educational process, the lesson also performs an educational function. it is interesting to note the indispensable dialectic of the lesson: on the one hand, the lesson is a part of the educational process that solves specific intermediate tasks; but on the other hand, a lesson is a kind of whole unit that has a beginning and an end. if it is taught by a talented teacher, then the lesson turns into an independent work of art with an emotional continuation in the form of homework. the importance of a teacher (educator, teacher or parent) in the upbringing of a child can hardly be overestimated. to teach a child to actively explore the life around him is a big and difficult task that requires a long work of adults. one of the most common types of developmental learning, which has always been and remains the most popular and popular both in children's educational institutions and at home, is didactic games. the role of didactic games in the learning and development of the child is the main one, especially at a younger age. this question, one way or another, was probably touched by all researchers of child psychology. professor of psychology a.v. zaporozhets, assessing the role of didactic play, writes: “we need to ensure that didactic play is not only a form of mastering individual knowledge and skills, but also contributes to the overall development of the child, serves to form his abilities.” being a sociocultural phenomenon, the didactic game has its own history and is passed down from generation to generation. according to the researcher of the process of raising a child in the process of playing a.k. bondarenko: “didactic games were created and are being created by adults for the development of children, taking into account their needs, interests and capabilities. children receive the content of the game in a finished form and master it as an element of culture. children's play has not always existed. “the game arises in the course of the historical development of society as a result of a change in the place of the child in the system of social relations,” writes the well-known researcher of the game, d. b. elkonin. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 114 it is social in origin, by nature. the game, being a powerful stimulus for the development of the child, does not arise spontaneously, but develops in the process of education under the influence of adults. at a certain stage in the process of the child's interaction with the objective world, a truly human children's game arises. according to plato, even the priests of ancient egypt were famous for designing special educational and educational games. the arsenal of such games was replenished. plato in his "state" etymologically brought together two words: "education" and "play". he rightly argued that learning crafts and martial arts is unthinkable without play. in any historical era, the game attracted the attention of teachers. the game contains a real opportunity to educate and educate a child in joy j.j. despite the fact that the game is an interesting, exciting activity, it is also an educational activity, so the game must meet certain requirements: 1. the game must have clear rules that the child knows and unquestioningly observes. 2. compliance with the rules of the game should lead to a certain result, which the child consciously perceives as a completed task. 3. the course of the game provides each child with the opportunity to choose a specific action, which ensures individual activity in a collective game. 4. it is necessary that the child knows exactly what skill is being trained in this game. it is important that along with the consolidation of already acquired knowledge, the student learns something new. the use of games and game forms in the classroom is very effective for the development of cognitive activity. so, for example, in biology lessons, you can play a quest game around the school territory. children are happy to pass the tests offered to them by a competent teacher, during which they learn a lot of new things, and they don‟t learn even more, but understand that they don‟t know this encourages them to work independently, to search for answers in various sources: books, textbooks, encyclopedias, internet, and, of course, in conversations with parents and friends. most children and teenagers enjoy playing video games and computer games. it has become part of the lifestyle of modern people. they spend many hours playing games and improving their skills. this scenario forced educators to think, explore and figure out the connection between education and games. however, the amount of research conducted in this area is extremely small. educational games can be grouped into 3 categories. such as:  non-digital games;  digital games;  team digital games. the first digital games appeared in the world about thirty years ago in usa. soon after the spread of the world wide web around the world, digital games also became a pastime for every teenager. by 2000, digital play had become an integral part of children's lives. children born in 2000 no longer know a world without networks, they breathe a digital world, unlike those born in the 1990s. in 1987, researchers produced a guide to appear in educational games. this guide consists of 4 points: 1. the task is created through clear, fixed goals that are relevant to the student. uncertain consequences create problems, offering different levels of complexity, hidden information and possibilities. performance feedback should be frequent and supportive. finally, the activity should contribute to the sense of competence of the person involved. 2. curiosity occurs in two different procedures: sensory curiosity and cognitive curiosity. visual and sound effects, mostly in computer games, can enhance sensory curiosity. when students are american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 115 surprised by paradoxes or incompleteness, it arouses cognitive curiosity. 3. control is experienced as a sense of independence and control on the part of the student. parts of opportunity, choice, and power subsidize the learning experience management function. 4. fantasy covers both the feelings and the thought process of the student. fantasies require not only the emotional needs of the student, but also contain an appropriate description. finally, fantasies must have an integral connection with the material. management of risks. digital games are designed to work with the risk of failure. players can restart the session again if they fail and play again to advance to the next level. this was done to encourage the player to take risks, explore and try new strategies. in a familiar environment, the audience usually does not see risks, exploration and failure. solution of problems. the most common thing that is observed in the game is the "challenge". these challenges give the player experience in problem solving. when one challenge is overcome, the game creates another challenge that can encourage the player to think and think again while trying to reach the goal. permanent memory. games involve the player and force him to memorize and re-memorize the steps he has taken before. activities such as solving crossword puzzles or the wheel of fortune. competencies based on results. most games require the ability to win at a higher level or unlock another task or object. therefore, the player tends to make every effort to achieve high performance in order to get more features or advantages in the game. teamwork. when a player plays a multiplayer game, it is advantageous for him to play with other children with different skills. in addition, it promotes teamwork where these players can combine or share their individual skills for the benefit of the team. transfer of knowledge. when a player participates in a game, he must know how to control the game and where the player must go next. in multiplayer games, when one is playing with their team, the core knowledge needs to be communicated to the team and how they are going to win and at what specific stage. based on the general situation and based on the totality of all the above and mentioned facts, we can conclude that today the method of education through the use of digital games has great chances for its existence, although it has not yet been used before. this teaching method has the highest "efficiency" for students. references 1. spiridonov n.ya. development of digital games for learning // science and modernity. 2015. s. 282-283. 2. mahmudovna n. m. systemic approach to education //european journal of innovation in nonformal education. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 184-191. 3. nigmatova m. развитие творчества детей дошкольного возраста с помощью art педагогики. вестник науки и образования. 2021/9. № 14.ст.31-34 4. нигматова м. м., мирзаева д. ш. арт-терапия, как средство адаптации детей раннего возраста к доо. – 2022. 5. nigmatova m. raqamli oʻyinlar bolalarni oʻqitish usuli sifatida //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 3. – №. 3. 6. makhmudovna n. m. the role of artpedagogy in the growth of new generation //middle european scientific bulletin. – 2021. – т. 11. 7. mahmudovna n. m. et al. fundamentals of using steam technology in preschool education system of uzbekistan //international journal of early childhood. – т. 14. – №. 03. – с. 2022. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 116 8. нигматова м. м. и др. способы эффективного использования методов обучения математике в начальных классах //academy. – 2020. – №. 3. – с. 76-78. 9. dilnoza, x. (2022). 1-sinf “ona tili va o‟qish savodxonligi” darslarida etnopedagogika namunalarini o‟rgatish metodikasi. барқарорлик ва етакчи тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали, 2(4), 337-341. 10. xayrullayeva, d. (2021). boshlang „ich sinflarda ona tili ta‟limining ahamiyati. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). 11. xayrullayeva, d. (2021). boshlang „ich sinflarda ona tili ta‟limining ahamiyati. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 1 | nov-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 1 improving the aesthetic education of 5th grade students on the basis of national embroidery olimova dilnoza murodullo qizi doctoral student of termez state university abstract: national independence has put on the agenda the need to improve education and upbringing in schools of uzbekistan, and for this purpose, first of all, to improve the professional training of future teachers. fulfillment of this social order requires the rational organization of the educational process in universities and pedagogical institutes, the search for effective forms, methods and means of preparing future teachers for national educational activities; to teach students to correctly interpret the pedagogical needs of national independence; equipping with scientific knowledge of the theory and methodology of national education; national pedagogical skills required special training. keywords: purpose, methodology, education, pedagogical, activity, effective introduction on the other hand, this problem has become a topical issue in the articles and discussions of pedagogical scientists of the republic. the pedagogical community has described the state of our science in the early 1990s as a "deep crisis in pedagogy." the root roots of this crisis are first and foremost; when pedagogy is interpreted on the basis of a completely different national basis, detached from the national soil, the deep millennial traditions of the ancient east; when the issue of pedagogical legislation is too weak; that the issue has not yet been left out of the general debate; it has long been argued that uzbekistan has a long tradition of studying the history of other national pedagogies, and so on. while these shortcomings included the theoretical and ideological aspects of teacher training, on the other hand, in pedagogical practice, young teachers were repeatedly noted for their inaccuracies in the organization of educational work. this, in fact, made the reform of the teacher training system based on the requirements of national independence a topical issue. thus, there was a mismatch between independence, the national educational requirements of national independence for teachers in uzbekistan and the level of readiness of our teachers for national educational activities. addressing these shortcomings will equip future teachers with the theoretical and methodological foundations of national education; draw students' theoretical conclusions; independent analysis of pedagogical situations; observe the relationship between pedagogical cause and effect; mastering the logic of pedagogical influence; application of pedagogical diagnostics, technology, forecasting methods; pedagogical and psychological tasks, such as teaching the theoretical knowledge learned to relate to practice. the process of pedagogical and psychological training of future teachers begins with the study of the course "introduction to the teaching profession" in pedagogical institutes and universities. this course provides students with knowledge about the teaching profession from the very beginning, the requirements for it in the context of national independence, the importance of school in strengthening american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 2 national independence, educating the younger generation in the spirit of national independence. this is the first stage in the formation of pedagogical, psychological, spiritual, ideological, ideological worldview in students. the content of the course "introduction to the teaching profession" is based on: 1) the teaching profession and the requirements of independent uzbekistan for teachers; 2) description of educational institutions where future teachers should work as specialists: gymnasium, secondary school, lyceum, college, boarding school; 3) the system of pedagogical education, the importance and forms of independent work and selfeducation; 4) work in the library, analysis of the literature, lectures, seminars, laboratory classes and other knowledge. recommendations were given to teachers based on the importance of preparing future teachers for national educational activities. in particular: to acquaint students with the high status of teachers in the east: to show their place in the glory of eastern culture, spirituality, science: al-farabi, alisher navoi, abu ali ibn sino, abu the role of teachers in the formation of rayhon beruni and other scholars to give knowledge about the traditions of teachers and students: a detailed discussion of the system of personal and professional qualities required: -to give national educational concepts, etc. the seminar focused on the pedagogical nature of national morality, positive and negative human qualities, created vital pedagogical situations, increased students' interest in their profession, and prepared them for meetings with schools and students. school closures not only disrupted education, but also affected the delivery of essential services, including school feeding, protection and psychosocial support, impacting the overall wellbeing and mental health of children. reopening schools and supporting them to provide comprehensive services promoting wellbeing and psychosocial support is a priority. this will happen only if teachers are adequately equipped and trained to support the holistic needs of children. all teachers should be supported and prepared for remedial education, mental health and psychosocial support, and remote learning. building back better requires countries to measure how effective their policy responses are at mitigating learning loss and to analyze their impact on equity—and then to use what they learn to keep improving. improving systems to generate timely and reliable data is critical to evaluate policy responses and generate lessons learned for the next disruption to education. the implementation gap between policy and improved student learning requires more research to understand what works and how to scale what works to the system level. countries have an opportunity to accelerate learning and make schools more efficient, equitable, and resilient by building on investments made and lessons learned during the crisis. now is the time to shift from crisis to recovery— and beyond recovery, to resilient and transformative education systems that truly deliver learning and wellbeing for all children and youth. there were also challenges in preparing future teachers for national education. one of them was the lack of special scientific literature, which should provide students with information about nationality, upbringing, culture, national identity, the pedagogical significance of the ideology of national independence. of course, a number of enlightening and popular pamphlets, such as the holy quran, hadith, "etiquette of communication", "etiquette", "amir temur's teachings", "uzbek weddings" are excluded. the authors of these books told the story of national morality and aimed to teach students national etiquette, conscience, faith and other qualities. the public interest in the national values of our people, the desire to preserve them, has ensured the commercial success and popularity of these brochures. however, these pamphlets are mainly historical in nature. ‖could not answer the pedagogical questions. because the authors did not set such goals. in order to solve the problem in a positive way, teachers of social sciences were instructed to understand the essence of the awakening of national creativity in our lives, to form in them the ideology of national independence. in particular, the distribution of essays on national ideological topics to students; we recommended that students read the national educational articles, historical documents, and cultural heritage published in national newspapers and magazines. to help students in this work, the list of literature includes articles, pamphlets, government documents, speeches and speeches of the american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 3 president on various aspects of national education, published in the national press in 1989-1997. this event was necessary for future teachers to conduct national educational activities; national ideological worldview; national etiquette; conscience; culture of interethnic communication; national pride; he served to lay the foundation for such qualities as patriotism of uzbekistan, the belief in national independence. radical reform of education and implementation of the national program of personnel training are of strategic importance for our statehood. therefore, in our country, "the spiritual uplift of national pride, based on the high dignity, honor, dignity, great kindness and pure conscience of the uzbek people, and at the same time living in our common homeland and o ' the principle of national independence, aimed at brotherhood with all peoples loyal to the republic of uzbekistan (ia karimov), is rapidly penetrating into various spheres of social and spiritual life. for the first time in uzbekistan's history since independence, the national feeling is natural to man, inherited from his parents, and expressed in his first words to the world; it is impossible to bring up a real person who loves his people, their traditions, language and culture, who perceives his people as one of the equal in the world community. was admitted. from the point of view of the theory and practice of world pedagogy in this new uzbekistan, a new, modern and scientific-experimental pedagogical technology the creation of ideological, political, cultural, spiritual, scientific foundations of national education is on the agenda. in this regard, after gaining national independence, the national education of students in schools of uzbekistan has become both a theoretical (from the point of view of pedagogical theory) and a practical (from the point of view of organizing the national educational process in schools of uzbekistan on a scientific basis) . this research is one of the first results of scientific research aimed at creating pedagogical guarantees for the strengthening and development of this need. the introduction of "national education" in the scientific and pedagogical circulation requires an indepth analysis of each of its concepts, etymology, essence, conditions of integration, boundaries, goals, objectives, methods and systems of tools. the essence of "national education" is based on the system of anthropological knowledge, world pedagogical experience and scientific achievements of folk pedagogy. in short, the concept of "national upbringing" a unique image of "good man", "good child" in each nation, and the family, a system of pedagogical influence aimed at bringing the younger generation closer to this "image" in social life. is a historical, modern, and continuous process of enhancement. the purpose of national education in independent uzbekistan is to scientifically ensure the study, identification and implementation of the national order of the people of uzbekistan, our ideology, the president and the school aimed at the formation of certain qualities in young uzbeks. in the context of national independence, the study and generalization of social life, ideological and pedagogical needs, the government of uzbekistan, the president, human qualities, which are recognized as relevant for national development, allowed to determine the main directions of national education. as a result, the formation of national pride, a culture of interethnic communication, uzbek patriotism, conscience, national etiquette and national ideological consciousness in uzbek schools, which are directly related to the national feelings of students, has been identified as a priority. the purposeful formation of these qualities could not be put on the agenda of the former soviet pedagogy as a scientific problem. this is confirmed by a number of opinions of the president that the lack of these qualities in the current generation has a negative impact on the quality and pace of reforms, as well as decrees and resolutions on the national program for radical reform of education. the situation required the mobilization of all the achievements of national, scientific pedagogy to form the qualities of independence in the younger generation to ensure the pedagogical guarantee of national independence. the education of the above qualities, the prevention of internal threats to our national security, such as nationalism, ideology, arrogance, indifference to the problems of the fatherland, obscenity, dishonesty, etc.) in all schools of uzbekistan is a special, science-based, purposeful. should be transformed into a process based on the close collaboration of school and family, community, and out-of-school institutions. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 4 used literature 1. жаборов исо. ўзбек халє этнографияси / масъул маіаррир: к.н.шониёзов / -т.: ўєитувчи, 1994. –320 б. орипов м. инсонийлик моіияти. / гулистон, 1990 йил 12-сон. 2. этнография детства: традиционнўе формў воспитания детей и подростков у народов вост. и юго-вост. азии (сб.ст.) ан ссср, ин-т этнографии им. м.маклая; / ред. колл.: и.с.кон (отв. ред.) и др.-м.: наука, 1983, -232 с. 3. гегель. соч. т.viii, с.105. 4. шомансуров ш. тил ва тиббиёт. / фан ва турмуш. 1992. № 2.26 б 5. кон и.с. социология личности.м.: 1967. 6. сорокин ю.а., тарасов е.ф., уфимцева н.в. ―культурнўй знак‖ л.г.вўготского и гипотеза сепира-уорфа // национально-культурная специфика речевого обіения народов ссср. – м.: 1982. 7. курони карим. таржима ва изоілар муаллифи алоуддин мансур т.: чўлпон, 1992,-544 б. 8. фаріанги забони точикий (аз асри х то ибтидои асри хх). 2 чилд. 1 чилд. советская энциклопедия. – м.: 1969.-689 б. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 203 the importance of project education in improving the creative activity of students in primary grade mother tongue education jumayeva habiba g’aforovna bukhara state university abstract: this article describes the ways, methods and means of using information and communication technologies to improve the quality of education through the importance of project education in improving the creative activity of students in the teaching of the mother tongue of the primary grade. keywords: project, project education, information technologies, didactic tool, pedagogical skills, pedagogical technology, technical tools, multimedia, interactive methods. in the modernized educational institutions of uzbekistan, the formation of such qualities as independent thinking, conscious attitude to reality, involvement and social activity, speech and thinking, and the development of a highly spiritual person are important factors in raising a healthy generation. as a result, there was a need to widely use advanced pedagogical and information and communication technologies starting from the primary education system. the task of forming the "strategy of actions for further development of the republic of uzbekistan" and ensuring active and successful participation in the social, political, cultural and educational life of the society is defined. today, the use of innovative educational technologies and information and communication technologies (ict) in the modern education system, the introduction of an effective system of training of highly educated specialists serves to ensure that students receive systematic, complex and integrated knowledge. a teacher who educates the modern young generation should first of all be aware of modern information and communications. in particular, in the united nations convention on education, science and culture, the issue of "fundamental improvement of teaching through innovative pedagogical technologies" is defined as a priority. in the world practice of the education system, individualization of teaching methods and competency-based approaches the introduction of modern information and communication technologies based on integration is considered as a leading factor in ensuring the quality of education. in the modernized educational institutions of uzbekistan, the formation of such qualities as independent thinking, a conscious attitude to reality, involvement and social activity, speech and thinking, and the development of a highly spiritual person is an important factor in raising a healthy generation. project-based education is an independent educational activity with a teacher's projected point of view, searching for a problem, researching and solving it, achieving a specific (unique) result (product) of personal and social significance. structured learning model. means organizing and planning its public presentation and public evaluation. educational design is a process in which the teacher acts independently of the student, from finding a problem, planning and organizing activities to solve it, and presenting a way to solve it for public evaluation (intellectual or material product). is american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 204 a purposeful educational activity specially organized (in laboratory conditions). project-based teaching ensures students' independent work, thinking and self-mastery. this method is effective in obtaining the educational product and is widely recommended for organizing the educational activities of students. organization of mutual cooperation on the basis of a project is currently recognized as the most relevant, highly effective method. in lessons organized on the basis of a project, students exchange ideas, search, and find solutions together. the use of project education allows solving the following problems and meeting the requirements of the times:  ensures that education is conducted in a situation close to real life;  allows evaluating theoretical knowledge with practical activities and engaging students in an active independent learning process;  provides formation and development of professional and basic skills. the role of information and communication technologies and pedagogical technologies in improving the methodology module of mother tongue teaching through project education is special. when a teacher organizes a lesson, he first designs it. in this, he uses all his skills and creativity. information technologies are information organization, storage, processing, search, transmission and technical tools that develop people's knowledge and expand their ability to manage technical and social processes. a project is a type of activity that synthesizes elements of game, cognitive, research, value-oriented, educational, creative activity aimed at creating a subjective, sometimes objective product. the project method is a pedagogical technology, which is not aimed at consolidating practical knowledge, but at applying and mastering new knowledge (sometimes through self-study). design is based on the process of obtaining new data, which must be edited and modeled. as a result of the project activity, students should find themselves creatively, independently, analyzing and choosing the necessary information on the given topic. the project should include:  a task of creative importance, comprehensive knowledge, a task that requires research,  practical, theoretical and cognitive importance of expected results,  independent, group or pair activities of students,  content creation (with step-by-step results),  determination of working methods,  the project should have clearly defined objectives, examples of which are given below,  methodological and didactic goals,  formation of personal qualities of students: working in groups, analyzing the results of their own and joint activities,  formation of critical thinking, development of an analytical approach to information,  formation of research activity skills, ability to systematize research results,  development of deep interest in the topic and interpersonal relations,  expand thinking,  acquisition of skills in the use of reference, critical literature and visual materials. an important aspect of working on a project is the planning of work phases and the implementation of the project. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 205 implementation steps: 1. distribution of the topic of the project, its importance, scope of work among the participants, determination of potential. 2. material collection. 3. processing of collected material. 4. report to the leader, group, class about the work done by each participant. 5. determination, technical indicators. 6. protection. 7. speaking at a conference (for example, a class conference, a school conference, etc.). when project-based lessons are organized, students develop the skills of independent thinking, analysis, drawing conclusions, expressing their opinion, defending it, healthy communication, discussion, and debate. in this regard, the american psychologist and pedagogue b. blum created a taxonomy of pedagogical goals in the cognitive and emotional spheres. it is called bloom's taxonomy. taxonomy is a theory of classification and systematization of complex structured areas of existence. bloom divided thinking into six levels according to the development of cognitive abilities. according to him, the development of thinking takes place at the level of knowing, understanding, applying, analyzing, summarizing, evaluating, evaluating. communication between people, society cannot exist without language, the importance of language as a means of communication is constantly increasing, the task of the school is to turn language into an advanced subtle tool of communication interpersonal communication. language is a rational, logical means of knowing, using language units and forms to summarize, discuss and conclude concepts in the process of learning. language and speech are inextricably linked with thinking, we form thoughts in speech, along with mastering the language and developing speech, the student's ability to think increases. practice is the source and driving force of human knowledge, the criterion of truth and the crown of knowledge. pedagogical psychology studies the process of students' learning, formation of skills and abilities. based on the theory of knowledge, teaching the native language to students is to educate them and improve them in all aspects. the purpose of the competition classes held in the elementary school mother tongue classes is to check the student's knowledge of the language class, to use the language in the process of communication, to evaluate speech skills, quick and clear thinking, and the ability to get out of problematic situations. competition classes develop the qualities of activity, ingenuity, ingenuity in students, accustom them to independent creative observation, help to form necessary and useful skills. one of the most effective forms of competition is a competitive lesson, which is a tool for interesting language activities and active participation of students. discussion requires students to be alert. teaches to think independently and dynamically, to answer, to be able to prove the correctness or incorrectness of an opinion, logically and consistently. through the discussion, the student listens to the reliable arguments of the other side, understands and concludes his "i", his worldview, the scope of scientific and positive thinking, right or wrong, independence. it teaches students to use different methods and tools, to think creatively, and to use language effectively in defending their ideas. lessons conducted on the basis of advanced pedagogical technologies in primary grade mother tongue classes not only improve the effectiveness of language teaching, but also become its component. a teacher who is able to organize a lesson with the help of various modern technical tools will have a clear idea in a short time. the acquired knowledge of students, their attitude to friends, culture of communication, scope, vocabulary, speech potential increases. lessons based on advanced technology create an equal, friendly relationship between the student and the teacher. the student feels free in the lesson, his interest in the lesson increases, he is interested in speech art and american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 206 creativity. if computers can be used to organize the processes that make up the technological chain and exchange information, the efficiency of any technology will increase. creative thinking, creative search, choosing the best of the available opportunities, using the rich possibilities of our language correctly, appropriately and effectively in accordance with the conditions of speech, instilling skills and competencies in the spirit of our national values in the minds of young people. the role and potential of school mother tongue education in education is huge. in the conditions where the training of entrepreneurs and creative personnel is a very important task for our independent country, teaching this subject is of particular importance. the purpose of teaching the mother tongue in school is based on the place of the language in society. because people are active in all areas of their work. they always think about the surrounding material things, events and come to terms with each other. today, the educational process cannot be imagined without information technologies. because using them to further increase the effectiveness of the lesson is based on various researches. the use of information and communication technologies is of great importance in the teaching of mother tongue education in primary school. because it improves students' speech and expands their thinking ability. the ability to organize lessons in new modern forms and methods, to manage students in the lesson, is now considered the main criterion of teaching. the use of modern lesson types and forms based on advanced pedagogical technology means defining the student's place in the educational process, approaching it in a new way, providing a new approach, skillfully and intelligently managing the process. the purpose of the competition is to check the student's knowledge of the language class in the native language classes and to evaluate the ability to use it. competition classes develop the qualities of activity, ingenuity, ingenuity in students, accustom them to independent creative observation, help to form necessary and useful skills. discussion requires students to be alert. it teaches independent and dynamic thinking, quick thinking, the rightness or wrongness of an opinion, the ability to prove one's opinion logically and consistently. through the discussion, the student listens to the convincing arguments of the other side, realizes his "i", his worldview, his independence, regardless of whether the scientific and positive thinking is right or wrong. , concludes. it teaches students to use different methods and tools, to think creatively, and to use language effectively in defending their ideas. the implementation of such efforts will allow to accelerate the wide application of modern pedagogical and information technologies in the educational process, to arm teachers with advanced pedagogical knowledge and technologies, to improve their qualifications, and to use the experience of foreign higher education institutions. one of modern ict is multimedia. multimedia is a rapidly developing modern information technology. in our opinion, multimedia is a holistic form of delivering educational materials to students based on audio and video. adabiyotlar: 1. adizov b. r., khamroev a. r. modeling activities of teachers when designing creative activities of students //ilmiy xabarnoma. – с. 69. 2. адизов б. р. бошланғич таълимни ижодий ташкил этишнинг назарий асослари. пед. фан. док... дисс. – бухоро, 2002. – 276 б. 3. хамраев а. моделирование деятельности учителя при проектировании творческой деятельности учащихся //педагогічні інновації: ідеї, реалії, перспективи. – 2018. – №. 2. – с. 23-26. 4. hamroev a. r. modeling activities of teachers when designing creative activities of students //european journal of research and reflection in educational sciences. – 2019. – т. 2019. 5. hamroyev r.a ona tili taʼlimida oʻquvchilarning ijodiy faoliyatini loyihalashtirish (ped.fan.dok. diss.). buxoro; 2020. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 207 creating a fractal dimension of organs and organisms bahramov muhammadali eraliyevich graduate student of tashkent university of information technologies abstract: the fractality of organs and organisms was discussed in the article. it is shown the fractal the dimension of the bronchial tree in mammals isn’t depended from the body size and varied from 1.57 to 1.59. the fractal dimension of vessels of the retina is 1.7 and decreases in aging humans and in complications of diabetes. the value of fractal dimension of the circulatory system of man is in the range of from 2.5 to 2.6. it is found that the urinary system, as well as the bile ducts in the liver, has fractal geometry. it is shown that in the radial branch channels jellyfish aurelia aurita presented in the form of standard dichotomous branching fractal trees. provided that all the four sectors jellyfish craspedacusta sowerbyi morphologically and functionally equivalent and have 4 radial beam symmetry and fractal. keywords: fractal, bronchi, circulatory system, urinary system, the bile ducts in the liver, jellyfish. in order to ensure the maximum exchange area with the environment and intensify the corresponding metabolism, living organisms, using fractal branching structures, increase the areas of phase separation and fill the spaces to the maximum. the biological function of fractal structures is to create a huge variety of biological form and function. biological fractals are quantitatively characterized by fractal dimension as a measure of space filling. studies of chaos and fractals in biology gradually cover all levels of organization of the living, from molecules to ecosystems [1, 2, 4, 5, 8-10, 12]. in [9], we showed the features of the fractal structures of biopolymers, such as polysaccharides glycogen and chitosan, proteins, dna, and lignin. the article [10] considers the spatial organization of cells and cell ensembles based on the concepts of fractal geometry. the purpose of this work is to discuss the features of the fractal structures of organs and organisms. fractality and fractal dimension of organs and organisms fractals not only surround us, they are also inside us and many animals and plants, since many organs of the human body and animals, as well as plants, have fractal properties. using the possibilities of fractal structures, nature has designed the human body with exceptional efficiency. at the level of organs and the body, the fractal organization of the respiratory, vascular, urinary and other systems, as well as the bile ducts in the liver, is being studied [1-3, 12-13]. the fractal structure of the respiratory tract, through which air enters the lungs, has been most thoroughly studied. the lungs are vital organs responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the human body and performing the respiratory function. the scheme of the lungs includes three major structural elements: bronchi, bronchioles and pulmonary alveoli. the framework of the lungs is a branched system of bronchi. each lung consists of many structural units (lobules). each lobule has a pyramidal shape with an average size of 15x25 mm. at the top of the lung lobule enters the bronchus, the branches of which are called small bronchioles. in total, each american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 208 bronchus is divided into 15-20 bronchioles. at the ends of the bronchioles there are special formations acini, consisting of several dozen alveolar branches covered with many alveoli. the most important structural elements of the lungs are the alveoli, on which the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body depends. pulmonary alveoli are small vesicles with very thin walls, braided with a dense network of capillaries. thanks to microscopic alveoli, the average diameter of which does not exceed 0.3 mm, the area of the respiratory surface of the lungs increases to 80 square meters. they provide a large area for gas exchange and continuously supply blood vessels with oxygen. during gas exchange, oxygen and carbon dioxide penetrate through the thin walls of the alveoli into the blood, where they “meet” with erythrocytes [6]. thus, the lungs are an example of how a large area is "squeezed" into a rather small space [1]. the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung form a "tree" with numerous branches. quantitative analysis of airway branching showed that it has a fractal geometry. the average fractal dimension of the bronchial tree of rats, rabbits and humans is 1.587 1.58 and 1.57, respectively [13]. thus, the fractal dimension of the bronchial tree in mammals does not depend on body size. rice. 1. the structure of the respiratory tract blood vessels are full tubes that carry blood. the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the organs are called arteries, and from the organs to the heart are called veins. arteries and veins do not carry out gas exchange and diffusion of nutrients, they are just a delivery route. as blood vessels move away from the heart, they become smaller. the exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid occurs through the permeable wall of capillaries small vessels connecting the arterial and venous systems. the vessels themselves and the blood circulating through them occupy a very small space about 5 percent of the volume of the body. humans have about 150,000 km of blood vessels. in one minute, about 60 liters of fluid seeps through the walls of all human capillaries [6]. the fractal topology of retinal vessels, whose fractal dimension is 1.7, has been studied in detail [3, 12]. the review [3] provided evidence of a decrease in the fractal dimension and simplification of the retinal vasculature during human aging and complications of diabetes mellitus. it should be noted that the fractal dimension of the human circulatory system lies between 2.5 and 2.6 [1, 12]. the human urinary system is a system of organs that form, accumulate and excrete urine in humans. consists of a pair of kidneys, two ureters, bladder and urethra. the main role of the kidneys is to filter waste materials from the blood. the blood flow in the kidneys is carried out through the renal arteries (branches of the abdominal aorta) and is 1.25 l / min (25% of cardiac blood flow). the renal pelvis continues downward with the ureters descending to the bladder. the bladder serves to store urine. the final part of the excretory system is the urethra (urethra). as a result of filtration, reabsorption and secretion, the kidneys form urine a hyperosmolar solution that accumulates in the bladder. on average, a person produces approximately 1.5 liters of urine per day [6, 11]. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 209 rice. 2. circulation rice. 3. scheme of the structure of the kidney: 1 ureter; 2 renal vein; 3 renal artery; 4 medulla; 5 cortical substance; 6 pelvis; 7 renal pyramids; 8 large renal calyces. the liver is the largest digestive gland, designed to secrete bile and process substances brought by blood through the portal vein. the biliary system of the liver should include bile capillaries, septal and interlobular bile ducts, right and left hepatic, common hepatic, cystic, common bile ducts and gallbladder. vessels, nerves and bile ducts pass through the gates of the liver, which are located in its transverse groove. the common bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct and empties into the duodenum. the gallbladder is located in the right longitudinal groove. this is a kind of reservoir for bile, which is emptied as needed at the time food enters the duodenum. the liver consists of hepatic lobules with a diameter of 1-2 mm, which are formed by hepatic cells located around the central vein in the form of radial beams. each lobule is entwined with a dense network of small branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein. capillaries depart from them, which penetrate into the lobules between the hepatic beams. capillaries, flowing into the central vein of the lobules, merge to form larger veins that open into the hepatic veins. the latter are tributaries of the inferior vena cava. between the liver cells of the beams are bile capillaries, or passages, which at the exit form interlobular grooves. connecting, they form the left and right hepatic ducts, which in the region of the gate of the liver are connected to the common hepatic duct [6]. rice. 4. bile ducts of the liver the jellyfish aurelia aurita was chosen and considered as a fractal model of an organism in [4]. the jellyfish system is represented by branching epithelial canals located almost in the same plane the jellyfish umbrella. the gastrovascular system of scyphomedusa performs the functions of american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 210 transporting nutrients and excreted substances, as well as reproductive products. in the scyphomedusa aurelia aurita, it is customary to distinguish three types of radial gastrovascular canals: 8 non-branching adradial, 4 branching perradial (located in the same plane as the oral lobes and flow into the oral cavity) and 4 branching interradial (flow into the gastrocirculatory canals bordering the lateral surfaces stomach pockets). fluid with food particles from the gastric (more precisely, gastrogenital) pockets enters the adradial canals, and then into the annular canal. from the annular canal, the fluid collects into the perradial and interradial canals, from which it eventually enters the oral cavity [14]. in the gastrovascular channels, intracellular digestion occurs. the most suitable for analysis are the so-called perradial channels, each of which has one common trunk located between the gastric pockets. it is shown that the branches of the perradial canals of the jellyfish aurelia aurita are presented as standard dichotomously branching fractal trees. rice. fig. 5. structure of the jellyfish craspedacusta sowerbyi а – side view, в – dorsal view, h – gonads, m – oral proboscis or manubrum, v – sail, pt-perradial tentacles, r – radial canals of the gastrovascular system. on fig. 5 shows the structure of the jellyfish craspedacusta sowerbyi. the shape of the body of a newly budded jellyfish (about a millimeter in diameter) is close to spherical, but changes during growth, turning into an oblate hemisphere with a diameter of up to 20 mm. in addition, in the course of development, the number of tentacles significantly increases (from 16 to 500), as well as the balance organs absent in young individuals, statocysts, are laid down and increase in number. as in other members of the family olindiasidae, the corolla of the tentacles is significantly shifted to the upper side of the umbrella. the four radial channels of the digestive system are associated with the gonads, which have the shape of pockets hanging down into the cavity of the umbrella. the oral proboscis is well developed and protrudes beyond the umbrella [7]. as can be seen, all four sectors of the jellyfish craspedacusta sowerbyi have radial 4-beam symmetry, are functionally and morphologically equivalent, and are fractal. new branches originate from the annular canal. summary 1. it is shown that the fractal dimension of the bronchial tree in mammals does not depend on the size of the body, varies within 1.57 1.58. 2. the fractal dimension of the vessels of the retina is 1.7 and decreases with human aging and complications of diabetes mellitus. 3. it turns out that the fractal dimension of the human circulatory system varies from 2.5 to 2.6. 4. it has been established that the urinary system and bile ducts in the liver have a fractal geometry. 5. it is shown that the branches of the perradial canals of the jellyfish aurelia aurita are presented as standard dichotomously branching fractal trees. 6. all four sectors of the jellyfish craspedacusta sowerbyi are functionally and morphologically equivalent and have radial 4-beam symmetry and fractality. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 211 list of references 1. симонян г.с., симонян а.г. фрактальность биологических систем. iii фрактальность органов и организмов // международный журнал прикладных и фундаментальных исследований. – 2016. – № 3-2. – с. 272-276; 2. usmonov m. t. true and false thoughts, quantities. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 1-5. 3. usmonov m. t. virtual protected networks. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 55-57. 4. usmonov m. t. what is solving the problem? methods of solving text problems. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643-640x vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 56-58. 5. usmonov m. t. security models. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 18-23. 6. usmonov m. t. solving problems in arithmetic methods. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 58-61. 7. usmonov m. t. stenographic protection of information. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 31-35. 8. usmonov m. t. telecommunications and network security. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 57-61. 9. usmonov m. t. the concept of compatibility, actions on compatibility. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr) issn: 2643-9670 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 10-13. 10. usmonov m. t. the concept of national security. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 73-75. 11. usmonov m. t. the concept of number. the establishment of the concept of natural number and zero. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr) issn: 26439670 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 18-21. 12. usmonov m. t. the concept of relationship. characteristics of relationships. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr) issn: 2643-9670 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 38-40. 13. usmonov m. t. the concept of size and measurement. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 36-40. 14. usmonov m. t. the emergence and development of methods of writing all negative numbers. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 48-50. 15. usmonov m. t. the purpose, function and history of the development of mathematical science. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643640x vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 8-17. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 21 investigation of innovative use methods in bearing rings manufacturing akbarjon baymirzaev, ph.d department of materials science and technology of new materials, andijan machine-bulding institute, andijan, uzbekistan annotation: currently, scientific research consists of practical work. this article is about how to save money and time in machining by having results information. to achieve these results, the use of computing systems and programs is envisaged. this method is used in some processes in the production of bearing rings. keywords: material, shaft, hardness, content, vacuum, impact viscosity, bearing details, ring, casting method. introduction in our country, all industries are currently working on localization. among these, the local production of bearing parts and how to produce one of its parts, rings, is an urgent topic. in addition, in order to clarify some processes in the production of bearing rings, we touched on the stage of mechanical processing. in the scientific research processes that you know, experimental methods and theoretical methods are usually used. it is the method we are researching that includes engineering casting methods, mechanical processing, internal and external processing, and similar applications. we found it necessary to determine some methods of mechanical processing, which is one of the processes in this study, with the help of innovative logic programs. programs of this level provide material and time savings. we chose the "q-form" program, which is one of these programs. this system has russian state certification and license. when finding a solution to the problems of scientific research, it takes into account voltage, thermal conductivity, and similar conditions. as a result, it will be possible to get the necessary accuracy. in addition, this system provides an opportunity to solve problems based on other theories. based on the results of this system, it collects technological and structural information and brings it into electronic form material and methods in this study, we will study only the methods used in the production of bearing parts. one of these methods involves mechanical treatment of the ingot, i.e. grinding. ring grinding is such a technological process that is used in the precision production of ball bearing details. the composition of shx15 steel material selected in the production of the bearing ring and the cast part must be mechanically processed. explores issues related to detail processing through modeling in q-form software. with this method, we determine how much effort to spend for the desired result, using the capabilities of the programif we take into account the fact that the bearings have a very high point stress and at the same time slip resistance, the removable bearing material must be able to withstand very high stresses and friction. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 22 however, the impact viscosity should be close to that required by the bearings. to do this, we have proposed this method. sufficient viscosity can be obtained by removing the bearing casting and then influencing its impact viscosity with the casting. the main problem is the chemical integrity of the bearing material, the absence of liquids and the increase in the impact viscosity. the above properties of bearing steel can be obtained, which can solve part of the problem of import of metal by bearing manufacturers. results and of course, when it comes to results, many researchers choose different methods in their projects. some researchers have achieved their results with the method we have chosen. with this method, we mainly stopped at mechanical processing. of course, it is possible to increase the strength of the detail by nesting. these include hardness, abrasion resistance and impact resistance properties. with this, it is possible to determine the degree of impact at what angle and with what force during processing.the results show that work is currently underway on castings, but mainly due to the fact that we always have different materials for the use of secondary raw materials, different results are always achieved. it is natural that the results will not be satisfactory at the beginning, but we are getting closer to the indicators we have chosen. we hope to get closer results soon. small cast forms are taken at the beginning. in fact, it should be. this makes the job easier and faster. the composition of the material is processed in this order until it gives the results we expect. we then perform the chemical analysis during the casting period. this makes it much easier to achieve results. if the results continue to be costly, we get help from computer programs. it speeds things up a lot and is cheap of course. if the computer calculates the data close to the result, it will be easier for us to get the result in practice. as i mentioned above, results can also be achieved using computer programs. in the future, on the one hand, we will try to do this in practice and in computer programs. we are also currently looking for software. of course how good it is when all things are systematic. discussion the bearing is a support for a rotating shaft and shafts. the rotating or vibrating parts of the mechanism limit the position of the shaft relative to other parts, allowing the shaft to rotate smoothly and easily by directly absorbing the forces acting on the shaft. there are sliding and rolling bearings. the base surface of the sliding bearings may be cylindrical, conical or spherical, and the shaft neck may be dry (oil-free), semi-dry or lubricated (ie lubricated). there are detachable and non-detachable types of bearings. in detachable bearings, the bushing is usually mounted in a hole in the housing between the support surface and the shaft neck. the proposed method is to take the bearing steel in an induction melting furnace and prepare it in a vacuum casting and circulating spreader to bring its density and dimensions to the level of technical requirements. to do this, the steel is melted in an induction furnace, taking into account the follow-up of shx15, and the steel is melted and the molten metal composition shx15l is cast in the form of a bushing using ferroalloys. after casting, the dimensions are determined on rotary spreaders and transferred to machining sites. the above processes involve computational work in its own right. there is still a lot of work to be done to address these issues in the future. the reason is that very little work is being done on these materials in our country at the moment. conclusion we talked about a number of advantages of this method. it is possible to evaluate and learn technology through computers without conducting practical experiments. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 23 for modeling, the same input parameters set in the rolling mill management software are used. this makes the work of the modeling engineer much easier. algorithms of the qform ring rolling program were originally set up to simulate projection on two-stand rolling machines. the main point is that such steels are not produced in our country. the production of steels of this brand is more complicated for factories, which hinders their main production. because the production volume is so small that it exceeds 100 t / month, the bearing manufacturers cannot afford to buy more than that. therefore, it is advisable to set up production in small furnaces so that the process can be implemented without affecting their production program. the proposed technological process meets the requirements for bearing steels and is of sufficient quality. taking the bearing balls (grains) by twisting method when removing the bearing bearings allows to prolong the service life of the bearing. the steel obtained by this method reduces the refractive index of the bubbles, that is, the linear bands formed by the torsion of the bubbles to some extent prevent breakage. according to research, custom-made swing bearings are more likely to be used in industry in the future, especially in machinery. references 1. rustamjan ogli, baymirzayev akbarjon, and nazarova ruxsora shuxratjon qizi. "texnologiyalarnigina emas, ilm-fannitushunadigonfuqarolar ko’proq bo’lishi kerak." barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali 2.4 (2022): 442-445. 2. baymirzaev, akbarjon. "research on the production of bearing details in a modern method." international journal on integrated education 4.3: 269-271. 3. baymirzaev, akbarjon. "obtaining and efficiency of steel casting in local conditions in mechanical engineering." academicia globe: inderscience research 2.09 (2021): 21-25. 4. mamitjonovich, tojiboyev begijon, et al. "to create a technology for obtaining the details of bearings used in industry from metal-composite materials." 5. baymirzayev akbarjon, cr, brands c. si mn, and cp ni si. "production of bearing parts by means of vacuum casting." international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 31 methods of protection against single-phase short circuit to earth in networks with isolated neutral 1 nurov xomid, 2 amrullayev behzod 1 lecturer at bukhara institute of natural resources management 2 student of bukhara institute of natural resources management abstract: with the development of the energy industry, various types of problems began to arise related to the transmission, distribution, consumption, improvement of the quality of transmitted energy, as well as the problem of protecting networks from various types of damage. one of the problematic tasks of the power transmission system in networks with isolated neutral is protection against single-phase short circuits to earth. keywords: isolated neutral, single-phase earth fault, neutral mode, zero sequence, protection, overhead lines. methods: one of the most common types of damage on power lines is a single-phase earth fault this is a type of damage when one of the phases of a three-phase system is shorted to earth or to an element electrically connected to earth. the processes occurring in the network during such a short circuit largely depend on the mode of operation of the neutral of this network. cases of single-phase earth faults can be very different, but they all occur due to a violation of the transmission equipment of electrical installations, especially on cable or overhead power lines. insulation failure can occur due to its aging, as well as mechanical consequences at the electrical installation, most often this occurs during significant earthworks or a tree branch falling on overhead lines, etc. in the cis countries, in networks with a voltage of 6-35 kv, the neutral mode isolated from the ground is used. methods of the last century individual protections are the simplest, but at the same time they have a high percentage of false positives. 1. zero sequence current protection. the simplest and most common of the protection against spz is the current individual protection of the zero sequence, which reacts to the zero sequence current (hereinafter referred to as np) of the operating frequency. however, to ensure the conditions of selectivity of action, these protections must have a detuning from the feeder's own capacitive current, taking into account the surges of the capacitive current at the moment of switching on, it limits the sensitivity of the protection. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 32 figure 1. zero-sequence equivalent circuit of a transformer with a star-delta connection of the transformer windings in general, an individual non-directional overcurrent protection against spca can only be effective in installations with a large number of connections connected to the section, each of which has a small capacitive current. then detuning from this current will not lead to an unacceptable decrease in sensitivity. this case is typical, for example, for workshops of enterprises with a large number of low-power electric motors connected by short cables. however, if an arcing reactor is installed in such a network, then protection built according to this principle is not able to ensure stable operation, since the capacitive current of 50 hz of the damaged connection will be compensated. figure 2. neutral grounding through resistance 2. current directional zero sequence protection. protections using only one pv current signal, despite their simplicity, are significant phenomena that lead to their non-selective actions. in the course of a consistent increase in efficiency, two protective signals began to be used the current and voltage of the np to determine the directions. a large number of directional protections react to the direction of the zero sequence power in the set mode. the sensitivity of such protections is higher than non-directional ones, since their current is disconnected only from the unbalance current in the maximum operating mode, and detuning of protection from its own capacitive current line is not required, since it is globally detuned from this current. a common disadvantage of the protective type is non-selective actions or failures in actions during intermittent arc faults. 3. zero sequence active power protection. 1. another method for determining a faulty connection from the current and voltage signals of the lp is the calculation of the active power of the zero sequence in the steady state. protections implemented according to this principle have a higher stability of operation in modes with an intermittent arc at the fault site and are more tuned against capacitive current surges in transients. it is possible to ensure the stable functioning of such protections mainly in networks with resistive neutral grounding. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 33 4. zero sequence protection for higher harmonic currents. since the main disadvantage of protections that use currents and voltages of industrial frequency np is that they are not able to work in networks with a compensated neutral due to the lack of a stable useful signal with a frequency of 50 hz, protections against single-phase earth faults have been developed that respond to higher harmonics of electrical quantities. during arc faults, the content of higher harmonics in the network increases sharply, especially in the current of the damaged line, where their proportion is much greater than in the zero sequence currents of undamaged lines. these processes are observed in networks of all types of neutral grounding. general disadvantages of devices made using higher harmonics:  probability of detection in case of sp by transient resistances;  instability of the composition and the highest level of harmonics in the np current. features of detecting non-excitability when detecting ground faults and excitation in case of violations of the absolute measurement organs, the harmonic increases mainly at large substations and power plants with a large number of connections. 5. protection that reacts to the imposed current. to increase the stability of protection against single-phase earth faults that respond to a noncommercial frequency fault current, protection has been developed that responds to an imposed current. the superimposed current can be either above or below the mains frequency. to create a current of increased frequency, you can use a non-linear resistance connected between the network neutral and earth. however, such an arrangement greatly increases the cost of such protections and may reduce the reliability of the protection. it can also be noted that a significant high-frequency component may be present in the connection currents in normal mode. first of all, this applies to networks associated with industries that have a non-linear load. in such cases, the described method of protection is unsuitable. in addition, as some studies show, harmonics with a frequency of 100 hz appear almost 2 times more often than, for example, with a frequency of 25 hz and their amplitudes are much larger. figure 3. network with isolated neutral short-circuit currents on ground phase l3 the main disadvantages of protections that respond to an imposed current with a frequency below the industrial one include the need to include a special device in the network neutral to create a control current, as well as the impact on stability. protection that increases with decreasing operating frequency, complication of the primary switching circuit due to the need to connect a superimposed current source and the complexity of connecting an auxiliary current source when using several in a american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 34 network installed at different sites. also, there are difficulties in detuning from its own harmonic components at external arc currents of discontinuous circuits, in which the current spectrum depends on the parameters of the network and the mode of grounding its neutral. references 1. с.а. ерошенко, а.о. егоров, м.д. сенюк, м.р. загидулин, к.а. зиновьев, а.и. хальясмаа. расчет токов коротких замыканий в энергосистемах : учеб. пособие / с.а. ерошенко [и др.].— екатеринбург : изд-во урал. ун-та, 2019. 2. журнал «international journal of advanced researxh in science, engineering and technology» india dekabr 2019 12229-12233 betlar. analysis of subharmonic oscillations of the third order in three-phase circuits with a separate ferromagnetic element кппвпу. литература: 3. шуин в.а., гусенков а.в. защиты от замыканий на землю в электрических сетях 6-10 кв. м.:нтф «энергопрогресс». //приложение к журналу, «энергетик», выпуск 11(35) 2001, 102 с. 4. elektrotexnikaning nazariy asoslari fani darslarida kreativ texnologiyalardan foydalanish /axrom jumayev, behzodl amrullayev academic research in educational sciences, 2022 5. specialization in higher educational institutions teaching subjects dilshod polotovich mirzoev, world bulletin of social sciences (wbss) available online at: 4, november 2021 issn: 2749-361x https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izucheniekommutatsionnyh-ustroystv article/n/izuchenie-kommutatsionnyh-ustroystv 6. изучение коммутационных устройств сиддик каххорович каххоров, дилшод пулотович мирзоев european science https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izuchenie-kommutatsionnyhustroystv/viewer stages of organization of training of pedagogical personnel on creative education jumayev axrom asror o’g’li amrullayev behzod bobur o’g’li https://periodica.org/index.php/journal/article/view/155/144 7. analytical-information systems in improving energy efficiency in agriculture хи нуров, аа жумаев, хх хусанов, жж сирожев, иф ҳамроев . адабиётлар references 1 с.а. ерошенко, а.о. егоров, м.д. сенюк, м.р. загидулин, к.а. зиновьев, а.и. хальясмаа. расчет токов коротких замыканий в энергосистемах : учеб. пособие / с.а. ерошенко [и др.].— екатеринбург : изд-во урал. ун-та, 2019. s.a. eroshenko, a.o. egorov, m.d. senyuk, m.r. zagidullin, k.a. zinoviev, a.i. khalyasmaa. calculation of short-circuit currents in power systems : textbook. manual / s.a. eroshenko [et al.].— yekaterinburg : ural publishing house. un-ta, 2019. 2 шуин в.а., гусенков а.в. защиты от замыканий на землю в электрических сетях 610 кв. м.:нтф «энергопрогресс». //приложение к журналу, «энергетик», выпуск 11(35) 2001, 102 с. shuin v.a., gusenkov a.v. protection against earth faults in electrical networks of 6-10 kv. m.:ntf "energoprogress". //appendix to the magazine, "energetik", issue 11(35) 2001, 102 p. 3 ―ilmiy taraqqiyot markazi‖ mas’uliyati cheklangan jamiyati sinxronik moshinalarda dinamik jarayonlar muammolari. sardor do'stmurodovich to'raev, behzod boburovich amrullaev, adhamjon alisher o'g'li boybekov center for scientific development limited liability company "problems of dynamo processes "in synchronic machines. captain dostmurodovich toraev, behzod baburovich amrullaev, son of adhamjon alisher boybekov https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=9116440812054895490&btni=1&hl=ru https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=9116440812054895490&btni=1&hl=ru https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izuchenie-kommutatsionnyh-ustroystv 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research in educational sciences, 2022 the use of creative technologies in the lessons of the science of the theoretical foundations of electrical engineering /akhrom jumayev, behzodl amrullayev-academic research in educational sciences, 2022 1 1 oliy o'quv yurtlarida fanlarni o'qitadigan ixtisoslik dilshod polotovich mirzoev, jahon ijtimoiy fanlar axborotnomasi (bss) onlayn mavjud: 4, specialization in higher educational institutions teaching subjects dilshod polotovich mirzoev, world bulletin of social sciences (wbss) available online at: 4, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sinhron-mashinalarda-dinamik-zharayonlarni-tad-i-etish-muammolari/viewer https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sinhron-mashinalarda-dinamik-zharayonlarni-tad-i-etish-muammolari/viewer https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sinhron-mashinalarda-dinamik-zharayonlarni-tad-i-etish-muammolari/viewer https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sinhron-mashinalarda-dinamik-zharayonlarni-tad-i-etish-muammolari/viewer 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https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/reaktiv-quvvat-kompensatsiyasi-uchun-mikrokontrollerni-boshqarish-tizimini-ishlab-chiqish-usullari https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/reaktiv-quvvat-kompensatsiyasi-uchun-mikrokontrollerni-boshqarish-tizimini-ishlab-chiqish-usullari https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/reaktiv-quvvat-kompensatsiyasi-uchun-mikrokontrollerni-boshqarish-tizimini-ishlab-chiqish-usullari http://openaccessjournals.eu/index.php/ijdias/article/view/958 http://openaccessjournals.eu/index.php/ijdias/article/view/958 http://openaccessjournals.eu/index.php/ijdias/article/view/958 https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=9116440812054895490&btni=1&hl=ru https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=9116440812054895490&btni=1&hl=ru american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 36 noyabr 2021 issn: 2749-361x https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izucheniekommutatsionnyh-ustroystv maqola/n / izuchenie-kommutatsionnyh-ustroystv november 2021 issn: 2749-361x https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izucheniekommutatsionnyh-ustroystv article/n/izuchenie-kommutatsionnyh-ustroystv 1 2 изучение коммутационных устройств сиддик каххорович каххоров, дилшод пулотович мирзоев europeanscience https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izucheniekommutatsionnyh-ustroystv/viewer study of switching devices evropa ilm-fanini urganish, evropa ilm-fanini urganish https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izucheniekommutatsionnyh-ustroystv/viewer 1 3 дешмух к.с., бансал к., килледар а. моделирование трехфазной асинхронной машины с использованием технологии письменных полюсов journal of electrical and electronics engineering, ver. iv (январь – февраль 2017 г.). с. 23-29. deshmukh k.s., bansal k., killedar a.. modeling and simulation of three phase induction machine using written pole technology journal of electrical and electronics 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interfaol metodlari: oʼquv-uslubiy qoʼllanma.– t.: oʼzbekiston respublikasi iiv аkademiyasi, 2015.– 47 b. rasulev a. a., khaydarov m. m. interactive teaching methods: educational-methodical manual.t.: mia academy of the republic of uzbekistan, 2015.47 b. 1 8 hamdamova m. yoshlarning intellektual salohiyatini rivojlantirish mexanizmining pedagogik-psixologik asoslari (uslubiy tavsiyalar), 2007. hamdamova m. pedagogical and psychological foundations of the mechanism for the development of the intellectual potential of young people (methodological recommendations), 2007. 1 9 hodiev b.y., boltabaev m.r. ―oliy oʼquv yurtidagi tarbiyaviy ishlarga psixologik yondashuvlar‖. -t.: 2009. hadiev b.y., baltabaev m.r. ‖psychological approaches to educational work in a higher educational institution". t.: 2009. 2 0 buxoro, namangan va xorazmda quyosh fotoelektr stantsiyalari quriladi https://www.gazeta.uz/uz/2020/12/30/solar/ 30 dekabr 2020, 10:45, t. 2020.b. 110 solar photovoltaic stations will be built in bukhara, namangan and khorezm https://www.gazeta.uz/uz/2020/12/30/solar / december 30, 2020, 10:45, t. 2020.b. 110 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izuchenie-kommutatsionnyh-ustroystv https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izuchenie-kommutatsionnyh-ustroystv https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izuchenie-kommutatsionnyh-ustroystv https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izuchenie-kommutatsionnyh-ustroystv/viewer https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izuchenie-kommutatsionnyh-ustroystv/viewer international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 24 influence of the perfective working body of fiber cleaning machines on the aerodynamic parameters 1 alisher abdusamatov, ph.d, 2 aybek mavlyanov, ph.d 1 student, tashkent institute of textile and light industry 2 docent, tashkent institute of textile and light industry abstract: the modernization of process control methods, the development of automated methods for designing equipment and technologies, and the development of automated control systems for the cotton processing process. currently, due to the improvement of machines for cleaning cotton fiber, which are developed according to the technology of primary processing of cotton, one of the urgent issues is to ensure the production of high-quality fiber. taking this into account, it is necessary to conduct a constructive analysis of the fiber cleaning equipment and develop an effective design. in view of this, this study was aimed at improving the aerodynamic parameters of a fiber cleaner on the basis of theoretical and applied research by creating and experimenting new saw blade construction. in process of the research, methods are used optimization by theoretical statistics, evaluation and target electronic programs, theoretical and applied mechanics, higher mathematics and vibration theory. aerodynamic equilibrium of a freely rotating saw cylinder due to the presence of friction forces arising between the saw blades and air and atmospheric pressure cannot be overcome by centrifugal forces acting on the air mass during rotation. this justification makes it possible to explain the reason for the industry's refusal of the cleaning rate at 1000 min-1 and its transition to 1500 min-1. for the normal operation of the fiber cleaning machine, it is necessary that the saw cylinder, taking air on the cleaning arc. keywords: fiber cleaner, saw cylinder, saw blade, air flow, and aerodynamic parameters. introduction. in developed countries, the modernization of process control methods, the development of automated methods for designing equipment and technologies, and the development of automated control systems for the cotton processing process [1-9]. currently, due to the improvement of machines for cleaning cotton fiber, which are developed according to the technology of primary processing of cotton, one of the urgent issues is to ensure the production of high-quality fiber. taking this into account, it is necessary to conduct a constructive analysis of the fiber cleaning equipment and develop an effective design [10-16]. to maintain the quality of fiber and seeds produced by researchers, cotton is repeatedly cleaned from small impurities up to 32 times [17], although in fact that cotton can be cleaned from large impurities up to four times and from small impurities up to 20 times [18]. moreover, the cleaning efficiency of the demand level is below 90-95%, and the amount of residual impurities in the fiber is not cleaned at the required level. the complexity of the problem lies in the fact that now the maximum number of cotton cleaners in the equipment for cleaning from small and large impurities in cotton factories largely requires the installation of additional filters that increase the cleaning efficiency, leading to a sharp increase in the number of impurities with fiber defects. therefore, the efficiency of cotton cleaning should be carried out without additional mechanical impact on it [19, 20]. in one of the scientific studies to improve the efficiency of cleaning cotton, which are on the assembly machine, a special structural guide device is installed on the equipment in order to improve american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 25 the equipment for cleaning fibers used in cotton-cleaning mill. recommendations were given for the introduction of a directional device in a special design into production [21-23]. other study presented the results of a fiber cleaner developed and implemented at the buz cottoncleaning mill to determine the technological performance indicators depending on the rotation speed of the saw cylinders and the aerodynamic mode of operation [24]. in addition, fiber cleaning in direct-flow cleaners takes place in aerodynamic flows; the technological parameters of the machine depend on the aerodynamic mode of operation. the saw cylinders of the fiber cleaner not only clean the fiber, but also perform a number of aerodynamic functions associated with the interaction of several different air flows. therefore, the scheme of movement of air masses inside the fiber cleaner is a rather complex phenomenon and has not been fully studied [25]. in view of this, this study was aimed at improving the aerodynamic parameters of a fiber cleaner on the basis of theoretical and applied research by creating and experimenting new saw blade construction [26, 27]. materials and methods. the object of research is cotton cleaning mills, fiber cleaner (fig.1), aerodynamic parameters. the properties of fibers in the composition of cotton fibers and semifinished products are determined using the laboratory equipment of afis pro 2 of the company “oster”. at the same time in the laboratory equipment it is possible to determine the length l(n), endings (neps/g), the amount of thick fibers (sfc n, sfc w), linear density (fineness), the amount of mature (ripened) fiber (muturity), the amount of dead fiber (ifc), the amount of dust (duct cnt), pollution (trash cnt), visible large impurities (vfm). with the help of the above laboratory equipment, the quality indicators of the cotton obtained from the existing and improved fibers are studied [27]. the effect of the fiber on aerodynamic parameters of the working bodies in t cleaning process is calculated based on the values contained in the tables 1, 2 below [28]. table 1. air density depending at different temperatures t, °с -30 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 10 15 20 30 ρ, kg/m 3 1,453 1,395 1,369 1,342 1,318 1,293 1,247 1,226 1,205 1,165 table 2. kinematic viscosity of air at different temperatures t, °с -20 -15 -10 -5 0 10 15 20 ν·10 -6 , m 2 /s 11,61 12,02 12,43 12,86 13,28 14,16 14,61 15,06 in process of the research, methods are used optimization by theoretical statistics, evaluation and target electronic programs, theoretical and applied mechanics, higher mathematics and vibration theory, theory of mechanisms and machines, mathematical modeling of working processes of technological machines, mathematical statistics and mathematical calculations [31]. types of variables are independent – cotton fiber, dependent – saw cylinder (fig.2), controlled – fiber cleaning machine 1вп (fig.1). american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 26 fig.2. technological process scheme of 1вп fiber cleaner 1-inlet pipe of fiber; 2, 7, 8-saw cylinder; 3-grinding brush; 4-fire-grate; 5-separating knife; 6. outlet pipe of fiber; 9-chute of impurity; 10-guide; 11-air blind fig.2. saw cylinder of fiber cleaning machine 1 – shaft; 2 – lock nut; 3 – taper washer; 4 – saw blade; 5 inlay analysis of research results. in the process of studying the effect of working bodies on the aerodynamic parameters of fiber cleaning machines, it is important to calculate the air flow generated around the cylinder with the saw in the process. the air flows formed in the fiber cleaner have a significant impact on the process of separating weed impurities from the fibers. consider the air flows created by the saw cylinder during its rotation. the movement of the fiber strand depends on which flow is laminar or turbulent, which will directly affect the cleaning process. during the rotation of the disk, air flows move along its side surfaces. they have a laminar character at low rotational speeds, and at higher velocities – turbulent. laminar air flow over the disk is possible at a reynolds number < 100000. re = ωr 2 /ν (1) where ω the angular velocity of rotation of the disk, rpm; r the current radius of the disk, m; ν the kinematic viscosity of the air, m 2 /s. from formula (1), the maximum radius of the laminar flow zone will be (2) take ν = 15.06 •10 -6 , m 2 /s. knowing that ω = πn/30, we rewrite equation (2) when the fiber cleaner is in operation, the saw rotates at a frequency of n = 1500 rpm, with rmax = 0.153m = 153 mm (fig.3). as you can see, there is no laminar flow outside the saw blade ∅310 mm. n, rpm 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 rmax, m 0.176 0.153 0.124 0.111 0.102 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 27 fig.3. chart of the number of rotations and the linkage of the chainwheel rotation radius to the fiber cleaning efficiency this justification makes it possible to explain the reason for the industry's refusal of the cleaning rate at 1000 min -1 and its transition to 1500 min -1 . an increase in the number of revolutions gives an increase in the cleansing effect, which has been proven by repeated experiments (fig. 4). an increasing in the number of revolutions gives an improve in the cleaning effect, which has been proven by repeated experiments. with the rotation speed of the saw cylinder over 1750 rpm, an unacceptable increase in its vibration is observed. fig. 4. the increase in the cleaning effect as a result of a change in the number of rotation of the saw cylinder depends on the amount of fiber contained in k and waste b equilibrium conditions of the fiber strands on the saw teeth with an arbitrary direction of the air flow to the fiber (fig. 6). american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 28 fig. 5. determination of self-extracting γ angle of fiber applying the d'alembert’s principle and projecting the forces acting on the fiber on the x and y axes, we obtain for uniform rotation of the saw blade [35] the aerodynamic equilibrium of a freely rotating saw cylinder due to the presence of friction forces arising between the saw blades and air and atmospheric pressure cannot be overcome by centrifugal forces acting on the air mass during rotation. in fig. 5, the elementary volume of air can be expressed as follows: fig.5. scheme for determining the volume of air in the suction cup for the normal operation of the fiber cleaning machine, it is necessary that the saw cylinder, taking air on the cleaning arc, has the ability to discharge it. discussion. with an increase in the rotation frequency of the saw cylinder, the diameter of the laminar flow decreases, therefore, the saw teeth and grates are located in the boundary zone of the turbulent flow. if the strand moved in the zone of a confident turbulent flow, then such a flow would contribute to the unraveling of the strand of fibers, thereby facilitating the release of weed impurities due to the strength of their connection with the fibers. aerodynamic equilibrium of a freely rotating saw cylinder due to the presence of friction forces arising between the saw blades and air and atmospheric pressure cannot be overcome by centrifugal forces acting on the air mass during rotation. conclusion. this paper shows that as a result of the influence of working bodies of fiber cleaning machine on aerodynamic parameters. when the fiber cleaner is in operation, the saw rotates at a frequency of n = 1500 rpm, with rmax = 0.153m ≈ 155 mm. as you can see, there is no laminar flow outside the saw blade ∅310 mm. this justification makes it possible to explain the reason for the industry's refusal of the cleaning rate at 1000 min -1 and its transition to 1500 min -1 . references 1. international cotton advisory committee. washington, from the secretariat of the icac. https://icac.org/, emailsecretariat@icac.org.september 1, 2017. 2. samuel jackson moisture handbook. sam jackson technical staff & network. originally published february 2012. information subject. rejim dostupa:http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5347080fe4b0d28409c17b4d/t/534 e8c00e4b06285ac58d2fc/1397656576993/2012+hb+complete.pdf. https://icac.org/ mailto:secretariat@icac.org http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5347080fe4b0d28409c17b4d/t/534%20e8c00e4b06285ac58d2fc/1397656576993/2012+hb+complete.pdf http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5347080fe4b0d28409c17b4d/t/534%20e8c00e4b06285ac58d2fc/1397656576993/2012+hb+complete.pdf american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 29 3. a presentation by mr. lav bajaj and mr. m.k. sharma, bajaj steel industries ltd., nagpur india. future trends in cotton ginning and pressing technologies. 2012. rejim dostupa:http://bajajngp.com/images/technical/5th.pdf 4. cotton: world statistics. bulletin of the international cotton advisory committee, ny, november 2015. http://www.icac.org. http://www.samiackson. com; http://www.baiaingp.com; 5. w.s.anthony and william d.mayfield. cotton ginning handbook. united states department of agriculture. desember 2016. 6. ryszard m. kozlowski. handbook of natural fibres. volume 2: processing and applications. wood head publishing limited, 2012. 7. https://www.testextextile.com/ru/chto-takoye-svoystva-xlopkovogovolokna-iz-xlopkovogovolokna. 8. shandong machine-building company for the production of cotton processing equipment "lebed". instructions for the operation of the saw gin my-171, pneumatic fiber cleaner mkpkh3000, sawn fiber cleaner mkp 600x3000. china, jinan. 2002. -32 c. 9. jingshan tian, xuyi zhang, wangfeng zhang. fiber damage of machine-harvested cotton before ginning and after fiber cleaning. «journal of integrative agriculture». vol.17, issue 5, may 2018. pages 1120-1127. 10. juraev a., akhmedkhodjaev h.t., bobomatov a. improvement of designs and development of methods for calculating the working bodies of cotton cleaners from fine litter. ed: "namangan”, namangan, 2016, 126 p 11. bafaev d.h. increasing the efficiency of straight-flow single-stage fiber cleaning machines //young exercises, 2016, no. 5 from 14-16 . 12. tursunov kh.k. mechanics of working bodies of fiber cleaning machines, vol.: "fan", 1997, 126 p.. 13. http://tekhnosfera.com/teoreticheskie-osnovy-ochistki-hlopkovogo-volokna-isovershenstvovanie-rabochih-organov-voloknoochistitelnyh-mashin#ixzz69jjhhjkf 14. kuliev t.m., djuraev a. designing and methods of calculating parameters of a fibrous material cleaner from large litter // international journal of advanced science and technology vol. 29, no. 8s, (2020), pp. 444-452. 15. korabelnikov r.v., lebedev d.a. determination of aerodynamic drag forces in the process of cleaning natural fibers // scientific works of young students of kstu, vipusk 8, kostroma, 2007, 19-23 pages. 16. salimov a.m., lugachev a.ye report this websitet. technology of preliminary processing of cotton. "spark of literature". tashkent. 2018.184 p. 17. i.k.sobirov. theoretical calculation of the length of cotton fiber in the process of two-stage gining.// the problem of textiles. 2008. no.2. pp.78-80. 18. handbook on the first processing of cotton. under the general edition of f.b.omonov. tashkent, “voris nashriyot” , 2008 y., 416 p. 19. i.d.madumarov, b.m.mardonov, t.o.tuichiev. investigation of the movement of the cotton-sirs fly in the zone of its interaction with the mesh surface // textile problems.2017., no. 3– from 21-26 p. 20. korabelnikov a.r. the process of shock interaction of a fiber particle with a working organ / a.r. korabelnikov, d.a. lebedev, r.v. korabelnikov // "technology of textile industry". ivanovo. 2003. no. 1. http://bajajngp.com/images/technical/5th.pdf http://www.icac.org/ http://www.samiackson/ http://tekhnosfera.com/teoreticheskie-osnovy-ochistki-hlopkovogo-volokna-i-sovershenstvovanie-rabochih-organov-voloknoochistitelnyh-mashin#ixzz69jjhhjkf http://tekhnosfera.com/teoreticheskie-osnovy-ochistki-hlopkovogo-volokna-i-sovershenstvovanie-rabochih-organov-voloknoochistitelnyh-mashin#ixzz69jjhhjkf american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 30 21. hengyi dong, xingli jiu, yongchuan yu, zhan zhao. leaf adhesiveness affects damage to fiber strength during seed cotton cleaning of machine-harvested cotton. «industrial crops and products» vol. 107, issue 15, november 2017. pages 211-216. 22. kuliyev t.m., djuraev a. creation of a design and justification of parameters of a single-stage fiber cleaner // international journal of advanced science and technology vol. 29, no. 5, (2020), pp. 4522 – 4529. 23. madrakhimov d.u., muminov u.m. influence of performance, velocity and aerodynamic modes of the developed fiber cleaner on technological indicators // universe: technical sciences: electron. scientific. journal.2020.№9(78).-p.55-58. https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/10727 24. maksudov e.t., aminov kh.kh., murodov r.m. improvement of a high-efficiency unit for cleaning cotton fiber. kursk, russia. modern materials, equipment and technologies. 2015 no.2(2) pp.115-120. 25. aybek palvanbayevich mavlyanov, alisher abdugappar oʻgʻli abdusamatov, aʼlamjon shavkat oʻgʻli aʼzamjonov. new saw blade for cleaning cotton fiber//doi: 10.48047/ijiemr/v09/i12/35, ijiemr volume 09, issue 12, pages: 206-210 26. alisher abdugappar ugli abdusamatov. shavkat sadridinovich xoldorov, ravshan xasanovich maksudov, aybek palvanbaevich mavlyanov. analysis of mathematical model of single-stage fiber cleaner machine aggregate// international engineering journal for research & development, vol. 6, issue 3, 05.07.2021, doi:https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/3b8p9 27. o.t.olimov, s.h.babajanov, m.m.agzamov. fiber cleaning production line for machine-picked cotton// actual problems of innovative technologies in the conditions of integration of science, education and production, republican scientific-practical conference, part i, collection of scientific articles, november 29-30, tashkent-2013, 66-70 p 28. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/density_of_air 29. todor vlad, dan pitica, lucian man, jano rajmond. optimized methods for theoretical and practical training// conference: electronics technology (isse), 2012 35th international spring seminar, and may 2012. doi:10.1109/isse.2012.6273146 30. b.m.mardonov, f.x.ibragimov, x.t.axmedxodjayev, x.n.sharipov, sh.s.xoldorov. study of the law of motion of a single seed on the rib// textile journal of uzbekistan, vol 8, issue 1, 2019, 42-49 p 31. a.a.abdusamatov. analysis of the design scheme of the cleaner machine aggregate” innovative ideas and developments of young people living in conditions of modernization of technology of cotton cleaning, textile, light industry, printing production", republican scientific-practical conference, october 20-21, tashkent – 2021, 177-179 p. https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/10727 https://www.ijiemr.com/public/uploads/paper/706491608527307.pdf https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/3b8p9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/density_of_air https://www.researchgate.net/profile/todor-vlad https://www.researchgate.net/profile/dan-pitica https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/lucian-man-74985023 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/jano-rajmond http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isse.2012.6273146 https://uzjournals.edu.uz/titli/vol8/iss1/6/ https://uzjournals.edu.uz/titli/vol8/iss1/6/ international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 81 socio-economic well-being of rural women as a subject of sociological analysis nodira mannapovna azizova, ph.d student at the national university named after mirzo ulugbek, uzbekistan abstract: this article presents that the research of the socio-economic well-being of rural women helps to determine the measures that the government of uzbekistan can take to improve their status in society, increase their social status and capacity. this study revealed that the socio-economic well-being of women is determined by the level of creating conditions for the full realization of labor, social, intellectual potential, achieving financial stability, and quality of life. this article presents gender aspects of rural women employment and their participation at the labor market in uzbekistan. keywords: rural women, well-being, sociological analysis, gender, uzbekistan. introduction the socio-economic well-being of women is determined by the level of creating conditions for the full realization of labor, social, intellectual potential, achieving financial stability, and quality of life. it is advisable to analyze the indicators of assessing the socio-economic well-being of women from the point of view of quality of life. the concept of quality of life assumes a high quality of life presented by following indicators: demographic indicators; health status; social protection system; level of education; legal protection; access to healthcare; and leisure conditions. these indicators are general, but can be supplemented depending on the goals of the sociological analysis of the social well-being of individual population groups. the analysis of sociological literature has shown that in modern sociology there are both general and specific indicators of socio-economic well-being. since the subject of analysis in this dissertation is the socio-economic well-being of women, it is advisable to use the following parameters for analysis: socio-demographic parameters, socio-economic, legal, socio-cultural, socio-political.the group of socio-economic indicators of women's social well-being primarily includes the situation on the labor market and employment issues, therefore, taking into account gender specifics when planning measures to support women's employment seems appropriate, especially during the period of transformations and reforms. [1] in the scientific literature, the concept of the labor market is associated with the sphere of relations on the supply and priority of labor. the subjects of the market are employers who need a certain category of labor, and personnel who can fill the needs of employers. the subject of interaction in the labor market is an exchange relationship, which is based on the qualifications, experience, abilities of potential employees; on the other hand, employers offer appropriate conditions to potential employees, including social insurance, a satisfactory level of remuneration, working conditions, etc. the labor market depends on many factors, including personnel policy, tax policy, investment activity, demographic situation. material and methods the role of the state is dominant in these processes by controlling, regulatory bodies, that builds personnel policy and labor market. as of january 1, 2022, the proportion of women in uzbekistan is american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 82 about half of the permanent population of uzbekistan 17,527,126 (49.7%), which as of january 2022 has more than 35 million people. the number of urban people is 17.487 thousand people (50.6%), the rural population is 17,071.4 thousand people (49.4%), i.e. agriculture remains the most important industry in the country's economy. in 2021, 318 investment projects worth 5.9 billion were implemented, in 2022 it is planned to attract 16.57%, of which 6 billion are foreign direct investments, there are difficulties with the development of investments that are associated with climate conditions, lack of drinking water in the regions, obsolescence of irrigation equipment for the implementation of projects in agriculture. [2] results and discussion according to the state statistics committee, in january-march 2022, gdp per capita amounted to 4.6 million soums (420 us dollars), increased by 3.7% compared to the same period in 2021. an increase in the standard of living of the population also causes an increase in women's incomes, however, according to experts, there are significant gender differences in income in 2018 it was $ 4,656 for women and $8,277 for men, i.e. women's income is 56% of men's income. according to the international labour organization, over the past 10 years, the structure of employment has not changed much, and the distribution of employment by type of economic activity in the period from 2010 to the present remains stable. [3] the main sectors of women's employment are agriculture, forestry and fishing. over the past decade, the structure of the labor market has not changed significantly, and the distribution of employment by type of economic activity in the period from 2010 to 2021 remained mostly stable. the main employment sectors of the population are agriculture, forestry and fishing, in which more than a quarter of the population was employed. [4] in addition, women are employed in industry and trade – which accounts for about a tenth of employment. [5] in 2018, women occupied 46% of jobs, of which 44% are agriculture, forestry, fishing, industry and 52% in trade. (graph 1). source: https://gender.stat.uz/uz/asosiy-ko-rsatkichlar/mehnat as can be seen from the information provided, it is observed that the share of women in agriculture is a significant part, and accordingly, when analyzing specific indicators of socio-economic wellbeing of women, it is necessary to take into account the region of residence and regional peculiarities. in this regard, effective measures to regulate the labor market and women's employment determine the socio-economic well-being of women. according to a report by the international labour organization, the majority of working women and men are employees. the overrepresentation of women in the field of wage labor is associated with the desire for decent work with the provision of social protection measures. women's employment is associated with a double burden, since they also have household and child rearing on their shoulders. employed women are american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 83 more likely to work in government organizations – in 2018, 58.7% of women and 41.3% of men worked in the public sector. [6] at the same time, the employment of women is not the only indicator of socio-economic well-being. [7] one of the parameters that sociologists and economists use is the amount of a woman's salary. in international practice, this indicator is also used, in particular, the minimum wage introduced in uzbekistan in 2019 (minimum wage). the minimum wage is an instrument of social guarantees of the state to ensure the level of income for a decent standard of living, which allows improving the conditions of payment for employees, not allowing wages to be reduced below a certain level, which contributes to the establishment of social protection. achieving and maintaining the minimum wage at a certain level is an important socio-economic regulator of the social well-being of the population. [8] according to the data of the state statistics committee, the amount of women's income compared to men is significantly lower, the dependence can be traced in the areas of women's employment, which initially assume lower wages. the share of women's wages compared to men's wages, increased for almost 2% from 2017 to 2021. (graph 2) graph 2. source: https://gender.stat.uz/ru/dopolnitel-nye-pokazateli/ekonomicheskie-resursa the report on the assessment of the social protection system in uzbekistan, prepared by the ilo, unicef and the world bank, provides the following indicators: 14% of women of working age were employed on a part–time basis in 2016, in 2018 more than 40% of all employed women were also engaged in unpaid work household, 32% were employed in agriculture. these indicators indicate a rather low participation of women in the labor market. [9] the authors see the reasons for this as a decrease in the amount of funding and availability of childcare facilities, which seems to be a serious obstacle to employment and continuing work after the end of parental leave. in modern society, the promotion of women in employment is a priority of state policy and one of the forms of employment is the development of entrepreneurship among women, especially in rural areas. according to the data presented by the senate of the republic of uzbekistan, concessional loans have been allocated to 224 thousand women in the amount of 6.9 trillion for the development of women's entrepreneurship. 14 women's entrepreneurship centers have been established in the regions of the country. [10] a socially significant regulator that contributes to maintaining the wellbeing of citizens is the protection of the purchasing power of wages, which implies accounting for inflation. the protection of the purchasing power of wages in conditions of constant price growth is carried out through indexation, which compensates for the inflationary depreciation of wages. one of the significant regulators of the socio-economic well-being of the population is social security, which is formed at the expense of social funds that provide a system of social protection american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 84 and support for vulnerable categories of citizens. in uzbekistan, the main source of the formation of social funds is the unified social tax (esp). changes in the tax system entered into force in january 2019 and provide that enterprises in which the state owns a controlling stake pay a contribution to the social insurance fund in the amount of 25% of gross wages, for legal entities this tax has been reduced from 15% to 12%.[11] as the analysis of the study shows, socio-economic regulators of social well-being are primarily related to the regulation of the labor market and employment of the population, ensuring and maintaining a decent level of wages, social protection and support of the population. the socio-economic well-being of women also depends on the regulatory framework for the protection of women's rights. thus, in the process of analyzing the socio-economic well-being of women, there is a need to study the legal mechanisms for protecting women's rights. [12] the legal norms that underlie the legal regulators of women's social well-being represent the normatively fixed values of society in relation to certain phenomena. laws, decrees, resolutions, orders of the government represent a kind of social guarantor of the security of the individual and society itself, regulating the behavior of the individual in all spheres of life. to ensure the socio-economic wellbeing of women, social legislation aimed at protecting women's rights and freedoms, guaranteeing their provision and implementation are important. the significant efforts are being made in uzbekistan to protect women's rights and strengthen their position in all spheres of society. it is obvious that if the needs of an important part of society – women are not respected and taken into account in society, such a society cannot achieve wellbeing. in uzbekistan, the equality of women with men is constitutionally enshrined; in addition, the republic has adopted the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. for example, article 18 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan stipulates that "all citizens of the republic of uzbekistan have the same rights and freedoms and are equal before the law without distinction of gender, race, nationality, language, religion, social origin, beliefs, personal and social status." equality of opportunities in labor relations is enshrined in the labor code of the republic of uzbekistan. thus, article 6 of the labor code establishes that all citizens have equal opportunities in the possession and use of labor rights, the establishment of any restrictions or the provision of benefits in the field of labor relations, depending on gender, age, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, attitude to religion, etc. the right of women for qualified medical care, enshrined in article 40 of the constitution, has found its concretization and has been further developed in the laws of the republic of uzbekistan "on public health protection", "on state sanitary supervision" and others, which have created the necessary legal framework for the implementation of reforms in the health sector. violence is a serious social problem that damages the socio-economic well-being of women in uzbekistan. 1 violence against women in uzbekistan, including domestic violence, is becoming a serious and large-scale problem that generates many other social and individual problems. therefore, in this context, the adopted law "on the protection of women from harassment and violence" seems to be one of the serious steps to recognize the problem of violence against women. the purpose of this law is to regulate relations in the field of protecting women from all forms of harassment and violence. [13] the law also reflects the concept of violence, according to which violence is an illegal act (inaction) against women, encroaching on their life, health, sexual integrity, honor, dignity and other rights and freedoms protected by law through the use or threat of physical, psychological, sexual or economic impact. according to the law, information about victims of harassment and violence, as well as about persons prone to violence, is entered into a single electronic database of the state statistics committee of the republic of uzbekistan. the basis for entering into the database is the appeal of a victim of violence or harassment, reports of individuals or legal entities, direct detection of the commission of harassment or violence, or attempts to commit them, materials received from state bodies and other organizations. in addition, the republic has adopted a number of laws aimed at protecting women and men, including the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on 2.1 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 85 guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women and men", the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated 02.07.2018 n pp-3827 "on measures to improve the system of social rehabilitation and adaptation, as well as prevention domestic violence". the achievement of gender equality in the country is the main priority. from the a systematic approach point of view, there is a building of a system of support for women in order to equalize the imbalance in the proportions of their participation in various processes. in this direction, the senate of the republic of uzbekistan has approved the strategy for achieving gender equality in the republic of uzbekistan until 2030, which provides for an integrated approach to the implementation of the principle of equality between women and men in all spheres and levels of decision-making and execution. the strategy will promote gender equality in economic and social life in order to create conditions for the realization of equal rights and opportunities for men and women, as well as respect for fundamental human rights. conclusion to sum up, the empowerment of rural women in national socio-economic life should be analyzed based on the combination of the demographic indicators; health status; social protection system; level of education; legal protection; access to healthcare; and leisure conditions. the achieving of gender equality as an indicator of women's socio-economic well-being is also determined by various variables, including the regulatory framework for strengthening the position of women in various spheres of women's life, providing opportunities for rural women's participation in political processes and governance processes at the community, district, region and country levels. references: 1. gender, agriculture and rural development in uzbekistan, fao, budapest, 2019 2. tashkent region statistical bulletin, state committee on statistics of uzbekistan, 2019 3. asian development bank (2015): country operations business plan: uzbekistan, 2016–2018. manila. [electronic resource] url: https://www.adb.org/documents/uzbekistan-countryoperations-business-plan-2016-2018 (date of treatment: 12.15.2020) 4. azizova n.m., azizova l.q., "gender policy and role of women farmers and dehkans in horticulture sector: national peculiarities of uzbekistan", the american journal of social science and education innovationsб impact factor: 5.85б march 23, 2021 p 89-104 doi: htpp//doi.org/1037547/tajssei/volume 3 issue 03-15 5. asian development bank: uzbekistan country gender assessment, updated (2018). [electronic resource] url: https://www.adb.org/documents/uzbekistan-gender-assessment-update (date of treatment: 12.15.2020) 6. ganieva m.kh. (2018) “well-being of the family as one of the main tasks of the social policy of the state government”, “sociologiya ukitish va sociologist tadqiqotlarini tashkil etish dolbzar masalalari” materials of the scientific-practical conference 04.23.2018. 7. human development report, un, new york, usa (2019). [electronic resource] url: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019.pdf (date of treatment: 12.15.2020) 8. l.i. ivankina. well-being and the problem of sustainable development of society. blagopoluchie i problema ustoychivogo razvitiya obshestva, tomsk polytechnic university. bulletin of science of siberia. no. 2 (17) (2015). [electronic resource] url: https://jwt.su/journal (date of treatment: 03.15.2021) 9. resolution of president №-5325 (2018) "on measures for radical enhancement of activities in the sphere of support of women and strengthening of institute of family” 02.02.2018. [electronic resource] url: https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=122686 (date of treatment: 03.15.2021) https://www.adb.org/documents/uzbekistan-country-operations-business-plan-2016-2018 https://www.adb.org/documents/uzbekistan-country-operations-business-plan-2016-2018 https://www.adb.org/documents/uzbekistan-gender-assessment-update http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019.pdf https://jwt.su/journal https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=122686 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 86 10. resolution of president № rp-3808 (2018) "on approving the concept of strengthening the family institute in the republic of uzbekistan" 06.27.2018. [electronic resource] url: https://www.lex.uz/docs/3797628 (date of treatment: 03.15.2021) 11. resolution of president №-3827 (2018) “on measures to improve the system of social rehabilitation and adaptation, as well as the prevention of domestic violence”. 07.02.2018. [electronic resource] url: https://www.lex.uz/ru/docs/3804813 (date of treatment: 03.15.2021) 12. resolution of president № rp-4235 (2019) “on measures for further strengthening the guarantees of the labor rights and support to women’s entrepreneurship activity”. 03.07.2019. [electronic resource] url: https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4230938 (date of treatment: 03.15.2021) 13. resolution of president № rp-4235 (2019) “on measures for further strengthening the guarantees of the labor rights and support to women’s entrepreneurship activity”. 03.07.2019. [electronic resource] url: https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4230938 (date of treatment: 03.15.2021) https://www.lex.uz/docs/3797628 https://www.lex.uz/ru/docs/3804813 https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4230938 https://lex.uz/ru/docs/4230938 international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 193 structure and functions of intelligent transport systems iroda berdiyorova teacher, jizzakh polytechnic institute abstract: in this article given functions and structure of intellegent trsnport systems. nowadays its plays an important role in the management of urban transport systems and safety of people and transport movement. keywords: structure, functions, its, transport, social, road, sustainaility, infrastructure. introduction in the field of transportation, the need to meet the demand for cargo and passenger transportation services is a concern of the whole world. intellegent transportation systems (its) created using intelligent information and communication technologies provide economically, environmentally and socially sustainable solutions that provide efficient and rapid access to information. these solutions mainly enable the integration of road transport with other transport modes in a way that each mode complements the other, creating a more efficient global transport system. many different applications related to its, which are of great importance in solving the problems of road transport, which are the most used in cargo and passenger transportation in uzbekistan, have been implemented in developed countries, and developing countries are also increasingly using these technologies. is using more. it is intended to present the its architecture used by analyzing applications in uzbekistan and some developed countries. after reviewing how internationally accepted architecture and standards were created and existing applications in uzbekistan, the components of this architecture were identified. resaerch and methods global economic downturn of recent years has led to a severe reduction in demand, which has led to a significant reduction in production, trade and transport worldwide , and has had an immediate impact on the entire world. in 2021-2022, the decrease in the volume of cargo transportation was greater than the decrease in the volume of trade, and the decrease in the volume of trade was greater than the decrease in production . these declines have led to losses in the employment sector, especially in advanced economies. another consequence of the crisis was the acceleration of the transfer of economic assets from developed economies to developing economies, and this change was also evident in the transport sector. most important factor in the formation of this situation is the fact that the activity in the field of transport is closely related to economic development and fluctuations in the business world. economic growth, continuous population growth and increasing urbanization have become more decisive for the future of the sector in the transport sector, which is significantly influenced by macroeconomic indicators. higher per capita income and population growth will increase the need for both passenger and freight mobility. developing countries such as china and india have also seen postcrisis growth in passenger and freight traffic. in addition to these, the world 's foremost demands for safe, timely, shorter and more convenient transportation have accelerated the american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 194 development of transportation in recent years. taking into account the integrated operation of transport modes supported by logistics services, the creation of an efficient and effective transport infrastructure within the framework of this development, there was a need to implement a policy that gives priority to the human factor and minimizes the damage to the environment . in this context, the concept of sustainability, which emphasizes efficiency and effectiveness, is directly related to safety elements, energy consumption reduction and efficient use of land. given the critical role that transport plays in poverty prevention, employment and education opportunities, access to markets and utilization of underutilized land, the need for sustainable solutions to address the growing challenges, especially for developing countries, is likely to increase in the future . the industrial revolution, which began about 200 years ago, the manufacturing revolution, which has a 100 -year history and emphasizes the use of information and efficiency in production, and the management revolution, which occurred during this period by adding information to information. the 2000s encompassed the rapid development and change of information and communication technologies. intelligent transportation systems (its) are designed and created using information and 1 communication technologies to meet the growing demand for passenger and cargo services in the transportation sector in a more efficient, safer and environmentally friendly way. fast and efficient access to information offers environmentally and socially sustainable solutions. such solutions essentially ensure the integration of road transport with other modes of transport, each mode complementing the other and creating a more efficient global transport system. in addition, for a transition economy that is building high -tech infrastructures that help to eliminate gaps and obstacles in road networks, in terms of ensuring fast and safe mobility, which is one of the main priorities of the formation of society. the added value of such solutions is based on social justice and cannot be denied. this thesis aims to reveal the possible its architecture in uzbekistan by studying the applications in some developed countries and the existing applications in uzbekistan. in this direction, how internationally accepted architectures and standards are created is discussed and an its architecture proposal is presented by evaluating current practices in different countries and uzbekistan. due to the increasing trend in road transport in uzbekistan in recent years, along with some problems such as air pollution, traffic safety and traffic congestion, the general framework of its is drawn, and the standards are defined, history, architecture and ma information is provided. in emergencies, it is difficult to create transportation systems that move people together from one point to another, minimize fuel consumption and vehicle emissions , deliver goods, and provide the most beneficial trips in terms of time and cost. indeed, creating a transportation system that minimizes accidents and maximizes the system's capabilities by alerting drivers to all kinds of situations such as weather conditions around vehicles, traffic jams, and other potential hazards can be seen as a truly challenging goal. however, the use of technologies produced by today's scientific developments in various fields for a safe, efficient and sustainable transport system is generally described as intelligent transport systems (aus) applications. various sources it is said that the definition of its applies to information and communication technologies developed for other types of transport, its is a concept that appeared in road transport accepted in international standards . aus is a systems engineering program that uses information and communication technologies to operate and manage infrastructure and superstructures in the highway network, which consists of intercity and urban roads. aus is an engineering discipline that involves the research, planning, design, integration and operation of various systems and applications to improve the efficiency of road transport systems, ensure their safety, increase their environmental benefits, and manage transport and infrastructures. this discipline includes strategic planning, system architecture, technology interoperability, data and communication in multiple modes and across jurisdictions, real-time data monitoring, timely and accurate user data. 2.1 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 195 its stakeholders consist of technical experts and, broadly speaking, many different users in a multidisciplinary structure within the industry. each stakeholder must bring their knowledge and perspectives to the subject to plan, develop, manage and implement multimodal its. civil engineers, electrical and electronics engineers, systems engineers, urban and regional planners, logistics, policy, finance and business professionals, public safety and emergency personnel, and many people from various fields related to transportation infrastructure are aus stakeholders. sea and air transport are widely used in intercontinental transport, which is one of the integral elements of economy and trade, while intercontinental trade is mainly carried out by road and rail transport. passenger mobility has increased due to the convenience provided by private vehicles. however, the impact of the crisis and the coronavirus on production and distribution channels around the world has reduced traffic, especially heavy vehicles. however, after the coronavirus and the crisis, it can be said that previous calculations in road transport have been fulfilled, which is very important for the recovery of the economy. uzbekistan, the transport sector is a very important part of the economy and in uzbekistan 4.75 percent of gross output and total employment belongs to the transport sector. the number of people directly employed in the transport sector in uzbekistan is around 643 thousand, and employment in road transport makes up 95% of employment in the entire transport sector. despite the changes taking place in passenger transport, especially in the air and rail sectors, it is observed that road transport still has the highest performance in the entire transport system. there are many types of public transport, and those operating in uzbekistan include buses, taxis, subways, trolleybuses, railways and air. private cars, company cars, military and ambulance vehicles, factory and supermarket service buses are not part of public transport. table 1. volume of passenger transportation in road transport, railways, air transport and electric transport (million roads) direction 2019 year in % compared to 2017 2020 year in % compared to 2017 car 5915.2 105.8 5192.9 92.9 railway 22.9 108.7 6.2 29.4 metropolitan 79.2 128.6 38.8 63 avia 3.24 147.5 0.9 40.9 tram and trolleybus 4.53 159.8 1.6 56.4 total 6.03 billion 106.1 5.24 billion 92.3 in table 1, the volume of passenger transportation by existing means of transport in uzbekistan is analyzed in relation to 2017. according to it, the volume of passenger transportation in road transport, railways, airlines and electric transport at the end of 2019 will be 6.03 billion. passenger, and by the end of 2020, 5.24 billion. formed a passenger. including:  passenger transportation in road transport 5 billion 915.2 million in 2019. passenger, 5 billion 192.9 million in 2020. passenger (92.9 percent); passenger transportation in railway transport 22.9 million in 2019. passenger, 6.2 million in 2020. passenger; passenger transportation 79.2 million in 2019. passenger, 38.8 million in 2020. passenger; passenger transportation by air transport 3.24 million in 2019. passenger, 0.9 million in 2020. passenger;  passenger transportation on trams and trolleybuses 4.53 million in 2019. passenger, 1.60 million in 2020. passenger. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 196 the fact that public passenger transport is considered one of the important elements of the socioeconomic environment in the country's transport system indicates that it is of high not only economic, but also social importance. passenger transport is a tool that shows the social and economic potential of the country and regulates the system of social protection of the population. based on this, in order to further improve the public transport service organization system, to create a competitive environment and favorable conditions for carriers of all forms of ownership, as well as to increase the transport and transit potential of the republic, the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated march 6, 2019 "cargo and passenger transportation system" decision no. pq4230 "on radical improvement measures" was adopted and a number of benefits were granted to branch enterprises. if we pay attention to the policy of developed countries, the issue of transport is in the main place. there are a number of advantages of public transport, including: prevents traffic jams . much of the heavy traffic on our roads in various cities around the world is due to the use of private vehicles and the perception of everyone wanting to use their own cars for their privacy and convenience. recent studies have shown that a full transit bus in a public transit system is equivalent to about 55 cars on the road with one passenger; it harms the environment less. this, in turn, is beneficial for our cities, whose air is highly polluted; money is saved. using public transport allows you to save up to four times more money than you would spend on a private car. regular use of a private vehicle incurs maintenance costs and other additional charges, such as parking fees and speeding fines. by using public transport, you can save all the money that would otherwise be spent on using a private vehicle; physical activity . walking has been proven to relax the mind and improve mental health. consequently, walking between public transport routines can improve mental health and physical well-being; prevents depletion of natural and fuel resources . trains, buses, ferries and trams significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuel reserves and materials that continue to destroy the natural environment. will stimulate the development of tourism . tourists can be much safer and more relaxed than using public transport systems such as trains and buses, as it gives them the opportunity to meet new and interesting people from different cultures. buses and trains are much safer than private vehicles . personal vehicle accidents contribute to higher fatality rates than accidents involving buses or trains. every year, more than 40,000 deaths and many more injuries are caused by car accidents worldwide. improves the safety of places with public transport . research based on evidence from criminology reports shows that places with public transportation have improved overall safety and reduced crime. public transportation areas are actually better lit and patrolled, as well as police officers, reducing crime and increasing safety by more than 80 percent. if we pay attention to the statistics of uzbekistan, road traffic accidents on public transport (buses) have decreased by four times in the last ten years . during the last 10 years (2011-2020), the following were committed by the drivers of the bus depots within the "toshshahartranskhizmat" joint stock company:  the number of traffic accidents increased by 76 percent;  57 percent of those who died;  the number of injured people decreased by 76%. for comparison, in 2011: road traffic accidents 74; deceased 7; injured 83. in 2020: road traffic accidents 18; deceased 3; injured 20. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 197 for information, in 2020, the number of road traffic accidents decreased by 26% compared to 2019, and the number of deaths decreased by 60%. in january-april 2021, a total of 2,242 traffic accidents were recorded in uzbekistan. as a result, 557 people died, 1684 people were injured in various degrees. this, in turn, is a sign of the safety of public transport. there are also a number of disadvantages of public transport, which are as follows:  struggle for place;  crush and satiety are companions of public transport;  the speed of public transport is lower than that of private transport;  public transport aggression nest;  absence of public transport to the destination or transport exchanges;  obsolete vehicles;  it is necessary to speak in a low voice;  unpleasant smell and not clean;  and the main thing is that it does not meet hygienic requirements. based on the above, determining strategic directions for improving service culture and efficiency based on the use of modern marketing research in the market of passenger transport services is an urgent task. in particular, it is necessary to pay special attention to the implementation of research in such areas as further improving the quality of passenger transport infrastructure and the organization of customer-oriented services, the organization of effective marketing activities aimed at the harmony of the relationship between the customer and transport enterprises. the reduction of energy resources is one of the important problems facing the world in terms of road transport. fossil fuels are the main source of energy used by motor vehicles on the highway, and the use of alternative energy sources to fossil fuels has been on the agenda recently. according to the international energy agency (iea), consumption in the transport sector accounts for 19% of energy consumption worldwide. due to changes in oil prices and dwindling oil resources , it is estimated that road transport may face serious challenges in terms of energy efficiency with increasing demand in uzbekistan, a major importer. of fossil fuels in road transport causes air pollution, and the increased use of motor vehicles also causes noise. environmental impact, which is one of the main problems of road transport, is seen as another area where bigger problems may arise in the future if no measures are taken. according to the iea, 23% of carbon dioxide (co2) emissions from fuel consumption come from transport. according to projections in figure 1.1, this figure is expected to increase to 50% by 2030 and 80 % by 2050 . american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 198 figure 1.1. information on the impact of harmful substances on the environment (www.dataworldbank.org ) road safety is one of the most important problems in road transport. the concept of safety in the transportation system is the ability to transport one or more vehicles or goods from one place to another without causing any damage, with the least possible risk. of course, negligible or zero risk is the goal in the long run, but experience shows that no human activity can be completely risk-free. conclusions caused by the movement of vehicles, drivers, infrastructure and vehicles have increased , especially in developing countries due to population growth, urbanization and vehicles. although traffic accidents resulting in death, injury or material damage cause losses in terms of the national economy of countries, human deaths and injuries also cause social damage. at the same time, the high cost of investments in highways caused difficulties in financing the central budgets of countries. due to market fluctuations and crises in the recent period, market conditions and credit volumes have deteriorated, particularly in north america and the european union, making it difficult or costly to obtain the necessary financing. therefore, the planned road and transport projects need real and current technical and economic foundations, and the implementation period of such projects is also important. furthermore, it should not be overlooked that infrastructure investments aimed at increasing the length and width of highways provide temporary solutions rather than ensuring the efficient use of existing highway capacity, and that the available financial resources are not longterm and should be evaluated for sustainable solutions. in addition, with the increase in urban population, the more efficient use of urban roads and the planned integration of different modes of transport can have a positive effect on the financing of investments in different modes of transport. references 1. adeli, h., & jiang, x. (2008). intelligent infrastructure: neural networks, wavelets, and chaos theory for intelligent transportation systems and smart structures. crc press. 2. cobo, m. j., chiclana, f., collop, a., de ona, j., & herrera-viedma, e. (2013). a bibliometric analysis of the intelligent transportation systems research based on science mapping. ieee transactions on intelligent transportation systems, 15(2), 901-908. 3. gamboa-rosales, n. k., celaya-padilla, j. m., hernandez-gutierrez, a. l., moreno-baez, a., galván-tejada, c. e., galván-tejada, j. i., ... & lópez-robles, j. r. (2020). visualizing the intellectual structure and evolution of intelligent transportation systems: a systematic analysis of research themes and trends. sustainability, 12(21), 8759. 4. kuchkorov, t. a., hamzayev, j. f., & ochilov, t. d. (2021). intellektual transport tizimi ilovalari uchun sunʼiy intellekt texnologiyalaridan foydalanish. вестник кгу им. бердаха. №, 2, 107. http://www.dataworldbank.org/ american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 199 5. o‘g‘li, r. m. r. (2022). aqlli shahar transport tizimining nazoratida kuzatuv kameralari ishi. ta’lim fidoyilari, 5(9), 138-142. 6. xalim o‘g‘li, a. e., rovshan o‘g, j. r. y., & abduvaxob o'g'li, o. n. (2021). intellektual muhandislik tizimlarining jamoat transportida qo ‘llanilishi. eurasian journal of academic research, 1(9), 113-116. 7. amirqulov, b. o. f., islamov, b. o. e., oʻrunov, d. a. o., & choriev, j. a. o. (2022). o ‘zbekistonda yo ‘l transport hodisalarini kamaytirishda intellektual transport tizimlarining o ‘rni. academic research in educational sciences, 3(11), 25-30. 8. berdiyorov, t., & berdiyorov, a. (2020). long-range planning of a public transport company. архив научных исследований, (29). 9. azamatovich, b. t. (2019). marketing research of the transport services market. экономика и социум, 12, 67. 10. azamatovich, b. t. (2021). ways to evaluate and increase the effectiveness of marketing research in public transport. in international conference on agriculture sciences, environment, urban and rural development. (pp. 53-56). 11. azamatovich, b. t. (2022). analysis of the state of marketing research of passenger transport in public transport companies of jizzakh region. journal of marketing and emerging economics, 1(8), 72-86. 12. azamatovich, b. t. (2019). marketing in transport services. экономика и социум, 12. 13. liu, y. (2018, january). big data technology and its analysis of application in urban intelligent transportation system. in 2018 international conference on intelligent transportation, big data & smart city (icitbs) (pp. 17-19). ieee. 14. berdiyorov, t. (2020, december). metrobus in separated corridors as an optimal public transport system. in iop conference series: earth and environmental science (vol. 614, no. 1, p. 012056). iop publishing. 15. azamatovich, b. t. (2022, february). increasing effectiveness of marketing research in public transport. in international conference on multidimensional research and innovative technological analyses (pp. 48-50). international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 1 | nov-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 8 innovation of general education schools management principles tailakov muhammed norbekovich scientific research institute of pedagogical sciences named after kori niaziy phd student abstract: in the modernization of the education sector, it is necessary to have a system of principles in order to effectively organize the improvement of the management process of general secondary schools. this issue is raised in the article, which talks about the principles of innovative management of general education schools. keywords: education and training, scientific and goal-oriented, systematic, based on marketing ideas, comprehensiveness, personal responsibility, pedagogical support, management process, modernization, general secondary school, quality of education introduction as in all spheres, certain principles are stable in the process of management, and their ideological content ensures the guarantee of the results obtained from it. it is indicated that management should be carried out on the basis of the stability of the following principles: democratic centralism; idealism and science; personal responsibility 1 in the modernization of education, it is necessary to have a principle-system in order to effectively organize the improvement of the management method of schools. according to m.m.potashnik, there are about 40 principles of the management process of general education schools. 2 therefore, in the process of research, the task of determining the principles that allow effective management of the innovative activities of schools was solved. in our opinion, the following principles are important in improving the management process of schools in the modernization of education: 1) stability of democratic and humanitarian ideas; 2) scientific and goal oriented; 3) systematicity; 4) based on marketing ideas; 5) complexity; 1 education quality management // ed. m.m. potashkin. m .: pedagogical society of russia, 2001. 448 p. 2 potashnik m.m. how to develop pedagogical creativity. m .: pedagogy, 1987. 111 p. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 9 6) performance of educational tasks in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents; 7) personal responsibility; 8) pedagogical support; 9) mutual integration between general education schools and social organizations; 10) taking into account the specific situation. the essence of these principles will be explained in detail below. the principle of systematicity includes: 1) internal content a set of interrelated components that ensure the process of mutual cooperation of the management subject with the object; 2) external content reflects communication involving the external environment. the number of students and employees (pedagogical, assistant and administrative staff) in the internal structure of general education schools, their specific characteristics (for example, the average age of teaching staff, level of information, professional training, work procedure), material and technical basis of the institution, traditions of the pedagogical team, activity goals, educational (psychological, aesthetic, sanitary-hygienic) conditions are reflected. the external structure of schools consists of objects and subjects of the social environment the population of the region, trade centers, cultural-educational and sports facilities, institutions, social organizations, mass media, communication with parents, the level of socio-economic and socioideological development of society. . in the conditions of modernization of education, management tasks in improving the management of schools are reflected in the following four levels: 1. the tasks solved by the head of general education schools represent the solution of management in individual and collective forms, that is, in mutual cooperation with the board of founders, the pedagogical council, the pedagogical team and public organizations. 2. tasks solved by the deputy heads of schools they are solved in individual and collective forms (in cooperation with the pedagogical council, methodological council, etc.). 3. tasks to be solved based on the cooperation of subject teachers, class leaders, parents' committee and others. 4. tasks to be solved by students are performed by organizing the activity of their self-management bodies, departments, clubs. the principle of being based on marketing ideas is of great importance in the management of innovative activities of general education schools. therefore, marketing is a set of activities that creates an opportunity for the formation of innovations and innovations, the preservation of resources that help to ensure the competitiveness of general education schools, and the collective development. according to the essence of this principle, the activities of general education schools should be organized based on the needs and interests of students and parents . in the conditions of market economy relations, marketing is seen as an integral part of the development program of general education schools. the marketing approach to the management of innovative activities of general education schools is fully reflected in the essence of the following principles: 1) a need that is stable in the decision-making process; 2) a mature account of the situation and demand dynamics; 3) creating conditions for studying demands and needs based on a long-term perspective, not from the point of view of temporary benefits; 4) influencing consumers of educational services through advertising technologies; 5) constantly conduct marketing research. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 10 based on the principle of fulfilling educational tasks in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents, the duties of the head of general education schools are determined. marketing, organization of diagnosis and planning, accounting and analysis of results, organization of control, motivation of pedagogical staff and students, regulation of the general activity of the institution are the main tasks performed by the manager. some of these tasks are discussed below. for example, in planning, the analysis of situations and external environmental factors, evaluation of alternative options for goal implementation, features of innovative activity planning, development and implementation of planned situations, number of participants in this process, professional skills of pedagogical staff, volume of professional activity and other circumstances are taken into account. innovative activity of general education schools and social orientation of tactical plans; 1) priority and superiority of strategic (high-level goals) and tactical (one-year current goals, monthly tasks) plans; 2) allocation of strategic planning objects and their resources according to their importance in order to rationally distribute them; 3) the planning itself is carried out according to a number of principles. including: 4) compatibility of the plans with the existing financial conditions; 5) development of alternative plans guaranteeing the achievement of certain goals and achieving low cost in their implementation; 6) economic justification of the plan; 7) providing feedback of the planning system; 8) choosing the most convenient form of plan implementation; 9) regulating the period of activity and ensuring its consistency and priority; 10) carrying out analysis of activity and graphic (written) plan, which allows to analyze the maturity of measures. it is appropriate to define interrelated action mechanisms, which include the implementation of the plans developed during the organization of the pedagogical activity process, the distribution of tasks among the participants, and the determination of their rights and obligations. also, recording the time and expenses spent for the implementation of educational goals, spending resources requires careful calculation. regular, complete, high-quality and effective implementation of the plan is one of the main conditions for achieving efficiency in management. the following requirements should be taken into account when developing educational plans based on theoretical analysis, implementing them and recording the results:  growth of indicators;  systematicity, i.e. calculation of indicators of external and internal order of the system;  persistence;  effectiveness, that is, the use of indicators in improving the quality of work. control is related to the implementation of the program, plan, assignments and the requirements of regulatory documents that implement management decisions. organization of control can be recognized as a continuous and orderly process aimed at checking the implementation of plans. control is carried out in the following four stages: 1) organization of monitoring and analysis of results regarding the implementation of educational plans; 2) mutual comparison of achieved and planned results and identification of differences between them; american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 11 3) predicting the consequences of the situations that have arisen; 4) actions aimed at making certain corrections to the process. treating with respect to the subjects whose activities are being supervised, organizing the supervision in an upbeat mood; addressing educational subjects by name; respect for the supervisor's opinion, benevolence, sincere praise for their achievements, pointing out mistakes not directly, but indirectly, allowing the person whose activity is being supervised to preserve his reputation, ensure the success of the supervision process. determining the factors that determine the existence of control general education schools allows comparing the content of the organized activities with the established educational goals and tasks, planning the interest of the pedagogical team and students, and predicting the results in advance. promotion and regulation are the next important tasks of managing the innovative activities of educational institutions. in the sources, motivation is considered as a dynamic process of the development of the educational system with a complex integrated structure from a psychological point of view. we believe that the process of motivation is one of the necessary conditions for the active organization of activities by the subject, therefore it is appropriate for leaders in educational institutions to pay serious attention to the motivation of pedagogical staff and students in order to effectively organize innovative activities. in the context of the principle of compliance with certain norms, it is considered that the activities of educational institutions are organized in accordance with certain regulatory documents and the requirements set forth in them. usually, the concept of "norm" is mandatory rules recognized by the general society, the procedure for carrying out certain activities, a pattern of movement; it is defined as the average value (quantity) of a known thing. the content of the regulatory approach is to establish management standards for all components of general education schools education, upbringing, etc. priority standards in the activity of educational institutions should meet requirements such as comprehensiveness, efficiency, reliability, and the possibility of prospective application in space and time. in the modernization of education, the complexity of improving the management of general secondary schools means the need to take into account social, economic, scientific-technical, organizational, pedagogical, psychological and ecological features and their interactions in the process of providing educational services. therefore, in the conditions of education modernization, it is appropriate to determine demographic, ethnographic, qualification and other aspects in improving the management process of general secondary schools. in the process of conducting the research, it was determined that it is necessary to form a pedagogical team with the participation of specialists of different ages in order to effectively organize innovative activities. after all, young teachers tend to actively apply various innovative technologies to the educational process, but in most cases, they do not always successfully achieve educational goals due to their lack of pedagogical skills and sufficient life experience. in innovative management, mutual integration between general education schools and social organizations is manifested in: 1) establishing mutual cooperation between heads of institutions, management staff, pedagogical team, management bodies, student self-management bodies, subject teachers, students and their parents; 2) strengthening interactions between different management levels, that is, joint management of the activities of general education schools according to this, all members of the general education school team are actively involved in the process of decision-making and adoption. collaborative management primarily involves planning activities. in strengthening the interaction between american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 12 management levels, it is necessary to take into account differentiation, individualization, rights and powers of self-management bodies, demandingness, collective and creative nature of activity; 3) to achieve high efficiency in the activities of management bodies by organizing temporary creative groups (for example, scientific-methodical council, expert panel, etc.) on the basis of mutual assistance provided by the public. in the conditions of modernization of education, the priority of pedagogical support in improving the management process of general secondary schools helps each member of the team of the educational institution to realize their internal potential. promotion should be carried out by establishing an attitude based on humanitarian ideas among all members of the institution's team. it is natural that pedagogues who are encouraged for their talent and effective work will work better, be devoted to their profession, and show love to students. constant encouragement of gifted students creates educational activity in them. educational or educational activity is the main factor of thorough assimilation of scientific knowledge. taking into account the specific situation in improving the management process of general secondary schools in the conditions of modernization of education helps to objectively evaluate specific efforts and effective activities. by considering a specific situation, it becomes possible to analyze the suitability of different management methods. in the researches of m.mirkosimov, "management methods" are expressed in the form of "management methods", and their essence is explained as follows: management methods are for teachers, educators, technical staff, in general. it is a tool for influencing the school team, and these tools ensure the coordination of the activities of these employees and teams in the process of achieving the set goals. that is why it is important for school leaders to choose the right management methods and use them correctly in the organization and implementation of internal management. management methods are derived from existing relationships within the school, such as educationaleducational, financial-economic, classroom and extracurricular activities, various cooperative activities of the school, work with the team of teachers. 3 at this point, the author offers the following methods of management: 1. organizational and administrative methods of management. 2. social-psychological methods of management. 3. legal methods of management. 4. direct instruction methods of management. 5. methods of using incentives in management. 6. methods of moral development of personnel. 7. monitoring method in management. 8. conversation method in management. 9. the method of analyzing school documents according to yu. v. vasiliev, the methods of pedagogical management consist of activating the object of management, organizing the activities of students and teachers, directing their activities, organizing control over them, etc., and correspond to the methods of organizing the educational process. 4 due to the large number of internal and external factors, it is impossible to choose a single method that is convenient for improving the management process of general secondary schools in the 3 medynsky v.g. innovative management / textbook. – m.: infra-m, 2002. – 210 p. 4 vasiliev yuv. pedagogical management at school: methodology, theory, practice. m .: pedagogy, 1990. 143 p. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 13 conditions of modernization of the education sector. the most effective methods allow to achieve the educational goal set by general education schools. in pedagogical science, there is no single point of view regarding the classification of methods that are considered effective in managing the innovative activities of educational institutions. for this reason, the author of the study puts forward the proposal that in the classification of methods effective in improving the management process of general secondary schools in the conditions of modernization of education, the methods representing the influence of management subjects on the object should be taken as a basis. that is: 1. organizational-administrative methods with a mandatory nature (study of regulatory documents and quick management methods). 2. economic methods (formation of a salary (wage) system according to the quality and efficiency of professional activity; incentives (setting awards, paying additional fees to the basic salary, introducing social service payments, granting preferential loans, preferential insurance of the property and life of pedagogues, fines system application, etc.). 3. sociological methods (test, questionnaire, timing, interview, question-and-answer, interview). 4. psychological-pedagogical methods (studying the psychological portrait of a person, determining the motivation of needs, conducting monitoring, direct observation; moral stimulation of pedagogues (rewarding with praise and honors, badges, presenting valuable gifts, etc.). 5. forecasting method (implementation of educational plans and prediction of activity results). based on the opinions expressed above, it can be noted that the principles of improving the management process of general secondary schools in the conditions of modernization of education do not repeat each other, but serve to illuminate various aspects of this process (in particular, innovation, marketing, acceleration of information exchange in the social environment, social adaptation, etc.) . in general education schools based on administrative management, the leader is the "sole governor" and important decisions are made only by him. one of the important characteristics of a leader in educational institutions that implement innovative activities is his support for innovations, stimulation of creative activities of teachers, and support of talented students. thus, in the context of the renewal of society, encouraging the organization of innovative activities by educational institutions is considered an important socio-pedagogical necessity. in the conditions of modernization of education, the selection of effective principles in improving the management process of general secondary schools and acting in accordance with them not only increases the effectiveness of education, but also ensures the successful implementation of the social order set by the society to educate a complete person and a qualified specialist. references: 1. quality management education // ed. m.m.potashkin. m .: pedagogical society of russia, 2001. 448 p. 2. potashnik m.m. how to develop pedagogical creativity. m .: pedagogy, 1987. 111 p. 3. medynsky v.g. innovative management / textbook. – m.: infra-m, 2002. – 210 p. 4. vasiliev y.v. pedagogical management at school: methodology, theory, practice. m .: pedagogy, 1990. 143 p. 5. juraev r.kh., turgunov s.t. talim management. t .: 2006. 263 p. 6. khasanova g. k. the essence and significance of the case-study method in the educational process //oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. special issue 20. – с. 778-782. 7. khasanova g. k. the need for technology in the design of the pedagogical process //oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. special issue 20. – с. 95-100. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 157 expression of the concept of happiness and joy in ancient literature ubaidova dilrabo askarovna senior lecturer, pedagogical institute bukhara, republic of uzbekistan abstract: this work is dedicated to the concept of happiness and joy in works of ancient literature. the study was conducted on the basis analysis of the materials of the discipline "world literature". as a result, mutual a person's actions with the world add up his ideas about the world, form some model of the world is created, which in philosophical and linguistic literature rature is called the picture of the world. in this picture of the world, we will consider concept of happiness and joy in the ancient world. happiness explores constitutive foundations of happiness and joy as significant phenomena of the ancient tradition in the context of identifying the originality of the ancient type of cultural and historical subjectivity. keywords: concept, joy, happiness, antique literature, culture, myths, world views, greek, romans. the theme of happiness and joy has always been one of the eternal and topical themes of literature. in this article i want to talk about the concept of happiness and joy in ancient literature, as i lecture on this discipline. ancient literature is the first era of world literature, the literature of ancient greece and ancient rome is usually called ancient literature. the chronological framework of ancient literature covers the period from the 9th-8th centuries bc to the 5th century ad inclusive. the idea of happiness is one of the main universal categories of ancient culture, underlying the ancient worldview and ancient cultural and cultural heritage. historical type of consciousness. people who lived at that time understood the concept of happiness differently and what kind of people they considered happy. i would like to discuss this in my article. the development of the cultural and historical context of the ancient world is reflected in the metaphysical systems of ancient philosophy, which in turn makes adjustments to the way of interpreting the ethical category of happiness associated with them. the late antiquity crisis of the cosmocentric paradigm that underpins the ancient cultural horizon entails the exhaustion and devastation of the internal content of the concept of happiness, this is one of the symptoms of the end of ancient culture as such[1]. one of the central themes of the entire ancient cultural tradition is the theme of happiness, which determines the worldview and guides the life of an ancient greek or roman throughout the history of ancient greece and the ancient world as a whole. as the french historian of ancient philosophy and religion andré-jean festugière said[1] “... the greek never questioned the universality of this topic. he would never agree that a person can strive for something other than happiness. this was for him one of those indisputable and obligatory for all truths, which in practice take on the character of the original principle and premise of the syllogism. even when, in troubled athens, the wise men of sade and stoi reduced happiness to something negative, to alienation, detachment, even at the same time, they still seek happiness for themselves, and young souls lead to happiness. of course, in addition to the pursuit of happiness, the experience of heroism with the desire for selfaffirmation on the other side of the human was also important for ancient literature (as evidenced by american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 158 the ancient greek epic) [2]. however, this circumstance does not in the least detract from the significance and value of happiness: the ancient greek could well afford not to apply the standards of the heroic ethos to himself, while not risking losing any signs of individual-personal existence. recognizing the heroic path as the most worthy, admiring and chanting the deeds of the heroes, imprinting them in the memory of their descendants, the “man of culture” could well equip his life and engage in civil affairs, while choosing for himself a much less difficult path, and the goal of this path lies in happiness. . now let's discuss what the word "happiness" means. the word "happiness" in the greek language is represented by a number of terms that are close in meaning. firstly, it is the term εὐηστία [3], which can be translated as “good fate”, “favorable fate”, or “lucky chance” (εὖ – good, good; ηύτη[6] – fate, fate, confluence circumstances, case). ὄλβος [3] – the second term is a synonym expresses primarily material wealth, well-being, prosperity. the concept μακαριόηης bliss or pleasure in its highest degree and fullness has an eschatological connotation and, as a rule, is used in relation to gods or souls in elysium [ibid.]. and, in the end, the concept εὐδαιμονία, most often found in religious writings and myths, literally (εὖ good, good; δαίμων god, deity) literally means the fate of a person who is under the protection of the gods. the etymology of the greek terms for "happiness" (εὐηστία or εὐδαιμονία[3]) points primarily to its dependence on the will of the gods, or the action of fate. in itself, the theme of fate, appearing in the horizon of a particular culture, testifies to the process and the ancient world as a whole.[ibid.] we can consider democritus the first greek philosopher who added the concept of a happy life to the center of his reasoning, and he was the first to consistently separate the concepts of a happy life and good fortune. it was democritus who saw in the gods of the homeric era "the poetic personification of the forces of nature or moral concepts" [3], he denied their existence as real forces capable of influencing human life. a happy life cannot depend on the whim of the gods or fate; happiness is the inner state of a person, not conditioned by external circumstances (ηύτη)[3]. in an effort to emphasize the "internal" nature of happiness, instead of the traditional terms ὄλβος and εὐηστία, democritus uses the concepts εὐθσμία[ibid]. studying the topic of happiness, the question arises: if fate for the ancient consciousness is the ultimate instance that distributes lots, and even the gods have no power over it, which allows us to talk about happiness as an axiological center of ancient culture, as what is the main goal of ancient wisdom, determining not only the very understanding of happiness, but also the ways to achieve it? in other words, how can happiness be an object of aspiration if it depends entirely on forces external to the human will? in order to overcome the horror of the meaninglessness of fate, a man of ancient culture often translated the impersonal reality of fate into the sacred sphere, identifying it with the divine principle and personifying it in the images of the gods. after that, the goddesses of the fate of moira (μοῖραι) [4] appeared, who, according to hesiod, “determine happiness and misfortune at birth” (αἵ ηε βροηοῖζι γεινομιδοῦζιν ἔτειν ηε κακόν ηε). the spontaneity and unpredictability of fate was partly "tamed" in the images of the goddesses of the olympic pantheon: now the individual gets the opportunity to turn to them with an appeal or prayer and the ability to at least to some extent influence the course of events [4]. another example of the personification of fate is the goddess tyukhe (σύτη), who, according to the study of a. a. takho-godi, appears in the hellenistic period. the question arises: what exactly is happiness? perhaps one of the most expressive images of the ancient concept of happiness we find in herodotus. let us recall the greatest book of herodotus on history. even a history book addresses the issue of the concept of happiness in ancient literature. the first book of the history contains a well-known story about the meeting of the athenian legislator and one of the seven wise men of solon (vii-vi centuries bc) with the lydian king croesus, known for his untold wealth. to the question of croesus, “have you already met the happiest (ὀλβιώηαηον) person in the world?”, solon replies that the happiest person is the athenian tell, and there are several reasons for this: throughout tell’s life, his city flourished, his sons were beautiful and virtuous, they also had children and during his lifetime none of them died, for an athenian he was quite wealthy and, finally, he was honored with a glorious death reflecting the enemy, he fell in the battle of eleus hoarfrost the athenians arranged for him to be buried at public expense and showered him with honors. according to the logic of the athenian sage, tell's life is marked by american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 159 prosperity and well-being, and its final completion was a valiant death in battle. it is noteworthy that herodotus characterizes the life of tellus and his happiness as ὀλβιώηαηος[4], distinguishing ὄλβιος (prosperous) from εὐηστής (prosperous), that is, one whose happiness corresponds to his virtuous qualities from one who is accompanied only by external luck. considered by solon as a whole, tell's life turns out to be the embodiment of happiness: this man was favored by the gods (fate) and, no less important, this man was no stranger to virtue, both military and civil.[ibid.] but solon's further reasoning again reveals the stable dualism of the concept of happiness: a person cannot be called happy until he ends his days. if a person in all the days of his life is only a “play of chance”, if at any moment all efforts can be in vain, then his happiness at every moment of life is unreliable and is on the verge of collapse, and by and large, such a state cannot be fully realized. count as happiness. despite the fact that croesus was rich and powerful, to his surprise, solon did not recognize him as a completely happy person. thus, absolute happiness is not achievable as a reality “for-itself”, but is achievable only in death, together with human life, which stops any influence on it of the external force of fate, as well as canceling the possibility of happiness itself. “after all, the deity [for a moment] granted bliss (ὄλβον) to many, and then completely destroyed them.”[4] the idea of happiness (eudaimonia) is one of the main universal categories of ancient culture, underlying the ancient worldview and the ancient cultural-historical type of consciousness. this can be considered in the following steps: 1. changes in the cultural and historical context of the ancient world are reflected in the metaphysical systems of ancient philosophy, which in turn makes adjustments to the way the ethical category of happiness associated with them is interpreted. the late antique crisis of the cosmocentric paradigm that underpins the ancient cultural horizon entails the exhaustion and devastation of the inner content of the concept of happiness, being one of the symptoms of the end of ancient culture as such. 2. regardless of the characteristics of each of the considered periods of ancient history and culture, the view of happiness remains unchanged as a form of internal correspondence and correlation with the whole of the cosmos, harmony and proportion, as well as an expression of divinity and perfection. 3. the presence of the theme of joy in ancient discourse against the background of the almost complete absence of any significant articulation of the independent meaning of happiness indicates a certain “functional” identity of ancient joy and ancient happiness, with a difference in their conceptual content, due to the difference in cultural and, in particular, intellectual contexts, which opens up the possibility of considering happiness and joy as forms of representation of the ancient and cultural-historical type of consciousness. 4. the theme of joy is one of the cross-cutting and key themes of the ancient tradition, which is widely represented in the biblical books of the old and new testaments, where it is related not only to the reality of human experiences, but also is an essential characteristic of divine being. 5. the study of the “cosmological”, anthropological and ontological grounds for the emergence of the theme of joy in the ancient tradition demonstrates its compliance with the main doctrinal provisions of the ancient tradition, as well as the inclusion of the concept of joy in the conceptual structure of christian theological thought. this circumstance allows us to interpret joy as one of the significant realities of ancient culture. 6. the conjugation of the ancient category of happiness and joy opens up additional opportunities for understanding the essence of the cultural transformation that marked the transition from the ancient worldview to the christian one, as well as identifying the specifics of each of the considered types of worldview. it seems that everything is as it should be, but right there in hesiod we find lines that violate the established rules of the interdependence of happiness and virtue: “everything happens by the will of american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 160 the great zeus the lord. it is very easy for the thunderer kronid, who lives in the highest, to give strength to the powerless and to plunge the strong into insignificance, to take away happiness from the lucky, to suddenly exalt the unknown, to straighten the hunched frame or hunch the back of the arrogant one. ”[5] so these lines tell us that the deity gives a good share: every good, as well as every evil, comes from the gods (zeus). however, this will of the "divine dispenser" tends to become arbitrariness. homer writes about it this way: “... zeus the thunderer, who, knowing everything in the world, sends good (μοῖράν) and evil (ἀμμορίην) to the earthly by his will”; or: "... one thing gives us, the other is deprived of us by the wayward in gifts kronion, everything is possible for him." the deity, distributing a share and in this identified with fate, itself turns out to be “burdened” with the features of fate in its irrationality, ruthlessness and inexplicability. in the verses of theognis we read: “many have a bad heart, but a beautiful share (δαίμονι)” and further: “others have good intentions, but they groan under the weight of their unfortunate share (δαίμονι)” [ibid.]. for a man of ancient culture, through the organizational “cosmicity” of a deity, a gaping horror of the meaninglessness of fate always peeps through: on the one hand, zeus bestowed justice on people [ibid. same], on the other hand, with his omnipotence, zeus allows bad people to prosper, while the virtuous receive poverty as their lot. such a philosophical direction in the pre-philosophical "natural" conception of happiness is inevitable in its own way. conscious of himself as an individual being, a man of ancient culture feels his “separation” from the universality of nature, but this also has a downside: a feeling of insecurity, defenselessness and vulnerability of existence, associated with the lack of rootedness in the world as a whole. therefore, on the one hand, happy is the one who is prosperous, does not endure disasters, hardships, grief, who lives in truth and justice, embodying civic virtues, guided by worldly wisdom and adhering to the measure in everything. however, nothing is guaranteed, and no one, even the most virtuous man, can be completely calm: it is not in human power to predict the will of fate and guess the effect of luck.[ 5] in the ancient “pre-philosophical” notion of happiness, a certain duality is irremovable: on the one hand, happiness is understood as the result of human efforts and the consequence of individual virtue, on the other hand, the dependence of happiness on external and circumstances and “superhuman” incomprehensible to man “whims and forces gods" of the meaningless action of "blind" fate.[ 6] such a dualism for the pre-philosophical "natural" idea of happiness, closely intertwined with mythological ideas, turned out to be inevitable and internally insurmountable. consciousness of oneself as an individual being, isolated from the universality of the natural whole, is accompanied by a feeling of unreliability of one's own being and its vulnerability to external forces that surpass it. being completely subject to external predestination, life loses all semantic content, which is expressed in the constantly renewed ancient intuition, according to which the highest happiness lies in not being born at all. the latter trend is intensifying as the crisis moments in ancient culture and history grow.[ 7] this uncertainty and duality of the non-philosophical idea of happiness is overcome in philosophical thought, which asserts that it is, of course, worth being born in the first place in order to contemplate the structure of the perfect cosmos. through the transformation of mythological ideas into a rational construct, the idea of happiness begins to “function” within a certain rational model that explains the structure of the cosmos, and the will of the gods and fate for the philosopher becomes in a certain sense “knowable”: a sage who knows the nature of things knows the essence correlated with it happiness. beginning with democritus, the definition of happiness as a state of mind independent of external conditions became common to all ancient philosophy, identifying happiness with the highest good and a state of autarchy achieved in the contemplation of divine cosmic perfection.[ 8] in the classical period of the ancient world, the desire for happiness given to a person is feasible in the perfection of the social structure the policy, which is built according to the model of the perfect order of the eidetic world, embodying the ancient idea of cosmic existence. the polis, existing on the principle of self-formation and self-formation, echoes the ever-reproducing order of the cosmic american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 161 whole, complete in itself, revealing itself to the contemplating soul. in itself, a non-self-sufficient individual achieves happiness and autarchy and becomes involved in divine existence precisely as a citizen of the polis, as part of its common “body.”[ 8] during the hellenistic period, the polis lost its political autarchy, turning from an independent and self-sufficient state, embodying the integrity and completeness of the cosmic totality, into a part of an unreasonably huge kingdom by the standards of ancient optics. the idea of the cosmos, the eternally reproducing order of the whole, complete in itself, ancient thinking builds an equally complete and tirelessly renewed form of attitude towards oneself happiness, a kind of moral cosmos of the human soul. the happiness of each individual in its fulfillment completely coincides with the bliss of the divine and perfect in itself cosmos and exactly reproduces its essential features of self-sufficiency and self-sufficiency.[ 9] the replacement of the ancient cultural horizon by christian theocentrism entailed the birth of a new era, founded by a new cultural-historical type of consciousness, in its structure and categories defining it different from the previous "optical" horizon of ancient culture. the category of happiness, which was constitutive for antiquity, was “discarded” as incapable of answering the fundamental christian intuitions about the existence of god, man and the world, and the theme of joy took its place. the results of this study allow us to define joy as a way of existence and an existential feature of the christian subject, the crystallization of christian subjective "optics". acting as a kind of mode of being of being in its inseparable connection with consciousness, joy should be considered as a necessary christian "existential" and characterized as a form of such "being-in-the-world", which makes possible christian experience and christian life as such. in this sense, joy is a condition and at the same time / [ibid.] bibliography: 1. ancient philosophy: an encyclopedic dictionary (edited by p. p. gaidenko, m. a. solopova m .: progress tradition, 2008. 896 p. 2. ado p. what is ancient philosophy? (translated from french by v.p. gaydamak. m .: publishing house of humanitarian literature, 1999. 320 p. 3. averintsev s. s. the image of antiquity. st. petersburg: azbuka-klassika, 2004. 480 p. 4. averintsev s. s. the order of space and the order of history in the worldview of the early middle ages // antiquity and byzantium / ed. l. a. freiberg. – m.: nauka, 1975. – s. 266–285. 5. averintsev s. s. poetics of early byzantine literature. st. petersburg: azbuka-klassika, 2004. 480 p. 6. averintsev s. s. collected works / ed. n. p. averintseva and k. b. sigov. translations: a pearl of great value. per. from syriac and greek. k .: spirit i litera, 2004. 456 p. 7. ado p. plotinus or simplicity of sight / per. from fr. e. shtoff. m .: greek-latin study of yu. a. shichalin, 1991. 142 p. 8. ado p. spiritual exercises and ancient philosophy / per. from fr. with the participation v. a. vorobiev. – m.; st. petersburg: publishing house stepnoy wind; id kolo, 2005. 448 p. 9. akhutin a. v. ancient principles of philosophy. st. petersburg: nauka, 2007. 784 p. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 74 "i'm familiar with poetry towards creativity...!" maftuna raxatbayeva a student of the 22nd school affiliated to the ktb, beruni district, republic of karakalpakstan abstract: this proverb talks about "i am familiar with poetry toward creativity...!", and the priority directions of turning historical truth into artistic truth in literature. keywords: uzbek literature, artistic, historical, metaphor, symbolic literature, folklore, creativity, epics, riddle, proverb, methodology. turning historical truth into artistic truth is one of the priority directions in world literature. the works written on historical topics bring to life the distant modern reality before our eyes, and their socio-philosophical content gives us spiritual and moral lessons. for this reason, the lifeless pages of modern reality form a series of meaningful scenes. "the past is not a review of events, on the contrary, the meaningful scenes that have become our interlocutor, our thinking partner with their pains, joys, dreams, come alive before the reader's eyes [1, 2, and 3]. we make sure that they have roots that connect the past with the present. it is during these times that a person is firmly convinced that he cannot live without his history, without the memory of the past, and that he cannot fight"1. in this process, historical works expand their possibilities at the expense of specific signs [4, 5, and 6]. according to the principles of reflecting the reality of the past and the character of historical figures, the historical works are real reality, the fact and artistic fabric of illuminating the fate of ancestors, social environment, historical color, language and style problems also apply to historical poetry. it should only be noted that the scale and scope of these issues in historical poems is limited compared to prose works [18, 25]. every historical person's activity or contemporary reality can be interpreted differently in artistic works. this is a process related to the author's level of knowledge, thinking ability and artistic skill. the emergence of several works related to the life and fate of any past event or historical person differs from the writer's approach to life material, artistic-aesthetic mastering, socio-philosophical generalization, conclusions, and methods of expression [46]. in this process, the artist's artistic way of thinking, creative individuality, and artistic skills are revealed. artistic style is the main factor that shows the independence and originality of the poet's creative ability. through it, it is possible to determine the creator's personality, the search for a unique answer to the tasks that each socio-political reality sets before fiction, and the position it holds in the spiritual-intellectual development of society. also, the style introduces the unique artistic world of the creator [47]. the french thinker liu leclerc buffen meant these characteristics when he said, "style is the man himself." accordingly, the study of works on historical topics allows determining the creative personality, style and skill of the writer [36]. the creative process is unique to each artist. during the writing of a work, his personality, outlook, skills, spiritual and intellectual level, talent, social life, historical situation, the demand of the time and the general condition of literature are revealed. in this process, the creative individuality of the creator, the originality of his thinking, and the nature of the creative side are revealed[7]. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 75 let's take abduvali qutbiddin's poem called "samarkand". this poem should describe the unique features of this ancient city. but the poet uses different descriptions: a cloud landed above the roof of the bakery, there was a big patir on top of dargom, near the ruins of afrosiab, alp caught a soft cloud; burdalab threw it to zarafshan... "samarkand is like a sandbox..." that is, according to the poet's definition, the famous patir bread of samarkand is a heavenly weight and an example of power. he was attracted by this discovery. this expression of the poet indicates that the rain falling from the cloud in the poem the miller from the wheat ripened in the abri nayson the flour made by the alpine hand and the bread that appears from the water of the zarafshan kokhak river cannot be made anywhere else. . it is noted that its bread is one of the characteristics of samarkand. the poet used such metaphors and symbols to transform historical truth into artistic truth [8]. one of the most urgent tasks of today is to organize classes and create methods that meet the world's requirements, to educate our youth to be highly spiritual, creative, sharp-educated, broad-minded, creative and active in the way of building a great country. a student who cannot express his thoughts coherently, beautifully and clearly cannot be considered a student at the level of the modern times[9]. in general secondary education, the fulfillment of this task is mainly entrusted to the mother tongue and our literature. it is important to select the intellectual youth who will increase the scientific and creative potential of our republic, to help them, to identify and develop their abilities in the fields of science, and to create the necessary opportunities to show their unique talents [10]. in accordance with the laws of the republic of uzbekistan "on state language", "on education" and "national program of personnel training", completely new goals and tasks are being set for the teaching of these subjects [11]. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-4947 of february 7, 2017 "on the strategy of actions for further development of the republic of uzbekistan", no. pf-558 of september 5, 2018 "people the decree "on additional measures to improve the land management system" serves as a basis [12]. to ensure intellectual, spiritual and moral perfection of students in the teaching of literature, to develop them by harmonizing education and upbringing, educational content, teaching methods, tools and forms, independent, creative, attention should be paid to developing analytical and critical thinking skills[13]. to achieve these, it depends on all types of the educational process conducted from literature, on the appropriate organization of lessons, extracurricular activities, excursions, clubs, reading meetings. it is especially important to increase the creativity and creative abilities of our youth, and to enrich the thinking circles. the main goal of teaching literature is to teach our young people to think creatively, to express their thoughts freely and effectively in written and oral form, to consciously differentiate uzbek language dialects, as well as to expand their scope of thinking, to our motherland, national it is aimed at educating our traditions and rich spirituality in the spirit of love [14]. based on this main goal, the following tasks are set before the teaching of literature from the 5th grade: teaching students to think freely; to be able to express one's opinion fluently orally and in writing, to teach resourcefulness and responsiveness; to express one's thoughts correctly; to form the ability to use proverbs and wise words appropriately in speeches, to be able to use words purposefully; to inculcate the importance of literature in knowing the world [15]. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 76 in order to fully fulfill these goals and tasks, the teacher should conduct additional training outside of classes, give additional tasks to students, work separately with gifted students, and use different forms in evaluating students. additional training can be in the following forms: opening "5 important initiative" centers; circular shape. its annual plan has been approved by the school administration, and now it is held twice a week. in many schools, club classes are devoted to theoretical topics. more hours should be devoted to the development of creativity, oral and written literacy, and speech [16]. at such events as "language day" (october 21), "nights of navoikhanlik, baburkhanlik", "nights of literacy", qualities and skills such as respect for our mother tongue and literature, understanding of the importance of our oral and written literature in the spirituality of our youth are formed[17]. is developed. in them, one or two students can be assigned to prepare a lecture, several to perform a scene, some to write poems and songs, and others to create interesting questions, tasks, and problematic situations [18]. in the center of "5 important initiatives" young generation, the organization of "drama" clubs and "young readers" clubs arouses great interest among today's youth. it is one of the important factors of making good use of free time of our children and leading them to a bright future[19]. inquisitiveness, creativity, creativity is the demand of today. especially as we inculcate the rich heritage of our folk art in the growing young generation, we will not face problems such as gaps and low learning students. as we teach the folk talent in the "drama" and "reading" circles organized in the "5 important initiatives" centers, every young generation who gets to know the spiritual maturity, patriotism, and heroism of our ancestors has a special effect in their eyes. light, kindness begins to shine. the bravery and bravery of the heroes of the work, their courage, honesty and striving for correctness will not leave any reader indifferent. by teaching examples of folklore, it is more effective to awaken virtual imagination in students [20]. because connecting young people living in the age of advanced science and technology with today's achievements in the examples of creativity created by our people not only arouses great interest in young people, but also strengthens their sense of pride towards our ancestors. these examples show that our ancestors were rich in virtual imagination [21]. "flying carpets" or "horses with wings" airplanes, spaceships; "talking walls" telephone or radio, "magic ring" or "mirror worlds" showing the beauties of the whole world, television or computer, "floating chests" in the form of ships and boats. they describe in their works the great inventions of their time, which form the student's ability to become more familiar with folk art [22]. we can prove to students that we have a rich spiritual heritage in the following examples: the processes in the saga "birth of gorogli" once again proved that today's medical achievements are closely related to the discoveries made by our great grandfather abu ali ibn sina [23]. in the "alpomish" saga, the conditions set by barchinoy were not only sports competitions, but also a competition of honor and bravery. in the epic "ravshan khan", ravshan proves his loyalty to his homeland even under the gallows, which is a strong example of developing patriotic feelings [24]. it is no exaggeration to say that the problems of cleanliness, hygiene, even environmental cleaning and ecology, which the whole world is concerned about, are reflected in our little fairy tale "emerald and precious". the use of interactive methods in lessons is aimed at improving the student's creative abilities. in particular, the use of problem-based, planned and accelerated education leads to the growth of the student's creativity and creative abilities [25]. the learner learns the subject based on a creative approach to himself. able to look creatively and critically at any factual material. the received educational material opens the way to look at it in a new way, to receive additional materials, to learn. often, such cases form a heuristic approach to mastering. this leads specialists not only to be executors of knowledge and skills acquired in the future, but also to look at their professional activities on the basis of creativity and creativity[26]. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 77 to the group of technologies used in literature classes: didactic game technologies; problem-based educational technologies; modular training technologies; collaborative learning technologies; design technologies; traditional educational technologies; boomerang strategies included didactic game technologies are divided into such types as plot-role, creative, business, conferences and game exercises. this type of lesson helps to master the folklore genre in a more meaningful and effective way. it allows you to learn fairy tales and epics by acting them out [27]. in problem-based educational technologies, students work with tables and prove their ideas. "brainstorming" lessons are dedicated to studying a specific topic in the program. working in groups, using the "saw" or "zigzag" and "we do it together" methods is appropriate in the technology of cooperative education. folk proverbs can be mastered with the game "carry on". for example, the first group can start the first part of a proverb, and the second group can continue and comment on the second part [28]. the "video-puzzle" method in design technology helps students to develop themselves in the future and increase their life concepts. auxiliary additional training. these classes are held when students have difficulty mastering certain topics. the teacher works with students outside of class. a certain day of the week can be set aside for such training[29,30,31,32]. meeting with literary scholars or holding events in connection with birthdays. these activities are also additional training, because both the teacher and the students need to be prepared. the use of riddles in class, in clubs, and other activities also gives effective results [33, 34, 35, 36]. "competition of wits" in the field of literature. the class is divided into two groups or competes with a parallel class under certain conditions. you can choose and create other shapes for additional training. collection of samples from folklore, "fairy tales leads to goodness"; events such as "the victory of good over evil" can be held [37]. additional assignments and tasks given to students: 1. create personal libraries by collecting their favorite works and share them with friends. copy and memorize your favorite poems, proverbs and wise words from the textbook in a specially kept notebook, and repeat them constantly[38,39,40,41]. 2. preparing for briefings. pupils should prepare to provide information about the important news that happened in our country and the world, observing the mass media. it is necessary to ensure that no student is left out of this task. because this task is of incomparable importance in the development of speech and the formation of children's socio-political consciousness. 3. creating a personal test bank. from the beginning of the academic year, this task is assigned to everyone equally. each student prepares a test on the subject. after the teacher's control, students write them on separate cards. in necessary situations, the teacher can use these tests in training[42,43,44]. compilation of the text of the lecture. during the academic year, the student must participate in repetition, reinforcement lessons or classroom and school-level events with a lecture on the given topic. the teacher and talented, active classmates help him to write the text of the lecture. it develops creativity and creativity in them[45,46,47]. in general, creativity, creative thinking in human activity is a fruitful process in solving any problem, task, project. during the learning process, if the student independently tries to solve the problem, if american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 78 the teacher organizes the problem situation in time, it gradually becomes a skill and competence for the student [48]. references 1. расулова, р. б. (2020). она тили фанини ўқитишда иқтидорли ўқувчиларни аниқлаш ва уларнинг нутқ маданиятларини оширишда замонавий педагогик технологиялардан фойдаланиш. ta'lim, fan va innovatsiya, 1(2), 37-40. 2. усербай, б. (9102). мустақил таълим талаба билимининг асоси. туркий халқлар фольклори, адабиётшунос ҳамда тилшуносликнинг аҳамиятли масалалари: халқаро конференция, 1(1), 105-108. 3. қучқоров, ҳ. ҳ. (2020). жавдат ва унинг самарқанд адабий ҳаётида тутган ўрни. интернаука, 13(142), 89-90. 4. usmonov m. t. the concept of compatibility, actions on compatibility. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr), vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 10-13. 5. usmonov m. t. the concept of number. the establishment of the concept of natural number and zero. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr), vol. 4 issue 12, december 2020, pages: 7-9. 6. usmonov m. t. the concept of compatibility, actions on compatibility. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais), vol. 4 issue 12, december 2020, pages: 6668. 7. usmonov m. t. general concept of mathematics and its history. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr). vol. 4 issue 12, december 2020, pages: 38-42 8. usmonov m. t. asymmetric cryptosystems. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 6-9. 9. usmonov m. t. basic concepts of information security. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 5-8. 10. usmonov m. t. communication control systems, methodology. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 47-50. 11. usmonov m. t. compatibility between the two package elements. binar relations and their properties. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr) issn: 26439670 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 52-54. 12. usmonov m. t. cryptographic protection of information. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 24-26. 13. usmonov m. t. electronic digital signature. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 30-34. 14. usmonov m. t. "equal" and "small" relations. add. laws of addition. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 27-29. 15. usmonov m. t. establish network protection. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 14-21. 16. usmonov m. t. fundamentals of symmetric cryptosystem. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 36-40. 17. usmonov m. t. general concepts of mathematics. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 14-16. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 79 18. usmonov m. t. identification and authentication. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 39-47. 19. usmonov m. t. information protection and its types. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 1-4. 20. usmonov m. t. information protection in wireless communication systems. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 61-64. 21. usmonov m. t. information protection supply. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 12-15. 22. usmonov m. t. information security policy. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 70-73. 23. usmonov m. t. information war. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 79-82. 24. usmonov m. t. international and national legal base in the field of information security. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 7-14. 25. usmonov m. t. legal legislative basis for detection of information crime. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 80-87. 26. usmonov m. t. mathematical proofs. incomplete induction, deduction, analogy. the concept of algorithm and its properties. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr) issn: 2643-9670 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 26-29. 27. usmonov m. t. means of information protection. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 27-30. 28. usmonov m. t. organization of e-mail protection. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 36-40. 29. usmonov m. t. organizing internet protection. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 24-28. 30. usmonov m. t. origin and equal strength relationships between sentences. necessary and sufficient conditions. structure of theorem and their types. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643-640x vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 45-47. 31. usmonov m. t. physicalsecurity. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 58-61. 32. usmonov m. t. practical security management. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 71-74. 33. usmonov m. t. problem solving in primary schools. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 72-83. 34. usmonov m. t. reproduction. the laws of reproduction. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643-640x vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 3640. 35. usmonov m. t. security models. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 18-23. 36. usmonov m. t. solving problems in arithmetic methods. international journal of academic american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 80 information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 58-61. 37. usmonov m. t. stenographic protection of information. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 31-35. 38. usmonov m. t. telecommunications and network security. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 57-61. 39. usmonov m. t. the concept of compatibility, actions on compatibility. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr) issn: 2643-9670 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 10-13. 40. usmonov m. t. the concept of national security. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 73-75. 41. usmonov m. t. the concept of number. the establishment of the concept of natural number and zero. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr) issn: 26439670 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 18-21. 42. usmonov m. t. the concept of relationship. characteristics of relationships. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr) issn: 2643-9670 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 38-40. 43. usmonov m. t. the concept of size and measurement. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 36-40. 44. usmonov m. t. the emergence and development of methods of writing all negative numbers. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 48-50. 45. usmonov m. t. the purpose, function and history of the development of mathematical science. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643640x vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 8-17. 46. usmonov m. t. true and false thoughts, quantities. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 1-5. 47. usmonov m. t. virtual protected networks. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 55-57. 48. usmonov m. t. what is solving the problem? methods of solving text problems. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643-640x vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 56-58. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 123 the essence and characteristics of game in children's activity in preschool educational organization mamedova maftuna muhidinovna 1 , kosimova manzura abdullayevna 2 1, 2 teachers of bukhara state university, uzbekistan abstract: the game is a manifestation of a person's personality, a way to improve it. since the game occupies a certain place in the life of adults, it has a special meaning for children. keywords: child, game, ability, action, talent, education. all aspects of the child's personality are involved in the game: the child acts, speaks, perceives, thinks. the game appears as an important means of education. since ancient times, the game has attracted the attention of teachers, psychologists, philosophers, ethnographers, art historians. primitive communal tribes reflected hunting, war, and agriculture in their games. for example, the process of sowing rice among some tribes at that time was carried out in the form of a huge ritual with games. this is a serious mental activity in which all manifestations of the child's abilities develop, in the game the circle of ideas about being and the world expands, speech develops. the child makes friends with peers during the game. yu. a. comenius considered the game as a condition for a happy childhood and the harmonious development of the child and advised adults to pay attention to children's games and wisely direct them. p. f. lestgaft says that children reflect in their games the impressions they receive from the world around them. such activities are of great importance in the development of the child. thus, advanced scientists and teachers, with their observations and scientific research, proved that the game is a social phenomenon, that the surrounding being is reflected in the game. educators should observe the following when directing children's play. 1. establishing the right balance between play and work 2. in the game, the education in children of the physical and mental qualities characteristic of future workers. thus, play is a social activity that has arisen as a result of labor activity in the process of historical development; the game always reflects real life. so, as social life changes, so does its content; play is a conscious activity aimed at achieving a specific goal, it has much in common with labor and serves to prepare young people for work. on the basis of playing activity, the educational activity of the child develops, the better the child plays, the better he learns at school. the first stage of play in early childhood is introductory play, which is an object-object-play activity. its content is complex and subtle movements in manual work. the next step is the thinking game. this is the highest point in the development of the psychological content of early childhood play. if adults carry out their educational work in a certain sequence, children of this age will learn the names of objects and objects, what they serve for, and begin to apply this new knowledge in their games, which reflects objective activity. at the end of the first age american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 124 and in the play of children of the second age, the plot is reflected. the child demonstrates how to use the object in his hand. the next stage is a role-playing game in which children reflect the work of adults and the social relationships of people they know. scientific ideas about the phased development of children's play activities have made it possible to develop clear systematic recommendations for organizing children's play activities in different age groups. thus, the role of the game in the pedagogical process of mtt is very large, and it is widely used in the upbringing and education of preschool children. qualities are formed that ensure the transition of the child to a higher stage of development, there are significant changes in his psyche. in play, all aspects of a child's personality are formed through interaction with each other. watching a child playing, you can learn about his interests, perception of the environment, attitude towards adults and peers. the game plays an important role in the system of physical education of children, in the educational work of the mtt, in moral, labor and aesthetic education. in the game, requests and needs specific to the child's body are satisfied, vital activity increases, endurance, freshness, and cheerfulness are brought up. that is why the game occupies a worthy place in the system of physical education of children. the game is inextricably linked with education and training, with observations in everyday life and is of great educational importance. in creative games, an important process of acquiring knowledge takes place, it uses the mental powers of the child, requires the activation of thinking, imagination, attention and memory, the child learns to solve problems on his own, and there is a better and easier way to implement what he thinks, invents, learns to use his knowledge and express it in words. it is of interest to find out what is reflected in the game. often the game serves to give children new knowledge and expand their thinking and knowledge. a creative game cannot be subordinated to narrow didactic goals; with the help of this game, huge educational tasks are solved. along with mental development, moral qualities are also formed in the game. experiences during the game leave a deep imprint in the mind of the child, so the game helps to bring up in the child good feelings, lofty dreams and aspirations, healthy interests. play is an independent activity in which children begin to communicate with their peers. they are united by a common goal and a common experience in achieving it. therefore, the game is important in the development of friendly relations, the formation of skills of collective life, organizational skills. in a small group of children united by a joint game, complex relationships arise. the task of the educator is to involve each child in an active game, to establish relationships between children based on friendship, honesty, and a sense of responsibility for their peers. the game also helps to fulfill the task of labor education. in their games, children portray people from different professions. with this, they not only imitate the actions of adults, but also reflect their attitude towards their work and labor. the game often awakens the desire to work in the child, forces him to prepare and make things necessary for the game. in the game, the interest in technology that is characteristic of modern children appears and develops, children build various machines and play with technical toys. the game is an important tool of aesthetic education. creative imagination, thinking skills arise and develop in the game. a well-chosen toy helps to cultivate artistic taste. children are fascinated by the beauty and rhythm of movement in action games. the great educational value of the game is not realized by itself. the game can be useless, even harmful, sometimes causing bad feelings. in order to fulfill the task of all-round development of children with the help of the game, the educator needs to influence him regularly. in solving this task, the game should be connected with all aspects of educational work in kindergarten. in the game, the knowledge and skills acquired by the children during the training are reflected and developed, and through them the child is taught about life. on the other hand, the qualities cultivated in the game are transferred to other types of activity. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 125 in the game, the child sets a goal for himself, which requires the child to use intelligence and understanding, teaches him to be smart. during the game, you have to talk, fight, argue, and tell a lot. children have to think and think a lot in order to better make and build what they make. all these are important in the development of the child's thinking and imagination. the child reflects existence in his play and experiences one or another emotion related to the meaning of the role he has taken. for example, dilnoza plays the role of a mother in a mother-child game, feeds, dresses, caresses, talks and reads books to her children. this game instills good feelings in the child, such as kindness, care, attention. characteristic of role-playing games. what makes role-playing games different from other games is that they have a plot, a role, and an imagined situation. the main role of the game in the education of the child requires the enrichment of the life of the children's institution with it. that is why the game is permanently included in the daily routine of children's lives. time is reserved for games before and after breakfast, after training, after walks, before going home in the evening. it is desirable to create conditions for games that do not require extreme mobility in the morning. it is better to play more didactic toys, board games played on the table, role-playing games. during the walk, it is useful to organize action games, building games. setting a special time for the game in the agenda is the most important pedagogical condition for the existence of the game as an independent activity and its use as a form of organization of children's life, as a means of education. the uniqueness of children's play is that it reflects the surrounding life, people's activities, work, actions, and their interactions in the work process. during the game, the room can be a sea, forest, subway, railway carriage for children. a child never plays quietly, even if he plays alone, he talks to the toy, communicates with the character he portrays, his mother, the patient, the doctor, in short, he speaks instead of everyone else. references 1. mamedova, m. (2022). maktabgacha ta’lim yoshdagi bolalar ijodiy qobiliyatlarini shakllantirish. ilmiy nashrlar markazi (buxdu.uz), 8(8). 2. mamedova m. maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarning ijtimoiy xususiyatlarini shakllantirishda tarbiyaning o’rni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 3. mamedova m. m. ta’lim sifatini oshirishda axborot texnologiyalarining o ‘rni //scientific progress. – 2021. – т. 2. – №. 7. – с. 12301234. 4. muhidinovna m. m. preschool education system and family cooperation in the formation of social characteristics //european journal of innovation in nonformal education. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 267-270. 5. muhidinovna, mamedova maftuna. "preschool education system and family cooperation in the formation of social characteristics." european journal of innovation in nonformal education 2.2 (2022): 267-270. 6. muhidinovna, m. m. (2022). preschool education system and family cooperation in the formation of social characteristics. european journal of innovation in nonformal education, 2(2), 267-270. 7. hakimova n. s. boshlang’ich sinf o’quvchilarida ijtimoiy-huquqiy mehyorlarga hurmat hissini shakllantirish metodlari //science and education. – 2022. – т. 3. – №. 3. – с. 466-475. 8. хакимова н. с. об¬ ряды и обычьи связанные с рождением и воспитанием ребенка у народов средней азии //boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 67-72. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 90 socio-psychological representations of youth on parental role in the family bilolova zamira bakhtiyarovna applicant of the tashkent state pedagogical university abstract: the article analyzes the socio-psychological ideas of young people about the parental role in the family, who are on the verge of marriage. the results of a socio-psychological survey conducted among young people living in nuclear and single-parent families are presented. keywords: family, family strength, nuclear family, incomplete family, parental roles, factors influencing the family. family and marriage topics within the humanities are explained not only by the expansion of the problems and objects of these sciences, but also by the need to strengthen the family as the basis of society. numerous studies have established such facts as the decline in the educational function of the family, the prestige of family values, an increase in the number of divorces, a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in the number of dysfunctional, problem families, single-parent families, etc. it is known that the family is the first social link in any society, it occupies an important place in the formation of personality. a healthy family climate and the level of the family environment can have a positive or negative impact on the development of society. therefore, the issues of strengthening the family and improving its psychological climate is one of the important problems of society. premarital factors in family relations include many social, economic, biological, physiological, spiritual, moral and psychological factors that are the basis for the emergence of a particular marriage and determine the level of family life. the premarital factors in creating a traditional family include: the maturity of young people brought up in the family; their motives for starting a family; age of entry into marriage, psychological attitudes and ideas of boys and girls about future family life. one of the premarital factors that have a decisive influence on the stability of the family, how close to reality young people's ideas about their family life, is the main guarantee of family stability. unfortunately, young people's ideas about family life do not always correspond to reality, and in most cases they completely diverge from reality. as a result of the study and statistical analysis, it was found that there is a difference in other important aspects of the study in how boys and girls imagine parental roles depending on the type of family in which they grow up. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 91 figure 1. types of families in which respondents are brought up. 82.0 % of young people included in the study were from complete families, 15.2% from singleparent families, i.e. young people live either with their father or mother, 3.7% grew up in a family of relatives, 1, 8% young people who were brought up in orphanages (orphanages). table 1 presents the results of a comparison of the opinions of girls from a complete and incomplete family. table 1. results of the question: “are you ready for the responsibility of motherhood after starting a family?” in % № answers unmarried girls, n-350 complete family incomplete family 1. yes i'm ready 12,0 9,0 2. i'm a little ready 21,0 10,0 3. i don't think i'm ready 24,0 25,0 4. i have little knowledge 43,0 56,0 total 100,0 100,0 based on the results of this question, “do you consider yourself ready for the responsibilities of motherhood (paternity) after the creation of a family?” it became known that 56.0% (girls) and 43.0% (boys) said that boys and girls brought up in an incomplete family do not have knowledge of parental responsibility. table 2. results of the question: “are you ready for the responsibility of fatherhood after starting a family?”, % № answers unmarried boys, n-350 complete family incomplete family 1. yes, i'm ready 31,0 17,0 2. i think a little ready 17,0 15,0 3. i don't think i'm ready 20 23,0 4. i have little knowledge 32,0 45,0 total 100,0 100,0 these results show that boys and girls brought up in an incomplete family have higher anxiety about the role of parents, less knowledge and self-confidence in the possibility of a healthy upbringing of american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 92 the younger generation. unmarried boys and girls, mostly in their families where they were born, learn for life from their parents, directly in the family environment in which they live. but children growing up in dysfunctional families lose their role models, and when they are presented with roles, they develop anxiety and distrust. table 3. results of the question “the development of adolescent children is more influenced by the external environment than the family environment” № answers youth, n-700 complete family incomplete family 1. yes, i'm ready 31,0 17,0 2. i think a little ready 17,0 15,0 3. i don't think i'm ready 20 23,0 4. i have little knowledge 32,0 45,0 total 100,0 100,0 also, the understanding of the role of the family in education manifested itself in different ways. in the opinion of 60.0% of respondents who are brought up in an incomplete family, it was noticed that the influence of the external environment can be great, the results are shown in the table 4. table 4. the results of the opinion in the question “do you think that only women are responsible for the upbringing in the family?” № answers youth , n-700 complete family incomplete family 1. disagree 56,0 29,0 2. it seems to be close to the truth 21,0 23,0 3. i agree 23,0 48,0 total 100,0 100,0 it is known that the husband and wife are jointly responsible for maintaining healthy relationships in the family and the child remembers the actions of the parents in all their activities, and when he grows up, introduces them into his life. therefore, when studying the social representations of young people of marriageable age, the level of the rank of the necessary components in preparation for family life was studied, the results are shown in the table 5. table 5. the results of the opinions of young men on determining the level of rank of the necessary components in preparing them for family life, n-700 № necessary components in preparing for a family complete family incomplete family 1 sense of responsibility, ability to lead 2 1 2 psychological preparedness, ability to communicate effectively 1 3 3 mutual understanding between the two parties 5 2 4 spiritual and physical maturity 4 5 5 material independence 3 2 6 knowledge of national values 7 7 7 know how to raise a child 5 2 8 spouses respect each other and family members 3 3 9 saving love 5 6 10 have religious knowledge 6 5 11 good household knowledge 4 4 12 be patient, get lessons in life 1 1 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 93 according to the results presented in table 5, young people growing up in single-parent families put a sense of responsibility, the ability to manage, patience, and the assimilation of knowledge of life's difficult lessons in the first place. in this regard, the study determined the inadequacy of the parenting model in the behavior of children growing up without a father or mother under the influence of family rebirth, and also proved the importance of cooperation and participation of social institutions. in its elimination. the continuation of this trend leads to a weakening of the educational function of the family and a further increase in negative phenomena in society. in this regard, it is necessary to increase the role of social institutions kindergartens, schools, universities and mahalla (neighborhood), as well as to strengthen the networks for providing psychological, pedagogical and social services to the family, especially in the education of young people, especially children growing up in single-parent families. accordingly, we recommend the following:  preventing young girls and women from entering into informal, illegal marriages;  strengthen the education of young people on family issues and responsibility for children;  carrying out spiritual and educational work in the areas of raising and educating children, creating a healthy psychological environment in the family;  popularization of the national-traditional history of the formation of a healthy family and the necessary resources to increase the level of knowledge about the family;  to revise the legal norms governing relations between spouses, aimed at regulating the moral and legal obligations of spouses, parents and children;  on the implementation of the economic task of the family to ensure the employment of young people, especially young mothers with children and single mothers, to teach them not to depend financially on another person, but to conduct paid home work at least in their household;  further strengthening of educational work and scientific research aimed at increasing the role of fathers in the family and the formation of paternal responsibility. list of used literature: 1. ўзбекистон республикаси оила кодекси. т.: ўзбекистон, 126 б. 2. aкрамова ф.а., билолова з.б. ёшларни мустаҳкам оилавий муносабатларга тайёрлашнинг ижтимоий-психологик йўналишлари. монография – т:, 2020, 128 бет. 3. акрамова ф.а., билолова з.б. оила энциклопедияси – т.: “ozbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi” давлат илмий нашриёти, 2019. – 240 б. 4. акрамова ф.а., билоловаз.б., “ота-оналар учун қўлланма” мобил иловаси. ўзбекистон республикаси интеллектуал мулк агентлиги. ёшларни ота-оналикка тайёрлашга мўлжалланган дастурнинг расмий рўйҳатдан ўтганлиги тўғрисидаги гувоҳнома. № dgu 07918. 10.02.2020. 5. ҳаёт китоби. ёш оилалар учун энциклопедик қўлланма. “шарқ” нашриёти. тошкент-2010 й. 270 бет. 6. билолова з.б. «оила сабоқлари» мобил иловаси ўзбекистон республикаси интеллектуал мулк агентлиги. ўсмир ёшидан то турмушга чиқиш ёшига етгунга қадар йигит-қизларни ҳаётга, оилага ва оталик-оналикка тайёрлаш учун мўлжалланган дастурнинг расмий рўйҳатдан ўтганлиги тўғрисидаги гувоҳнома № dgu 08220. 10.02.2020. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 87 deportation of meskheti turkish people: its causes and consequences o. o. bozorov kokand state pedagogical institute abstract: the article analyzes the deportation policy of the soviet state in the 30s and 50s of the xx century and its consequences. it also seeks to shed light on various aspects of the migration of meskhetian turks to their homeland in the fergana valley in the 1980s. keywords: deportation, repression policy, national issues, vatan international community, border security, border zone, historical justice. the policy of repression of peoples, that is, deportation [1] became a component of the policy of the former soviet union in the 1930s and 1950s. especially during the second world war, the former soviet state intensified its policy of repression against the peoples within it. the peoples living in the border regions finns, poles, kurds, later meskheti turks, khamshals were forcibly deported to other regions of the country for the sake of political interests, i.e. to ensure "border security" [2]. during the regime of i. v. stalin, one of the peoples who suffered from the deportation policy and were subjected to violence was the turkish people. they have lived for centuries in the historical meskheti-javakheti region of georgia, in the southwestern part of present-day georgia. on november 14, 1944, a decree was issued to deport citizens whose mosques belonged to the turkish nationality from their homes to central asia. although the reason for the relocation was not explained in the decree [3], the presumed disloyalty to the soviet authorities, i.e., the possibility of crossing over to the side of a hostile neighboring country turkey, like other forcibly relocated peoples, was considered the "guilt" of this people and was the "ground" for the relocation [4]. . however, during the second world war, more than 40 thousand men of this "guilty" nation participated in the war on the part of the former soviet state and sacrificed more than 26 thousand people in exchange for protecting the territory of the soviet state [5]. the alleged injustice (deportation) against them was actually no less than the crimes committed by the nazis during the second world war. suleiman barbakadze, the president of the international society of turks of the "vatan" mosque operating in moscow, told "nezavisimaya newspaper" that over 92,000 people were displaced from 224 villages of georgia in about one night [6]. deportation of meskheti turks was completed in january 1945 [7]. it should also be noted that the exact number of turks expelled from georgia as a result of deportation cannot be determined (their number is indicated in the literature from 96,000 to 200,000 [8]), because it is not known how many of them died during the deportation [9]. also, for a long time, the number of people of meskheti turks remained uncertain, because the majority of people belonging to the meskheti turk nationality were registered as belonging to the azerbaijani and georgian nationalities in the state statistical documents. in 1956, they were informed that the forced resettlement of turks to central asia and kazakhstan was cancelled. however, at that time, their historical place of residence was included in the so-called border zone a separate territory along the border of the ussr. coming to this place and living in it was strictly restricted. in fact, it american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 88 was another injustice done to the turks, saying that they were forbidden to return to their country [10]. thus, in 1944, most of the meskheti turks deported to central asia were settled in uzbekistan. in uzbekistan, one of the large groups of meskheti turks was settled in the ferghana region. their largest local groups lived in the city of kuvasoi, as well as in the cities of fergana, margilan, kokan, toshlok, komsomol town, several villages of kirguli, okhunboboev (former margilan), kuva, rishton, and other places of fergana region. a number of such families were also among the residents of gorky town in the kirov region, west of kokan [11]. after settling in our republic, most turks living in tashkent and syrdarya region were mainly engaged in agricultural production, while representatives of these people living in samarkand region and fergana valley were engaged in industrial and construction work [12]. although the meskheti turk people lived peacefully in uzbekistan for a long time, their desire to return to their homeland did not disappear. this idea has been passed down from one generation to the next. for this purpose, they held meetings several times during the former soviet period. in particular, 10 meetings were held from 1962 to 1989 [13]. their main goal, i.e. returning to their homeland, was discussed at these meetings. the repatriation activities of the meskheti turkish people have become particularly active in the fergana region, especially in the city of kuvasoy, where they lived in large numbers. activists of these people demanded to resolve their national issues before the center (moscow) and transfer their homeland to the southern regions of the georgian ssr. in this respect, they formed an initiative group, sent their representatives to the center several times, held meetings among the population and discussed ways to solve their national issues. field surveys showed that almost all turks wanted to return to their motherland. they believed that the solution to this problem lied in the removal of restrictions on migration to meskhet-javakheti regions [14]. therefore, they appealed to the higher authorities of the ussr 154 times for the return to meskhetia for 45 years [15]. however, this restriction was not removed from 1944, when the turks were deported, until the end of the 80s. in the second half of the 80s of the 20th century, the leadership of the ussr did not have the opportunity to solve the national issue related to the return of meskheti turks to their homeland, nor was it interested in it. it was also influenced to some extent by the fact that it was hindered by the georgian ssr [16]. because georgians now live in the areas where the turkish people were deported, restoration of historical justice could cause new problems in georgia. at the same time, the main reason for the deportation of the meskheti turks from the georgian ssr, that is, the danger of their merging with their blood relatives in turkey, was still a cause of concern for the soviet leadership. this factor was the main obstacle to their migration to their homeland. the well-known georgian writer ch. amiredjibi also expresses a similar opinion. in his opinion, if the meskhetian turks were settled in the caucasus, then the position of the islamic religion will be strengthened there. this situation could have caused the region to completely fall out of the hands of the russians [17]. in such conditions, the leadership of the center could not remain indifferent to the processes of national revival in uzbekistan (this process intensified in the late 80s of the 20th century and ultimately required the declaration of independence of uzbekistan from the ussr) and the national problem of the turkish people. because these factors could serve as an accelerating factor of the process of disintegration of the union. the similarities between the inter-ethnic conflicts that took place in ukraine, georgia, armenia and azerbaijan, the baltic republics, uzbekistan, tajikistan, kyrgyzstan, kazakhstan and other places of the soviet union in the late 80s of the 20th century indicate that the conflicts in these regions were part of the soviet national policy in the previous period. as well as being the result of mistakes made, the center had a direct hand in their origin. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 89 among these conflicts, the bloody event that took place in the fergana valley of uzbekistan in mayjune 1989, which was called the "inter-ethnic conflict" between meskheti turks and uzbeks, caused a great stir. the special bodies of the former soviet state, which took advantage of the conflicts in the socio-economic spheres that had been ignored for years, organized the "fergana events". uzbeks and meskhetian turks had nothing to do with the origin of this tragedy. in fact, as mentioned above, the inter-ethnic conflicts in uzbekistan were necessary for the center to pursue a tougher policy. to make a story short, the national policy of the former soviet state, based on the marxian-leninist doctrine, imbued with the spirit of colonialism, denying nationality, aimed at its loss, had an active negative effect on the national problems and the complication of inter-ethnic relations in the ferghana valley in the 80s of the 20th century. list of used literature 1. the term "deportation" means "forcible removal" or "exile" in latin. 2. rahmonkulova a. repressive policy of the soviet system in the 30-50s and its methods. // "history of uzbekistan". 2000. no. 1-2. – p. 98. 3. soviet uzbekistan. september 15, 1988. no. 212 (20.180). 4. moskovskie novosti. june 18, 1989 no. 25. 5. max lure, petr studenikin. zapakh gari i gorya. fergana, trevojnyy june 1989. moscow, kniga. 1990. art. 36. 6. central asian news. anatoly gordienko. nezavisimaya newspaper. 16. 10. 2005. 7. yunusov. akhyskinskie (meskhetinskie) turki: dvajdy deportirovannyy narod. tsentralnaya asia i kavkaz, no. 1 (2) sweden p. 170. 1999 g. 8. a. yunusov. akhyskinskie (meskhetinskie) turki: dvajdy deportirovannyy narod. tsentralnaya asia i kavkaz #1 (2). sweden s. 170. 1999 g; soviet uzbekistan. september 15, 1988. no. 212 (20.180). stoletie. (internet newspaper) december 24, 2009; sh. abdullaev ethno-social and ethno-political processes in the fergana valley (main problems, tendencies and contradictions of the 70-80s of the xx century) ist. doc. s. 233 1994; b. aliev. meskhetiya i meskhi (turkishmeskhetintsy): ethnopolitical history of the nation. tsentralnaya asia i kavkaz no. 1 (19) 2002, sweden. str. 184. 9. moskovskie novosti. june 18, 1989 no. 25. 10. moskovskie novosti. june 18, 1989. no. 25. 11. a. g. osipov. ferganskie sobytiya in 1989. m.: nauka, 2004. str. 168 12. a. g. osipov. ferganskie sobytiya in 1989. m.: nauka, 2004. str. 167 13. e.e. panesh, l.b. ermolaev. meskhetinsky turki: dynamics of ethnocultural and socio-political changes. "eastern literature", 1993. 14. moskovskie novosti. june 18, 1989 no. 25. 15. the art of conspiracy. book 1. t, science. 1993, p. 149 16. young leninist. june 16, 1989. 17. http:www.ca-c.-org/journal/10-1997/st 15enoh htm. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 162 reflection of the linguistic picture of the world in the phraseological turns of the russian language boltaeva m. sh. teacher of bukhara state pedagogical institute abstract: this article discusses phraseological units, their semantic unity, about the scientific and linguistic picture of the world. the picture of the world reflects the material and spiritual culture of the people. the phraseological picture of the world is part of the linguistic picture of the world. keywords: linguoculturology, language picture, world outlook, spiritual culture, experience, generation. at present, phraseology continues to be the object of numerous multifaceted studies. and, as a result, in the last decade, interest has increased in considering the phraseological composition of the language from the point of view of a new science linguoculturology, which is defined "as a branch of linguistics that arose at the junction of linguistics and cultural studies and explores the manifestations of the culture of the people that are reflected and entrenched in the language" [9].cultural linguistics as one of the modern areas of linguistics arose as a result of a change in the scientific paradigm at the end of the 20th century. this science is based on the key concept of "linguistic picture of the world", which is understood by linguists as a reflection of the national worldview and worldview. the linguistic picture of the world is closely connected with the problem of language and thinking. the linguistic picture of the world is a verbally expressed result of the spiritual activity of a person as a social being. it changes with the development of man himself and his ideas about the world in the course of the world historical process. in this regard, phraseology, as a fragment of the language picture of the world, expresses the material and spiritual culture of the people. a picture of the world is a representation of the world around us, based on the experience and knowledge of previous generations, as well as our own. “a person strives in some adequate way to create in himself a simple and clear picture of the world in order to, to a certain extent, try to change this world with a picture created in this way. this is done by the artist, the poet, the theorizing philosopher, and the naturalist, each in his own way. a person transfers the center of gravity of his spiritual life to this picture and its design [10]. the concept of a picture of the world, which has long been firmly established in various sciences: philosophy, linguistics, psychology, cultural studies, epistemology, and, being used with different definitions, such as scientific, general scientific, historical, physical, still, however, does not have an exact definition. o.a. kornilov in his monograph "linguistic pictures of the world as derivatives of national mentalities" makes an attempt to define this concept within the framework of linguistics. it is clear that whatever definition is introduced, it cannot be considered true, since the linguistic picture of the world is not an objectively existing reality, but only a “tool” in cognition. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 163 with regard to linguistics, the picture of the world should represent a systematized plan of the language. as you know, any national language performs a number of functions: the function of communication (communicative), informative function, the function of influence (emotive) and the function of fixing and storing the entire complex of knowledge and ideas of a given language community about the world. the result of understanding the world by each of the types of consciousness is fixed in the matrices of the language that serves this type of consciousness. thus, one should speak about the plurality of pictures of the world: about the scientific linguistic picture of the world, about the linguistic picture of the world of the national language, about the linguistic picture of the world of an individual. a part of the linguistic picture of the world is a naive picture of the world, which is formed as a response, mainly, to the practical needs of a person, as a necessary cognitive basis for human adaptation to the world. pragmatic egocentrism structures activity in such a way that it is optimally lined up in the cognitive field of a person, is as convenient as possible, i.e. the naive picture of the world is notable for its considerable pragmatism. the naive picture of the world of everyday consciousness, in which the objective way of perception prevails, has an interpretive character. language, fixing the collective stereotypical and standard representations, objectifies the interpretive activity of human consciousness and makes it accessible for study. and the national particularity of the linguistic picture of the world and linguistic behavior can be explained by the specifics of the culture of the people, but also by the structural features of the language [8]. the national specificity of the linguistic picture of the world and linguistic behavior is most clearly reflected in the phraseology of any language. in linguistics, phraseology is considered as "a set of stable combinations of words similar to words in their reproducibility as ready-made and integral units" [9], and the phraseological picture of the world is understood as a part of the linguistic picture of the world, described by means of phraseology, in which "each phraseological phrase is element of a strict system and performs certain functions in describing the reality of the surrounding reality "[3]. thus, the phraseological picture of the world is understood as a universal way of classifying phraseological units based on the linguistic and extralinguistic features of the units. the phraseological picture of the world is part of the linguistic picture of the world, and the picture of the world described by means of vocabulary and phraseology is the “lower tiers” of the linguistic picture of the world, on which the description of objective reality is based with all the connections and relationships in the composition of the statement. the phraseological system of a language is understood as “a form of reflection in the minds of native speakers of objective reality, systemic relations of the world of realities» [2]. there are two approaches to the analysis of phraseological units: epistemological (extralinguistic factors involved in the formation of the integral meaning of phraseological units) and linguistic (linguistic mechanisms of phrase formation), as well as using the synchronic and diachronic principles of research. the phraseological picture of the world is described, as a rule, in three aspects: logical, philosophical and axiological. the phraseological picture of the world is a "naive" picture of the world, because it reflects knowledge about the world at the level of everyday consciousness. situations enshrined in sustainable turnovers become stereotypes of human behavior, due to the national worldview. the core of this picture of the world is made up of units of a more ancient origin, most often with a lost, blurred (phraseological fusion) or transparent (phraseological unity) internal form. it can be said that the phraseological picture of the world is the most stable part of the linguistic picture of the world, since it is replenished insignificantly in the process of the development of society, and the process of formation of phraseological units is quite long. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 164 a picture of the world is a representation of the world around us, based on the experience and knowledge of previous generations, as well as our own. “a person strives in some adequate way to create in himself a simple and clear picture of the world in order to, to a certain extent, try to change this world with a picture created in this way. this is done by the artist, the poet, the theorizing philosopher, and the naturalist, each in his own way. a person transfers the center of gravity of his spiritual life to this picture and its design.. the development of a person and the change in his ideas about the world changes the language pattern of the world, which is most closely connected with the problem of language and thinking. “linguistic picture of the world is a verbally expressed result of the spiritual contribution of a person as a social being” [8]. in connection with the eᴛᴎm phraseology, from the position of the linguistic picture of the world element, it reflects the features of the material and spiritual culture of the people. researchers of lp of the world have repeatedly noted the national uniqueness of phraseological units, as well as the display in them of the elements of the national character of any people. differentiation of phraseological units among different peoples is determined by a large number of components. among them are religion, history, customs and tradition, natural conditions ᴎ valuable systems of a certain national community, and also the way of life and psychology of people. for example, for a russian person, bread is an obligatory product, so in russia there is a huge variety of bakery products. this national identity in food did not go unnoticed in the phraseology: “bread is the head of everything; not a horse, but bread; bread and life – ᴎ live without money”. also in the speech, the expressions “do not feed bread”, “on your own bread”, “daily bread”, “survive from bread to water”, “bread and salt” are actively used. or, for example, "christmas trees are green!" an exclamation that conveys surprise or annoyance. this expression appeared thanks to prerevolutionary tavern signs, which depicted spruce branches. “they were crowned around the spruce” is a popular joking expression with a touch of irony. "about the unmarried couple" reflects the ridicule by christians of the pagan wedding ceremony. you can often find expressions borrowed from folk tales and fables. for example, the idiom “at the pike’s command” is something that happens as if by magic, of course” [7]. phraseological units contain information about the system of customs, tradition, laws and ordinary imagination about the world, developed by society and transmitted from generations to generations. all these facts allow scientists to characterize phraseological units as a means of verbalization of certain concepts. such concepts as: “soul”, “laziness”, “labor”, “life” are the most developed in the russian language and russian culture. the russian concept "soul" occupies a dominant place in terms of the number of identified units. statistical relationships that make up the concept are expressed in synonymous pairs: soul-emotion (soul hurts), soul-character (soulful person), soul-life (laying the soul). such metaphors as: the soul hurts, lie like a stone on the soul, pour out the soul, reflect various ideas about the soul to the depths of the soul. from this point of view, the figurative component of the concept “soul” is not one-dimensional: the soul is associated with the idea of some abstract concept, some living substance that is inside a person and provides him with life. the soul (like a person) is mortal: to give the soul to god, it can get tired the fatigue of the soul, get sick the soul hurts, etc. from the point of view of ethics, the soul is the bearer of a certain ethical ideal: to stain the soul; though the purse is empty, but the soul is pure. the soul is localized, hence the idiom soul is out of place; the soul a solid object scratches the soul; a surface similar to earth a stone lay on the soul, a trace in the soul; the soul is like a book to read in the soul; the soul is like bread, therefore it american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 165 becomes stale stale in soul; the soul is like a flower to bloom with the soul; soul a musical instrument the strings of the soul. the concept of "life" is culturally significant for the russian language picture of the world. multilingual relations are expressed in synonymous pairs: life-death (end of life), life-fate (blow of fate, fight fate, argue with fate); symbols (heads, belly, bread, metaphors that reflect the idea of the connection between life and fate (life is connected with fate by a mysterious thread that the goddess of fate can cut and life will end). so, the phraseological unit to beat the bucks was formed on the basis of the handicraft production of the bucks wooden blanks for spoons. it was believed among the people that the manufacture of laze (baklush) was an easy task that did not require effort. this idea entered the consciousness of a russian person and became fixed as a stereotype. belief in a miracle, in the fulfillment of a wish without much effort and, as a result, the passivity of character reflect the main features of the russian mentality and, from our point of view, constitute the following value judgments: laziness is not bad, not good, because there is always someone who will do it for you. phraseological units quite often flicker in our everyday speech. most often, we do not notice their use in speech. phraseological units have a unique feature they are able to produce separate self-consistent statements, while replacing the whole sentence. in addition to being informative, phraseological units have another important quality the ability to convey their attitude to the described phenomenon. this quality is considered one of the main features of phraseological units.\ references 1. жуков в.п., жуков а.в. русская фразеология. – м.: высшая школа, 2006. 2. коростова с.в. эмотивность как эмоционально-семантическая категория: к вопросу о терминологии // известия российского государственного педагогического университета им. а. и. герцена. – спб., 2009. – № 103. – с. 85-93. 3. маслова в.а. лингвокультурология: учеб. пособие для студ. высш. учеб. заведений. 2-е изд. – м.: издат. центр «академия», 2004. 4. рылов а. воспоминания. ‒ м.: художественная литература, 1981. 5. соколова м.г. о существе фразеологической картины мира в отличие от других картин мира. ‒ м., 2010. 6. федоров а.и. развитие русской фразеологии в конце xviii – начале xix вв. – новосибирск, 1973. 7. фелицына в.п., мокиенко в.м. русские фразеологизмы: лингвострановедческий словарь. – м., 1990. 8. фразеологизмы в русской речи: словарь-справочник / сост. н.в. баско. 2е изд. – м.: флинта; наука, 2007. 9. фразеологический словарь русского языка / под ред. а.и. молоткова. 7-е изд., испр. – м.: аст; астрель, 2006. 10. шанский н.м. фразеология современного русского языка. – спб.: спец. литература, 1996. 11. шаховский в.и. категоризация эмоций в лексико-семантической системе языка. ‒ м.: изд-во лки, 2008. ‒ 208 с. 12. linguocultural features of gastronomic paremias in russian and uzbek languages.l.maxmutovna. 13. aminovna, s. z. (2021). methods of forming the reader's competence in literature lessons. european journal of research development and sustainability, 2(4), 36-39. 14. landscape expression in the lyrics of as pushkin and fi tyutchev. m.boltaeva.,d.zaripovich. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 126 symbolic-emblematic expression of water bodies and structures in modern poetry sh. sh. nizomova bukhara state university, faculty of pedagogical education, department of preschool education f.f.f.d (phd)teacher abstract: this article discusses the symbolic representation of water bodies and structures in modern poetry. various symbolic interpretations of the ocean, ocean, sea, and sea are analyzed. keywords: poetry, ceremony, family-life ceremony, image, natural phenomena. while modern poets try to portray spatial and natural phenomena for spiritual interpretations, it can be observed that they also have a wide appeal to direct water and its analogues. in this respect, their poems dedicated to water bodies attract special attention. in particular, this includes zulfiya's" in the ocean"," balkhash evening", e.examples of such poems by vahidov as "lake qubbon", "spring", "fountain", "river evening", "pool" by aman matzhon, "tributary" by muhammad ali, "i thought of a desert on the pacific coast", "lake washington" can be given. the ocean is the most majestic and powerful among water bodies. it is observed that in poems it is interpreted both in its own sense and in a portable sense. below he realizes in his sense – a huge body of water: океан, кема, қардош, дўст, хурмоларда маймунлар. кун денгизда минг-минг кўз, нурдай равшан кўнгиллар. 1 oman is the methodological meaning of the word ocean, and the word "oman" is often found in poetic works: сиз – уммон, меҳрда мисли йўқ денгиз, бир сўз билан айтсам, «она!» эдингиз. 2 these verses, taken from muhammad ali's poem "uzbekistan", likened oman in a portable sense to the broad bosom of the native land to the various riches. many poets make a life full of secrets look like an ocean full of synoates: ватаним кемасини долғалардин омон қил, бу поѐнсиз уммонда ўзинг қўлла, оллоҳим. 3 the infinity of fantasies and dreams can also be faced with verses that resemble an ocean without territory: 2.1 1 зулфия. океанда .тонг билан шом аро. сайланма. – тошкент: «шарқ», 2012. – б.148. 2.1 2 муҳаммад али. ўзбекистон. сайланма. – тошкент: « шарқ», 1997. – б.65. 2.1 3 воҳидов э. янги йил муножоти. / орзули дунѐ: шеърлар. – тошкент: «шарқ», 2010. – б.35. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 127 уммондай хаѐлинг айлайман эъзоз, орзу-умидларинг хўп авайлайман. дилингда жунбушга тушса эҳтирос, мен ҳам юрагимни шунга шайлайман. 4 considering that some poets have no limit to the acquisition of knowledge, they mengz it directly to oman: ул ватан елканларини маърифат уммонида қиблаи имон сари бурмоқни истайдир кўнгил. 5 the sea is one of the huge bodies of water that stand after the ocean in the great. the khorezm poet sotim avaz writes in his poem" the old man and the sea", which he included in his collection called" law", referring to the name of this ancient body of water on our land as talmeh in order to artistic reflection of his attitude towards the problem of the" island: одамлар сувсиз, улар иложсиз, ким беради уларга сувни...» дея қуриб бормоқда орол. 6 the beginning of the drying up of the island was not only our country, but also the largest environmental risk, a great tragedy, taking place in the central asian region. since the beginning of the 60s of the last century, the inflow of water from these rivers into the aral sea has sharply decreased due to the unaccounted spending of amu darya and sirdarya on cotton and other crops. as a result, a large sea began to build and shrink. the drying of the island led to an increase in the amount of harmful chemicals in the water. and this was also harm to human health. in the verses above, it is precisely this vital fact that is pointed out. the word bahr is the methodological meaning of the word sea. in poetry, this word is used a lot. the image of the sea, like the image of oman, is found both in its own sense and in a portable sense. in this aspect, the following verses can be evidence of our opinion: ётиб ювош қайғу комида юрак билдим, кичрайдинг чексиз. «денгизман» деб ўйла камида, довулларни ютгувчи денгиз. 7 a.oripov uses the image of the sea in his poem" my spirit "in a portable sense, while in the poem" uzbekistan "he uses it in his sense in relation to the only sea in the area, the" island "body of water in the land where the ancient scientist beruni was born and raised. the poet's poem" the spirit " tells about the japanese sea, which is taking a penny, but from the fact that the poet does not openly say about the japanese sea, but from the fact that he says japanese tones, it becomes clear that he is referring to the japanese sea in this place. 8 2.1 4 муҳаммад али. сенга бағишланган сонетлар. сайланма. – тошкент: «шарқ», 1997. – б.97. 2.1 5 воҳидов э. ватан истаги. // орзули дунѐ: шеърлар. – тошкент: «шарқ», 2010. – б.21. 2.1 6 сотим аваз. чол ва денгиз. // ҳуқуқ. шеърлар. – тошкент: «ёш гвардия», 1990. – б. 4. 2.1 7 раҳимбоева қ. инсон. // уйғониш фасли. – тошкент: «ёш гвардия», 1989. – б.33. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 128 шоирлар кўпинча ижодни денгизга ўхшатишади: ижод денгизимнинг маъсуд жўшқинин қўмсаб, дил бисотин очаѐтирман. 9 to revive water, water bodies and structures, the creators sometimes show in relation to them the application of human body organs such as legs, arms, lips, head as poetic somatism. in particular, the poetess zulfiya wrote in one poem: мен денгизнинг лабида турдим, денгиз бўлиб чайқалди юрак, мен денгизнинг лабида турдим, унут ўзим, унут теварак. 10 in this," the of the sea " is a metaphor, which, of course, refers to the concept of its coast. in poetry, the image of the river (nahr) is also one of the most used symbols of water bodies. water bodies in each area become the pride and pride of that area, its national wealth.even from their name, one can easily guess what and where the poem is about. нил қудратин жўшиб куйлар бир шоир, ўзгаси ганг мисол қилар замзама. 11 the nile and the ganges river belong to the territory of india. from this one can notice that the poem tells about india. in conclusion, among our people, it has long been treated by the means of inonch and irims in relation to water and places associated with it, objects. interestingly, such interpretations are also found in modern poetry as a phenomenon of folklorism, postfolcloric. in this regard, uzbek poetry is considered, it is observed that the work of some poets depicts water and its ocean (oman), sea (bahr), river (nahr), lake, stream, tributary, stream, pond, well, spring, fountain, dew, dew, drop (resin), snow, ice, rain, ring, whirlpool, puddle, waterfall, fountain and other analogues. references: 1. аширов а. ўзбек халқининг қадимий эътиқод ва маросимлари. – т.: алишер навоий номидаги ўзбекистон миллий кутубхонаси нашриѐти, 2007. – 276 б. 2. жабборов и. ўзбек халқи этнографияси. – т.: ўқитувчи, 1994. – 312 б. 3. жўраев м., нарзиқулова м. миф, фольклор ва адабиѐт. – т.: ўзбекистон миллий кутубхонаси нашриѐти, 2006. – 184 б. 4. жўраев м. ўзбек мавсумий маросим фольклори.–т.: фан, 2008.– 290 б. 5. sharipova m. b., nizomova s. s. the artistic image of the image of" water" in the poem //ученый xxi века. – 2018. – №. 11. 6. sh.sh.nizomova tеория и практика современной науки, 2020, modern poetry 7. sh.sh. nizomova sharia's description of the ceremonial attitude to water archive of conferences, 2020 2.1 8 орипов а. мен нечун севаман ўзбекистонни. шеърлар ва драматик достон. – тошкент: ғ.ғулом номидаги нашриѐт-матбаа ижодий уйи, 2006. – б.234. 2.1 9 зулфия. тонг билан шом аро. сайланма. – тошкент: «шарқ», 2012. – б. 164. 2.1 10 зулфия. тонг билан шом аро. сайланма. – тошкент: «шарқ», 2012. – б.163. 2.1 11 зулфия. тонг билан шом аро. сайланма. – тошкент: «шарқ», 2012. – б.178. https://scholar.google.ru/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=765769066460371605&btni=1&hl=ru https://scholar.google.ru/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=14167641843876820137&btni=1&hl=ru international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 218 description of linguistik variation derivation and use in russian from the point of linguopragmatics sultanova sevara ruslanovna lecturer, department of russian philology, ferghana state university, uzbekistan abstract: this study examines the active and productive process of changing word classes in russian through derivation processes. this word formation process consists of a verb lexeme, noun, adjective, or adverb associated with a derived suffix. this is a descriptive study that follows the typological perspective of word class formation. keywords: typology, word classes, word formation process. introduction russian, as a very inflectional and morphologically rich language, provides many variants of case properties. the case category in russian is a complex and abstract grammatical system of contrasts with obscure semantics. in addition, it is complicated by opaque forms and connections between number (singular and plural), genus (three generic systems: male, female, and middle), and declension (three types of declension). moreover, the acquisition of cases creates difficulties due to various other aspects. for example, the difference in the validity of signals associated with different cases is reflected in the order in which they are absorbed by children. presumably, less frequent and less pronounced cases are acquired later in childhood than more frequent and pronounced ones. while different researchers agree that the acquisition of different cases occurs somewhat consistently, there is no consensus on the exact order in which cases are acquired in the literature. this study analyzes the main derivation types that change word classes in mapuche. we will see that derivation possibilities in this language depend in part on its morphological richness, especially on the abundant number of existing suffixes used in this process, and that among their properties they show greater productivity by being multifunctional. output new word classes, for example, to mark the form, mood, and change the verbal structures, properties, and actions of derivatives that change word classes and between them, they represent cases of verbalization, nominalization, adjectives. there are various word formation procedures in which the lexical extension of the language is possible. according to g.v. belyakov, "derivation is the most important and widely used procedure in the russian language. it consists in creating a new word by obtaining it from a combination of root lexeme, noun, verb, adjective and suffix "[1]. according to typological analysis, the russian language is inflective, which has a pattern of including affixes that make semantic, morphological and syntactic changes, including the inclusion of nouns, object signs, and a person to the verb root. the study of the communicative aspect of word formation and, in particular, the derivation process in media history has become one of the most important topics in the lexical sphere. in domestic and foreign linguistic literature, various approaches to the study of derived vocabulary are demonstrated: american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 219 structural-semantic (fathutdinova, 2015; ilyasova, 2016), linguoculturological (erofeeva, 2014, wendina, 1998), cognitive (baranov, dobrovolsky, 1996; gorobets)., kulsharipova, novak, 2016), and methodological (hashemi, 2011, martyanov, gorobets, novak, 2016). the study of active derivational processes based on media and which are a kind of catalyst for language transformation allows us to identify critical changes in the word formation system of the russian language and trace the trends in the development of word use in general. research methodology the research methodology involves the use of means of linguistic description with elements of the interpretation of typical derived units, a continuous selection of lexical materials, structural-semantic word-forming analysis and contextual analysis when describing the action of the noun derivation process. study results the language of newspaper periodicals has recently become a sphere of increased word formation activity, as it illustrates a huge number of word derivatives obtained by conventional methods of word formation. the data revealed the following patterns of word formation, reflecting active processes in modern russian: suffixing, prefixing and zero suffixation. as is known, morphological derivatives can be obtained by adding suffixes or prefixes. suffixation is one of the most popular ways to form new words in russian. it is in the suffix sphere that there is a more active interaction of 1) borrowed suffixes with both russian and foreign-language word bases; 2) russian suffixes with both borrowed and original producing bases; 3) stylistically heterogeneous morphemic parts: book suffixes and foundations in the original stylistically reduced words and vice versa. progress in the productivity of some suffix models is noted within the following lexical groups: 1. names of persons with the meaning of the carrier (subject or procedural), formed by: a) foreign language productive book suffixes -ист, -атор, -ант (-ист, -атор, -ант) combined with foreign-language and russian fundamentals: лоббист, перформансист, нашиист (член организации «наши»), подписант, номинант, номинатор, коммуникатор и монетизатор; b) through russian suffixes -ник, -чик/-щик, -ец/-ов/-овец (-ник, -чик/-щик, -ец/-ов/-овец) from non-native foundations: оффшорник, интернетчик, пиаровец, спамщик. the semantics of this subgroup of words are significantly expanding: in addition to naming a person by his occupation or interests, they can matter 'сторонник, последователь чего-либо: государственник (сторонник государственной власти), лдпр-овец (сторонник партии лдпр), егэшник (лицо, сдавшее егэ). the generating base here is often a proper name combined with a suffix ец (-овец): обамовец, порошенковец, зюгановец [2]. 2. names with a characteristic value formed by russian suffixes ск, -ов/-овск, -н (-ск, -ов/-овск, н) combined with borrowed basics: шенгенский, узерский, онлайновый, пиаровский, творческий. 3. action designations formed by verbal suffixes ирова, -ова, -и (-ирова, -ова, -и): a) from borrowed foundations of common names: брендировать, производить, литье, офшорить; b) from the foundations of proper names: гайдарить, чубайсить, навальничать, петросянить 4. names of abstract semantics with russian suffixes: -ость/-есть, ств (о)(-ост, -ест, -ств (о) and borrowed: -изм, -инг, (-изм, инг), their appearance is associated with an increase in production foundations due to the expansion of the simple and slang foundations existing in russian, foreignlanguage foundations, as well as using the main proper names: показушность, ненашесть, жесткокизм, лоббизм [2]. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 220 conclusion the most productive affixal means of word formation include suffixation, prefix, zero suffixation, and affixoid word formation, with suffixation proving to be the most popular means. therefore, one of the most effective ways of modern word formation is to attach the original russian affixes to borrowed foundations, where suffixes are most demanding. at the current stage of development, word-forming types have become more adaptive. the system of affixation word-forming types is so stable that it can easily process borrowed bases, forming derivatives with russian affixes. at the same time, russian foundations are actively involved in word formation, that is, in creating new words according to effective patterns. such words are a system-forming property of russian word formation: word-forming morphology in productive samples is contextually conditioned and situationally dependent, and the data made it possible to note a noticeable activation of foreign-language affixes, the most productive of which are prefixes. contributing to an increase in the personal criterion, word formation in the media resource performs not only a nominative function, but also an expressive-evaluative one, and the latter is more significant for modern journalism. the derivation process is an effective means of making the text more expressive, moreover, they have an evaluability or seek to acquire it, since their evaluative nature is syntagmatically and contextually conditioned. word formation turns into an effective axiological manual and one of the tools of social assessment in the oral activities of media personalities. thus, our study showed that real affixal word formation is one of the most important functional and dynamically developing mechanisms in the russian derivation system. references used 1. belyakova g.v. word-forming category of suffixal locative nouns in modern russian. publishing house "astrakhan university," 2007. 2. erofeeva i.v. personal word formation in the language of russian annals//dis.... doctor of philol. sciences. – 2010. t. 10. – №. 01. 3. sultanova s.r. on the definition of the terms “variology”,“variation”,“variability”. academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. 2307-2310 south asian academic research journals. 2021 4. sultanova s.r., alimov t.e. general theory of linguistic variation. epra international journal of research and development (ijrd) volume: 6 | issue: 1 | january 2021 5. sultanova s.r. kurbanova m. the role of neologisms in the language of modern media. current research journal of philological sciences (2767-3758). journal of philological sciences (2767-3758 …, 2021) https://scholar.google.ru/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=j4z2vziaaaaj&citation_for_view=j4z2vziaaaaj:9yksn-gcb0ic https://www.eprajournals.com/jpanel/upload/650pm_5.epra%20journals-6058.pdf http://www.masterjournals.com/index.php/crjps/article/view/533 http://www.masterjournals.com/index.php/crjps/article/view/533 international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 177 chromoto-mass methods for detecting simple esters in chromatography-mass spectrometry method kholmirzaev mekhroj murodillayevich 1 , khaydarov gayrat shoyimovich 2 , saitkulov foziljon ergashevich 3 , kholiqova kamola o’tkir qizi 4 , umarova aziza ikrom qizi 5 1, 2 uzbekistan-finland pedagogical institute, faculty of natural and physical culture, department of natural sciences 3 tashkent state agrarian university 4, 5 student tashkent state agrarian university abstract: this paper shows a detailed study of the features of the structural organization of compounds that determine the chemical composition of the organic substance cuminium, on the example of its ethanol extract, using chromatography-mass spectrometry, expanding the set of individual compounds, in addition to those known in the scientific literature, to calculate the composition of the extract of esters. keywords: detailed study of the structural organization of compounds, ethanol extract, chromatography-mass spectrometry, individual compounds, mannan, hydrolyzed to mannose, as well as dextrins, starch, protein substances, pentosans, methylpentosans, sugars, esters simple and complex, mineral salts. introduction a detailed study of the features of the structural organization of compounds that determine the chemical composition of the organic substance cuminium, on the example of its ethanol extract, using chromatography-mass spectrometry, expanding the set of individual compounds, in addition to those known in the scientific literature, calculate the structural and group composition of the extract, in order to determine the quantitative ratio of various groups of components, to obtain their massspectra and structural formulas; to make an assumption about the direction of the pharmacological action of cuminium preparations, taking into account the peculiarities of the structure of compounds of its organic matter. medicinal raw materials were cuminium seeds collected by cuminium. in dried form, they are called salep. the chemical composition of cuminium is determined by the content of mucus, the basis of which is determined by the high-molecular polysaccharide mannan, hydrolyzed to mannose, as well as dextrins, starch, protein substances, bitterness, pentosans, methylpentosans, sugars, esters simple and complex, mineral salts and others [1-10]. cumin is used as a seasoning in cooking. sometimes it is used instead of pepper. cumin is suitable for any dish. this is another advantage of it compared to other seasonings. it is also used in medicine to improve the condition of diabetes, in the treatment of anemia and pathologies of the nervous system. regulates carbohydrate, water-salt metabolism, the functional state of the male sex glands [110]. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 178 methods and results the object of the study was an ethanol extract of cuminium obtained by exhaustive extraction of raw materials with ethanol with a mass of 95% in a scraper apparatus. the extract was released from ethanol in a vacuum rotary evaporator model re-52 aa rotary evaporator, the residue was weighed and its chemical composition was studied by chromatography-mass spectrometry. the registration of analytical signals was carried out with the following parameters of the mass spectrometer:the temperature of the transition line and the ion source is 250 and 280°c, respectively, electronic ionization (ei), the range of recorded masses is from 50 to 500 da. the composition of esters is dominated by simple esters of the type: but-1-ene-3-yne-1-ethoxy, cyclohexane, ethoxy, 2,7-octadiene, 1-butoxy. fig 1. fig 2. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 179 fig 3. it is shown (fig. 1-3) that cumin contains esters in the spectrum. the given list of compounds, the features of their structural organization, the presence of various functional groups in them allows us to conclude about the rather complex chemical composition of the organic matter of the spotted hawthorn, and, consequently, about the specificity of its pharmacological action. conclusion cumin’s found in the extract are responsible for antispasmodic, anticoagulant, photosensitizing, antitumor effects, especially in combination with steroid compounds, aldehydes and ketones. nitrogenand sulfur-containing compounds have a highly selective pharmacological effect, significant amounts of which, different in structure, are found in cumin extract. literature 1. ф.э.саиткулов, к.гиясов, б.ж.элмурадов. метилирование 2-метилхиназолин-4-она «мягкими» и «жесткими» метилирующими агентами. universum: химия и биология архив выпусков журнала "химия и биология" 2022. 11(101) 2. ф.э.саиткулов, б.ж.элмурадов, уф спектральные характеристики хиназолин-4-он и – тионов. innovative developments and research in education international scientific-online conference canada 21.08.2022 pp-10-12 3. aлкилирования хиназолин-4-она "мягким" и "жестким" алкилирующими агентами. universum: химия и биология архив выпусков журнала "химия и биология" 06.12.2022 (101) 4. boymuratova g. o. et al. to examine the processes of biochemical action of 6benzylaminopurine with cobalt-ii nitrate dihydrate on the “morus alba” variety of moraceae plant //eurasian journal of physics, chemistry and mathematics. –2022. – т. 3. – с. 39-42. 5. sapaev b. et al. study of methylation reactions of 2-phenylquinazoline-4-tion with “soft” and “hard” methylation agents and determination of its biological activity //e3s web of conferences. – edp sciences, 2021. – т. 258. – с. 04023. 6. saitkulov f. et al. biochemical nutrition family plant rute-lemon leaved //академические исследования в современной науке. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 17.– с. 268-273. 7. usmonovich e. t., bakhtiyor o’g’li a. s. study of the condensation reaction of amines different environment //international journal of biological engineering and agriculture. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 5. – с. 121-123. https://7universum.com/ru/nature https://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive https://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive https://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive/category/2022 https://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive/category/11101 https://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive/item/14723 https://7universum.com/ru/nature https://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive https://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive/category/11101 https://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive/category/11101 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 180 8. ergashevich s. f. et al. photochemical processes photosynthesis pathway on house plants leaves" black prince" //texas journal of agriculture and biological sciences. – 2022. – т. 10. – с. 76-78. 9. saitkulov f. et al. chemical feeding method of lemon plant using leaf stomata //академические исследования в современной науке. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 17. – с. 274-277. 10. ф.э.саиткулов, захидов к,а., самаров з.у., синтез и изучиние реакции метилировании хиназолин-4-тиона. ўзбекистон республикаси фанлар академияси журнали. № 4 2015 йил. с-54-56 international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 37 the main directions of reforms aimed at ensuring children's rights ismailova shakhnoza rakhmatillaevna abstract: in our country, great attention is paid to children, their health, education, and future, and all conditions are created for them to show themselves, use all their opportunities and potentials, and show initiative. in this regard, a number of conventions of the international labor organizations are being ratified, a special state policy on youth has been created in our country, and it is aimed at our youth who have mastered modern knowledge and skills, think independently, and grow up with a sense of belonging to the fate of the country. undoubtedly, one of the most important criteria determining the democratic development of any country is human rights. today, international and national human rights protection mechanisms are constantly improving. human rights, which have been formed as a separate field of law, are becoming more specialized at the same time. from this point of view, the legal field of "child rights" has emerged in the international legal system, which covers the rights, privileges and guarantees provided to children who are physically and mentally immature, who need special attention and care, and therefore, protection before and after birth. children's rights are an important field that has taken its own path of development and is an integral part of human rights. when it comes to the international legal basis of child rights in the human rights system, the convention on the rights of the child, adopted on november 20, 1989, is one of the main treaties in this regard. this document is the basis for guaranteeing the protection of children's rights and interests and the development of interstate cooperation in this field. in turn, it is also a perfect model for the development of national legislation in the field of children's rights. the accession of the republic of uzbekistan to the convention on the rights of the child in 1992 served to establish the priorities of the state policy on the rights of the child, and to develop effective ways of regulating relations related to the implementation and protection of the rights of the child. at the same time, the un minimum standard rules for juvenile justice (beijing rules), the un program principles for the prevention of juvenile crime (riyadh program principles) and other recommended documents are national guidelines for children's rights in the field of justice. plays an important role in the improvement of legislation. since the first years of independence, uzbekistan has been paying serious attention to the gradual reform of the child rights protection system, the implementation of international norms in this field into the national legislation, and the improvement of the legislation. in the past period, a number of measures were implemented to provide material and moral support to minors. based on the requirements of the convention on the rights of the child, reforms aimed at protecting the rights of the child are being carried out in the following directions:  ensuring the rights, freedoms and legal interests of the child;  protection of the child's life and health;  not allowing the child to be discriminated against;  protection of the honor and dignity of the child;  ensuring equality of children's rights and opportunities. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 38 it is known from the world experience that the system of protection of children's rights and interests is provided in several aspects, namely in the legislative, programmatic, administrative, executive and moral spheres. in uzbekistan, the system of protection of children's rights is implemented in several directions. first of all, more than 100 laws, decrees, decisions and other normative legal documents were adopted in our country to ensure the priority of universally recognized principles of human rights, to improve the national legislation on children's rights, and to legally regulate the implementation of international agreements. most importantly, complex legal frameworks for protection of children's rights and interests have been created in uzbekistan. the law "on guarantees of children's rights" adopted on january 7, 2008 became a historical document in this regard. the law reflects the importance of the concepts of orphans, socially needy and disabled children, the main directions of the state policy on ensuring children's rights and creating the necessary conditions for their implementation. at the same time, guarantees regarding the main activities, responsibilities, protection of children's rights, freedoms and legal interests through the court, liability for violation of legal documents in this regard are provided. the adoption of this law, first of all, laid the groundwork for the codification of legal documents on children's rights. it made it possible to determine specific guarantees of the protection of children's rights in order to ensure the conformity of national legislation with the international standards established by the un convention on the rights of the child, to increase the transparency and effectiveness of the child's rights protection mechanism. also, in 2010, the adoption of the law "on prevention of delinquency and delinquency among minors" by our parliament further strengthened the legal basis of protection of children's rights and interests. during the years of independence, important state programs aimed at socio-economic and cultural support of children were adopted and are being gradually implemented in our country. the human rights representative (ombudsman) of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan, who examines citizens' appeals about the violation of children's rights and monitors their compliance in the regions, also actively participates in the protection of children's rights. it is extremely important to find a comprehensive solution to the problems of organizations and institutions responsible for the realization of children's rights according to the recommendations of the committee on children's rights. accordingly, in the years of independence, a model of coordination of activities of state bodies involved in ensuring children's rights was formed in our country. for example, as stated in the law "on citizens' health care", the cabinet of ministers has the authority to coordinate and control the activities of public administration bodies and economic entities for the protection of citizens' health, family, motherhood and childhood. in addition, a national system of monitoring and control of children's rights and legal interests has been established in uzbekistan. social protection of the population, education, health care, internal affairs, as well as charity organizations deal with issues of protection of childhood and children's rights in the center and in the localities. in uzbekistan, a system that ensures the protection of children's rights has been formed, in particular, legislative, executive and judicial authorities, the prosecutor's office, the bar and other public structures that help to ensure the right. the educational activity dedicated to the rights of the child is expressed in the formation of the educational system on the rights of the child in pre-school and school educational institutions, in the publication of relevant literature, holding seminars, trainings, conferences, roundtable discussions, and studying foreign experience in improving the child's condition. many things are being done in our country to increase the knowledge of the population about children's rights. in particular, in cooperation with the national center of the republic of uzbekistan for human rights, unicef and the children's fund of uzbekistan, the convention on the rights of the child and its commentaries were published in many thousands of copies. in a word, a unique national legal system for the protection of children's rights and interests has been formed in uzbekistan, and our country is one of the countries taking bold steps in this direction. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 39 showing love, attention and care to the child is one of the noble qualities of our people. during the years of independence, our country paid special attention to this issue, adopted a number of laws and regulatory documents on the protection of children's rights, based on which fundamental reforms were implemented. the guarantee of children's rights has been strengthened in our constitution. since then, the guarantee of the protection of children's rights has been ensured throughout the world, and an international mechanism has been created in this regard. the convention is an important international legal document that guarantees the protection of children's rights without exaggeration, and the participating countries are required to strictly comply with its provisions. importantly, each state has the right and opportunity to take into account its own national characteristics in implementing the convention's norms. in the past, care for a child was done only if he needed protection. in connection with the adoption of the convention, a completely new concept was defined. it emphasizes that care and protection is not a matter of grace, but a right. with the entry into force of the convention, it became a fixed set of basic social and legal criteria, procedures and rules for children. the concept of a child was revealed for the first time in the convention, and the range of rights and freedoms of the child was expanded. the document also provides legal protection for children who are victims of brutal torture and armed conflicts, as well as those who violate the law and are incompetent. in addition, it specifically mentions the issues of protecting children from some negative events (illegal consumption of drugs and psychoactive substances, selling and using children for illegal purposes). the principle of non-discrimination in the protection of the rights of a child or adolescent is recognized. this international document contains 54 articles. each country that has ratified or acceded to the convention on the rights of the child is required to revise its national legislation in accordance with its provisions.  the convention was important in creating a solid base of national legislation on children's rights in our republic. currently, our country has joined all the main international documents on the protection of children's interests and rights. these include the un standard minimum rules for juvenile justice (beijing rules, 1985) and guiding principles for the prevention of juvenile crime (riyadh guiding principles, 1990). today, in a situation where political tension and socio-economic instability have been going on for a long time in different regions of the world, if we think deeply about the fate and future of children there, it will become clear once again how urgent the issue of protecting children's rights is in the world. guarantees of protection of children's rights are getting stronger in our country. uzbekistan is creating all the conditions for children to grow up physically and mentally, to receive education and upbringing at the level of world standards, and to achieve their dreams and goals. all this is in harmony with the good intentions, dreams and aspirations of our people, as well as with the program goals of our party, and serves the development of our children as a healthy and free-thinking generation. developments in today's information age have an impact not only on a person's lifestyle, but also on his consciousness. especially in recent years, the forces that want to control people's thoughts are using information technology, especially the internet, for their own interests. unfortunately, in this process, most of the youth, who are the main consumers, are becoming their victims. this calls us to be more aware and vigilant. from the first years of independence, the reason for paying attention at the level of state policy to the issue of raising a generation with a high level of spirituality was to protect the owners of tomorrow from dependence on such thoughts, to form spiritual immunity in them. today, the issue of youth has become more serious, so to speak, it has become the basis of state policy. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 40 as a full-fledged subject of the international community, uzbekistan recognizes and adheres to the universal declaration of human rights, the convention on the rights of the child and other universally recognized international agreements in order to protect children's rights. in particular, the convention on the rights of the child states that "participating states shall encourage the development of appropriate principles for the protection of the child from information and materials harmful to his well-being." in some countries, the protection of children from information that has a negative impact on their physical and moral development has been strengthened in legal documents, and responsibility has been defined in them. speaking about children's future, happiness and luck, "our children must be stronger, more educated, wiser and definitely happier than us!" the words of praise come to mind. in fact, a person lives as a child in this bright world, and sees his happiness in the perfection of his children. there is no nation in the world that does not care about its descendants. however, it can be said without exaggeration that such a young nation as the uzbeks is rarely found on earth. since the first days of our country's independence, this precious and noble quality of our people has risen to the level of state policy. it is difficult to enumerate the good things done by the state so that children can live freely and comfortably, get excellent education, and grow up as perfect people. among these are modern educational institutions, sports facilities, manufactured and imported equipment, attention paid to their health, built for our children. used literature 1. law of the oliy majlis of the republic of uzbekistan dated january 7, 2008 "on child rights guarantees". 2. convention on the rights of the child. new york, november 20, 1989. 3. constitution of the republic of uzbekistan. "uzbekistan" t.: 2021. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 129 the notion of lexical minimum and how to enhance lexical competence on b2 level muxtorov muhiddin mansur o’g’li 1 scientific researcher at the tashkent pedagogical university after nizami abstract: nowadays the knowledge of english and being fluent in it is deemed as a major factor of success not only in everyday life but also in the sphere of education, since it opens new vistas for students and helps with their future career. however, since there is insufficient for uzbek students with foreigners and exposure to the english language, this situation presents difficulty for the learners to master the language on a high level. consequently, learners tend to use their mother tongue due to their inadequate vocabulary. we think that much more attention should be paid on teaching vocabulary and developing of their lexical competence. keywords: lexis, minimum, colloquial, active, passive, interlinguistic, fluency, collocation, semantics. introduction the passive minimum is selected basing on fragments taken from the written literature. active lexicon is received from live speech, i.e. from student's oral speech, and passive one is from written sources selected and intended to be used by the student in his written speech. foreign language vocabulary is an active part of the school minimum. it consists of 1000 lexical units. on this basis again passive lexical units are selected in accordance with the educational conditions of the school. the amount of vocabulary is directly related to the amount of study hours depends. when choosing an active dictionary, it is in the first and second group criteria and demarcation of synonyms from the third, of words combination, word formation and polysemy criteria will be the basis. the criteria of the first group when choosing a passive vocabulary and the possession of semantic value and the ability to form words, criteria of ambiguity and thematic relevance are used. the dictionary is shown in the process of forming the minimum the criteria must be interrelated. the unit of choice has been the cause of continuous debate in science is a methodological concept. methodological requirements for this unit are put: first, the selection unit criteria and selection must be relevant to the event, and secondly, they are objective it is necessary to distinguish based on actions. so, the unit of choice words, lexical-semantic and lexical-phraseological options and speech cliché (pattern-sentence) in a certain sense is taken. a word with the same meaning or a stanza that is equivalent to a word the combination is considered a selection unit of the lexicon (the meaning is in the dictionary it is shown that the meaning of the word is in the speech activity of this meaning is to emerge, and the concept is formed in thinking). the distribution of vocabulary is carried out in two stages: 1) divided into active and passive lexical minims, i.e. verbal speech teaching is one of the goals of education and active in the second stages, for studying at the higher stage passive lexicon is different, half of passive lexicon is verbal is also american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 130 presented in speech; 2) reproductively and receptively the minimum of classes when creating a textbook to be acquired is separated in the form. according with the cefr, learner of b2 level must be able to:  understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in their field of specialization.  interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party.  produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options. reaching b2 is generally considered by most people as having basic fluency. a learner will have a working vocabulary of around 4000 words. methodological classification (in russian literature " методическая типология (классификация)"), in the acquisition of language units due to the difficulties that occur, they are divided into different categories is understood as isolation measures. hence the classification the term is associated with the phenomenon of involuntary difficulty. american foreign language teaching psychologist in the 1930s h. hughes had an idea of dividing foreign language lexicon by comparison with the native language into easy/difficult categories. the classification of h. palmer, one of the famous methodists, is widely known in science and is popular with many people has studied the difficulties of application. another one the great methodist ch. friz is the function of the word in the sentence and based on the nature of the combination, the total vocabulary is divided into four groups classified by 2: auxiliary words, substitute words, negation words that indicate presence or absence and thing, action, quality expressive words. the first two groups, according to friz, the asset is under development are the most complex words. famous methodist r. lado classified the lexicon according to interlinguistic interference. frequency plays the role of being basic principle in selecting words. the most famous dictionaries give a learner the lists with words which are arranged according to their use in speech or text. for example, the dictionary “longman” shows how frequent a word used by such sings as: s1, w1 which mean spoken 1000, written 1000. this signs include 3 levels, which in their turn, mean the most used 1000, 2000, 3000 words. these words are chosen and dictionaries were compiled basing on the statistical calculations of specially selected words in different literature. in the field of vocabulary, according to michael lewis and jimmy hill, the main emphasis should be made on the use of those lexical combinations that are used in real communication. at the same time, we must avoid the other extreme: excessive use of everyday, spoken english, especially in conjunction with "slang" unofficial or semi-official situations. in uzbekistan, in accordance with the national test level system of language assessment the use of the cefr is implemented as follows: table 1.1. table 1.1. the national test level system of language assessment level level of uzbek educational system proficient level c 1 philological higher education, master’s degree, doctorate degree independent user b 2 higher education b 1+ language academic lyceum, special schools b 1 academic lyceum basic user a 2+ special language secondary school american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 131 a 2 secondary school a 1+ special language elementary school a 1 elementary school hence, the final result to achieve for the undergraduates of the non-linguistic institutions in the state educational standard to flt is b2 level of language proficiency. in our case, i.e. in foreign language teaching major, undergraduates must achieve the level of c1. according with the decree issued by the president of the republic of uzbekistan under the number 5117, those who are eager to continue their education in language teaching, and obtain master’s degree or doctorate degree must have c1 level of language proficiency. the common reference levels of cefr show us the differences between b2 and c1 level: (using the cefr: principles of good practice. -cup, 2011. -p.8.) b2 level students: can understand the main ideas of complex texts on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialization. can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options. c1 level students: can understand a wide range of reading, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning. can express him/her fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. can produce clear, wellstructured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organizational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices. moreover, learning collocations is an important part of language learning, vocabulary learning, which helps to increase lexical competence. since we try to improve students’ vocabulary on b2 level it means the goal is getting them on c1 level. on this level learner shows a high fluency of a language and good command of it. hence, learning collocations can:  make the speaker sound most natural make a mistake (not do a mistake), strictly forbidden (not strongly forbidden)  give the speaker alternative ways of expressing thoughts and be precise; bitterly cold instead of very cold, pitch dark instead of very cold,  enhance writing style poverty breeds crime instead of causes crime, a substantial meal instead of a big meal. linguistic competence is understood as language competence (knowledge of vocabulary and grammar rules that allow transforming lexical units into utterances) and language activity (reflecting the degree of formation of communicative skills in such types of language activity as reading, writing, speaking and listening) references 1. азимов, э.г., щукин, а.н. новый словарь методических терминов и понятий (теория и практика обучения языкам).–москва: икар, 2009.–210 с 2. бим и.л. обучение иностранному языку: поиск новых путей / и.л. бим / иностранные языки в школе. – 1989.-№11. – с.14-16. 3. бабанский к.с. методы обучения в современной общеобразовательной школе м.:просвещение, 1995. – 211с. 4. гальскова h. д. теория обучения иностранным языкам. лингводидактика и методика / н. д. гальскова, н. и. гез. м.: академия, 2009. -336с. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 132 5. гальскова н.д. современна методика обучения иностранным языкам. пособие для учителя. м.: аркти, 2000. 165с. 6. гез н.и. история зарубежной методики преподавания иностранных языков: учеб.пособие для студ.лингв.ун-тов ифак.ин.яз.высш.пед.заведений\ н.и.гез, г.м.фролова. -м.: 2008.256с. 7. зимняя и.а. психология обучения неродному языку. м., 1989, 222с. 8. кувшинов в.и. о работе с лексикой на уроках английского языка // иностранные языки в школе, 1995. №5. -20-23 с. 9. мильруд, р. п. методика преподавания английского языка / р. п. мильруд. м.: дрофа, 2005. 253 с. 10. пассов е.и. «коммуникативный метод обучения» м.: 1991 international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 212 relevance and legal basis of formation of the idea of new uzbekistan among students eshova hurriyat hurramovna "tashkent institute of irrigation and agricultural mechanization engineers" national research university abstract: in this article, students and young people in uzbekistan are given information about its relevance and legal basis in the formation of the idea of a new uzbekistan. keywords: uzbekistan, socio-economic, socio-political, spiritual-educational, our people, action strategy, our country, worker, young generation, state, implementation, working conditions, modern youth, special attention. introduction: during the years of independence, democratic reforms in uzbekistan became a trend that will never go back. as a strategic direction of sovereign development in our country, priority is given to establishing a legal democratic state and a just society, strengthening its political, institutional, socio-economic, spiritual and educational foundations and forming a free and prosperous way of life that is most suitable for our people. at the present time, when large-scale reforms are being implemented in all spheres of public life in our country, wide opportunities are opening up for the inculcation of democratic values in the life of society, the formation of an active citizenship position in broad strata of the population, and the importance of strengthening the sense of involvement in social and political processes. is increasing. in 2017-2021, on the basis of the action strategy for the five priority areas of the development of the republic of uzbekistan, the next strategic grounds are being created, which are important for ensuring the vital needs and interests of the population of our country and strengthening the foundations of a prosperous life. after all, as the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoev stated in his first historic address to the oliy majlis in 2017: "our people want to see positive changes in their lives today, not tomorrow, not in the distant future. our hardworking, kind-hearted, tolerant people have full right to it." in fact, achieving that every person lives contentedly in our country is currently becoming the main goal of state policy. it is our country that relies on the creative potential of our multi-ethnic people, looking forward to the bright future of our country's youth, and is moving towards high goals. in order to gradually realize the goals and tasks envisaged in the strategy of actions for the last two years within the framework of the state programs of 2017 "the year of communication with the people and human interests", 2018 "the year of supporting active entrepreneurship, innovative ideas and technologies" and all the forces and possibilities of our society are being mobilized. in our country, social issues such as satisfying people, ensuring further improvement of their living standards and quality occupy a special place in the state programs developed every year. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 213 in recent years, the pace of development and the increase in economic potential in our country have a direct impact on the development of the social sphere. in this regard, in the address of the president of the republic of uzbekistan sh.m. mirziyoyev to the oliy majlis dated december 28, 2018, 2019 was announced as the "year of active investments and social development". it should be noted that social development is one of the central directions in the internal policy of democratic states. theoretically, social development means changes that lead to the emergence of new social relations, institutions, norms and values in society. distinctive signs of social development are its consistency, orientation and its own laws. an important criterion of social development is the level of well-being of the population and indicators reflecting the economic and social spheres of community life. in the current period, the development of society and its stability mainly depends on the social policy implemented by the state. during the period of active reforms, sharp changes in the economy related to the improvement of market mechanisms occur, the impact of which penetrates into the social sphere very quickly. from this point of view, ensuring a decent standard of living for the population, increasing the quantity and quality of benefits (goods, works, services) provided to the population is a matter of state importance. it is known that the fourth direction of the action strategy for the further development of our country is defined as "development of the social sphere". reforms in the social sphere, which are an extremely important direction of the state policy being carried out in uzbekistan, include the following:  increase employment and real income of the population;  improving the social protection and health care system of the population, increasing the sociopolitical activity of women;  implementation of targeted programs for the construction of affordable housing, development and modernization of road transport, engineering-communication and social infrastructure that ensure the improvement of living conditions of the population;  development of the field of education and science;  improvement of state policy regarding youth. in the address, the head of our state sh.m. mirziyoev, while talking about the most important priority tasks of uzbekistan's development, noted that the development of our country and the well-being of our people are first of all closely related to the results of reforms in the social sphere. in this regard, in 2019, the following main tasks for the further development of the social sphere were defined:  reducing unemployment among the population, increasing the income of people and families;  revision of the procedure for assigning and paying pensions and allowances, fundamental reform of the pension system;  further improvement of science, modern and continuous education system;  to improve the quality and expand the scope of medical services;  further strengthening of social support of women and youth by the state;  to improve the living conditions of the population, to provide them with decent accommodation, to increase the well-being of the people;  establishing a healthy lifestyle in the society, popularizing physical education and sports;  development of tourism, attraction of investments in the field, increase of personnel potential; american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 214  development of the national idea. in the system of comprehensive social development spheres, the issue of providing modern education and social support to young people is of particular importance due to its acuteness and urgency. after all, it is known from history that in every period it was enlightenment that gave impetus to the welfare of the society and the development of the country. for this reason, the issue of transferring the saying of our wise people, "seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave" to our practical life activities, and implementing the principle of continuity of education in our country, is rising to the level of state policy. in the last two years, large-scale measures have been taken to bring the education system up to the level of modern democracies, to further increase the position of young people in our society as the leading force of development. in our country, leading attention is being paid to the preschool education system, which is the most basic link in the upbringing of a mature generation. this is evidenced by the fact that in 2017, this field was separated from the system of the ministry of public education and a separate ministry of pre-school education was established. in this regard, the main task of the state policy is to build new kindergartens in all regions of the country, to raise the quality and level of education to a new level, and to cover 100% of children of kindergarten age with education. further improvement of the higher education system has become an important direction of reforms in the social sphere. in particular, the comprehensive development program of the higher education system was adopted in 2017-2021. transparent mechanisms for admission to higher education institutions were introduced and quotas were seriously increased. new, modern educational institutions, including branches of prestigious foreign universities, are being established in the higher education system. due to the newly established institutes and branches, the number of higher education institutions in our country has reached 81, regional branches have reached 15, and foreign university branches have reached 7. correspondence and evening departments were opened in higher education institutions. as the head of our state sh.m. mirziyoev noted, "we have a single goal in mind from all of this. that is, uzbekistan must be globally competitive in terms of science, intellectual potential, modern personnel, high technologies. it is worth noting that it is difficult for a state and society that has not defined the idea and perspectives of development, is deprived of moral foundations, and most importantly, has not found a way to satisfy its young citizens, to imagine a prosperous future. the attitude of the state to the youth is one of the indicators of the level of development of the society, its openness, and its progress. therefore, the issue of youth is of particular importance in the state's policy aimed at unifying society and supporting civil initiatives. it is the young people who are able to overcome various obstacles in the period of deepening reforms, and who can give strength to the country's progress. it is young people who are the most active part of civil society, for example, young people are more adapted to the introduction of innovative projects and technologies in various fields, they bring new ideas and knowledge to society, and they have a strong desire to build their own lives. from this point of view, the youth of uzbekistan, as the owners of today and tomorrow, is the main strategic resource in establishing the foundations of a prosperous life in our country. the progress of our country on the path of democratic reforms and the pace of development will largely depend on the status and activity of young people in the socio-political life of the society. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 215 how urgent it is for uzbekistan to educate a generation that has preserved its national identity, can freely compete with its knowledge and potential among its peers in the world, has an independent opinion, and a conscious citizenship position can be seen in the following factors: firstly, uzbekistan is a country with great youth potential; secondly, young people are the layer that transmits national values to future generations and continues the tradition of succession; thirdly, young people are a force that ensures the continuity of the democratic reforms being carried out in our country; fourthly, young people are a unique demographic group whose consciousness is not yet fully formed, with a tendency to imitate and follow. today's fast-changing world creates more and more stressful and dangerous conditions that negatively affect the education of young people. this requires a new approach to youth education from the state and society. as president sh.m. mirziyoev noted, "... we need to talk more with our youth, listen to their hearts, know their pain, and give practical help to solve their problems. in this regard, we need to pay special attention to working with unorganized youth." the law of the republic of uzbekistan "on state policy regarding youth" adopted on september 14, 2016 clearly defines social, economic, legal and organizational measures that are the main directions of this field. according to the law, the state policy on youth in uzbekistan envisages "creating conditions for social formation of young people and development of their intellectual, creative and other potential". in these processes, the youth union of uzbekistan, which unites the youth of our country around creative ideas, is taking an important place. the youth union of uzbekistan aims to form a physically healthy, mentally mature and intellectually developed, independent-thinking young generation, to protect young people from external threats and the harmful effects of "mass culture", to provide comprehensive assistance and create conditions for the protection of the rights and legal interests of young people. is a nongovernmental, non-commercial organization that unites the youth of uzbekistan, formed in the organizational and legal form of the union. the main goal of the union is to deepen the democratic, political and economic reforms implemented in the country by the youth, to strengthen peace and harmony in the society, to involve uzbekistan in the process of joining the developed countries of the world, and to ensure the effective protection of the rights, freedoms and legal interests of the young generation, the moral and spiritual development of young men and women. to raise their professional level, to help them realize their intellectual and creative potential. since 2017, the day of the establishment of the youth union of uzbekistan june 30 has been widely celebrated as "youth day" in our country. the state programs "youth is our future", approved by the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on june 27, 2018, was the next step towards realizing the full potential of our country's youth and ensuring their effective socialization into our society. the state program aims to help and support the implementation of business initiatives, startups, ideas and projects of young people, to train unemployed young people in the specialties and business skills that are in high demand in the labor market, and also to ensure their employment by increasing the socio-economic activity of young people in general. in order to finance the activities of the state program, the "youth our future" fund was established under the youth union of uzbekistan. the funds of the fund will be used to: american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 216  providing preferential loans and property leasing at an annual rate of 7 percent through commercial banks for the implementation of business initiatives, startups, ideas and projects of young people;  providing guarantees in the amount of no more than 50% of the loan volume for loans received within the framework of the state program;  participation in business projects implemented within the framework of the state program in the amount of not more than 50% of their value, then realization of the share of the fund for 5 years;  purchase of up to 20 poultry and baby rabbits, 5 small and 2 large cattle for households of unemployed young people with relevant skills, feed them and assist in their subsequent sale, paying back their value in the agreed terms;  organization of retraining and upgrading of skills of young people, training for professions in high demand in the labor market, as well as teaching them business skills. as part of the state program, from july 1, 2018, the construction of "young entrepreneurs" coworking centers and "yoshlar mehnat guzari" complexes began in the regions under the terms of public-private partnership. for information, the "yoshlar mehnat guzari" complex is a complex of buildings built in districts where the labor force is too large for the organization of commercial, household and small production areas. "young entrepreneurs" co-working center renting buildings, office equipment and consumables to young entrepreneurs on preferential terms, providing them with the internet, as well as providing other support for the implementation of business initiatives, aspirations, ideas and projects of young people, including the development of business plans, a specialized center for providing consulting, legal, accounting and other services, organizing forums, master classes and seminars. in order to further expand the activities of the "youth our future" fund, in 2019, it was set the task of allocating more than 2 trillion soums for the fund and thereby creating more than 50,000 new jobs. in the conditions of globalization, along with new opportunities for the development of our society, non-traditional threats are emerging, so there is a strong need to improve the promotion of national spirituality and the national idea at the level of modern requirements. in this process, the issue of youth appears as an important factor that ensures the connection between today and the future in our country and preserves the national identity. the president put forward a proposal to establish new cultural and recreational parks on the basis of public-private partnership, to turn them into modern youth centers that serve to promote a healthy lifestyle among the young generation and improve reading culture. it was emphasized that it is impossible to implement any reforms in our country without a national idea, without realizing the national identity, without patriotism. the head of our state took the initiative to establish the "history of uzbekistan" television channel, paying special attention to the issue of instilling in the minds of young people the priceless heritage of our great scholars and writers, the courage of our indomitable commanders and figures, and strengthening their feelings of national pride and pride. after all, it is difficult to imagine the future without historical memory. the national idea built on the basis of objective history serves as a source of unlimited power for comprehensive reforms in our country. list of references: 1. ўзбекистон республикасининг конституцияси. т.: ўзбекистон, 2017. 2. ўзбекистон республикасининг ёшларга оид давлат сиѐсати тўғрисидаги қонуни// халқ сўзи, 2016 йил 15 сентябрь american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 217 3. ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг “ўзбекистон республикасини янада ривожлантириш бўйича ҳаракатлар стратегияси тўғрисида”ги фармони.-т.: “адолат”, 2017. 4. ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг “2017-2021 йилларда ўзбекистон республикасини ривожлантиришнинг бешта устувор йўналиши бўйича стратегиясини келгусида амалга ошириш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида”ги фармойиши//ўзбекистон республикаси қонун ҳужжатлари тўплами, 2017. №33. 5. ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг “ёшларга оид давлат сиѐсати самарадорлигини ошириш ва ўзбекистон ѐшлар иттифоқи фаолиятини қўллаб-қувватлаш тўғрисида”ги пф5106-сонли фармони, 2017 йил 5 июль. www.lex.uz. 6. ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг «ўзбекистон республикасида маъмурий ислоҳотлар концепциясини тасдиқлаш тўғрисида”ги фармони// халқ сўзи, 2017 йил 9 сентябр. №180(6874) 7. ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг “ўзбекистон республикаси инновatsiон ривожланиш вазирлигини ташкил этиш тўғрисида”ги фармони. 9 ноябр 2017 йил. www.lex.uz. 8. ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг “yoshlar-kelajagimiz” давлат дастури тўғрисидаги пф-5466-сонли фармони. 2018 йил 27 июнь. www.lex.uz. 9. ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг “2017-2021йилларда ўзбекистон республикасининг ривожлантиришнинг бешта устувор йўналиши бўйича ҳаракатлар стратегиясини “фаол инвестициялар ва ижтимоий ривожланиш йили”да амалга оширишга оид давлат дастури тўғрисида”ги пф-5635-сонли фармони/халқ сўзи, 2019 йил 18 январь. 10. ўзбекистон республикаси президентининг “иқтидорли ѐшларни аниқлаш ва юқори малакали кадрлар тайѐрлашнинг узлуксиз тизимини ташкил этиш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида”ги қарори // халқ сўзи, 2019 йил 4 май. 11. усмонов,м.t. (2021). правило крамера. метод обратной матрицы. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 249-255. 12. усмонов,м.t. (2021). теоремы сложения и умножения вероятностей. зависимые и независимые события. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 202-212. 13. усмонов,м.t. (2021). распределение и формула пуассона. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 86-91. 14. усмонов,м.t. (2021). геометрическое распределение вероятностей. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 18-24. 15. усмонов,м.t. (2021). вычисление площади поверхности вращения. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 97-104. 16. усмонов,м.t. (2021). нахождение обратной матрицы. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 123-130. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravilo-kramera-metod-obratnoy-matritsy https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/teoremy-slozheniya-i-umnozheniya-veroyatnostey-zavisimye-i-nezavisimye-sobytiya https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/teoremy-slozheniya-i-umnozheniya-veroyatnostey-zavisimye-i-nezavisimye-sobytiya https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/raspredelenie-i-formula-puassona https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/geometricheskoe-raspredelenie-veroyatnostey https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vychislenie-ploschadi-poverhnosti-vrascheniya international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 41 family relations, family traditions and customs 1 mamedova kamila, 2 razikova lola tuychievna, ph.d 1 3rd year student of the international faculty, direction of clinical psychology, samarkand state medical university 2 scientific directors, associate professor of the department of pedagogy and psychology samarkand state medical university abstract: family in the life of any person is of paramount importance. each family has its own foundations, traditions, individual lifestyle. however, not all families make full use of the full range of possibilities for opening the world of the family to their child. therefore, the formation of family values in children is one of the most important tasks of preschool education. the task of an educational institution is to educate a child in love and affection for his home, family, family traditions and customs; actualization feelings of ownership of the child with the family, clan, relatives; development of the possibility of understanding the rules of conduct that regulate relationships in the family; formation of ideas about family values, traditions, customs. keywords: family, education, parents, family relations, family traditions and customs. for a child, the family is a source of psychological protection and emotional support. a child a preschooler, like a sponge, absorbs all those norms and rules of behavior that the surrounding macro and microenvironment offers him. and from what content we will fill the proposed for assimilation of norms, rules and values depends on the course of further psychological development of the child. a wide range of scientists sociologists, psychologists, demographers, historians, economists is studying the problem of the formation of family values. it is worth mentioning such scientists as i.v. karpenkova, d. myers, a.a. yavorskaya and others. family values are the basic postulates on which family relationships are based; the behavior of family members. and which determine the vector of the child's behavior in society and in the future influence the construction of their own family. family values are the principles on which our lives are based; they are the standards by which we judge what is right and what is wrong. some values such as kindness, courtesy and honesty are widely recognized as the most important, while others, such as punctuality and consistency, are less important to some people. each person adheres to his own personal scale of values, characteristic only for him. but often, we also come across families where consumer relations with others and material wellbeing are in the first place, where they forget about spiritual, moral, emotional communication, the child does not know how to show either love or compassion, does not know how to correctly express his feelings. such a way of life in many families gives rise to childish rudeness, callousness, indifference, apathy towards everything. these qualities are not so pronounced in kindergarten and in elementary school, but ―splash out‖ in senior school age and adolescence. the family makes the most important contribution to the patriotic education of the child, and the kindergarten acts as a corrector of family education, in the education of the future family man. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 42 the priority direction in the preschool educational institution is work on spiritual and moral education. working in this direction, we set specific tasks: 1. to form in children the idea of a strong, friendly family, of a caring attitude towards their loved ones; 2. to cultivate a respectful attitude towards the family, to introduce ways of expressing care, respect, gratitude; 3. expand knowledge about family ties, pedigree; 4. to promote active cooperation between the family and the preschool educational institution. in the process of working with children on this problem, we tried to help children learn such concepts as kinship, pedigree, care, love, respect, devotion, peacefulness, compliance, gratitude. these are the family values on which the strong happy family. it is important from an early age for children to form ideas about a good, friendly family; to teach that creating a strong family is a daily work that brings joy, peace, but the main thing in all this is the ability of everyone to give in, not to provoke conflicts. to solve the tasks set, we tried to involve the families of the pupils: their parents, grandparents, brothers and sisters, since we assume that only interaction with the family in this direction contributes to the formation of a careful attitude to family values, the preservation of family ties, as well as the formation of the idea of a strong, friendly family, of caring for their loved ones. in our country, the basis for the value scale of spiritual and moral education are three postulates citizenship (patriotism), religious values and customs, traditions of the people. this feature of the value scale needs coordinated interaction between the family and the organizers of educational work. at the beginning of our study, we conducted a survey of parents on the topic: "family values and traditions". analyzing the results of the survey of parents, it turned out that: 1) 46% of families have stable family traditions; 2) 34% of families have traditions, but they are not stable; 3) there are no traditions in 50% of families. in this regard, we have identified the following stages of work on the formation of family values in preschool children. 1. formation in children of interest in their family, education of love and respect for their family members. working at this stage, we conducted conversations with children in order to expand children's ideas about parents, about different professions, the importance each profession on the topics: "my family"; "my mom and dad"; where do my parents work? parents were offered joint activities of all family members when compiling photo collages ―pastime with the whole family‖; the creation of the album "the most dear, close ones" with the help of which children's ideas about family members expanded their brothers and sisters (older and younger); drawing up family presentations "in the circle of your family"; "family tree of your last name", where children's knowledge about themselves, about their family tree was consolidated. also, in order to form children's interest in their families, to cultivate love and respect for their family members, role-playing games, dramatization games, and didactic games were held 2. involving parents in establishing family rules, customs, and traditions in the family. for the formation of family values in children, it is necessary to observe certain customs and traditions in the family. but often parents, due to their employment, or insufficient experience and knowledge cannot determine the ways and methods of interaction with children in the formation of family values. in this regard, parents were offered the following forms of educational interaction: american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 43 1) conversations and consultations on the problem; 2) family events and evenings with the family. parents were offered a number of conversations and consultations about the importance of the family for children, about family values. individual conversations, speeches at parent meetings, sliding folders with consultations on children's ideas about the family, about the moral attitude to family traditions were used, the children learned to understand family ties, a correct idea was formed about the concepts: "clan", "parents", "genealogical tree", "pedigree", "family". "the role of the family in the upbringing of preschool children", "seven i", "the most valuable thing in life is the family", "communication in the family circle", "education of a value attitude in the family", "grandparents in the family", etc. in the course of the proposed conversations and consultations among parents, there was a reassessment of views on their behavior in the presence of children, they assigned a significant place to communication with children, a friendly attitude towards them. separate place in the formation of family values is occupied by family holidays. in the life of a child, these are special days, they carry an emotional upsurge, a sense of joy, and they promise pleasant gifts and open communication with friends. purpose of family holidays brings parents to the understanding that the effective participation of all family members in festive events is necessary. the task of parents is to help the child choose a gift, come up with an interesting congratulation, arrange a room and a festive table. one of the most effective and proven ways to strengthen families is through family nights. a family evening is either a common game, or a dinner for the whole family, or a walk. the key to a successful family evening is that the whole family gets together. after the evenings spent, the children proudly talked about the positive emotions they had received, about the variety of games invented by their parents and grandparents. 3) social partnership of an educational institution and a family during holidays in educational institutions as an important factor in the formation of family values. family and educational institutions are two important institutions of the socialization of the individual. them educational functions are different, but for the formation of value orientations and the comprehensive development of the child as a person, their two-way interaction is required. in this regard, we involve parents in direct activities during the holidays. at the beginning of the work phase, parents were involved during the holidays for games and small tasks, and the more often we involved them, the more interested the parents increased. at present, we can say with confidence that the parents in the os are direct participants throughout the holiday: dance numbers, song repertoire, ditties, production numbers, etc. the educational value of this form of work lies in the fact that parents and children have come to understand the connection between family members, to the effective manifestation of love, care, attention, and mutual assistance. the further development of the child and, consequently, the level of formation of family values depend on the joint work of parents and teachers. list of used literature: 1. разыкова, л. т., игамова, и. с., рахматова, ф. г., муратова, ш. н., мамадиярова, д. у., & кучкарова, о. о. (2019). эффективность педагогического общения в подготовке врачей. наука и образование сегодня, (11 (46)), 55-57. 2. разыкова, л. т., игамова, и. с., & муратова, ш. н. (2019). роль психологической атмосферы семьи в становлении и развитии личности. наука и образование сегодня, (11 (46)), 58-60. 3. tuychievna r. l., tohirova f. z. mental processes the state of the human in their violation //archive of conferences. – 2020. – т. 10. – №. 1. – с. 179-182. 4. tuychiyevna r. l. the content and conditions of the implementation of a person-centered approach in the educational process //web of scientist: international scientific research journal. – 2022. – т. 3. – №. 6. – с. 1220-1224. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 44 5. tuychiyevna r. l. suicidal behavior on prevention of atvor psychoprophyphylactic measures with adolescents //spectrum journal of innovation, reforms and development. – 2022. – т. 4. – с. 378-381. 6. tuychiyevna r. l. the views of medieval eastern thinkersthe role of youth in ethical education //spectrum journal of innovation, reforms and development. – 2022. – т. 4. – с. 382-385. 7. tuychiyevna r. l. communication as a means of pedagogical cooperation //spectrum journal of innovation, reforms and development. – 2022. – т. 4. – с. 374-377. 8. разыкова л. т., джамалдинова ш. о. содействие творчеству и инновациям в системе образования //ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 70-77. 9. obloberdiyevna d. s., tuychiyevna r. l. distance learning in the system of higher education //web of scholars: multidimensional research journal. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 4. – с. 53-59. 10. разыкова л. т. проблемные технологии обучения в литературном образовании //наука, образование и культура. – 2022. – №. 2 (62). – с. 42-45. 11. разыкова, лола туйчиевна. "этический климат организации или (неэтичное поведение на рабочем месте)." boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali 2.8 (2022): 54-58. 12. tuychiyevna r. l. historical and theoretical foundations for the use of the traditions of folk pedagogy in the training of teachers //eurasian scientific herald. – 2022. – т. 7. – с. 115-119. 13. djamaldinova, shaxlo. "problemic methods of learning uzbek literature in english in american audiences." central asian journal of education 5.2 (2021): udc-398. 14. хусанбоева к. п., джамалдинова ш. о. проблемы преподавания узбекской литературы в английских (американских) аудиториях и пути их решения //science and world. – 2013. – с. 56. 15. джамалдинова ш., бекирова э. обучение навыкам решения проблем на занятиях //interconf. – 2020. 16. obloberdievna, djamaldinova shahlo, and bekirova elzara seydalievna. "avicenna's contribution to world medicine." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 9.11 (2021): 238-241. retrieved from https://giirj.com/index.php/giirj/article/view/479 17. джамалдинова ш., кучкарова о. роль социальных медиа в формировании эмоционального развития молодёжи //interconf. – 2020. 18. obloberdievna, d. s., & seydalievna, b. e. (2021). avicenna's contribution to world medicine. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 9(11), 238-241. 19. obloberdievna d. s., nematjonovna m. s. research approaches to improving the educational system //international journal of philosophical studies and social sciences. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 225-229. 20. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & tuychiyevna, r. l. (2022). distance learning in the system of higher education. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(4), 53-59. 21. obloberdiyevna d. s., odilkhonovna k. u. virtual learning as the only safe learning option during a pandemic //international journal of intellectual cultural heritage. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 117-121. 22. джамалдинова ш. о. этика в образовательной системе //boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 50-53. https://giirj.com/index.php/giirj/article/view/479 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 45 23. хусанбаева к., джамалдинова ш. the agony of longing //in library. – 2020. – т. 20. – №. 2. – с. 2004-2008. 24. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & odilkhonovna, k. u. (2022). teaching languages using modern educational methods. international journal of intellectual cultural heritage, 2(3), 105-111. 25. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & yuldashevna, x. g. (2022). problem-based study of literary works in the science of methodology. international journal of philosophical studies and social sciences, 2(3), 205-213. 26. джамалдинова, ш. о. изучение произведения антуана де сент-экзюпери «маленький принц» на основе проблемного метода / ш. о. джамалдинова. — текст : непосредственный // молодой ученый. — 2022. — № 2 (397). — с. 196-198. — url: https://moluch.ru/archive/ 27. тошкулова м. и., джамалдинова ш. о. внедрение научных открытий в клиническую практику посредством функциональной медицины. – 2021. 28. джамалдинова ш. o ‗zbekiston milliy universiteti xabarlari, 2020,[1/3] issn 2181-7324. 29. джамалдинова, ш. о. (2022). теоретические основы проблемного обучения и необходимость их использования в школьном литературном образовании. наука, образование и культура, (2 (62)), 40-42. 30. hayitova s. d. the levels of students‘independent learning activities and the ways to improve working independently //mental enlightenment scientific-methodological journal. – 2022. – т. 2022. – №. 2. – с. 136-149. https://moluch.ru/archive/ international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 133 methods of teaching listening comprehension in english and their effective use ropiyeva gulzoda jizzakh state pedagogical university abstract: the issue of effective organization of teaching listening for professional purposes of university students is considered; an overview of modern requirements and existing approaches to this methodological problem is shown; a description of the author's approach is given; examples are given from their own experience in organizing the process of learning to listen to professional texts. professionally oriented listening is analyzed as a goal and a means of teaching at a university, which from a functional and pragmatic point of view implies mastery of different types of listening in accordance with the content of audio materials. keywords: english for special purposes; audio materials; listening; types of listening; listening training. intrоduсtiоn listening to foreign speech is one of the most difficult types of speech activity to master, since listening is an active speech-thinking process, during which all mental and mental mechanisms are working hard to perceive sounding speech, perception received in sound form. information, its recognition, interpretation and understanding of meaning [1]. in the conditions of the university, the problem of teaching foreign language, in particular, english, texts of professionally oriented content to listen to is particularly acute. mаtеriаls аnd mеthоds despite the fact that interesting works on this topic have recently appeared [3, 4], the effective organization of listening training for professional purposes has not lost its significance and relevance. this article describes the author's approach and experience in teaching students to listen to professional english-language texts. the essence of professionally oriented listening training lies in the formation of the skills of perception and understanding of the interlocutor's statement in a foreign language, generated in a monologue form or in the process of dialogue in accordance with a certain real professional field and work situation. at the same time, listening itself can act both as a learning goal (perception and interpretation of english speech by ear, followed by analysis of the information received and its use), and as a means of learning / self-learning (audio and video materials are used by students as a source information in the preparation of creative tasks), and as a means of control/self-control of knowledge of the studied lexical and grammatical material at the final stage of working with it. rеsults аnd disсussiоn the content of audio texts must meet the following criteria: authenticity of sources; professional orientation of information: reflection of areas of activity, situations of professional communication, professionally significant topics; functional, stylistic and genre correlation with the acquired american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 134 specialty; representation of samples of monologue and dialogic speech; the availability of information on sociocultural and regional studies; taking into account the level of professional and language training of students: the corresponding level of difficulty of the lexical and grammatical content of the text; a certain pace of sound, the distinctness of the announcer's pronunciation; inclusion of a noise-carrying background in the audio recording; phonetic coloring (see details about the features of audio texts in [2]). within the framework of professionally oriented education, the choice of audio texts should correspond to the genre and functional-stylistic features characteristic of professional areas of communication. based on this criterion, audio texts should reflect such genres of scientific style as a report, lecture, scientific conversation, discussion, presentation of projects and production style of speech instruction, message, description of the production process / technical device / technology. according to the forms of oral speech, audio materials are monologue and dialogic statements. monologue (lectures, audio recordings of scientific, popular science works, information radio broadcasts, documentaries and tv programs, audio and video materials that are freely available on the internet, including on various professional websites or youtube [1]) are the most more popular form of audio texts in academic and professional terms. successful listening of monologue statements depends on background conceptual knowledge of the subject matter; from the ability to differentiate between essential and non-essential; on the ability of listeners (students) to focus attention for a long time, to know the lexical-grammatical and stylistic features of oral lectures (ellipses, hesitations, repetitions, contractions, academic professionalism, jargon, etc.); understand large and complex segments of spoken speech. learning to listen to dialogic speech takes place in two directions: a student can either be an active participant in this conversation, while listening acts as a component of oral speech communication during classroom classes, or indirectly, during a telephone conversation or a conversation with using modern communication tools, such as skype, whose participants alternately act as a speaker, then as a listener, or as a passive listener, without being able to influence the course of the conversation, ask again or clarify some details (listening to the dialogue ). when developing a strategy for teaching listening to the above audio texts, it is also necessary to take into account the type of listening and the mental processes of perception/interpretation of information involved in its implementation. it should be noted that any work on audio texts includes three stages: 1) motivational and incentive (attitude, motive and goal); 2) analytical-synthetic (perception and processing of the text); 3) executive (understanding) [2]. each stage has its own set of tasks: 1) pre-audit; 2) during the audition; 3) following the audition. during the motivational-incentive stage, orientation takes place, students are tuned in to the type of text that they will hear, and the information that they will need to extract from what they have listened to. at this stage, students are instructed which text they will listen to (interview with ...; lecture on ...; dialogue in ...); provide the necessary background information about the text; let you listen to an abbreviated, simplified or slowed down version of the recording before listening to the full text; highlight and read together with the teacher key words and expressions that occur in the text; offer photographs, diagrams, drawings for study; provide an opportunity to read the summary. for example, “listen to this lecture about for (flight data recorder). underline the correct alternatives in the specification chart”, “listen to a demonstration of a life raft and underline the correct details”, “listen to this talk about vacuum formation. tick the objects that are used in the process: air pump, hopper, powder, cylinder, mold with holes, solid mold, heater, pellets, thermoplastic sheet” [4]. at the stage of perception and processing of the text, students compare what they heard with what they knew before. their background knowledge becomes the basis for understanding the sounding text. thus, this stage is inextricably linked with the stage of understanding the text. the degree of american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 135 understanding affects the performance of post-text tasks. tasks performed in the process of auditing can be divided into the following types: questions: a) choice questions; b) right/wrong/don't know; c) questions that do not have a clear answer; recognition: a) determine the type of text (advertising, interview, commentary, story, etc.); b) determine the context: who is talking, with whom, about what, when, etc.; c) recognize the selected units, that is, the keywords, the number of times an expression is used, all the names; correlation: a) correlate the description with the corresponding pictures, diagrams, b) correlate the sequence of events in the text, the order of operation of the technical device; execution of the instruction [4]: a) complete the diagram/diagram/table/drawing; b) fill in the scheme/diagram; c) mark the objects in the picture; d) note the order of work; e) draw a diagram, etc.; note-taking: a) fill out the form; b) fill in the schedule of the sequence of operations, for example, assembling something; c) make notes on key words on the topic; use of transcription: a) note the pauses in the transcription of an oral story that does not have punctuation; b) listen to the text and note the small differences that occur in the transcription of the text; interpretation: a) listen to the comments in the dialogue (or interview) and evaluate the attitude of the speaker, for example, approval/disapproval; completion: a) fill in the gaps with missing words; b) complete the unsaid statement; c) “role-playing listening”: the dialogue is listened to in pairs, each student plays the role of one of the speakers, followed by the reproduction of the role in the oral discussion; d) completion of a dialogue or message: students listen to only one of the speakers. for example, students are invited to watch and listen to a video clip about the features of space engines, before that they are invited to read a short text on the same topic. then the text is returned to the teacher, and the students are given the task of choosing the appropriate information. they can do this both in the process of listening and after it, which contributes to the concentration of students' attention, as well as better perception and interpretation of audio information. at the stage of understanding, tasks should involve students in active creative activity. the following types of work are offered here: suggest your title for the text; prepare questions and answers based on the interpretation of what was said; describe or role-play what could have happened before or after the text you heard; express your opinion on a particular topic; describe the personality and character of the participants in the dialogue; discuss the position of the author of the article, the interviewee, the correspondent, etc [5]. working in a computer class or at home allows you to work out several thematically related texts, followed by their discussion and the performance of various creative tasks. students have the opportunity to repeatedly listen to texts and train in translations. the use of these texts in the format of an audio recording in the classroom allows you to quickly and effectively demonstrate new language material with its high-quality initial development. it should be noted that repeated listening during classroom work under the guidance of a teacher or extracurricular independent work allows you to achieve a more complete understanding of audio material, develop the pronunciation skills of individual language units, memorize lexical and grammatical structures characteristic of professional texts, as well as further interpretation of its content. соnсlusiоn in conclusion, we note that training in professionally oriented listening in universities plays an important role in the preparation of highly professional specialists who are able to take an active part in various situations of international cooperation. the ability to listen and understand professional english speech is a key moment in the communication of professionals. this must and can be learned within the framework of a university program under the guidance of a teacher and in the process of independent work. rеfеrеnсеs 1. galskova, n. d. theory of teaching foreign languages. linguodidactics and methodology / n. d. galskova, n. i. gez. m. : academy, 2016. 336 p. 2. federal state educational standards for higher education (fses he; fses 3+). (date of access: 28.04.2015). american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 136 3. gavrilova, a. v. learning to listen to foreign speech in a non-linguistic university: based on the material of the english language: diss. … cand. ped. sciences: 13.00.02: protected 11/29/2016: approved. 08/01/2007 / gavrilova anna vladimirovna. st. petersburg, 2016. 182 p. 4. mikhina, a. e. methodology for the formation of listening strategies for students of a nonlinguistic university: author. dis. … cand. ped. sciences: 13.00.02 / a. e. mikhina. ulan-ude, 2019. 26 p. 5. cherkashina, a. i. theoretical substantiation of the structure and content of teaching aids for teaching listening: dis. … cand. ped. sciences: 13.00.02: protected: 06/17/2013: approved. 02/21/2014 / cherkashina alena ivanovna. m., 2013. 297 p. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 54 analysis of national norms prohibiting the expulsion of a citizen of the republic of uzbekistan from the territory of the country or transfer to another country yuldashev djakhangir khayitovich head of the department of administrative law of the academy of ministry of internal affairs of the republic of uzbekistan, doctor of legal sciences, associate professor abstract: according to international standards and norms of law, the state guarantees legal protection and patronage to every citizen, regardless of the grounds on which he acquired citizenship, both in its territory and abroad. "citizenship" is a permanent political-legal relationship expressed in the sum of mutual rights, obligations and responsibilities of a person with the state and based on the recognition and respect of human dignity, basic rights and freedoms. the level of consolidation of the legal principles on the civil status of a person in the domestic legislation is the foundation for the creation of his legal guarantees. on this basis, a thorough study of the scientific basis of the regulation of citizenship relations in our republic at the constitutional level is required. in this regard, international standards and norms, comparative research of the legislation of countries with specific experience is of great importance. although the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan (08.12.1992) allocates a separate chapter for the institution of citizenship (chapter vi. citizenship), the main provisions guaranteeing citizenship rights have not been fully reflected. in particular, it only provides for the principles of single and equal citizenship (article 21), legal and diplomatic protection (article 22). this situation as s.a.akimova noted, "principles that are not defined at the constitutional level prevent the creation of the content of national civil institutions and rules, and weaken the clarity and attention they need" 1 . the principle of banning the expulsion of a citizen from the territory of the country or transfer to another country is one of the controversial issues facing modern legal theory. it is difficult to find a clear approach in the legislation of foreign countries regarding the obligation to extradite (detain) a citizen who has committed a crime. usa, albania, great britain, italy, colombia, malta, chile, japan allow extradition of their citizens 2 . regarding this issue, v.s.vyskub: "in legal doctrine, regardless of the purpose and time of obtaining citizenship, most countries have a uniform approach to refusing extradition of their citizens. it is important that the person has citizenship at the time of the extradition request 3 . "expulsion of a person from the territory of the country" means his independent departure, with the subsequent restriction of the right to enter the country, under forced or controlled conditions. in legal 2.1 1 акимова с.а. особенности конституционного закрепления принципов регулирования отношений, связанных с гражданством // вестник московского университета мвд россии. — 2013. — № 6. — с. 54. 2.1 2 попаденко е. выдача лиц в международном уголовном праве // уголовное право. — 2013. — № 1. — с. 60–65. 2.1 3 выскуб в.с. конституция российской федерации в свете проблем экстрадиции // конституционное и муниципальное право.  2014.  № 8.  с. 2526. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 55 terminology, this situation is explained by the concepts of "deportation" and "administrative expulsion". such measures are applied to foreign persons who have committed a socially dangerous act (criminal or administrative offense) and are not applied to persons who have the status of national citizenship based on generally recognized norms of international law. for example, the constitutions of kyrgyzstan (article 50), moldova (article 18), azerbaijan (article 53), russia (article 61), turkmenistan (article 10), and ukraine (article 25) allow a citizen to move to another country. strictly prohibits giving. in the constitutional norms of belarus (article 10), georgia (article 13), kazakhstan (article 11), latvia (article 98), lithuania (article 13) and tajikistan (article 16), a citizen can only have an international agreement and two it is noted that it can be transferred to another country based on bilateral agreements. also, the legislation of georgia (article 13) and estonia (article 36) provides for the right to appeal to the court regarding the extradition (detention) of a citizen to another country. handing over (extradition) of a person who is in the territory of a state to a foreign state is a situation that occurs as a result of committing a criminal act, and most international documents state that a state is not obliged to hand over a person for a crime committed by its citizen in the territory of another state. such rules can be found in the following documents: 1) paragraph 2 of the "principles of international cooperation" adopted by the resolution no. 3074 of the 2187 plenary session of the un general assembly on december 3, 1973; 2) article 89, part 1, clause "a" of the convention "on legal assistance and legal relations in civil, family and criminal matters" concluded between the cis countries; 3) article 6 of the european convention on extradition; 4) paragraph "a" of article 4 of the model treaty "on extradition" approved by un general assembly resolution no. 45/116. at the same time, it is emphasized in the legal literature that sending a request for extradition after the commission of a crime should not be a reason for the state to refuse to grant citizenship to a person. article 13 of the recommended legal document "on the agreed principles of citizenship regulation" adopted by the inter-parliamentary assembly of the cis countries (december 29, 1992): it states that member states "must strengthen the prohibition of extradition of a citizen to a foreign country, except as provided for in international agreements" there is a rule. at the same time, the provisions of the constitutions of kyrgyzstan, moldova, azerbaijan, russia, turkmenistan, and ukraine strictly prohibit the transfer (detention) of a citizen to another country. regarding this issue, v.s.vyskub: "in legal doctrine, regardless of the purpose and time of obtaining citizenship, most countries have a uniform approach to refusing extradition of their citizens. "what matters is that the person has citizenship at the time of the extradition request" 4 . it should be noted that in accordance with the requirements of article 603 of the code of criminal procedure of the republic of uzbekistan, if the person against whom a request has been received is a citizen of the republic of uzbekistan, it is not allowed to hand him over to a foreign country. at the same time, it should be recognized that this issue has not been strengthened at the level of our national constitutional norms. this does not allow, firstly, to openly express the state's position on the issue of extradition of its citizens, and secondly, the level of compliance of domestic legislation with international law norms. 2.1 4 выскуб в.с. конституция российской федерации в свете проблем экстрадиции // конституционное и муниципальное право. — 2014. — № 8. — с. 2526. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 56 in general, the analyzes show the need to create constitutional provisions stating that the expulsion of a citizen of the republic of uzbekistan from the territory of uzbekistan or transfer to another country is not allowed in accordance with the norms of international law and the requirements of our national legislation. therefore, in our opinion, article 22 of the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan should be supplemented with a separate paragraph with the following content: "a citizen of the republic of uzbekistan cannot be expelled from the republic of uzbekistan or transferred to another country". international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 46 increasing the efficiency of regulation of training loads on the basis of indicators of the dynamics of changes in energy consumption of the cardiovascular and autonomic systems in training tennis players suleymanova sabina faridovna uzbek state university of physical culture and sports uzbekistan, chirchik annotation: the article highlights the practical need to create informative means of monitoring the training process and a quantitative assessment of the athlete's energy costs over a long period of training activity. keywords: tennis, training load, training of tennis players, physical fitness, cardiovascular system, vegetative system, heart rate, energy consumption. introduction to increase the level of physical fitness of an athlete, the coach has to develop a methodology for conducting physical exercises and put it into practice. at the same time, it is very important to have means of monitoring the effectiveness of the training process: only with sufficient operational control, the coach can make the necessary corrections in his training methodology. in addition, the means of control should allow the coach to make quantitative assessments of the physical condition of the athlete. this can be achieved by using various technical means, as well as using the latest computer technologies [1,2,9]. purpose of the study. increasing the efficiency of normalization of training loads based on indicators of the dynamics of changes in energy costs. organization of research in this work, the following tasks were solved:  to develop a methodology for using indicators of energy costs in monitoring the special training of tennis players and the energy of the body's movement;  to determine the magnitude and direction of the training loads of tennis players in the competitive period;  to develop and substantiate, on the basis of the program developed by us, effective options for training loads in inter-game cycles. the organization of control of training loads for the preparation of tennis players was carried out from march 2021 to november 2022. members of the youth national team of the republic of uzbekistan participating in the championship of the republic of uzbekistan took part in the study. in total, 20 highly qualified tennis players were involved in the study. results and discussion study of load dynamics in the training of highly qualified tennis players. the analysis of the value of training loads was carried out during training camps. the results of periodic observations of the training load in the competitive period showed the following. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 47 it can be seen that the largest percentage of intergame cycles falls on two and three days. such a distribution of the competitive load has a negative effect on the growth of sportsmanship of tennis players, because with two and three-day breaks between games, the coach has one task to prepare the tennis player for the next game. with such a busy schedule of games, it is very difficult to carry out a purposeful process associated with an increase in the level of sportsmanship of tennis players. table 1 the number of inter-game cycles with different intervals between games for a team (1st round of the national championship) number of days between games 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-20 % 6 30 7 35 — 2 10 — 1 5 3 15 — 1 5 — the most preferable for improving the preparedness of tennis players are inter-game cycles lasting six or seven days. so, in the first round of the championship, the ratio of training loads was as follows: by orientation. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 anaerobic-alactant anaerobicglycolytic aerobic aerobic-anaerobic anabolic 30 40 50 80 20 % figure no. 1. the ratio of training loads by direction american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 48 the next component of physical activity is value. on this basis, the distribution of loads was as follows: figure no. 2. the magnitude of the distribution of loads it can be seen that the proportion of large training loads is not high 9.8% of the total volume. the largest share in the training of tennis players falls on medium loads 62.8% and small loads 27.4%. this dynamic value does not meet the requirements of the educational process. it is known that in order to achieve high results in the competitive activity of tennis players, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: improvement of motor and volitional abilities and skills; maintaining and improving sports performance; expanding the functional capabilities of the body [3,4,6,7]. only the rational distribution of means and methods in the training process, the methodically correct combination of loads and rest, determine the effectiveness of the above tasks. the next feature that characterizes the load of a training exercise is its "specialization", that is, a measure of similarity with a competitive exercise. analyzing the data obtained, it was found that only 28.3% of the exercises used in the training of tennis players meet the requirements of "specialization", and the remaining 71.7% only approximately meet these requirements. this is due, in our opinion, to the fact that most of the exercises used in the preparation of tennis players only outwardly simulate the conditions of competitive activity. an analysis of the reactions of various body systems of tennis players (cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, etc.) obtained using modern computer techniques shows that practically most exercises do not correspond to the training effect, that is, external physical activity, and those functional and biochemical changes. that occur in the body of an athlete when performing one exercise, a series or a whole block of training aids. experimental program of training loads with a seven-day inter-game cycle. for the experiment, a 28-day program was developed, including four seven-day microcycles, each of which consisted of five training days with one-time sessions, the sixth day was a calendar game, and the seventh day was rest. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 49 it was taken into account that after three microcycles, a decrease in the level of fitness or its relative stabilization may begin. therefore, the proposed training program provided for the inclusion of one maintenance microcycle after three developmental microcycles. schematically, it looks like this (figure 3): 6+1; 6+1; 6+1; -developing 6+1 supporting. for the practical implementation of the methodical system of training at this stage, an approach was used, the distinguishing feature of which is the focus on a limited stage of loads of one predominant direction and the sequence of introducing exercises into training, the use of which would provide favorable conditions for the manifestation of the training effect of subsequent means [5]. testing the level of physical fitness and the functional state of the cardiovascular system → 6-day mc-1→ calendar game→ testing the physical condition of the cardiovascular system → 6-day mc-2→ calendar game→ testing the physical condition of the cardiovascular system → 6-day mc-3→ calendar game→ testing the physical condition of the cardiovascular system → 6-day pmc-4→ calendar game→ figure no. 3. scheme of the pedagogical experiment. it has been established that in the process of developing the speed-power abilities of tennis players, it is advisable to use up to 50% of the time for the development of abilities by special means, and 50% in the form of games. in other ratios, the growth of speed-strength indicators is manifested to a lesser extent [8]. the structure of loads at the experimental stage is presented in table 2. the volume of anaerobic loads increased gradually from the first to the fourth microcycle. it was assumed that the use of technical-tactical exercises of speed-strength orientation would increase the efficiency of high-speed technique in the conditions of competitive activity. in addition, in the training of tennis players, exercises specific to tennis were used, namely jerks, running uphill and downhill, isometric exercises with rapid development of effort up to 50-60% of the maximum tension. table 2 the structure of loads at the experimental stage. (%) load direction i mcc 6 + 1 ii mcc 6 + 1 iii mcc 6 + 1 iv pmcc 6 + 1 aerobic 15 12 13 33 mixed (all types of ndurance and motor qualities) 35 28 27 50 anaerobic-holicolytic 10 15 10 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 50 adaptation to physical activity fitness indicator fitness level energy supply 74 67 84 62 92 89 97 86 before the experiment after experiment % -anaerobic-alactate 40 45 50 17 tennis players performed exercises with the ball in two modes: normal and intensive. in the usual mode, exercises of mixed aerobic orientation were used, in pauses between series, where the task was to improve individual elements of the game, as well as details of the rhythmic-coordination structure of the main technical techniques. the intensive mode was used when performing serial work of a technical and tactical nature of a speed-strength orientation. the structure and content of the training program included 24 practical sessions in 24 working days. the volume of training work was 36 hours, not counting hours of theory and recovery activities. most of the training sessions were conducted with an emphasis on the development of speed-strength qualities. exercises of this orientation were performed after a twenty-minute warm-up, which consisted of a slow run, a series of general developmental and specially preparatory stretching exercises, and running accelerations. in the process of training with the help of polar heart rate monitors, the physical load of the exercises was assessed. at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, control tests of the level of physical fitness of tennis players were carried out (table 3) analysis of the test results allowed us to conclude that a significant increase in motor abilities was observed after the first two microcycles. at the same time, an improvement in physical fitness was observed both in tests evaluating speed-strength abilities and speed endurance (p < 0.05) we should also note the positive dynamics in terms of indicators characterizing the functional readiness of tennis players (fig. 4). it can be seen that after the implementation of the two-week program, the adaptation to physical activity improved in the majority of tennis players. figure 4. indicators of physical condition during the pedagogical experiment. a significant increase in the indicator of sports form was noted (p<0.05). most tennis players showed a significant increase in indicators characterizing the "training level" (p<0.05), as well as the level of "energy supply". table 3 tennis players' physical fitness dynamics in the course of the pedagogical experiment ( x ± , n=18) testing terms tests american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 51 run 30 m (s) run 7x 50 m (s) five-step multi-hop at the beginning of 1 mcc 4,32 ± 0,03 65,3 ± 0,82 12,85 ± 0,10 at the beginning of 2 mcc 4,30 ± 0,03 64,4 ± 0,91 13,0 ± 0,15 at the beginning of 3 mcc 4,28 ± 0,02 62,6 ± 0,84. 13,10 ± 0,11 at the end of the experiment 4,20 ± 0,01 61,8 ± 0,93 13,20 ± 0,11 the magnitude and significance of differences ii-i t=2,02, р>0.05 t=3,13, p<0.05 t=3,51, р<0.05 iii ii t=2,36, p<0.05 t=6,22 р<0.05 t=2,28, р <0.05 iv iii t=15,45, p<0.05 t=2,72, р <0.05 t=2,87, р <0.05 iv -i t=16,45, p<0.05 t=ll,99, p<0.05 t=10,55, p<0.05 an analysis of the results of the experimental program made it possible to conclude that the loads of a predominantly speed-strength orientation led to significant functional changes in the body of tennis players. a significant increase in the integral indicator of the level of physical fitness occurs as a result of the application of loads of the first and second developing microcycles. further use of training effects of a speed-strength nature leads to the inhibition of motor abilities, or rather, functional systems that provide special physical fitness for tennis players. at the same time, it should be noted that the use of speed-strength work during three developing seven-day microcycles and one three-day maintenance one contributes to an increase in speed (special) endurance. the conducted experiment confirmed the hypothesis about the positive impact of speed-strength exercises on the effectiveness of technical and tactical techniques in competitive activity. all of the above allows us to speak about the need to use in the competitive period, especially in the second half of the two-week stages of speed-strength orientation. the considered dynamics of physical fitness during the experiment confirms the conclusion about the inexpediency of using speed-strength loads for more than 14 days, and allows us to talk about the need to change the modes, structure and methods of performing exercises after two weeks of speed-strength work. the content of the training program for maintaining the optimal structure of preparedness in the second half of the competitive period is characterized by the following values of pedagogical parameters: the number of training days 26, the number of games 4, the load orientation in percent: aerobic 24%, aerobic-anaerobic 27%, anaerobic-alactate 12%, anaerobic-glycolytic 2%, competitive 35%: training methods in percentage: variable 73%, repeated 16%, uniform 8%, interval-serial 3%. after maintaining the mode of training work, it is methodically justified to conduct one seven-day microcycle of speed-strength orientation. the rational structure of loads in such a microcycle is as follows: aerobic (general endurance) 12%, aerobic-anaerobic (mixed) 40%, anaerobic-alactic (speed-strength) 48% the ratio of specialized and non-specialized loads is 50/50%. conclusions 1. it was found that for the operational control over the dynamics of the special preparedness of tennis players, the most informative are the performance indicators obtained by using the computer program we created to determine the energy consumption of tennis players based on the polar heart rate monitor. 2. it has been established that the level of special preparedness has intergroup and interindividual differences: 75% have a low level of bmd; − 60% have a low level of "anno"; − 65% have a low level of "training"; − 45% have a low level of "energy" provision. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 52 3. the analysis of training loads made it possible to establish that 71.7% of the loads do not meet the requirements for specialization, focus, and magnitude. most of the exercises only outwardly simulate the conditions of competitive activity. it has also been established that 28.3% of training aids cause adequate physiological changes in the body. 4. analysis of the dynamics of the states of the organism of tennis players in intergroup cycles of different duration showed that training loads of a large magnitude of anaerobic-alactate and anaerobic-glycolytic orientation lead to fatigue, the degree of which depends on the level of training. the higher the level of training, the faster the recovery processes. 5. the options for planning loads of inter-game cycles of different durations are substantiated, in particular, with a seven-day cycle, it should be as follows: − private volume of specific funds 80%; − non-specific 20%; − complex means 65%; − simple -35%; such a distribution of training means led to the fact that the volume of ittd increased from 596 to 714 actions; the volume of high-speed work increased from 1125 to 1921m. 7. experimentally substantiated training program with the following focus: − anaerobic 24%; − anaerobic-anaerobic 27%; − anaerobic-alactate 12%; − anaerobic-glycolytic 2%; − competitive-35%; functional indicators have also increased: − "mpc" increased in 26% of athletes; − "anno" increased in 73% of tennis players; "tolerance" of loads in 81%; − the level of energy supply improved in 56%; the level of "training" increased in 88%. used books 1. безверхов в.п. физиологические резервы работоспособности теннисиста. методические рекомендации. т.: 2012. с. 28 2. безверхов в.п. теннис. учебное пособие. ташкент, изд. itapress, 2015. с.150. 3. безверхов в.п. характеристика регулирующей функции центральной нервной системы у теннисистов в условиях тренировочных и соревновательных нагрузок // исследование путей, методов и средств совершенствования системы физического воспитания. т.: 2011. с. 22-23 4. безверхов.в.п. комплексная методика развития специальных качеств юных теннисистов. теннис. ежегодник. «фис», м., 2012, с. 26. 5. болитьери н. подача с выходом к сетке: мнения и суждения. теннис. ежегодник. м., «фис», 2011, с.50. 6. ван дер меер д. освоение основных технических приѐмов. (tennis lesson library.www.tennisone.com) пер. с англ. а.пыжьянов. томск, стц, 03.05.2004. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 53 7. голенко в.а., скородумова а.п., тарпищев ш.а. академия тенниса. м., «дедалус», 2002.240 с 8. креспо м., милей д. учебник передового тренера. itf ltd, 2000. 9. скородумова а.п. теннис, как добиться успеха. м.,2002 international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 101 development trends and prospects of trade and economic cooperation with uzbekistan and european union countries solieva dilrabo abdujabbarovna 1 , sharobiddinov akhrorbek qosimjon o’g’li 2 1 andijan institute of economics and construction, faculty of economics and construction, assistant of the department of "socio-economic sciences" 2 student of the 2nd stage of accounting and auditing abstract: our country has been pursuing a foreign policy of a mutually beneficial and practical spirit in the following еars, achieving high results in the development of friendly and mutually beneficial relations with foreign countries. in this process, mutually beneficial cooperation was significantly strengthened, especially with a number of eu countries. this article will talk about the development trends and prospects of trade and economic cooperation between uzbekistan and the european union. keywords: eu, gps+, maastricht treaty, investment, beneficiary country. introduction in recent years, our country has achieved important results in conducting a mutually beneficial and practical foreign policy, developing friendly and mutually beneficial relations with foreign countries. in this process, mutually beneficial cooperation with a number of european countries was significantly strengthened. partnership relations with the un, osce, sco, oic and other prestigious international organizations have reached a new level in terms of quality. in his address to the parliament, president shavkat mirziyoyev emphasized this direction, "i am sure that the expansion of the scope of cooperation between the new uzbekistan and the european union will enrich the essence of bilateral relations, advance interesting projects and reach new milestones. serves to conquer" the european union is a political and economic union of 27 european countries. its history goes back to 1957, the rome agreement signed between 6 european countries and the european economic cooperation that emerged after that. the european union was formed according to the maastricht treaty signed in 1992 and includes 15 countries. in 2015, the first major expansion of the union took place. 10 new countries joined the union. two years later, bulgaria and romania were added to their number, and the european union currently consists of 27 countries. the european union is very interested in uzbekistan, which is implementing deep reforms and democratic changes. he wants to provide comprehensive support to the country's integration into international structures and deepening of relations with the european community. methods according to official data, the european union is the third most important trade partner of uzbekistan after russia and china. the trade turnover between the eu and uzbekistan is 1 billion 800 million euros. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 102 in close cooperation with the structures of the european union, important steps have been taken to implement the system of expanded trade preferences "gsp+" in our country. this system will allow importing more than 6,000 types of products manufactured in our republic to the european market without paying duties. this, in turn, creates conditions for increasing the annual export of textile products by 300 million dollars. results therefore, entering new export markets remains one of the main tasks of the government. in this regard, the issue of membership in the world trade organization and the activation of work on comprehensive cooperation with the eu, the issue of developing a separate program for the effective use of benefits within the framework of the "gsp+" system in our country are among the priorities. europe has shown that uzbekistan is open to closer international cooperation, and conditions have been created for investments and economic growth. in particular, the interest of european investors in our country has increased significantly. the country has the potential to become one of the strongest economies in the territory of the former soviet union uzbekistan receiving the status of a gsp+ beneficiary country is a recognition of the reforms being carried out in the republic, including reforms aimed at improving the business environment. particular attention is paid to the issues of attracting direct investments, the latest technologies, best practices and high standards from european union companies to uzbekistan. discussion cooperation between uzbekistan and the european union in the fields of economy, trade and investments is rapidly developing. in april of last year, uzbekistan was granted the status of a beneficiary country of the gsp+ system, and an opportunity was created for a wide range of uzbek products to be delivered duty-free to the eu countries, an important step in this regard. as a result, our national manufacturing entrepreneurs and exporters can export up to 6,200 types of their manufactured products to the european market and use tariff preferences. this ensures the penetration of the national goods of uzbekistan into the european market and the production of quality products. currently, work is being done in cooperation with the ministry of investments and foreign trade, the ministry of employment and labor relations, as well as relevant ministries and agencies to issue a relevant decision by the council of europe and the european parliament. the cancellation of gsp monitoring for uzbekistan will create new perspectives for the expansion of the export potential of textile, light industry, processing, leather-shoes, agricultural and other industrial sectors, the growth of investment opportunities of our country, the increase of foreign trade circulation and new it serves the creation of jobs, as well as the development of mutually beneficial cooperation. development of trade and economic cooperation with uzbekistan and eu countries:  develops the production of products that meet the requirements of the european standard;  it becomes easier to export goods;  transport fees are reduced;  the labor market stabilizes;  labor force is distributed effectively;  competition for business will increase;  production efficiency increases;  it leads to an increase in the well-being, standard and quality of life of the population; american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 103  development of production, sales and marketing activities with the help of international marketing research.  opportunities to enter the ranks of competing countries will expand.  opportunities to become a member of an international trade organization will be wide open. conclusion the development of trade and economic cooperation with uzbekistan and the european union countries has beneficial prospects for our country and for the european union countries. references: 1. decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-4947 dated february 7, 2017 "decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan dated february 7, 2017 no. pf-4947 "strategy for further development of the republic of uzbekistan about". http://turkiston.uz 2. "on measures to improve the cooperation of the republic of uzbekistan with the european union and its member states". resolution of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of uzbekistan, tashkent, march 22, 2004, no. 134 3. www.customs.uz 4. www.chamber.uz http://turkiston.uz/ international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 137 taxis category and sphere of temporary influence saidova zakira tolibovna bukhara state pedagogical institute teacher abstract: the reflection of the temporal picture of the world by linguistic consciousness occurs through a system of concepts in which it is objectified in the language on the basis of grammatical and lexico-grammatical semantics. real time, conceptualized and objectified by a person in accordance with the general laws of cognition, forms the basis for the formation of the conceptual category of time (ct). keywords: explicit, implicit, category of time, grammatical category, morphological and nonmorphological unit, conceptual category, fuctional-semantic category. at the level of linguistic semantic categorization, the conceptual category (cc) of time correlates with the functional-semantic category of temporality (fsc). temporal fsk is a localization of movement in time. under the temporal localization of movement, we have i.v. reznik, we understand the definition of the place of action in the time continuum on the time-deictic axis. the temporal fsk is based on the corresponding fsm, which includes a group of multi-level linguistic means, united by a common semantic function related to the field of temporal relations, that is, relations whose content is the transfer of the localization of movement in time. here are some examples: morphological unit: specific forms of the verb. non-morphological unit. 1) explicit: a) words with a temporary meaning:  adverbs (later, soon);  expressions with circumstantial adverbs (soon);  nominal phrases (with and without a preposition) (every other day, in the morning);  numerical phrases (preposition) (by 5, in 1975); b) phrases that do not contain words with the meaning of time as a leading component (the temporality component is expressed by a preposition):  expressions with a noun (after the meeting); 2) implicit: a) the place of work; b) the person performing the labor action; c) “semantic repetition” (an action in objective reality receives several names in the text for a more complete disclosure of its characteristics). the temporal gc, which constitutes the grammatical (morphological) core of the temporal fsm, is “a system of opposed grammatical forms (more precisely, a set of systems)." american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 138 the tense structure of the gc in english, that is, whether it should be considered as a twoor threeterm formation, has long been one of the most controversial issues in the english language. the main disagreements are based on two points: 1. to include or not to include the grammatical form of the future tense (combination / will + infinitive) in the paradigm of morphological forms of the tense category. 2. inclusion in the morphological system of temporary forms of the complex of forms "past future" and in general determination of the state of compounds "should/would + infinitive" in the grammatical system of the english language. in particular, the concept of the binomial nature of the temporal gc in english is stated, which is expressed in the opposition of the categorical forms of the present and past tenses: many researchers believe that the temporal paradigm has a tripartite structure. so, a.i. analyzing the structure of tenses in english, smirnitsky notes the following: “the category of tenses in modern english primarily consists of the present and past tenses, because these tenses are synthetic. also, historically, the category of time is based on the opposition of these two forms and goes back to ancient times. the categorical form of the future is always analytic and does not differ so clearly from them. it is difficult to doubt the existence of genetically related free combinations. with the meaning of the future, this form "is inserted into the system of tenses of the corresponding verb as an analytic form, which turns out not to be two-membered, but three-membered." thus, "the category of time is represented by two sets of synthetic forms: the present and past tenses and a number of analytical forms of the future tense" at the conceptual level, the concepts of the taxi category and temporality interact. facts characterized by the relation of simultaneity and non-simultaneity (onset or sequence) occur in real (objective) or fictitious time. as for the level of linguistic semantics, we are talking about the interaction of fsk-taxis and fsm temporality. taxis expressed conjugation of actions (components of the polypredicative complex) in a certain time plan, i.e. observed in the past, present or future (preterite or futurum). as for the grammatical system of the language, on the one hand, we are talking about the interaction of the semantics of the grammatical categories of time and temporal relation (spot/relativity or phase category), which form the grammatical basis of the corresponding language. . functional-semantic fields, on the other hand, interact between central and peripheral means of representing taxis and temporality. the list of literature: 1. dependent taxis: semantic features and methods of expression in english d. izzatilloevna, s.z. tolibovna asian journal of multidimensional research 10 (5), 318-321 2. the origin and justification of the term taxis in linguistics d.i. khodjayeva, z.t. saidova e-conference globe, 375-379 3. taxis-relative time¬-evidentiality d.i. khodjayeva, z.t. saidova proceedings of international scientific-theoritical webinar. bukhara, 38-43 4. taxis and the grammatical category of temporal reference s.z. tolibovna european journal of innovation in nonformal education 2 (2), 277-280 5. dependent and independent taxis s.z. tolibovna ―dependent and independent taxis‖, ipftsltp, pp 293-295 6. taksis kategoriyasi: turli qarashlar va yondashuvlar kh.d. izatilloevna, s.z. tolibovna "onlineconferences" platform, 234-238 7. taxis as a conceptual and functional-semantic category. s.z. tolibovna центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz) 8 (8) international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 221 the role of technologies on teaching students in tax and taxation system inomjanova maftuna abduxamid qizi fiscal institute, english teacher abstract: the tax system plays an important role in the development of the country's economy. therefore, the introduction of an effective tax system in our country is one of the most important issues. in this regard, a number of measures have been implemented in our country in the following years, as in all sectors, to reform the tax system, to reduce the tax burden, and to improve the system of taxation of business activities. . in this article, the role of technology in teaching students about taxes and the tax system, as well as the reforms of the tax system in our country, the tax debt, and its elimination, are expressed by the authors. keywords: tax system, taxation, tax burden, tax incentives, tax debt, legal entity, individual, tax policy the modern tax system is one of the main conditions for the rapid development of the economy, creation of favorable conditions for business activities, improvement of the investment environment, expansion of production and provision of services. in 2017-2021, in the "strategy of actions" on the five priority areas of development of the republic of uzbekistan, the issues of simplifying the tax administration and reducing the tax burden by expanding the tax base have a special place. over the past years, necessary measures have been taken in order to reduce inspections of business entities and stop unjustified interference in their business activities. procedures for unscheduled and alternative audits of the activities of business entities have been canceled, the form and terms of submission of tax reports submitted by entrepreneurs have been simplified. at the same time, due to the existence of a number of problems in the implementation of the tax administration system, the following important directions for the reform of the system of the state tax service bodies were determined: wide introduction of modern information and communication technologies and advanced automated analysis methods into the tax administration process full transition to electronic services to taxpayers, first of all, to business entities without direct communication; timely and reliable access to tax objects and the tax base to ensure that it is taken into account, to increase the responsibility of officials of competent bodies and organizations to provide reliable information related to taxation issues in a timely manner; coordination, effective tax mechanisms for the prevention of tax offenses to develop and increase the legal culture of taxpayers, to introduce modern methods of tax control; through systematic analysis of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators and the tax potential of regions, to fully cover the objects of taxation and expand the tax base implementation of effective measures to ensure; all-round assistance to restore the activities of nonperforming enterprises, to improve the financial condition of low-profit and loss-making enterprises, to strengthen the mechanisms of mutual settlements, to increase the tax debt expansion of the tax base by avoiding; taxation issues, including by determining additional reserves for increasing the revenues of the republican and local budgets, financial bodies, interested ministries and agencies, as well as local state authorities further expansion of cooperation with the authorities; carrying out systematic work on the selection and placement of personnel, filling the tax authorities with qualified american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 222 employees with high moral and ethical qualities, as well as promoting the prevention of offenses among employees to provide and create suitable conditions for them to serve. in addition, in order to ensure "healthy competition" between business entities and to end "secret business": control-cash machines that provide online information about calculations to tax authorities an automated control system over cash receipts is being introduced through the application. in addition, in order to legalize real jobs, the state tax service authorities are assigned the tasks of systematic monitoring of the compliance of the reported and actual number of employees of economic entities. as a result of the implementation of the concept of improving the tax policy of the republic of uzbekistan, the tax burden on the labor compensation fund has been reduced, taxes on working capital have been optimized, mandatory allocations to state special funds have been canceled and legal entities the tax system was revised by reducing the corporate profit tax rate. at the same time, the following shortcomings and problems hinder the effective implementation of tax reforms, the creation of a healthy competitive environment, and the increase of business and investment activity in the tax system there are:-firstly, the principles of tax administration organization are outdated and do not provide comprehensive services to taxpayers, as well as voluntary fulfillment of tax obligations by them;-secondly, administrative costs (expendable time and money) remains high;-thirdly, there are no clear criteria and mechanisms for granting tax incentives;-fourthly, the community is aimed at reducing the level of secret economy, as well as encouraging processes of legalization of business activities tax control mechanisms are not perfect; fifth, there are no uniform standards and software products that ensure the exchange of information between the taxpayer and tax authorities; sixth, which reduces the quality of tax accounting, the expansion of the tax base and stable tax revenues inter-departmental information cooperation, which hinders provision, is weak; seventh, there are systematic deficiencies in the field of training of highly qualified personnel and in the evaluation of the activities of tax authorities. these shortcomings and problems prevent the rapid development of the tax system, the improvement of the efficiency of the tax administration, and the collection of taxes and mandatory payments at the required level. development of improvement strategy is of particular importance. improvement of the tax administration and liberalization of liability for violations of the law played an important role in improving the business environment. therefore, reforms aimed at creating a fair, transparent and long-term system in this regard are currently being implemented in our country. as a result, a completely new tax administration is emerging. entrepreneurs feel the practical effect and result of this not in beautiful words as before, but in their daily activities. today, according to the reduction of tax types and rates, first of all, the types of taxes will be reduced from 16 to 9, control forms will be reduced from 13 to 2. at the same time, the 3.2 percent levy on pension, school and road funds, which was a heavy burden for entrepreneurs until recently, was canceled. about 7,000 enterprises have been exempted from paying an average of 6 trillion in taxes annually due to the cancellation of these fees for extra-budgetary funds. so, they will keep that much money. also, property, income and social tax rates were reduced by 2 times. if we express this through specific examples, the tax burden in the transport sector has decreased by 3 times, in the food industry by 2 times, and in the textile and electrical engineering industry by 20 percent. at this point, it is necessary to clarify one more issue. last year, after the implementation of the new tax code, the participants of 23 special economic zones addressed the president with the question whether our previous privileges will be preserved or not. according to these questions, the entrepreneurs registered in the economic zones from february 2020 until the adoption of the law on special economic zones were guaranteed to maintain their privileges. according to the current law, these entrepreneurs are exempted from property, land and water taxes for up to 10 years based on the amount of investment. now the profit tax will be added to these benefits, and almost 300 billion soums will be left at the disposal of enterprises per year. in short, since the first days of our country's independence, effective reforms have been carried out in order to improve tax administration and create favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship on a large scale in our society. it is noteworthy that a number of regulatory documents, laws, and legal documents related to business activities have been adopted, and their legal guarantees are being strengthened more and more. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 223 currently, the economic reforms implemented in our country are aimed not only at supporting business activities, but also at the extensive development of the taxation system. taxes are one of the most effective means of regulating the economy by the state. accordingly, since the first years of independence, a number of reforms have been implemented in the tax sector as well as in all other sectors. the work in this regard is aimed not only at the collection of taxes and fees, but also at the formation of state budget revenues at the expense of reducing debt for taxes and other mandatory payments. in this regard, our president sh.mirziyoyev noted the following regarding the reforms implemented in the tax system in our country: "within the new tax policy, the tax burden on wages has been reduced by 1.5 times. as a result, the number of people working in the official sector increased by 500 thousand during the year. the rate of value added tax was reduced from 20 percent to 15 percent. due to this, 2 trillion soums were left at the disposal of taxpayers last year. this year, this number is expected to be 11 trillion soums. having so much money at the disposal of entrepreneurs in one year, of course, gives them a lot of additional opportunities to develop their business. as a result of our reforms, 93,000 new business entities were established last year, or almost twice as many as in 2018. in the world bank's "doing business" ranking, we rose 7 places and ranked 8th among 190 countries of the world in terms of the business registration indicator, and were among the best reforming countries". it is known that the main part of the revenues of the state budget of the republic of uzbekistan is formed at the expense of taxes and fees. timely and full payment of taxes serves to finance all measures implemented at the state level, i.e. timely spending of budget and target funds. to further increase the economic potential of business entities, to create a mechanism that will allow them to increase the revenues to the budget in terms of taxes and fees in the future, to ensure the investment attractiveness and financial stability of enterprises, to find reasonable proposals and to develop their activities, to develop practical advice and concrete solutions. exit is one of the most urgent issues of today. in this regard, it is important to ensure timely and full payment of taxes and fees. ensuring the timely payment of taxes is carried out by preventing the occurrence of tax debts as much as possible and by effectively collecting them after they occur. it is worth mentioning that special attention is paid to this issue in the constitution of the republic of uzbekistan, and article 51 of it stipulates that "citizens are obliged to pay taxes and local fees established by law". therefore, one of the most important issues of the tax authorities is to reduce the tax debts of taxpayers and prevent new debts from arising, analyze them and control the timely receipt of taxes and fees to the budget. a number of foreign and local scientists studied the priority areas of improving the financial and tax system of our country, including some issues of tax collection. margherita ebraiko, a foreign scientist who conducted research in this regard, emphasized the need to develop and encourage the collection of taxes and fees in the country, as well as to take strict measures against taxpayers who owe taxes. it is noted that this will have a positive effect on reducing tax debts and preventing their occurrence. according to martin thompson, tax evasion cases of large companies have been increasing in recent years. this is explained by the high tax burden in the country. the existence of tax arrears of enterprises is directly related to the high tax burden. for example, the tax burden in the usa is 29.8%, in great britain 34.6%, in germany 37%. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 224 the reduction of the tax burden over the years allows to reduce tax evasion and tax debts in the future. foreign researcher michael brostek listed the following factors to improve the efficiency of tax debt collection, including:  reducing the tax burden in order to prevent tax arrears in the country will lead to a reduction in tax arrears in the future;  the strategy of collecting overdue taxes and fees will have a positive effect only within the specified period. marcel fischer studied corporate income tax in his research. in doing so, the researcher studied the effectiveness of total tax arrears. he noted that if tax evasion by large enterprises does not stop, the tax burden will have a negative impact on the activities of other small and medium-sized enterprises. in this regard, russian researchers s.n.alikhin and d.a.levacheva present the theoretical foundations of the tax debt collection mechanism in their study. according to him, it was emphasized that it is necessary to expand the tax base, as well as the complexity of collecting tax debt from the taxpayer, and the need to develop a mechanism for tax debt collection based on the financial situation of enterprises with tax debt. in addition, i. g. vinokhodova notes in her research that strengthening the process of confiscating the property of business entities with tax debts will be more effective in collecting tax debts. i. niyozmetov, one of the uzbek economists, noted that the burden of vat and property tax is mainly borne by industrial enterprises, which leads to an uneven distribution of the tax burden and a heavy tax burden on industrial enterprises. this makes it easier for business entities to pay taxes. this indicates that the tax burden is so heavy that it has a negative impact on the financial activities of taxpayers in a generally established manner. at the same time, a. ghiyosov, in his scientific research, introduced a procedure for determining that all accounts of a business entity should be focused on all accounts of a business entity if the collection order placed on the main account by the state tax service authorities is not fully executed within one month. emphasized the need to improve the norms of tax legislation aimed at increasing the level of tax culture in order to prevent tax evasion and to improve the administration of tax debts. in our opinion, it is important to sharply reduce the collection of tax debts from business entities, to provide them with tax breaks and benefits, to protect the activities of taxpayers and individual entrepreneurs from the crisis, and to avoid excessive tax collection costs. references 1. o‘zbekiston respublikasi prezidenti shavkat mirziyoevning oliy majlisga murojaatnomasi. 24.01.2020 2. sherov, a. (2015). foreign experience in financing of higher educational system. scientific enquiry in the contemporary world: theoretical basiсs and innovative approach [l 26], 1, 92-95. 3. margherita ebraico (2015). an assessment of the performance of the italian tax debt collection system. italia.taxation papers 4. sherov, a. (2018). legal basis and importance of state financing of education system. international finance and accounting, 2018(2), 92. 5. usmonov m. t. the concept of compatibility, actions on compatibility. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr), vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 10-13. 6. usmonov m. t. the concept of number. the establishment of the concept of natural number and zero. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr), vol. 4 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 225 issue 12, december 2020, pages: 7-9. 7. usmonov m. t. the concept of compatibility, actions on compatibility. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais), vol. 4 issue 12, december 2020, pages: 6668. 8. usmonov m. t. general concept of mathematics and its history. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr). vol. 4 issue 12, december 2020, pages: 38-42 9. usmonov m. t. asymmetric cryptosystems. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 6-9. 10. usmonov m. t. basic concepts of information security. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 5-8. 11. usmonov m. t. communication control systems, methodology. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 47-50. 12. usmonov m. t. compatibility between the two package elements. binar relations and their properties. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr) issn: 26439670 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 52-54. 13. usmonov m. t. cryptographic protection of information. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 24-26. 14. usmonov m. t. electronic digital signature. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 30-34. 15. usmonov m. t. "equal" and "small" relations. add. laws of addition. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 27-29. 16. usmonov m. t. establish network protection. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 14-21. 17. usmonov m. t. fundamentals of symmetric cryptosystem. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 36-40. 18. usmonov m. t. general concepts of mathematics. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 14-16. 19. usmonov m. t. identification and authentication. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 39-47. 20. usmonov m. t. information protection and its types. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 1-4. 21. usmonov m. t. information protection in wireless communication systems. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 61-64. 22. usmonov m. t. information protection supply. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 12-15. 23. usmonov m. t. information security policy. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 70-73. 24. usmonov m. t. information war. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 79-82. 25. usmonov m. t. international and national legal base in the field of information security. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 226 1, january 2021, pages: 7-14. 26. usmonov m. t. legal legislative basis for detection of information crime. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 80-87. 27. usmonov m. t. mathematical proofs. incomplete induction, deduction, analogy. the concept of algorithm and its properties. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr) issn: 2643-9670 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 26-29. 28. usmonov m. t. means of information protection. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 27-30. 29. usmonov m. t. organization of e-mail protection. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 36-40. 30. usmonov m. t. organizing internet protection. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 24-28. 31. usmonov m. t. origin and equal strength relationships between sentences. necessary and sufficient conditions. structure of theorem and their types. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643-640x vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 45-47. 32. usmonov m. t. physicalsecurity. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 58-61. 33. usmonov m. t. practical security management. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 71-74. 34. usmonov m. t. problem solving in primary schools. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 72-83. 35. usmonov m. t. reproduction. the laws of reproduction. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643-640x vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 3640. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 166 re-training needs of refrigeration and air conditioning artisans for enhancing performance in makurdi metropolis of benue state lohodedoo jotham nomnor 1 , agu peter a. 2 1 intercontinental college of technology, makurdi 2 nasarawa state university, keffi abstract: the study examines the re-training needs of refrigeration and air conditioning artisans for enhancing performance in makurdi metropolis of benue state. the objectives of the study is to look at the level to which artisans can carry out repairs in refrigeration and air conditioning, to find out the skills required by refrigeration and air conditioning work artisans to install air conditioning systems in cars and buildings in benue state. this was followed by the corresponding two hypotheses. the diffusion of innovation theory was adopted as the theoretical framework. this study used descriptive survey design. the sample size consists of 234 rac artisans drawn from the four major towns in benue state. finally, the researcher adopted accidental sampling technique to select the first artisans which the researcher can reach. the questionnaire is structured on 4-point likert scale. descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was used to answer research questions while chi-square was used to test the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. the items with the mean response scores of 2.50 and above were considered that the artisans possess the skills and do not need retraining. the findings of the study revealed that the extent to which refrigeration and air conditioning artisans possess skills of using modern vacuum pump to evacuate rac systems, using recovery machine to recover refrigerants, working on electronic panel of an air conditioner and repairing electronic panel of an air conditioner remote control with much difficulty. the findings of the study revealed that the extent to which refrigeration and air conditioning artisans possess skills of wiring solar air conditioner and refrigerators, mounting an art cool air conditioner on the wall and mounting solar panel of a solar powered air conditioner is: “not possessed”. the study recommended among others that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans should go for retaining on wiring solar air conditioner and refrigerators, mounting an art cool air conditioner on the wall and mounting solar panel of a solar powered air conditioner. keywords: re-training needs, refrigeration, air conditioning, artisan, and performance. introduction human beings are the pivot of work in the productive venture, due to the fact that organizations and nations take good steps to ensure the effectiveness of an individual. human beings provide ideas, innovations, inventions and thereby wealth for the benefit of society. this cannot be achieved if workers are not properly trained. hence, training has always been recognized as an important factor that contributes to improved performance of an employee (maduabum, 1992). training can be viewed as the acquisition of skills, knowledge and abilities to enable a person to function effectively in the performance of one’s job. training of personnel is very important to the development and growth of any country most especially in an organization. therefore it is meant for increasing the usefulness of a worker at the work place. the need for training workers in any organization is to american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 167 develop and use their abilities for the achievement of organizational set goals and the fulfilment of individual job satisfaction. the federal government of nigeria in the national policy on education (frn, 2013) states the goals of training and retraining people in vocational trades which include: to provide the technical knowledge and skills necessary for agriculture, commercial and economic development; to give training and impact the necessary skills to artisans who shall be self-reliant economically. the essence is to train people or individuals that will be able to create jobs for themselves in the absence of white collar job from the government. further, the nigerian government has established training centres to train skilled manpower to take care of the various sectors of the economy. the training is aimed at increasing workers efficiency so as to step up the productivity level of the organizations they work for. it is to accelerate economic development in general, be it educational, scientific or vocational. vocational training programmes have been realized as instruments for strengthening skills acquisition among the committee of nations. according to olaiya (1998), developed nations have attained economic stability through their consistent abilities in reinforcing all human and material resources. vocational education is further seen as an integral part of general education and as a means of preparing individuals’ occupational fields and for effective participation in the world of work an aspect of life-long learning, a preparation for responsible citizens and a method of facilitating poverty alleviation. the goal of vocational education therefore, is to prepare an individual to be ready for work and future employment (olaiya, 1998). the need for trained workers has become extremely important to meet the ever changing technological demands of the society. agbabu and esene (2003) emphasized that no longer can persons hope to find employment in business and industries without some kind of education or training. every worker depends on training, up grading of knowledge and personal skills. upgrading of knowledge refers to some kind of retraining whether formal or informal. training refers to improving one’s skills needed today or very soon in an organization or in a trade (jackson & schuler, 2003). training is an attempt to improve current or future employee’s ability to perform through learning. jackson and schuler (2003) in their study indicated that the purpose of training is to achieve a change in behaviour of those trained in a particular domain. training is also a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts, rules or changing of attitudes and behaviour to enhance the performance of employees. it is an activity leading to skilled behaviour. according to nwachukwu (1992), training is an organizational effort aimed at helping an employee to acquire basic skills required for sufficient execution of the functions for which he was hired. training generates expertise or skills needed to perform a particular job or series of jobs. according to obikoya (1996), re-training of workers involves the renewal or updating of worker’s skills, knowledge, attitude, work habits and competencies to enable them perform their assigned responsibilities creditably. to imhabekhai (2000) re-training is a function of observed training needs and the amount of changes which have taken place in the techniques of production. re-training of workers is very vital to the productivity of any organization considering the technological changes taking place in the world of work. this means workers must be re-trained regularly to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to be able to meet with these changes and perform their assigned roles in the organization towards the achievement of its goals. in this sense, the training must be narrow in scope involving the acquisition of skills, related knowledge and attitudes needed for productive living (crunkilton & fink, 2001). the importance of retraining cannot be overemphasized, sloane (2001) noted that retraining allows job holders reach the standard of performance called for by the job as quickly as possible; and it gives workers a sense of greater security and fulfillment, with the increased morale that stems from this condition they can be expected to have fewer complaints, less absenteeism, higher turnover and general greater loyalty to the organization. workers are less supervised when adequately trained and american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 168 retrained. when personnel are regularly trained the organization presents a favourable image to the outside world by identifying it as the employer of people who are entirely on top of what they are doing. the need to retrain workers is often thought to apply to older members of the workforce, many of whom saw their occupation disappearing and their skills loosing value as emerging technology is gradually taking over the labour market (crunkilton & fink, 2001). due to development in the global world, there might be need for moderate and continued retraining merely to keep the structure from becoming stagnant. this is in consonance with jackson (2003) who emphasized that artisans in the production section should not bother to build any empire in the company but be assured to receive enough retraining programmes to enable them acquire modern skills. training need is the identification of the “gap” between performance required and current performance of the workers. training need is the process of identifying the gap in employee training and related training needs. it involves a procedure to determine how retraining will indeed address the problem, which has been identified especially now that the world is technologically advanced. therefore, training need looks at each aspect of one’s operational domain that the initial skills, concept and attitude of human elements of a system can be effectively identified and appropriate training can be specified (obikoya, 1996). the purpose of the training is to identify performance requirements and the knowledge, skills and abilities needed by an agency’s workforce to achieve its desired goals. effective training needs assessment in order to help direct resources to areas of greatest demand. the assessment should address resources needed to fulfill the organization´s mission, improve productivity and provide quality products and services. when a difference exists, it explores the causes and reasons for the gap. a complete need assessment should also consider the consequences for ignoring the gaps that might exist (obikoya, 1996). retraining is for those who have already been trained and are employed in some specific jobs. retraining becomes necessary when a number of circumstances develop such as labour shortages, the employer’s desire to extend into new ideals of frontiers, and most particularly when technological changes frequently leave organizations with no realistic course of action but to retain those on the pay roll for other duties, hardly would any organization not encounter this problem at one time or the other (padelford, 2004) retraining after initial training becomes necessary when there are gaps in the expected level of performance or behavior of employees. retraining as a process is required to fill the gap that technology creates through its continuous development. therefore, re-training in refrigeration and air conditioning (rac) keep employees of an organization abreast with technological changes as well as managerial development required of them. for example, if a typist was used to a manual typewriter and an electronic typewriter is introduced, the typist needs to be retrained in order to cope with the change in technology. in the world of refrigeration and air conditioning, a lot has changed in terms of technological design. this implies that old artisans who repair refrigerators and air conditioners would definitely need retraining to keep abreast with the changes. retraining will therefore promote greater efficiency and discourage ineffectiveness. statement of the problem in nigeria, there is so much worry over the poor performance of artisans in technological fields generally; there is an outcry of poor performance of artisans in air conditioning and refrigeration. rapid changes in technology globally brings along with it new frontiers of knowledge and better ways of doing things using modern equipment and practices. questions could be asked as to whether artisans are in position to adapt to the technological changes in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning. professional interaction between the researcher and technician in the field indicated that artisans have either not received enough initial training or retraining to cope with global technological changes in the field. therefore, the researcher seeks to find out the present capacities american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 169 of artisans on the job and how they can perform with new equipment on the job using emerging technologies and facilities. purpose of the study specifically, the study sought to determine: 1. troubleshooting skills required by refrigeration and air conditioning artisans in benue state. 2. the extent to which artisans can carry out maintenance in refrigeration and air conditioning work in benue state. hypotheses the following null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 significance level 1. refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not significantly require troubleshooting skills in benue state. 2. refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not significantly carry out maintenance in refrigeration and air conditioning work to any extent. theoretical framework this section describes the theory guiding the study; the used theory is diffusion of innovations theory. diffusion of innovations theory diffusion of innovation theory was propounded by roggers (1876), which states that innovations are new ideas, products or social practices. new ideas, products, and practices spread based on: 1. relative advantage: improvement over what it replaces 2. compatibility: consistency with the values, habits, experiences, and needs of the potential users 3. complexity: difficulty to use 4. trialability: degree to which it can be experimented before a commitment to adopt is required 5. observability: extent to which it provides results 6. impact on social relations: effect on social environment 7. reversibility: ability to be reversed or discontinued 8. communicability: ease of being understood 9. time required: time needed to adopt innovation 10. risk and uncertainty level: risk and uncertainty involved 11. commitment: effectiveness with modest commitment 12. modifiability: ability to be updated and modified over time training is about getting staff to accept a new idea or practice, considering how new ideas or practices spread can make the training process more smooth and result in a faster change to the new behavior. the theory aimed at evaluating the previous training and possible changes in technological trends which relates to the current study. it assesses the skills required by refrigeration and air conditioning artisans and how rac artisans can adopt new changes in the discipline so as to carry out jobs that will no longer fail but give their client job satisfaction. research methodology the area of the study is makurdi metropolis areas of benue state.makurdi the capital of benue state experience warm temperatures most of the year and this make business activities for skilled men who are enterprising for refrigeration and air conditioning lucrative. the population of the american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 170 study comprised of 620 refrigeration and air-conditioning artisans in makurdi. the association of refrigeration and air-conditioning artisans (arat, 2015) put the population of registered and government recognized rac artisans in various towns as follows: 220 rac artisans in makurdi, these are rac artisans who own workshops in makurdi metropolis. this study used descriptive survey design. the sample size consist of 220 rac artisans drawn from makurdi metropolis using table of sample size (n) required for a given population (n) as recommended by emaikwu (2015). the researcher adopted multistage sampling technique. the sample of rac artisans from the town is drawn using anaekwe (2007) formula for calculating proportionate stratified random sampling. finally, the researcher adopted accidental sampling technique to select the first artisans which the researcher can reach. the questionnaire is structured on 4-point likert scale. descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was used to answer research questions while chi-square was used to test the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. result research question 1 what are the troubleshooting skills required by refrigeration and air conditioning artisans in benue state? table1: mean and standard deviation on the troubleshooting skills possessed by refrigeration and air conditioning artisans sn items n= 234 sd. remark 1 test capacitance of a capacitor using multi-meter 3.1068 .84997 possessed 2 test wire distortion of a refrigerator with multi-meter 2.9103 .88166 possessed 3 test wire distortion of an air conditioner with multi-meter 2.8462 .93217 possessed 4 read voltage with meter 2.7607 .85568 possessed 5 interpret wiring diagrams 2.4786 1.02834 not possessed 6 test overload protector with multimeter 2.6496 .96564 possessed 7 test cut off fuse with multi-meter 2.8205 .86531 possessed 8 reset a/c using remote control 2.8462 .81946 possessed 9 test gas pressure with pressure gauge 2.7863 .95683 possessed 10 test leakage with torch leak detector 2.7949 .95870 possessed 11 check leakage with soup solution 2.7308 .99362 possessed 12 test value of current supply with ohm meter 2.7479 1.00668 possessed 13 test value of voltage supply with multi-meter 3.4957 .85039 possessed 14 test resistivity of compressor winding with multi-meter 2.2778 1.29533 not possessed 15 test air flow rate on condenser fines 3.3761 .90517 possessed 16 test air flow rate on evaporator fines 3.2991 .87173 possessed 17 test refrigerant leakage using electronic leak detector 2.2051 1.23635 not possessed cluster mean 2.8313 .58144 from table 1, it can be seen that the mean rating scores of all the items are above 2.50 except items 5, 14 and 17. this implies that the refrigeration and air conditioning artisans possessed skills of interpreting wiring diagrams, testing resistivity of compressor winding with multi-meter and testing american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 171 refrigerant leakage using electronic leak detector is with much difficulty. however, the refrigeration and air conditioning artisans possess the rest of the troubleshooting skills with quality and initiative. research question 2 what is the extent to which artisans can carry out maintenance in refrigeration and air conditioning work in benue state? table 2: mean and standard deviation on extent rac artisans can carry out maintenance in refrigeration and air conditioning work sn items n= 234 sd. remark 18 cut pipes (1¼,⅜,5/16) using tube cutter 3.3205 .89577 high extent 19 check the noise of rac systems 3.3376 .95910 high extent 20 pump down a/c unit 3.1154 .77483 high extent 21 remove air filter on indoor unit of a/c 3.0598 .80011 high extent 22 remove condenser cover of a/c 3.4487 .81268 high extent 23 clean air filter(dusting, washing) 3.0128 .73234 high extent 24 connect manifold gauge on rac systems 3.0171 .83366 high extent 25 remove water drainage tray of indoor a/c unit 3.3632 .83928 high extent 26 fix water drainage pipe/ horse of indoor a/c unit 3.3462 .88614 high extent 27 clean pipe/horse of indoor a/c unit 3.3803 .88174 high extent 28 connect flare joint using shifting spanners 3.3718 .93261 high extent 29 lubricate fan bearing (outdoor condenser fan) 3.3291 .91168 high extent 30 lubricate fan bearing(indoor unit fan) 3.3632 .85949 high extent 31 swage pipes using swaging kit 3.3590 .90266 high extent 32 set digital thermostat 2.3162 1.28143 low extent 33 retrofit refrigerant 2.2863 1.25984 low extent 34 recover refrigerant using recovery machine 2.1325 1.27857 low extent 35 refill refrigerant using manifold gauge 3.3846 .93429 high extent mnmaintenance 3.1080 .56982 valid n (listwise) from table 2, it can be seen that the mean rating scores of all the items are above 2.50 except items 32, 33 and 34. this implies that the extent to which refrigeration and air conditioning artisans can carry out maintenance such as setting digital thermostat, retrofitting refrigerant and recovering refrigerant using recovery machine is high. however, the refrigeration and air conditioning artisans carry out maintenance in refrigeration and air conditioning work to a low extent. hypothesis 1 refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not significantly require troubleshooting skills in benue state. table 3: chi-square (χ 2 ) goodness of fit on troubleshooting skills required by refrigeration and air conditioning artisans response observed n expected n χ 2 df (p.valu e) decision refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not require trouble shooting skills in rac 62 117.0 51.709 1 .000 significan t refrigeration and air 172 117.0 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 172 conditioning artisans require trouble shooting skills in rac total 234 from table 3, there is an indication from 62 with expected frequency of 117.0 respondents that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not require troubleshooting skills in rac, while from 172 with expected frequency of 117.0, refrigeration and air conditioning artisans require troubleshooting skills in rac. testing for the hypothesis, χ 2 = 51.709 with df = 1 and had computer calculated associated probability for decision taking (asymp. sig.) = .000 = p. since p is less than 0.05 (significance level) then the difference is significant. therefore, the hypothesis is rejected with the conclusion that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans significantly require trouble shooting skills in refrigeration and air conditioning work. hypotheses 2 refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not significantly carry out maintenance in refrigeration and air conditioning work to any extent. table 4: chi-square (χ 2 ) goodness of fit on skills possessed by refrigeration and air conditioning artisans in maintenance response observed n expected n χ 2 df (p.value) decision refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not carry out maintenance to any extent 38 117.0 106.684 1 .000 significant refrigeration and air conditioning artisans carry out maintenance to an extent 196 117.0 total 234 from table 4, there is an indication from 38 with expected frequency of 117.0 respondents that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not carry out maintenance to any extent, while from 196 with expected frequency of 117.0, refrigeration and air conditioning artisans carry out maintenance to an extent. testing for the hypothesis, χ 2 = 106.684 with df = 1 and had computer calculated associated probability for decision taking (asymp. sig.) = .000 = p. since p is less than 0.05 (significance level) then the difference is significant. therefore, the hypothesis is rejected and the implication is that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do significantly carry out maintenance in refrigeration and air conditioning work to an extent. discussion of the findings the finding of the study as revealed in tables 1 showed that the extent to which refrigeration and air conditioning artisans possess skills of interpreting wiring diagrams, testing resistivity of compressor windings with multi-meter and testing refrigerant leakage using electronic leak detector is “with much difficulty”. however, the refrigeration and air conditioning artisans perform the rest of the troubleshooting skills with quality and initiative. importantly, this is in line with best practices in rac as recommended by labour market integration directorate canada (2014) and nyiahule (2006), that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans are required to have an increasing knowledge of computers and automated control systems as remote access technology is becoming more common, not just in large commercial but in light commercial and residential applications such as air conditioners. this is to ensure that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans possess troubleshooting skills with quality and initiative for better maintenance. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 173 based on the result in table 2, the study revealed that the extent to which refrigeration and air conditioning artisans possess skills of setting digital thermostat, retrofitting refrigerant and recovering refrigerant using recovery machine is can not perform. however, the refrigeration and air conditioning artisans possess the rest of the maintenance skills to perform with quality and initiative. this agrees with labour market integration directorate canada (2014) and nyiahule (2006), who asserted that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans need maintenance skills to perform with quality and initiative and to be able to carry out maintenance on refrigerators and air conditioners after troubleshooting. they interact with customers to identify system requirements and to obtain problem descriptions. recommendations considering the findings of this study, the researcher therefore, recommended that: i. refrigeration and air conditioning artisans should make deliberate effort to improve on their jobs and ensure to go for retraining on troubleshooting skills of interpreting wiring 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(2012). work force development. washington dc: aera publishing. 55. sloan, a.a. (2001). personal managing human resources. new jersey: prentice hall, inc. 56. thompson, w. (2002). skill training and human resources development. new york: university press inc. 57. wang, s.k. (2000). handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration 2 nd ed. new york: mcgraw hills. 58. wilson, c.t. (2002). handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration 3 nd ed. new york: mcgraw hills. http://www.rreuse.org/wpcontent/uploads/rreuse_case_studies_on_reparability_-_final.pdf international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 1 | nov-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 14 technology education as a correlate for sustainable national security in nigeria lohodedoo, jotham nomor hod automotive mechatronics, intercontinental college of technology, makurdi, benue state abstract: human being remain in continual hunt for self-actualization, acknowledgment, security coming from threats and also complete satisfaction of their demands their needs in order to live in peace and tranquility. when all risks to security are actually eliminated, this may just be obtained. technology education is concerned about the development of human resource which possesses substantial influence on the progression of social tranquility and building a culture of peace. this is along with the viewpoint to making physical survival of individuals and groups and protection from threats or security risks like illness, cravings, lack of employment, political injustice and setting deterioration as marks of individual instability. this study analyzes the partnership in between technology education for sustainable national security. the report additionally reviews the function of technology education in attaining sustainable national security in nigeria, including decreasing superstitious notion, inculcation of useful and medical skill-sets and expertise to name a few. it additionally highlighted some troubles that endanger science, mathematics and technology education playing its own jobs successfully in obtaining maintainable national security in nigeria. to place scientific research education and learning for its own task in the sustenance of national security, the authors advises that our country must be actually a technology education literate society where trainees are acted along with simple understanding, aspects and abilities and skills needed to have for development of the country as well as improved maintainable and sustainable national security. keywords: education, sustainable national security, science, mathematics, technology. introduction education is actually a real device for lasting national security particularly in a nation like nigeria that lies in an area susceptible to disagreement and also instability. education is actually focused on cultivating the specific and also the culture (akpan, 2016). science, mathematics and technology education promote students to function and assume as accountable researchers as well as complication solvers through delivering possibilities for all of them to obtain and recognize applicable problems (asalebe, 2013). technology education is actually taken into consideration a primary path to scientific research and also modern technology progression of any sort of country (akpan, 2016). issue for the well-being of people has actually continued to be the significant objective of every nation. this is actually due to the fact that it is humans that manipulate raw materials, construct social, political and also economical companies as well as additionally continue national development (attah and kyari, 2014). development requires social tranquility, economical development as well as the capability to link individuals within the nation to continue to be socially, politically as well as fiscally practical (bagudo, 2015). the nigerian country was founded on the guidelines of freedom, equity, social fair treatment, independence as well as uniformity (abubakar, charles and albert, 2014). constitutionally the security and well being of the citizens continue to be american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 15 the major reason of government in all levels (abubakar, charles and albert, 2014). in the final couple of years, nevertheless, nigeria has actually dealt with numerous problems and difficulties which posed bottleneck to sustainable national security. these include, corruption and fraud, ethnic and religious crisis, robbery (armed and unarmed), financial embezzlement, looting of resources entrusted to government officials, kidnapping, human trafficking and human right abuses, militancy, herder crisis, insurgencies like boko haram, pipeline vandalization (ishor, iorkosu & apavigba, 2018). these and various other social sicknesses have actually brought about numerous types of disparities in condition, wealth and status and power sharing. the outcome is actually that a handful individual siphons the nation’s wealth while the much larger population are actually indulging hardship, impoverishment, health condition, appetite as well as sudden death (bettee & ude, 2011). when individuals may certainly not satisfy their general requirements of lifestyle, the resultant result is actually prejudice, brutality and also disagreement (ishor, iorkosu & apavigba, 2018, harvey, 2014). this signifies a condition of social stress and anxiety. along with these there are going to be actually malfunction of order, devastation of all-natural and individual information. these hazards and also problems experiencing the modern nigerian society demand a matching modification in the method as well as method through which people functions. this emphasizes the demand to apply ground devices that guarantees financial development and also social renovation. education works for the development of the individual and the society (gabriel, 2019, harvey, 2014). it is actually a requirement for financial growth and social well beings (gabriel, 2019). it is actually the methods of accelerating tranquil co-existence one of a variety of people due to the fact that it allows nigerians to regard and also market value on their own and also others, cherish the freedom of others, recognize their liberties as well as social obligations (isaac, 2014, sulaiman, 2010). it can be rightly said that young people are actually the possible source of national stability and sustainable national security in any society (obele & asueni, 2010). this having said that relies on just how thoroughly they are actually prepped with the education procedure to take their lawful place in the society. nigerian young people may be inspired via technology education. this is because technology provides individual along with the option to obtain useful expertise to come to be useful and functional member of the society (obele & asueni, 2010, sulaiman, 2010, nwabueze & ozioka, 2015). considering that functional knowledge promotes manpower development and provides competent and skillful people who can apply technology education knowledge to solve societal problems (nwabueze & ozioka, 2015). given that in every society, the requirement is actually that individuals ought to participate in efficient job to produce earnings along with which to comply with private demands and also accomplish social commitments, there is actually the requirement for nigerian young people to get abilities as well as experience in technology. today's society is actually practically steered through innovation, as a result, we are actually right now in the period of high-techno devices including computers, global satellites, mobile communication network (gsm) cables, microwave ovens to mention just a few. in reality, the globe has actually come to be a global community and nigeria right inside this community (muhammed, yusha& lawal, 2017). it consequently behooves our educational system specifically the technology sector to outfit nigerians to operate correctly as well as properly in the brand-new modern technology steered society (muhammed, yusha& lawal, 2017). this suggests that the educational possibilities through smte sector must necessarily enable individuals explore and interact most appropriately with science and technology at all levels of education and learning ( suleiman, 2010, nwabueke &ozioka, 2015). once more, technology should certainly be sustainable through sustainable human resources development in science, mathematics and technology ((muhammed, yusha& lawal, 2017). it is actually certainly not a gainsaying that science, mathematics and technology education offer entrepreneurial skills which open up international task market taking into consideration the lessening chances for wage job in nigeria. in nigeria, the mission for obtaining national security by means of creating technology sustainable has actually continued to be a challenging concern. the technology teachers are actually one of the most crucial information in the science classroom ( national council for teachers, 2011). however; a great deal of nigerian young people are actually certainly not american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 16 curious about the study of science, mathematics and technology education. a ton of all of them is actually located in the arts and humanity (bayudo, 2015). due to this, nigerian young people are actually stated to become knowledge-rich and skill-poor (isaac, 2007, bayudo, 2015). this requires a re-orientation of nigerian young towards functional science, mathematics and technology education. this will enable its products to feature and compete effectively in the present and future world of scientific outlook. it is in this light that this paper looks at science, mathematics and technology education for sustainable national security. concept of sustainable national security the concept "security" might be actually examined as a condition of being actually defended coming from risk or even stress. for a country, security signifies conditions of peace, stability, order and progress. national security has actually been understood in various means, each of which highlighted necessary elements rooting perfects. brennan (1961) opined that sustainable national security is actually the security of national survival; national security is actually to become know in relations to the wish and also capability for self-defense. ochoche (1998) alluded that national security pays attention to the amassment of army weaponry, personnel and expenditure. all the above meaning observes national security has actually altered overtime. it was actually increased to feature international business economics, long-term objectives of national progression and settlement. they are actually extremely significant for the security of any sort of country. using this technique, asad (2007) mentions "that national security may certainly not be actually limited to only armed forces condition. socio-economical elements, complications of development and innovation, and national assimilation must be actually viewed as crucial in considering. okoli, (2007) recommended that national security is actually greater than areal support as well as ought to pay attention to the physical, emotional and social equal rights of lifestyle of a culture and also its own participants both in the domestic environment and also within the large and global system. \ similarly, asad, (2017), global development right now advises the necessity for one more comparable increasing meaning of national security to feature information, market and ecological problems. national security inquiry entails a considerable amount of problems. it almost discusses all realms of individual life (akpan, 2016). the most effective technique to approach it is actually coming from the systems concept standpoint where a disconnection in any type of certain region of the system is actually tied to possess an overlapping result on various other places. it varies coming from food security to problems of ecological destruction. it discuss health and wellness concerns. it involves mental security along with arms security (charles, 2014). a lot of variables might subject a country to hazard. to that level, national security might additionally be deemed a multidimensional method whose reason is actually to secure national economic values (carlelto, zezz & banerjec, 2013). one of the most vital economic values of any country is its own self-perpetuation, selfpreservation, and also survival (harvey, 2014). a country that can guard her from damage just as appreciates tremendous ability for valued development. we might for that reason assume that national security and national development are actually united and also corresponding sensations. they are actually collectively associated. there may be security without genuine development as well as no development without security. it is actually vice-versa. concept of sustainable technology education through maintainable technology is actually suggested education that will definitely permit us to stay appropriate in the system of traits within this ever before altering globe. it concerns strategic plans and also procedures for constant growth and also source of appropriate variety of competent individual or trained human capital in science and technology for potential and instant demands of the country ( gabriel, 2019). sustainability is actually currently an important consider any type of development attempt or even program (attah & gyari, 2914). sustainability of science, mathematics and technology education has actually surfaced in the 21st century as a brand-new academic discipline (http://www.ihdp.unu.edu). it derives some impetus from the concepts of sustainable development and environmental science, and provides a critical framework for sustainability. sustainable development is actually that which looks for to fulfil the demands and also goals of american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 17 today without weakening the capability to security those of the future (harvey, 2014, charles, 2014). it is actually a procedure through which the profiteering of sources, the instructions of financial investments, positioning of technical growth as well as institutional modifications are actually done in tranquillity as well as enrich both potential and also present possibility to fulfil individual demands and also goal (jiang, 2013). nwabueze and ozioka, (2015) describes sustainability as that energetic engagement of individuals in development program which helps them to enjoy the method and understand community development. sustainability relative to program technology defined as a requirement of the present generation to manage the resources base (physical and intellectual) in such a way that the average quality of life that is enjoyed in the present can potentially be (oseinem, 2000). nations that take note of the development of personnels often create technical jumps offered there are actually additionally the facilities along with which to perform therefore. the rapid development attained over a brief time frame through singapore, hong kong, republic of korea, taiwan and also china is actually typical cases. technology ingrains expertise, capabilities and also functionalities personalises that are actually as a result enabled to establish the economic situation with the manufacturing and also regulation of valuable products as well as solutions as well as bring in financial investment (oseinem, 2000, obele& asueni, 2013, muhammed, yusha & lawal, 2017). technology education for sustainable national security technology is actually individual organization; that are worried about everyday life and the enlightening partnership in between man and his environment. they are actually very closely pertaining to the physical, economical and social lifestyle of the society (sulaiman 2010). they guarantee survival and defense of people and also groups from such dangers as health condition, cravings, lack of employment, political fascism as an ecological deterioration. the country has to give qualitative technology education to its own teaming young people that comprise greater than 50% of the nation's populace (carlelto, zezz& banerjee, 2013). according to wasagu (2009) technology education is actually a field that acquaint receivers along with particular fundamental know-how, capabilities, skills as well as mindsets that are important for effective living within the society. akpan (2010) additionally suggested that technology education contributes to quality of life in so many areas. these include protection, health and wellness, nourishment, transport, component, and also farming, material and energy production. he additionally stressed that science guarantees that the air we inhale, and the water we drink are life sustaining not vectors of disease and decay. smt education is actually that component of education that is focus on the creation of clinically schooled people. it is concerned with production of scientists, technologist, engineer, developers, health care physicians as well as various other specialists that are actually essential components required in managing the undertakings of the country for sustainable national security and development (akpan, 2016). science, mathematics and technology education is concern about personnels development which finds out the personality and rapid social and economical development (isaac, 2017). human development entails the progression of expertise and capabilities of people and the use of these properly for the development of the society (asalebe, 2013). the education of any type of country must give the residents along with suitable and ample degree of expertise that can solve personal and societal problems. it needs to likewise allow the people to obtain the kind of mindset that permits all of them to engage meaningfully and actively along with various other citizens of the society for the general perk and also re-modelling of the society ( ebiendele, 2011). technology education is actually that facet of general education that offers people along with the possibility to get expertise and also capabilities that can be utilized basically to settle popular and individual issues given that it economic skill-set accomplishment and progression of mastery in operating items and also handling activities (muhammed, yusha & lawal, 2017). the technology students obtain vital assuming capabilities, logical reasoning as well as complication fixing abilities, it infuse in the students significant behaviors that readies all of them to explanation and in a group, they obtain perspectives and excellent social worths that forms their viewpoints and sights ( asalebe, 2013, isaac, 2007). technology education possess the capacity to supply lifestyle basics including food items, water, shelter, clothing and so on. it is actually likewise a way of enhancing medical and american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 18 also cleanliness (asalebe, 2013). all these would certainly enhance overall standard of life, decrease poverty and guarantee human security. the social sickness in nigeria may certainly not be actually divorce from shortage of effective education ( charles, 2014). young people are actually the representatives of change and also development, be it social, financial, political, religious etc. a bunch of nigeria young people nevertheless are actually said to become miseducated ( asalebe, 2013). when the education system continues to graduate individuals who lack skills for self reliance thus completely irrelevant to the society, mis-education takes place (asalebe, 2013; obele & asueni, 2013). self-reliance flourishes on know-how which is actually practical. self-reliance is actually a condition through which people are actually geared up along with the mental sources as well as professional skill-sets along with which to accomplish self-fulfillment without essentially relying on others (suleiman, 2010, nwabueze & ozioka, 2015). the resultant result of miseducation is actually that there is an excess of man power in some discipline while there is actually lack in some. as an example there is actually deficiency of high and middle level manpower in science, mathematics and technology education while there is surplus in arts and humanities ( abubakar, charle & albert, 2014). furthermore, technology education offers saleable skill-sets along with which to make it through despite joblessness. it offers skill-sets that are actually hooked up and also career-oriented to life outside the institution (bettee & ude, 2011). along with minimizing possibilities for wage job, stm education could possibly supply with the essential instruction for creating little as well as channel measurements services for self-employment and also job of others (jiang, 2013). through this income is actually produced and wide range is generated for meeting individual necessities and also satisfaction of social responsibilities (asalebe, 2013). technology delivers scientific as well as technical know-how for food abundance. via intensive mechanization of agriculture,, watering farming, huge incrustation animals cultivating might be boosted, improved varieties of high yielding crops could be produced and cross-breeding of animals could lead to abundance of food and good nutrition level in the country ( akpan, 20116). all these might be achievable merely where there is actually science, mathematics and technology education literate the society. along with a wellarticulated science, mathematics and technology education farmers can be educated essentials of simple science, mathematics and technology education as they connect to farming strategy, agrarian expansion employees and also food items engineer possess a vital part to take on here (bayudo, 2015). the economical wide range of any sort of country relies on the welfare of its own citizens. individuals should be actually and also psychologically in shape to perform economic developmental tasks ( harvey, 2014). technology education creates qualified health care and various other healthrelated health care specialists for national development (jiang, 2013). the nation’s economy depends on crude oil production; however there is scarcity of high and middle level manpower in the field of petroleum technology. a well-articulated technology education and learning would certainly supply the needed workforce considering that it ends up grads along with the called for mental capabilities, social as well as social skill-sets needed to have to operate as developers, engineers and various other careers in the petrol business ( isaac, 2007). technology education supplies technological and medical know-how needed in resolving ecological security complications like disintegration, flooding, air pollution, individual populace mechanics, monitoring of raw materials, oil spilling, unplanned pouring of litter, bush burning and so on ( attah & gyari, 2014). that indicates technology possesses service to all individual concerns (muhammed, yusha & lawal, 2017). when nigerian young people are actually ready as well as inspired through providing height to technology education, thus the problem of low level economic development and the resultant human insecurity could be solved when nigerian youth are prepared and empowered by giving prominence to science, mathematics and technology education. approaches for achieving sustainable technology education for sustainable national security these approaches are actually critical for accomplishing sustainable stme for national security. they include among others: american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 19 provision of adequate infrastructures and facilities in schools:: infrastructures and resources describe those predisposed physical and partial enablers of teaching and learning, including classrooms, libraries, laboratories, workshops, play fields as well as provision of water and sanitation etc ( bayudo, 2015). these are actually anticipated to become of necessary volume, dimension and also top quality to satisfy the minimal common for promoting any meaningful teaching and learning. however, in nigerian, a lot of senior high schools possess insufficient science laboratories ( sulaiman, 2010). workshops as well as public libraries reside in short supply and also commonly harmfuloutfitted. consequently, the federal government in any way degrees need to make certain appropriate arrangement of these components for stme to grow. training and retraining of more science, mathematics and technical teachers:more science, mathematics and technical teachers ought to be actually taught to man the existing science laboratories in universities. this will certainly lessen the pressure on the scientific research instructor and raise high outcome and efficiency. in the light of the, an appropriate technology program targeted at training' teachers for accomplishment of special/necessary scientific research procedure skill-sets need to be actually developed. the teachers’ role or function: the very most significant information in the scientific research class is actually the science teacher. building abilities in technology relies to a sizable degree on the educational strategies embraced due to the teacher. research studies have indicated that teaching science through inquiry based methods lead to the development of improved laboratory procedures, critical thinking and creativity (muhammed, yusha & lawal, 2017). inquiry based pedagogy engages students in the investigative nature of science through exploration of the natural and material world. this method fosters skills, aids memory and facilitates transfer of experience to other learning situation ( gabriel, 2019; attah & kyari, 2014). additionally, the teacher may use various other modern teaching techniques/strategies including problem-based learning methods, the cultivate mind reader and also constructivist understanding ideas in science teaching and discovering, the group task and collaborative learning and so on. re-orientation in our value system: societal values inhibit science, mathematics and technological education. some individuals are actually therefore acquisitive and money conscious that others who would have opted for with technology are actually drawn away to areas where they will definitely obtain material well being. this outcome reduced students enrolment in technology program. orientation on value system needs to have to become turned around to offer technology its own pride of place. curriculum review/development: an appropriate science, mathematics and technical curriculum that is functional and in consonance with the realities of our environment needs to be developed at all levels of education (muhammed, yusha & lawal, 2017). the educational curriculum would certainly consist of programs of guideline which will certainly allow students get pertinent seasoned skill-sets on college graduation in any way amounts. skills acquisition and skills development are actually especially vital today considering that globalization provides excellent assurance to nations along with rich reasonable skill-sets, yet establishes possibly hazardous dangers to those without these economic capabilities required for international and national economic situation. the teaching profession today requires imaginative and educated male and female, that may utilize a vast array of skill-sets and expertise to instruct, promote and also test trainees and colleagues to obtain important skills. in view of this, eyibe ( cited in obele & asueni, 2013) recommended the adoption of what he called a futuristic curriculum for this new millennium in our educational system. the futuristic curriculum if adopted ensures that no student should leave school without skill development in science, mathematics and technology needed for the scientific, technological and socio-economic development programs of the nation in a era of globalization. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 20 science, mathematics and technology abilities and its implication on sustainable national security the impacts of technology education for national security could be highlighted in some following areas. these include: cryptography (data security) this uses number theory (modular arithmetic) and also idea of prime number, as well as is actually the science utilization mathematics to secure or to encrypt and decrypt data. data security is a chief security concern when it comes to transmission of computer passwords, electronic ecommerce, private conversations and automatic teller machine (atm) cards (jiang, 2013). cryptography is actually the method of concealing info, changing some secret information to a nonreadable text message. it allows one to hold delicate details or even send it around troubled systems (like the net) to ensure it can easily certainly not know through any person apart from the ideal individual( s). functions of cryptography feature army info and intelligence, electronic commerce, bank and payments and electronic building access. it is just one of the keystones of web security (zakariyya & barwa, cited in jiang, 2013). wavelet transformation (signals intelligence) this is actually a new technique which is really vital with all kinds of signal transmission and also it is actually based upon signal transmission of a set of numbers. wavelet evaluation is an amazing new technique which uses concepts of mathematics and also physics in dealing with tough public and security concerns (zakariyya & barwa, cited in jiang, 2013). some requests of wavelets are actually highly effective analytical resource which could be utilized for a large variety of requests such as: signal handling, data squeezing, fingerprint (which is actually even more unusual), for sensing the residential properties of simple variety useful, in web website traffic explanation for developing the companies dimension, industrial oversight of gear-wheel, computer graphics and also multi-fractal review, wave proliferation, image handling, pattern identification, detection of plane and sub along with wavelets technique complicated info at unique settings and ranges as well as restores all of them along with higher accuracy (zakariyya & barwa, cited in jiang, 2013). financial security according to abubakar, charles-ogan and albert (2014), economic security entails financial instrument which is a tradable asset of any kind, either cash, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity or a contractual right to receive or deliver cash or another financial instrument. technology skills such as counting and budgeting are needed for personal financial security (ebiendele, 2011, muhammed, yusha & lawal, 2017). likewise skills such as identification of numbers and correct valuation of money are needed for easy examining of atm cards and discovery of fraud specifically. in the banks, savings, assets and liabilities, and bonds are valued using numbers. loans, overdrafts and commission on transaction (cot) are given out using simple or compound interest rates. likewise mathematical skills congruity is actually called for when for instance a reveal cost is actually taken and also stochastic calculus is actually utilized to get the matching worth of byproducts of the sell. conclusion the paper wraps up that an operational technology education would certainly promote individual security and also enrich human security and enhance sustainable development of the society. given that an operational or functional and sturdy stm education possesses the possibilities for profit creation and also wide range production along with which joblessness and hardship might be actually eliminated. recommendations to boost and guarantee education for sustainable national security of the society, the list below suggestions are actually produced. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 21 1. for national security to exist, general social security has to be actually given. today social services are certainly not performing properly. nigeria government ought to apply ground a solid system that inhibit uprisings and confront the cause for such uprisings. 2. education system needs to deliver people along with possibility to get skills and competence along with which to function in the intricate society of present day globe. in the globalized planet these days science has actually ended up being a social aspect. it is actually a pivot which intermittent task hinges on. settlement of problems is actually certainly not achievable without a sustainable technology education program. 3. education is actually an investment that returns in economical development and also sustainable development. consequently, nigerian federal government needs to put in properly in technology education. since with function of technology all-natural sources of the country might be enhanced right into items and solutions for much better top quality of lifestyle of all citizens and also boosted human security. 4. nigerian government is actually straining to get over corruption and various other social bad habits; there is actually necessity to create technology education realistic and viable. nigerian young people might be equipped with a solid and worthwhile technology education. through an enriched technology curriculum skills and capabilities for farming, medical, vulcanization and rubber sun tanning, cleansing soap making, lack of employment, hardship and so on issues might be curtails. references 1. abubakar, r.b., charles-ogan, g. & albert, w. (2014).mathematics education as a tool for selfemployment and security. proceeding of the 51st annual conference of the mathematical association of nigeria.570 579. 2. akpan, b.b. (2010) innovation in science and technology education through science teachers association. science education international. the online journal of the international council of association for science education 21(2) june. 3. asalebe, k.o. (2013): youth unemployment: a threat to peace and security in nigeria. managing education for national security. journal of nigerian association for educational administration and planning (neap) 13 (1&3). 4. attah, s.c. & kyari, y.b. (2014), social security as a brand of human security. anapproach for peach and development in nigeria outreach. a journal of research issues and ideas 13(2) december published by kashim ibrahim college of education, maiduguri. nigeria. 5. bagudo, a.a. (2015): rethinking educational strategies for productive and sustainable peace and national development. a lead paper presented at the second annual national conference organize by faculty of education and extensive service, usman danfodiyo university, sokoto 10th – 12th november. 6. bettee, e.d. & ude, u. (2011). human security and sustainable peace building in nigeria. the niger delta perspective. journal of sustainable development 4(1) february. 7. carletto, c., zezz, a. & banerjee, r. (2013). towards a better measurement of household food security: harmonzing indicator and the role of household surveys. elsevier journal of global food security. 2(1), 30-40. 114 8. charles-ogan, g (2014).impacts of mathematical skills on national security; european scientific journal november 2014 edition vol.10, no.33 issn: 1857 – 7881 (print) e issn 18577431 9. ebiendele e. peter (2011). mathematics: indispensable tool for successful and balance human existence on this planet; advances in applied science research, 2011, 2 (5):449-456 10. farrer s.a. (2002). critical skills for national security: us senate subcommittee on international security, proliferation and federal services washington d.c. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 22 11. gabriel o. a (2019). scientific infrastructure: a necessary tool for national security and development in nigeria; world journal of innovation and modern technology vol. 3 no. 1, issn 2504-4766 www.iiardpub.org 12. harvey, a.h. (2014). don’t blame government for what i say or vice versa. retrieved from alexhttp://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/vigre/vigre2011/reupapers/jiang. pdf. 13. ibidapo-obe o. (2010). harnessing science and technology research results for sustainable national development. paper presented at 2010 science and technology summit, abuja,. iosr journal of mathematics (iosr-jm) e-issn: 2278-5728, p-issn: 2319-765x. volume 13, issue 6 pp 67-72 14. isaac, a.a. (2007): prospective on youth empowerment and sustainable development in nigeria. journal of research and contemporary issues. 3(1&2) january – december. 15. ishor, d.g, iorkosu, s.t & apaivigba, l (2018). socio-economic impact of kidnapping in akwaibom state, sourth-sourth nigeria: the public perspective, mkar journal of sociology, vol.1.no.1 16. jiang, z (2013). applications of number theory in cryptography. retrieved from http://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/ 17. muhammad, r., yusha’u ,mal, m.a.., lawal, n.i (2017)science, technology and mathematics (stm) education for human security and sustainable development iosr journal of mathematics (iosr-jm) e-issn: 2278-5728,pp 67-72 18. national council of teachers of mathematics (2011). agenda for action: basic skills. retrieved from http://www.ntam.org/standards/content.asp? 1728. 19. nwabueze, a.u. & ozioka, r.e. (2015): information and communication technology for sustainable development in nigeria. http//www/webpages.itui.daho.edu/-mbolin/nwabueze ozioko.htm. 20. obele, r.e, and asueni,o (2013). science, technology and mathematics: a catalyst for national development; niger delta journal of education. vol.3, no.1 21. suleiman s. m (2010).the relevance of science, technology and mathematics education (stme) in developing skills for self reliance: the nigerian experience, african journal of teachers education vol.1.no.1 http://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/vigre/vigre2011/reupapers/jiang international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 181 rural tourism: development, management, and sustainability in rural establishments shakhrizoda oromjonova, jasur toshpulatov abstract: as nowadays tourism industry is developing intensively, it becomes big sphere to research and do business. due to the fact that the downtown is very busy and noisy, people prefer suburban places to relax. this article considers the growth and development of, and demand for, rural tourism as a distinct sector of the tourist industry and looks at the role and potential of tourism in the socioeconomic development and regeneration of rural areas. it demonstrates and explains why an integrated and sustainable approach is so crucial to rural tourism to avoid damage to the resource on which it depends. the countryside is considered as a multi-purpose resource, with tourism just one demand on that resource. the historical development of rural tourism is outlined and the factors and characteristics of demand and motivation for rural tourism analyzed. the article considers the growth and development of, and demand for, rural tourism as a distinct sector of the tourist industry and looks at the role and potential of tourism in the socio-economic development and regeneration of rural areas. keywords: tourism, intensively, downtown, suburban place, rural tourism, socio-economic, sustainable, countryside, multi-purpose. introduction tourism is become one of the main areas for the development and raising the economy of any country. as tourism develops, its range is also expanding. rural tourism is a type of tourism that has started to develop recently and quickly gained popularity. unwto understands rural tourism as "a type of tourism activity in which the visitor's experience is related to a wide range of products generally linked to nature-based activities, agriculture, rural lifestyle/culture, angling and sightseeing. rural tourism is an alternative of great interest for different segments of tourists, whose preferences include the sustainability of tourist spaces as one of the differential elements when planning their trips. rural tourism has a high potential to stimulate local economic growth and social change because of its complementarity with other economic activities, its contribution to gdp and job creation, and its capacity to promote the dispersal of demand in time (fight seasonality) and along a wider territory. sustainable rural tourism nowadays, people are very busy with their own affairs, work, and from this they get a lot of workload, stress, and as a result, everyone wants to move away from the noisy central cities. and thanks to this, rural tourism began to develop rapidly, and for this type of tourism began to pay great attention. fiorello and bo (2012) divulged that the tourism industry’s sustainability is pivotal because of mass tourism which is insensitive to the community’s economic, environmental, and social effect. rural tourism is closely aligned with the concept of sustainable tourism. rural tourism is not just type of tourism it is divided within itself into several types such as golfing tourism, glamping or woofing. rural tourism should be: american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 182  traditional in character;  growing slowly and organically;  connecting with local families;  rural tourism should attract people with its history and natural vibe. activities which can do rural tourist are motivational reasons include the desire to relax, wanting to take part in sport, wanting to experience culture, seeking adventure, looking for a retreat, seeking novelty, for health reasons and for education. some traditional rural tourism pursuits include walking, fishing, hunting, camping, cycling. there are also many special interest holidays that take place in rural areas like heritage tours and activities, wildlife spotting or visiting, skiing, painting, photography, climbing. so all these activities attract tourist that is why developing them in rural areas is important. best tourism villages by unwto. most popular rural touristic places in europe are maramures (romania), aosta valley (italy), zlatibor (serbia), marvão (portugal), brest (belarus) and others. these center of culture and civilization is a place where traditions, folk clothes and art are preserved like nowhere else in the region, which has preserved the history and customs associated with work, life and celebration. tourists can enjoy magical hillside surroundings, paths and wine trails, as well as authentic cuisine. development of rural tourism according to unwto the sustainability of tourism in rural areas will only be successful if a comprehensive, inclusive planning strategy is adopted and implemented based on a multi-action and multi-stakeholder participatory approach. the unwto recommendations on tourism and rural development aim to support governments at different levels, the private sector and the international community to develop tourism in rural areas in a way that contributes to inclusive, sustainable and resilient development. rural development will also help to make rural areas more accessible to both locals and visitors of different generations and with different access needs, creating a better quality of life for all. 5 key rural tourism development strategies recommended by unwto:  i. place tourism as a strategic pillar in rural development policy  ii. tourism for the benefit and wellbeing of rural communities: building a fair, inclusive, resilient and sustainable sector  iii. new opportunities for tourism and rural development: innovation, technology and digitization  iv. product development and value chain integration for a sustainable and enhanced travel experience  v. promoting sustainable policies and practices in rural destinationsworld tourism organization rural tourism management for the first what is tourism management? it involves managing a variety of activities such as studying the destination, planning the tour, making travel arrangements and providing accommodation. this also includes marketing efforts to attract tourists to travel to specific destinations. conclusion this work aims to study the integration of the environment in rural tourism management. here you can read more about the development, management, combination of sustainable tourism in rural tourism. the article also provides unwto recommendations for the development of rural tourism. this paper is only to develop a research model on the relationship between sustainable rural tourism, american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 183 entrepreneurship and economic development, socio-cultural impact, environmental impact and rural livelihood. references 1. adas, 1996 tir cymen socio-economic assessment final report research report prepared by the agricultural development and advisory service for the countryside council for wales, adas consulting ltd, plas gogerddan, aberystwyth, sy23 3eb google scholar 2. agrawal, v. (2016). a review of indian tourism industry with swot analysis. journal of tourism and hospitality, 5:1. 3. bramwell, b., & lane, b. (2002). editorial: the journal of sustainable entrepreneurship & economic development socio cultural impact sustainable rural tourisms rural livelihood environmental impact pynshongdor l. nongbri 9334 tourism: the first ten years. journal of sustainable tourism, 10 (1), 1–4 4. eadington, w. r., and m. redman (1991). “economics and tourism.” annals of travel research, 18:41-56. 5. edgell, d. l. sr., and linda harbaugh (1993). “tourism development: an economic stimulus in the heart of america.” business america, 114 (2): 17-18. 6. e. wanda george , heather mair and donald g. reid, 2009 rural tourism development localism and cultural heritage, volume 17 in the series tourism and cultural change 7. frochot, i. a benefit segmentation of tourists in rural areas: scottish perspective. tour. manag. 2005, 26, 335–346. [crossref] 8. lane, b. what is rural tourism? j. sustain. tour. 1994, 2, 7–21. [crossref] 9. sharpley, r. ; sharpley, j., 1997 rural tourism. an introduction., university of luton, luton, bedfordshire, uk., 1-165 ref.297 10. untwo (2020). international tourism highlights https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=tir+cymen+socio-economic+assessment+final+report&publication_year=1996 https://www.degruyter.com/serial/cvptcc-b/html https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/search/?q=au%3a%22sharpley%2c+r.%22 https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/search/?q=au%3a%22sharpley%2c+j.%22 https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/search/?q=do%3a%22rural+tourism.+an+introduction.%22 international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 184 the originality of pre-planning the lesson in ensuring the quality and efficiency of education gulkhayo oybekovna akbarova basic doctoral student, andizhan state university, uzbekistan abstract: in this article analyzed methods and means of achieving the quality and efficiency of education through lesson design, pre-planning of the lesson process, the goals set for it, the elements of the lesson plan, the activities that students should be engaged in, at the same time, what students will learn, what kind of work they will be able to do as a result are scientific pedagogical issues. keywords: young teachers and practicing students, lesson plan, goal, goal setting, modeling, handson management, concept checking, independent practice, practical exercises, role play, assignments, lesson material, concept development. introduction the teacher’s skill is reflected in the precise planning of the lesson. the lesson should be planned in such a way that what is intended to be done in it is clearly expressed and there should be no need to make a different plan. in most cases, it is observed that young teachers and students who have entered pedagogic practice make mistakes in lesson planning. the following situations can be taken as mistakes made in the activities of young teachers and practicing students.  lack of clarity in the purpose of the lesson.  often, the requirements of the educational goal are not proportional to the result of the lesson.  that the resources and materials recommended for learning do not correspond to the purpose of the lesson.  the referrals given by the professor-teacher do not ensure the effective learning of knowledge by the students during the lesson.  the students’ behavior indicated in the lesson plan cannot be an effective means of realizing the purpose of the lesson. in general, plans should be revised and work on eliminating errors [1]. research methods the lesson plan should be the basis for the teacher and students to achieve certain results. the lesson should be planned in such a way that there should be no room for its implementation in a different way. the basic principle of any lesson should be reflected in the plan. this principle envisages that the lesson provides the best and easiest way to achieve the effective goal [2]. results and discussions a lesson plan should include a number of elements to achieve the set goal, which can be shown as follows. 1. estimated information: this information defines the boundaries and sections of the plan, namely: american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 185  who is the lesson intended for, students' levels;  a certain educational subject;  parts of training;  the name of the professor-teacher. 2. plan part: the plan part includes several steps that reflect the students’ mastery of the lesson’s goal and the teacher's influence, the required material and assessment methods. the exact algorithm of these stages is shown in the lesson project. each element of the lesson plan has the goal of forming certain skills, which are implemented through the requirements of a number of educational methods and practical work. in the lesson project, it is necessary to pay attention to the following: 1. targeting – identifying activities that attract students’ attention. handouts, bulletin board questions, problem sets, etc. 2. purpose what students will learn today and what they will be able to do as a result (qualification). they should be able to demonstrate to the teacher a certain type of activity based on what they have learned today. the teacher determines how to perform this task. 3. introduction the teacher defines the material that the students should learn, develops the concept and shows how to easily acquire the skills. 4. modeling (demonstrating) the teacher shows or demonstrates in a graphic form what is being studied and, as a result, the skills that students should acquire. 5. practical management the teacher manages the students' activities. he guides them step-by-step for their qualification. it engages students' auditory and visual senses and allows them to engage in activities. 6. checking the concepts the professor-teacher checks the understanding of the students during the lesson with the help of various questions and determines whether it is possible to move forward or not. defines the actions to be taken backwards if it is not possible to go forward. 7. independent practice professor-teacher creates an opportunity for students to check themselves. students independently check what they have learned. 8. completion of the lesson before the conclusion of the lesson, students show their work and what they have learned by telling and demonstrating to the professor. practical exercises or role play. assignment. 1. choose a topic related to your specialty. 2. set a goal: a) what are you going to teach the students? b) what handouts will you prepare? c) what questions, problems are you going to raise? 3. define the goal. a) what will the students learn, what will they be able to do as a result? 4. introduction. a) specify the lesson material. b) develop a concept. 5. modeling. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 186 show or draw a graph of the type of activity the students should be doing. 6. practical management. chart and guide students through their acquisition of skills in steps. 7. prepare questions to test concepts. 8. determine the path of independent practice. 9. complete the lesson. have the students demonstrate what they have learned. lesson delivery model. the teaching model can be divided into three categories.  visual consistency.  lesson plan.  basic technology card. these are effects that ensure the formation of knowledge, skills and competencies in oral, written or graphic form. this can be best done during the lesson by using verbal explanations (for example, listening) or action demonstrations (for instance, doing). analysis of tasks set in the lesson. while roughly planning the lesson, the teacher should look for ways to teach children the qualities in the plan and how to form these skills and competencies in them. for this, the teacher imagines himself in the place of the student and divides these skills and competencies into several parts. only after that, the teacher organizes each part demonstratively and ensures that the student acquires the specified skill [3]. some teachers demonstrate and talk through a given skill from beginning to end to teach the student. in this case, the “complete material” (i.e., the explained skill) is the usual course material. after the teacher explains the model, if the student forgets during independent work, he can ask the teacher again about the part he forgot. for example, i forgot the fourth part, if possible, show me another one. after that, the teacher gives individual help to remind the student. or the teacher guides the student as he or she performs the specified skill. you got the third part right. you are on the fourth part, go back and start from the beginning. check, did you do it right? like the student sees the work he has to do and remembers what he forgot to do as if he had copied it. the teacher encourages the students who have done the work well. dr. fred jones added a new element to lesson design (equipment) that promotes educational effectiveness. it is as follows: the only way to optimally organize a lesson is for students to critically monitor their work and be able to eliminate their mistakes. only then students will acquire more skills. they gain better thinking and better understanding. the only way to do this is to use the “teaches your partner” method. here’s how to use it: 1. divide the class into first and second partner parts; 2. using the lesson transfer model, the first partner teaches the second partner and the second partner teaches the first part of the model; 3. the teacher models the educational method to the students first by listening and then shows (observe and perform) the parts of the model. then the students accurately repeat what the teacher said and showed; 4. the teacher chooses two voluntary partners to monitor the class. he tells them the first part of the model and asks them to do it. in this way, the teacher teaches the partners the model step by step. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 187 5. the teacher tells the partners in the class to teach each other about the first part. it shows how to monitor and evaluate the performance of the work and eliminate errors. the teacher's partners help him monitor and evaluate the classroom. 6. this method continues to execute other parts of the model. this method teaches students to be demanding of each other and themselves, to be able to critically evaluate their work and to be able to eliminate mistakes. advice on setting educational goals. before setting the goal in the lesson, the teacher needs to determine the range of behaviors that the students should perform and learn. the advantage of the goal set in the lesson and its differences from others should be highlighted [4]. conclusion traditional lesson plans, defining a specific pattern in the lesson and forcing them to work based on it are harmful for the teacher and it stifles creative work, creative thinking skills, turns the pedagogue into robots working in the same mold, and destroys the formation of pedagogical skills. it is important to set a clear goal of education in the lesson. the clear definition of educational goals provides an opportunity to develop and discover lesson strategies. this creates a great opportunity to educate students based on the set goal. this is an opportunity not only for students, but also for interested people in this field (supervisors, deans, parents, students, etc.). because it is these interested people who express their objections to the field of education. teachers are accused of ignorance, self-interest, liberalism, and subjectivity in evaluation. the teacher often does not want to admit their accusations. then, if the teacher tries to put himself in the place of the parent who blames him, the deficiency will be clearly visible. references: 1. yuldoshev j.g. education is on the way to renewal. tashkent: ukituvchi, 2000. 207 p. 2. ishmukhamedov r. innovative technologies in education. practical recommendations for pedagogues-teachers of educational institutions / r. ishmukhamedov, a. abdukodirov, a. pardaev. tashkent: istedod, 2008. p. 180. 3. suyunov n. methodology of teaching special subjects. treatise. tashkent: nurafshon-biznes. 2019 p.52. 4. sodikova a., sodikova m.r. methodical guide for practical training of “new pedagogical technologies” for bachelors of vocational education. –tashkent, 2007. p. 52. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 94 socio-economic consequences of the end of the owners' class in the former union ubaydullaev islomjon abdullaevich 1 , ahmadalieva durdona abdusamad qizi 2 1 doctor of philosophy (phd), namangan institute of engineering and technology 2 student of namangan institute of engineering and technology abstract: in the article, the people of turkestan have been under the oppression of tsarist russia for more than 60 years. czarist russia pursued a policy of robbing local residents of all wealth in any way possible. czarist russia implemented a policy of aggression towards the peoples of turkestan. the rooting out of the ownership class in uzbekistan was carried out under the pretext of "listening" on the basis of the following symbols developed by the soviet authorities under the leadership of the bolsheviks. keywords: owner, union, tsarism, bolshevik-communists, trade. in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, great hardships fell on the uzbek people: first, the invaders of tsarist russia, and then the russian bolsheviks conquered all of turkestan, looted the property of all the peoples living there, and the property owners was eliminated as a national and class enemy. as a result of the development of historical processes in favor of the conquerors, the class of owners was first deprived of their rights and then of all their property. as a result, joining the class of owners, their geo-economic thinking also faced a crisis. we can see this in the example of the following historical evidence. it is known from history that the people of turkestan were under the oppression of tsarist russia for more than 60 years. tsarism paid particular attention to the following in carrying out its colonial policy towards the peoples of turkestan. 1. in order to get free raw materials and various incomes, the russian colonists revised the property issue and implemented a policy of redistribution in their favor. more precisely, they acquired the right to own property by force and, if necessary, by deception. in this regard, k. p. kaufman, who was the governor-general of turkestan in 1867-1882, wrote in his report to the russian tsar: "it is extremely necessary to make a legal decision on the issues of preferential land ownership, property and endowment land very quickly. "property owners and muslim priests who defend their claims to the land constitute the noble class of the population, and they are considered our political enemies"1. as a result, k. p. kaufman carried out a redistribution of all property in favor of tsarism, violating the basis of the statehood of local peoples the right to private ownership of land. the gradual dissolution of private ownership of land in favor of tsarism also led to the decline of the long-established economic culture of local landowners. now they began to pay various taxes to the colonists. this, in turn, led to the enrichment of the tsarist treasury at the expense of the property of the turkestan peoples. for example, tsar russia's income from turkestan in 1869-1896 was 158 million. it was 2 rubles. such a policy of robbery of tsarist russia stifled the economic thinking of the local property class and did not allow it to emerge. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 95 2. czarist russia pursued a policy of robbing local residents of all wealth in any way possible. for example, during the conquest of central asia, the colonialists collected 500,000 rubles from the emir of bukhara and 450,000 rubles from the khan of khiva, but they completely looted the palace of the khan of kokand; they collected 33,000 rubles from andijan and 125,000 gold (500,000 rubles) from margilan beylik. in one year, the colonists collected from the people 1,854,682 rubles as zakat, 8,278,845 rubles as a grass tax, 2,651,044 rubles as a land tax, 53,417 rubles as a life tax, and 3,406 rubles as a trade tax. 310 rubles, a total of 16,244,298 rubles were recovered (except ferghana). in general, in 1913, the tsar's government collected 23 million taxes from the people of turkestan. amounted to rubles, in 1916 this indicator was 33.3 million rubles. reached 3 rubles. it is not surprising that such an incalculable free profit served to form the geo-economic thinking of the russian colonists based on colonialism. but it is a historical fact that it led to the impoverishment of the local people's owners. 3. czarist russia implemented a policy of aggression towards the peoples of turkestan. in order to meet the demands and needs of textile and garment factories belonging to russian owners, cotton, which is the national wealth of turkestan, was taken for free. for example, in 1887-1896, 26 million were sent from central asia to russia. a pood of cotton fiber was taken, and each pood of it was cheaper than american cotton by 2 rubles 38 pennies. as a result, the treasury of the russian empire was saved, 61 mln. ruble benefited. those engaged in importing and selling cotton from turkestan made a profit of 1 ruble per pound of cotton, that is, 26 million. 26 million pounds of cotton. ruble benefited 4. in addition to these, the policy of russian colonialists can be seen in the example of fergana region. in 1904 alone, from fergana province, 309,267 pounds of dry fruits, 84,516 pounds of silk and cocoons, 14,585 pounds of wool, 104,107 pounds of cottonseed oil, 34,170 pounds of sheepskin, 1,341,281 pounds of cotton seed, 161 591 pounds of rice, 92,894 pounds of wheat flour were transported to russia by railway5. that's why the russian ruling circles and their foreign counterparts like to use the saying "turkestan is a priceless crown of russia". from these examples, it can be concluded that the tsarist regime worked with the aim of getting huge profits in return for oppressing the peoples of turkestan. factories and factories built by them, railways, opened schools and other cultural and educational institutions all served this single strategic goal. all this had a negative effect on the scientific and philosophical outlook of the people of turkestan and gradually led to their separation from their identity. after tsarism, for more than 70 years, the uzbek people were part of the former union, and as a result of the bloody policy of the bolsheviks against other peoples, they lost their history, language, religion, property, thousands of people, he was separated from his patriotic, intelligent, brave children, and out of desperation, he was forced to praise the "kremlin", to live in silence and poverty. therefore, the bolshevik-communists who gained political power, due to their "proletarian policy", eliminated the owners as a class enemy and destroyed all the material and spiritual grounds that served to form their geo-economic thinking. the leaders of the former union, unlike the russian emperors, saw private property as the enemy of humanity and began to destroy all property owners. so, the slanderous policy of the former leaders of the union towards the owners in general, and the uzbek owner class in particular, can be seen in the following: 1. in accordance with the theory of proletarian class struggle developed by k. marx and f. engels, the bolshevik-communists, who took political power, outlawed private property as the cause of inequality and suffering among people, and therefore set out to physically eliminate the propertied class as a hostile force. as a result of the elimination of the landowners as a class, a form of economic thinking based on the mood of the peasantry finally appeared in the minds of the people. people without their own property did not think about increasing state property, preserving it, and using it sparingly. the way of economic thinking based on such a conservative mood has sharply hindered the emergence of geo-economic thinking. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 96 2. the bolshevik-communist authorities worked ruthlessly to eliminate the uzbek landowners as a class. they seized the property of all the owners in the country and began to physically destroy themselves, and those who did not manage to be shot were exiled to inaccessible parts of the country. in addition, intellectuals sympathetic to the plight of the landowners or dissatisfied with the policy of the bolsheviks against the landowners were repressed as "enemies of the people". as a result, it is no secret that 3,778,234 people were persecuted and 786,098 of them were shot in the former union between 1930 and 1953. during these years, 100,000 people were imprisoned in uzbekistan alone, and 15,000 of them were shot6. such repressions frightened the local population, turned people into "manqurts" and made them slaves of marxian-leninist philosophical teachings. in this way, an ax was hit on the foundations of the eastern national economy, which had been formed for centuries, and an attempt was made to form a proletarian economic culture alienated from its owner. 3. the rooting out of the ownership class in uzbekistan was carried out under the pretext of "listening" on the basis of the following signs developed by the soviet authorities under the leadership of the bolsheviks: 1) used chronic wage labor; 2) those who have a mill, oil press and similar means of production; 3) those who chronically or seasonally rent work tools, working animals and buildings; 4) those who chronically lease agricultural equipment; 5) those who are engaged in usury, trade, mediation and earn income without work7. as a result, in the 65 days after december 27, 1929, more than 130 million peasants were forcibly separated from their property, and collective farms were established in exchange for them. also, from the end of 1929 to the middle of 1930, more than 320,000 kulak farms were liquidated. their property and goods worth 175 million soums were handed over to the indivisible fund of collective farms8. in general, in 1930-1933, 5,500 peasants from uzbekistan were arrested and exiled to other countries, most of them died from torture9. it was nothing more than a genocide committed by the bolsheviks against the peasant owners. thus, as a result of the termination of the "ears", the agricultural sector lost the most enterprising, dexterous, self-sufficient, self-employed, farm owners. with this, the material grounds of geo-economic thinking, which will be formed in accordance with the world community in the future, have been destroyed. 4. the soviet government also consistently implemented a policy of aggression towards uzbekistan. this can be seen in the following examples. as a result of specialization in cotton production under various pretexts, uzbekistan supplied 2/3 of the total amount of cotton grown in the former union in the 1970s and 1980s. in the years 1976-1985, more than 15,345 thousand tons of cotton fibers were exported from uzbekistan. more than 70% of it was sold in the world markets and made a huge profit10. due to the great demand for blackbuck skins grown in uzbekistan in the world market, 40 mln. more than a grain of black leather was taken away11. uzbekistan supplied almost 50% of the gold produced in the countries of the former union. n. kuchersky said about this: "the resources mined by the miners of the navoi mining and metallurgical combine alone brought billions of dollars in profit per year. its value can be compared with the total cotton fiber grown in the oasis of uzbekistan"12, he said. president i. a. karimov wrote about the essence of the policy of the ruling circles of the former union towards the uzbek people: "for several decades, the economy of the republic has become a component of a single national economy complex controlled by the center. many decisions taken by the center were far from the interests of uzbekistan. thus, as in the time of the tsarist empire, the republic continued to become a supplier of cheap raw materials and strategic mineral resources, a convenient market for selling finished products, that is, the republic became a raw material base"13. 5. at the same time that the former union entered the stage of "developed socialism", the center made against the uzbek people who, without sparing their health and life, endured the attack of american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 97 hot and toxic chemicals, growing cotton at the expense of a meager salary. repressions carried out under the pretext of "cotton issue" exceeded all of them. under the instructions of the center, a group of bloody investigators-executioners, organized under the leadership of gdlyan and ivanov, under the pretext of fighting "corruption in the field of cotton", investigated more than 40 thousand citizens, 60% of collective farm chairmen and directors of state farms, 45% of leading experts in agriculture, cotton farming a third of the brigade commanders were removed from their duties, more than 5,000 people were criminally punished, most of them were sent to prisons in siberia14. this case was, in fact, a new wave of "kremlin"-style repressions carried out by the red imperialists on the basis of various pretexts, in order to frighten the local population and keep them in slavery. however, due to the monopoly of cotton, the orientation of the economy to the production of raw materials, low purchase prices, and the center's denial that cotton cultivation is extremely laborintensive, the value of labor in the agrarian sector of the republic was considered one of the lowest indicators in the former union. for example, in the mid-1980s, one working day of a collective farmer was 5 soums 88 tinyas in uzbekistan, 6 soums 4 tinyas in tajikistan, 6 soums 90 tinyas in kyrgyzstan, 7 soums 3 tinyas in turkmenistan, 8 soums 3 tinyas in the rsfsr. 3 soums 3 pennies, in lithuania 9 soums 90 pennies, in estonia 14 soums 4 pennies paid15. first of all, this was due to extremely low wages for the labor of growers. it should be said that a grain grower was paid 62.5 tiyani for 1 hour of labor, while a grower was paid only 16 tiyani16. due to the excessive specialization of the republic in cotton production, almost 70% of grain and meat, 60% of potatoes, sugar, dried milk and other food products were imported17. at the time of the collapse of the soviet empire, a citizen of uzbekistan consumed almost twice as much meat and meat products, milk and eggs as compared to the average of the countries of the former soviet union. in particular, according to the physiological norm, 82 kg. 60 kg per head of population according to the union instead of meat. consumed in the republic, only 30 kg. meat was eaten; milk 405 and 196 kg respectively; eggs 141 and 107 pieces respectively18. the situation in uzbek villages was even worse. according to statistics, meat consumption in rural areas of uzbekistan is 5-6 times higher than the average amount of the former union; cottage cheese and dairy products 3 times, eggs 3.5 times, potatoes 4.7 times, fish and fish products were consumed 21.6 times less19. all of the above-mentioned historical facts, as historian scientist hamid ziyoev writes, in the former union "...prohibition of private ownership and various industries related to it, suppression of personal initiative and self-interest, forced labor, non-payment of wages commensurate with work, the feeling of self-preservation and "let's go when the belly is full" created the economic basis of slavery"20. such an economic ground did not allow uzbek workers to develop and form geoeconomic thinking, which is a form of free thinking. 6. foreign economic relations play an important role in the formation of geo-economic thinking. it is known that the administrative circles of the former union gave uzbekistan the right to communicate with foreign countries only on paper. in fact, all actual foreign relations were in their hands. for example, in the 50s of the 20th century, uzbekistan delivered its products to 32 countries of the world, and in the early 80s, the republic established economic relations with almost 90 foreign countries through the union bodies. more than 250 types of goods were delivered. in general, uzbekistan ranks third after the rsfsr and the ukrainian ssr among the allied republics in the supply of export products. ranked first21. however, representatives of uzbek workers did not directly participate in the export trade of goods, and they did not know anything about the amount of funds received from them. the head of our country, i. a. karimov, wrote about the essence of foreign economic relations during the period of the mustabid regime: "uzbekistan was deprived of the opportunity to enter the international arena directly and openly under the conditions of the monopoly system. the republic, its enterprises were practically deprived of the opportunity to establish direct foreign relations american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 98 independently; they constantly felt the severe pressure of the center's monopoly in the field of foreign trade. all currency calculations were carried out only by the union authorities. the republic did not know where its natural resources, raw materials and products would go, and who would get the proceeds from its export. at the same time, it was completely dependent on the delivery of foreign equipment and technology, consumer goods"22. such practical behavior towards uzbekistan in the field of foreign policy deprives the hard-working uzbek people of the opportunity to get to know the world's advanced technologies directly, and is placed on the path to the growth of their economic consciousness, in particular, the emergence of geo-economic thinking. 'iy was nothing but a barrier. in such a situation, on the one hand, the people are in an extremely poor economic situation, on the other hand, the complete dominance of the marxian-leninist ideology, and on the third hand, the fact that the people are prohibited from making direct socio-economic relations with foreign countries is a unique form of economic thinking. did not even allow to think about the existence of geo-economic thinking. on the contrary, the rejection of such thinking in the form of opportunity in the socioeconomic worldview of people as a bourgeois way of thinking alien to the marxist-leninist philosophical worldview has led to a complete crisis of the geo-economic thinking that has existed in the minds of uzbeks for a long time. from the above arguments, it is possible to draw a philosophical conclusion that tsarist russia and the red empire during its 130-year rule in all internal and external policies towards foreign peoples, nations and peoples, first of all, took possession of their natural resources and, therefore, in return live for free at profit; secondly, to separate the owners from their property and subjugate them; thirdly, to keep the people in fear by exterminating the patriotic and leading intellectuals from among the representatives of the local nation under various pretexts; fourthly, to separate the local population from its identity by forcibly instilling foreign ideas and ideologies into the way of life of the local population; fifthly, by keeping the nation behind the iron fence, they did a series of heinous and criminal acts, such as not joining the world community. as a result, the uzbek people became separated from the outside world and became victims of "red terrorists" based on marxian-leninist philosophy. all this, despite the fact that the "socialist civilization" is developing, hit the foundations of the economic thinking of the uzbek people and separated it from the material ground and spiritual foundations of its formation at the level of geo-economic thinking. only independence saved the uzbek people from such a terrible disaster. list of references 1. мустабид тузумнинг ўзбекистон миллий бойликларини талаш сиѐсати: тарих шоҳидлиги ва сабоқлари (1865–1990 йиллар). лойиҳа раҳбари ва масъул муҳаррир: д. а. алимова / – т.: шарқ, 2000. – б. 23. 2. мустабид тузумнинг ўзбекистон миллий бойликларини талаш сиѐсати (1865–1990 йиллар). лойиҳа раҳбари ва масъул муҳаррир: д. а. алимова / – т.: шарқ, 2000. – б. 153. 3. статистический обзор ферганской области за 1904 год. – новый маргелан, 1905. – с. 54. 4. usmonov, m.t. & shokirov.,sh.h, (2022). teylor formulasini matematik masalalarni еchishdagi ahamiyati. 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(2021). вычисление площади фигуры в полярных координатах с помощью интеграла. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 77-85. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=46500183 https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=46500183 https://www.elibrary.ru/copyright.asp https://www.elibrary.ru/copyright.asp https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vychislenie-tsentra-tyazhesti-ploskoy-ogranichennoy-figury-s-pomoschyu-dvoynogo-integrala https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vychislenie-tsentra-tyazhesti-ploskoy-ogranichennoy-figury-s-pomoschyu-dvoynogo-integrala https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/binomialnoe-raspredelenie-veroyatnostey https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/potok-vektornogo-polya-potok-cherez-zamknutuyu-poverhnost https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vychislenie-opredelennogo-integrala-po-formule-trapetsiy-i-metodom-simpsona https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vychislenie-opredelennogo-integrala-po-formule-trapetsiy-i-metodom-simpsona https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/metod-kasatelnyh https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vychislenie-predela-funktsii-s-pomoschyu-ryada https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/primery-resheniy-proizvolnyh-troynyh-integralov-fizicheskie-prilozheniya-troynogo-integrala https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/primery-resheniy-proizvolnyh-troynyh-integralov-fizicheskie-prilozheniya-troynogo-integrala https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vychislenie-dvoynogo-integrala-v-polyarnoy-sisteme-koordinat https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/krivolineynyy-integral-po-zamknutomu-konturu-formula-grina-rabota-vektornogo-polya https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/krivolineynyy-integral-po-zamknutomu-konturu-formula-grina-rabota-vektornogo-polya https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravilo-kramera-metod-obratnoy-matritsy https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/teoremy-slozheniya-i-umnozheniya-veroyatnostey-zavisimye-i-nezavisimye-sobytiya https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/teoremy-slozheniya-i-umnozheniya-veroyatnostey-zavisimye-i-nezavisimye-sobytiya https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/raspredelenie-i-formula-puassona https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/geometricheskoe-raspredelenie-veroyatnostey https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vychislenie-ploschadi-poverhnosti-vrascheniya https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=45734916 https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=45734916 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vychislenie-dvoynogo-integrala-primery-resheniy https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/metod-pryamougolnikov https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kak-vychislit-dlinu-dugi-krivoy https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vychislenie-ploschadi-figury-v-polyarnyh-koordinatah-s-pomoschyu-integrala https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vychislenie-ploschadi-figury-v-polyarnyh-koordinatah-s-pomoschyu-integrala american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 100 29. усмонов,м.t. (2021). повторные пределы. «science and education» scientific journal, tom2, 35-43. 30. усмонов,м.t. (2021). дифференциальные уравнения второго порядка и высших порядков. линейные дифференциальные уравнения второго порядка с постоянными коэффициентами. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 113-122. 31. усмонов,м.t. (2021). пределы функций. примеры решений. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 139-150. 32. усмонов,м.t. (2021). метод наименьших квадратов. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 54-65. 33. усмонов,м.t. (2021). непрерывность функции двух переменных. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 44-53. 34. усмонов,м.t. (2021). интегрирование корней (иррациональных функций). примеры решений. «science and education» scientific journal, tom-2, 239-248. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/povtornye-predely https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/differentsialnye-uravneniya-vtorogo-poryadka-i-vysshih-poryadkov-lineynye-differentsialnye-uravneniya-vtorogo-poryadka-s https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/differentsialnye-uravneniya-vtorogo-poryadka-i-vysshih-poryadkov-lineynye-differentsialnye-uravneniya-vtorogo-poryadka-s https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/differentsialnye-uravneniya-vtorogo-poryadka-i-vysshih-poryadkov-lineynye-differentsialnye-uravneniya-vtorogo-poryadka-s https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/predely-funktsiy-primery-resheniy https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/metod-naimenshih-kvadratov-1 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nepreryvnost-funktsii-dvuh-peremennyh https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/integrirovanie-korney-irratsionalnyh-funktsiy-primery-resheniy https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/integrirovanie-korney-irratsionalnyh-funktsiy-primery-resheniy international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 104 eficiancy explore of subconscious in effective learning of english ubaydulla akhrorovich kasimov head of the department of "pedagogy and psychology, educational technologies" of the bukhara region national center for training pedagogues in new methods, ph.d abstract: the article analyzes and don’tkes recommendations on the possibility of effective use of subconscious capabilities in the study of english by setting a positive attitude to the goal. keywords: purpose, positive thinking, sub consciousness, goal achievement. introduction application innovative ideas in education is the an resource of pedagogical skills. goals are should be set before the beginning of every activity. clear and positive goal (in positive thinking) in accordance with the requirements of the subconscious, allows you to don’tke better use of the resources of the human psychology. putting the goal in a concise manner, of course describing it in positive words, is very important for the realization of the goal. the use of the negative word "don’t" in the description of the purpose creates the opposite effect in language. because the subconscious does not accept the word "don’t". why? usually the word don’t in the subconscious is arranged in a certain sequence from the beginning. the negative word "don’t" negates the action. rejected reverse actions are not found in the subconscious. for example: sit, stand, drink, come, assignments sit in the subconscious, stand, stand, come, and appropriate activities take place. therefore, in positive thinking, the characterization of thought through words free from objection and denial of goals plays an important role. materials usually, almost all people, if they do not get results from any of their goals, they have don’tnaged to describe in detail the difficulties of the past, which hindered the realization of the goal, blaming it on problems. in fact, it doesn’t help them achieve their goals effectively and successfully. this can be described as follows: what is the reason for the lack of purpose? what is wrong with don’t? who is to blame? what is to blame? why was it not prevented? and so on. of course, this in itself strengthens the loop of negative emotional feelings that binds us to the past and carries the past to our present. this, in turn, leads us to spend our inner strength on useless things such as analyzing the obstacles and mistakes of the past, searching for culprits, and creating new fears. methods in fact, it is not the causes of difficulties, mistakes, and failures that lead us to the goal-results, but to the goal-setting in a clear, accurate, positive way. the intention-goal in a positive pattern is a psychological preparation irrigated with an inner spiritual inner strength that can take a real practical step that is at the same time focused. it should be noted that in neurolinguistic programming, the specific requirements for setting goals in a positive state can be described as follows: american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 105 it is not permissible to use the negative words "no", "not", "don’t" in the positive sense of purpose. in the process of processing adding don’t, our mind does the opposite. for example, if he is told not to think about it, on the contrary, he becomes tense thinking about these things. or the idea that i don’t do it anymore brings the same situation in bright colors in imagination. this means that in our daily lives, in most cases, we put a negative word don’t into the pattern without properly expressing the purpose of the goal and get the opposite result. this is one of the most common situations in the process of education and upbringing at the same time. results considering this in the process of learning english. examples of most common negative stereotypes in the process of learning english are: 1. i start by learning and pronouncing the letters of the english language and pronouncing them without making mistakes and always writing without making mistakes. (positive pattern:… i pronounce them correctly, i write them correctly) or i don’t make fewer mistakes when i learn english letters (positive pattern: i learn letters correctly, i write correctly). 2. expression of purpose in a clear and modern way, such as "maybe i can achieve", "if", "if i did that", "let's try" is an obstacle to the goal. 3. the expressions of comparison create a barrier to the realization of the goal. therefore, the intentional use of ambiguous expressions "better" and "less" in the study of english prevents the achievement of results. for example: "i make fewer mistakes when writing" (a positive pattern "i write correctly"). i speak english better than i do now (i speak english fluently). 4. visualize the goal with clear emotions. proper fluency in english and correct writing in clear bright colors, visual, audial and kinesthetic sensations in movements in sounds. 5. it is allowed to set a specific date, a fixed amount, which determines the achievement of the goal. that is, it is permissible to give up vague (criterion) expressions such as "after a while", "soon", "after a month or two", "i will develop", "i will improve". 6. it is necessary to examine and take into account the impact of primary and secondary "advantages" and "obstacles" in the implementation of goals. discussion that is, the goal should be "environmental control." it explores what to avoid and what to achieve in the realization of a goal, and eliminates doubts, hesitations, doubts, and anxieties in achieving the goal. conclusion in short, following the requirements of positive thinking, paying attention to the description of the goal in a positive way, facilitates the achievement of any goal, eliminates difficulties and eliminates unnecessary stress. literature 1. bendler r. john grinder “refraiming. neuro-linguistic programming™and the transformation of meaning” edited by steve andreasan dconnirae andreas.copyright © 1982, by richard bandler and john grinderreal people press 2. eremeeva n. zapominaem angliyskie slova legko // english for you. electronic source. 3. ubaydulla akhrorovich kasimov. the role of determining the representative system of pupils in increasing educational efficiency. international journal of advanced academic studies 2020; 2(2): 218-220 international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 233 use of personal mobile devices in higher military education schools sapaev jasurbek kamilovich 1 , uralov xusan boboqulovich 2 1 national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek, head of the scientific department of the military training center, major in the reserve 2 national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek, senior teacher of the cycle of chemical protection and topogeodetic supply of the military training center of the engineer-sapyar troops, associate professor, lieutenant colonel in the reserve abstract: a variety of personal mobile devices have firmly entered the life of modern man and society. however, the threats associated with them forced the law enforcement agencies to prohibit not only the use, but also the presence of these devices on the territory of special-purpose facilities. in turn, the capabilities of these devices, subject to the creation of the proposed model for building and managing the information security system of a special purpose object, can be used to effectively solve a number of urgent problems. keywords: personal mobile devices, smartphone, tablet, laptop, smart clock, fitness bracelet, higher military educational institutions, bellingsat, information security, monitoring, armed conflicts, infocommunication, geo-location, antivirus, brandmauer, wifi wireless network, internet, threats. in the conditions where globalization continues and the entire system of international relations is changing, the military-political situation in the world is increasing the scope of dangers and threats to international and regional security the intensification of geopolitical confrontation, the predominance of the approach to solving conflicts and tense situations by force, the use of force , including the increased probability of using weapons of mass destruction, militarization, increased international terrorism and extremism, and intensification of mutual struggle in the information space and cyberspace. we all understand well that the comprehensive strengthening of our country's defense capabilities and the potential of our armed forces is the most important condition and guarantee for the inviolability of our territories, the security and stability of our society, and the peaceful and peaceful life of our people. these issues are of decisive importance in today's conditions, where a complex situation is emerging in the central asian region and the whole world, where the danger of terrorism, extremism and radicalism is increasing. taking this into account, we set peace and security as one of the priority areas of our activity at the very beginning of the establishment of new uzbekistan. according to the action strategy, one of the tasks included in the set of tasks in this regard is to ensure information security and improve the information protection system, to organize timely and proportionate actions against threats in the information field. we will bring our activities to a qualitatively new level in terms of the development of the armed forces and the further strengthening of the country's defense capabilities, as well as the wide american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 234 implementation of modern information and communication technologies and advanced innovations in this regard. in particular, improving the activities of command and control bodies at all levels, increasing their level of operational and combat training in cooperation through the introduction of automated control tools and complexes, ensuring information security and cyber security will be urgent tasks in the future. various personal mobile devices have firmly entered the life of modern people and society. it is difficult to imagine the image of a modern person without his smartphone, tablet, laptop, smart watch, fitness bracelet and similar devices (hereafter shmq). all spheres of human activity are already inextricably linked with them, including the sphere of education. at the same time, experts in the field of information security: "with the ease of use and mobility of employees, many problems and risks of information security appear." the armed conflicts in ukraine and syria, especially the methods used by the online publication bellingcat, have forced many, but primarily law enforcement agencies, to prohibit not only the use, but also the presence of smc on the territory of special facilities, including in higher military educational institutions. at the same time, ensuring the continuous monitoring of the implementation of such decisions is a very time-consuming process, which does not have high efficiency. on the other hand, if a certain model of construction and management of the information security system of a special object is created, it is possible to effectively use the capabilities of the scm, which served as a necessary condition for the emergence of prohibitions on their use, to ensure a number of problems, including information security. for example: 1) monitoring the location of employees in real time (geolocation, triangulation, according to wifi data or via cellular networks). thus, the tragedy that happened to aleksandar kordzic could have been avoided as a result of using this function. 2) to take into account those who are located in the territory of shmq, to indicate their affiliation, location, operations carried out with its help. 3) issuing a warning about the use of ieds in protected areas (areas). 4) management (management) of the used functions. for example, deleting or destroying geolocation information, banning the use of a camera, voice recorder, registering prohibited actions with issuing warnings, etc. 5) to protect the personal information of employees by monitoring and managing shmq's antivirus protection, intrusion detection tools and similar programs. 6) control of data used and processed. 7) increase the coverage of employees by the information communication network for the purpose of management and communication. one of the options for implementing this approach can be presented as follows (figure 1). this model means deploying a wifi wireless network with an unlimited internet connection. at the same time, a mandatory condition for user authorization is the presence of agents of security systems and specialized software used in the smc. the network is equipped with a utm (unified threat management unified threat control) system, which includes a firewall, ids/ips, antivirus, proxy server, content filter and anti-spam filter. dlp and siem systems are deployed and configured as security systems. in addition, a public safety monitoring system is being implemented based on the access control and management system operating in the facility and wireless network. mobile dlp server l. with server internet utm server smob server dlp server siem, utm agents. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 235 antivirus. brandmauer. corporate information communication network figure 1 model of creating an information security system. in conclusion, it can be said that the correct configuration of these systems and their use for the benefit of the above-mentioned problems will allow to gain effective and permanent control over the channels of information flow from the ssc in higher education institutions, to reduce or eliminate the threats associated with their use. references 1. янги ўзбекистон стратегияси [матн] / ш.м. мирзиёев. тошкент: ”o'zbekiston” нашриёти, 2021. 464 б. isbn 978-9943-6992-3-6. 2. ўзбекистон республикаси мудофаа доктринаси ҳарбий-сиёсий вазиятнинг ўзига хос хусусиятлари (2018 йил 9 январь ). 3. ўзбекистон республикаси мудофаа вазирининг «ўзбекистон республикаси мудофаа доктринаси – мамлакатнинг ҳарбий соҳада миллий хавфсизлигини таъминлашнинг асоси» мавзусида ўтказилган илмий-амалий анжуманида “кириш сўзи”(2018 йил 27 январь, акдемия катта мажлислар зали). 4. печда чақирилувчи аскарнинг ўлими. (ноябр 13, 2018). sputnik.by дан олинган: https://sputnik.by/trend/gibelsoldata/ 5. суриядаги россия авиабазасида унга смартфонлар михланган тахта мавжуд. (май 23, 2018). 42.tut.by дан олинган: https://42.tut.by/593817 . 6. сафонов, л. (б. d.). бёд-қулайлик ва хавфсизлик. ҳабраҳабрдан олинган: https://habr.com/company/pentestit/blog/281463. https://habr.com/company/pentestit/blog/281463 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 236 7. usmonov m. t. security models. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 18-23. 8. usmonov m. t. solving problems in arithmetic methods. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 58-61. 9. usmonov m. t. stenographic protection of information. international journal of academic and applied research (ijaar) issn: 2643-9603 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 31-35. 10. usmonov m. t. telecommunications and network security. international journal of academic engineering research (ijaer) issn: 2643-9085 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 57-61. 11. usmonov m. t. the concept of compatibility, actions on compatibility. international journal of academic multidisciplinary research (ijamr) issn: 2643-9670 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 10-13. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 57 an integrated approach to the study of personality in developmental psychology ochilova farida bakhriddinovna associate of the department of pedagogy and psychology samarkand state medical university abstract: the article deals with the problem of the child's personality as one of the foundations in the context of psychological and pedagogical sciences. an analysis of domestic and foreign studies on the problem of the mental and psychological properties of a personality reveals that the concept of “child’s personality” under study reflects its internal and external state, active desire for development and updating hidden potential. keywords: personality, individual, individuality, concept, subject, personality development, personality formation, society. the concept of "personality" is considered in many psychological concepts, and it is not considered as a subject in the system of social relations, but is presented as a holistic integrative formation, which includes biological, mental and social characteristics in the structure of a person's personality. the problem of the correlation of these characteristics in a person's personality is one of the significant problems in the psychological and pedagogical sciences. thus, mental development was considered both as an independent separate process, and as descended only from biological, or only from social development, or as a result of the actions of the subject himself, etc. hence, it is possible to designate groups of concepts that differently consider the ratio of social, mental and biological in the development of an individual's personality. in a number of concepts that prove the independent mental development of a person, this phenomenon is considered as completely subordinate to its own laws, not related to either biological or social. this concept is inherent in the authors who prove the divine origin of mental phenomena. in biological concepts, the mental is considered as a linear function of the development of the organism. according to these concepts the entire nature of mental processes, states and properties of the subject are determined on the basis of its biological structure, and their development follows the biological laws. at the same time, examples of animal studies are given that do not take into account the development of the human body as a whole. for example, to explain mental development, such a biogenetic law as recapitulation is used, according to which the evolution of the species to which the individual may belong is reproduced in the development of the individual. it is argued that the mental is not independent in nature, and all mental phenomena can be described or explained using biological or physiological concepts. a similar point of view was held by the physiologist i.p. pavlov. there is a dispute about the formation of personality and what, in the first place, has an impact on it: heredity or environment. from the beginning of birth, the influences of genes and environment are interconnected in shaping the child's personality. the genotype and the environment influence the personality, but the genotype is also the shaper of the environment, which becomes a function of the child's personality with a combination of reactive, evoked and proactive interaction. the essence of reactive interaction lies in the actions or experiences of a person in response to influences from the external environment. such actions depend both on the genotype and on the conditions raising the child. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 58 in evoked interaction, the personality of the individual is formed with the help of parental parenting style, which further influences the personality of the child. as the child grows begins to go beyond the environment created by his parents, begins to choose and build his own, which further forms his personality. the child thus becomes an active vehicle for the development of his own personality. for example, a communicative child, with proactive interaction, chooses and composes situations that further expand the circle of his communication. the connection between the child's genotype and his environment is stronger at an early age, when there is a limitation of the home environment. as the child grows up, he chooses and builds his own space, and the initial connection becomes weaker as the influence of proactive interaction increases. with the influence of biological and social in the mental development of an individual's personality, it is possible to distinguish the same levels in a person's organization: biological, social and mental. this interaction has its own history: although domestic psychologists accept the statement that the concept of "personality" refers to the social level of the organization of the individual, there are some objections to the question of the extent to which social and biological components are manifested in the personality itself. thus, the initial understanding of the personality as a psychological category was built on the composition that forms the personality as a psychic reality. that is, a personality acts as a set of qualities, properties, characteristics and features of the human psyche. but such an approach to the problem of understanding the psychological essence of the concept of ―personality‖ can be called, according to artur vladimirovich petrovsky, ―collectionist‖, since in this case the personality turns into a repository that contains interests, abilities, traits of temperament, character, etc. d. such a vision suggests that the task of the psychologist is reduced only to the collection of all this and the determination of the individuality of each member of society. in this approach, the concept of "personality" with all its categorical content disappears. it is necessary to structure and find out personal qualities in the personality structure. indicative in this direction is the approach of e.d. egorov, who understood the personality as a biosocial hierarchical structure with its substructures: orientation; obtained from knowledge, skills, experience; individual characteristics that form sensation, perception, memory, thinking; structural properties of temperament. it is noteworthy that this approach is criticized by scientists who argue that the general structure of the personality can be interpreted as the totality of all biological and social characteristics. as a result, the main problem in the psychology of the individual is the problem of the relationship between the social and the biological in the individual. in counteropinion to this, the idea is expressed that the biological in the personality of the individual turns into the social. in addition to addressing the structural approach to the problem of personality, the concept of a systematic approach is being developed, for example, the ideas of a.n. leontiev. personality, according to the author, is a psychological formation generated by the life of an individual in society. the combination of various activities creates the basis of personality, and its formation occurs in ontogeny. to the concept of "personality" a.n. leontiev did not attribute the genotypic features of a person in the form of a physical structure, type of nervous system, temperament, biological needs, efficiency, natural inclinations, acquired knowledge, skills and abilities. all of the above, according to the author, constitutes the individual properties of a person and reflects the integrity and continuity of a particular subject, the features of this subject. according to a.n. leontief individual properties, for example, genotypically determined, can change throughout the life of an individual. but from this they do not become personal, because a personality is not built only on the basis of a person‘s experience, since a person‘s properties are not transformed into personality properties and do not determine the addition of a personality, but only constitute the prerequisites and conditions for its formation. the approach to understanding the problem of personality found its development in the works of a.v. petrovsky. the scientist defines the concept of personality as a systemic social quality acquired by an individual in objective activity and communication and characterizing the level and quality that reflects the social relations of the subject. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 59 thus, personality is a quality acquired by a person when entering into social relations with society. therefore, the personality of the individual can be considered as his "sensory" quality with all her innate and acquired properties. the formation of personality traits is considered in the process of a person's life in society, his inclusion in the system of social relations, the circle and ways of communicating with other people, and his way of life. the way of life, in turn, is determined by the historically established system of social relations. that is, personality can be understood or studied only in the content 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(2019). эффективность педагогического общения в подготовке врачей. наука и образование сегодня, (11 (46)), 55-57. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 60 14. разыкова л. т., джамалдинова ш. о. содействие творчеству и инновациям в системе образования //ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 70-77. 15. obloberdiyevna d. s., tuychiyevna r. l. distance learning in the system of higher education //web of scholars: multidimensional research journal. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 4. – с. 53-59. 16. djamaldinova, shaxlo. 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(2022). теоретические основы проблемного обучения и необходимость их использования в школьном литературном образовании. наука, образование и культура, (2 (62)), 40-42. 33. obloberdievna, d. s. ., & rustamovna, r. b. . (2022). digitalization as the only safe learning option during the covid-19 pandemic. journal of intellectual property and human rights, 1(11), 70–73. retrieved from http://journals.academiczone.net/index.php/jiphr/article/view/435 34. джамалдинова ш. ўзбек адабий таълимида муаммоли ўқитиш кечимининг ўзига хос хусусиятлари ва фойдаланишнинг амалий намунаси //общество и инновации. – 2022. – т. 3. – №. 4/s. – с. 539-546. 35. джамалдинова ш. о., необходимость т., образовании и. наука, образование и культура. 2022. № 2 (62) //url: https://cyberleninka. ru/article/n/teoreticheskie-osnovyproblemnogo-obucheniya-ineobhodimost-ih-ispolzovaniya-v-shkolnom-literaturnomobrazovanii. http://journals.academiczone.net/index.php/jiphr/article/view/435 international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 227 the need for diversification and factors affecting economic efficiency in farms specializing in fruit growing olimjonova gavkharoy 1 , tursunov jasurbek 2 1 assistant of the department of "agricultural economics" at the andijan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies 2 a student of "fruit-growing" field of study abstract: in our country, great attention is paid to the development of agriculture, especially the fruit and viticulture sector, which depends on food supply. horticulture, fruit growing is considered an important branch of agriculture that grows fruit, grapes and berries, and this branch serves to satisfy the needs of the population for fruit and fruit products, as well as fruit raw materials for industry. keywords: agriculture, industry, raw materials, efficiency, optimization, farm, agrarian economy. enter. on january 28, 2022, the decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 2022-2026" was signed and the new development strategy of uzbekistan was adopted with this decree. in the 30th goal of the 3rd section of the strategy entitled "rapid development of the national economy and ensuring high growth rates":the tasks "to increase the income of peasants and farmers by at least 2 times through the intensive development of agriculture on a scientific basis, to reach the annual growth of agriculture by at least 5%", and in the course of the implementation of these tasks, "cultivation of exportable products and fruit the issue of developing vegetable growing, increasing the area of intensive gardens by 3 times and greenhouses by 2 times and increasing the export potential to 1 billion us dollars. for the successful implementation of these tasks, the issues of diversification of the sector in order to develop the fruit industry and increase its economic efficiency are of great importance. the agrarian economy of the country was completely reorganized as a result of the economic reforms carried out during the years of independence. the forms of management and ownership have changed. the production of agricultural products was fully entrusted to the non-state sector. during the reforms implemented in the agrarian sector, stable growth of production and provision of food products to the population is ensured. among the forms of economic management that have proven themselves to be viable in world practice, farms have shown advantages in every way, and they have become the main form of economic management today. now the main burden of agriculture falls on farmers. a well-thought-out agrarian policy is being carried out in our country regarding the optimization of arable land and the placement of agricultural crops. allowed to multiply several times. the basis for fully supplying the country's population with food products has been created, and a literal basis for exporting them abroad has been created. in our country, systematic work on diversification of agriculture, more rational use of land and water resources, increasing the income of farmers through the production of exportable products is american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 228 gradually bearing fruit. 132 thousand tons of agricultural products were processed and finished products worth 100 million dollars were exported. 724,000 tons of wet fruits were sold abroad, which brought 856 million dollars in foreign exchange. as noted by the president, "first of all, the fact that we established farming as the main form of organizing agricultural production and opened wide opportunities for its development played a decisive role in achieving high results in the life of our villages." today, farms are large farms that have sufficient leased arable land at their disposal, are equipped with highly efficient modern equipment, and have mastered advanced technologies for efficient operation. today, they are the pillars of our villages. today, the farm has rightfully become the leading link of agricultural production, the main form of its organization. currently, the farming movement unites many farms in its structure. more than 85 percent of the total arable land in our country is at the disposal of farms, and the main part of the cultivated agricultural products falls on the farmers. over the past period, gradual reforms have been implemented in agriculture to introduce market relations, develop production, form a class of owners and ensure their independence. at the initial stage of the reforms, a solid legal framework and necessary conditions were created for organizing the activities of farmers and peasant farms, turning them into a leading force in the production of agricultural products. in particular, the land code, the law "on farming" and other normative legal documents were adopted, which create strong legal bases and guarantees for the development of farming, economic and financial independence of farms. over the past 30 years, as a result of the further improvement of legislation in the field of development of farming and ensuring reliable protection of their property relations, farms have rightfully become the leading link in the village, the main force producing agricultural products. now, a fundamental change in the activities of farms will be implemented, i.e., work will be carried out to gradually introduce multi-food activities in farms. according to him, our farmersentrepreneurs, who are engaged only in the production of agricultural products, introduce additional directions based on market demands. from january 1, 2022, the entities that do not meet this requirement and have not established multidisciplinary activities, who strive for innovation and renewal, are capable of working on the basis of new ideas, entrepreneurship, not only their own, but also the table of our nation make room for people who are ready to contribute to its abundance, especially young people. this, in turn, puts the task of diversifying the activities of farms. large-scale agrarian reforms carried out in our republic are aimed at diversification of production activities on farms, that is, the formation and development of modern multi-sectoral farms. is considered as a priority direction. first of all, we need to know the concept of diversification, its essence. diversification latin diversification means change, diverse development, it means the expansion and renewal of the fields of activity of enterprises and the type of products they produce. diversification is carried out to achieve higher efficiency in production, obtain economic benefits, eliminate bankruptcy and other purposes. the penetration of farms that previously specialized in one field (industry, agriculture, transport, finance, etc.) into other production sectors, service sectors, first of all, into high-profit sectors, increases the scope and opportunities of their economic activity. expands. diversification has recently become more important. in the activity of a company with a large amount of capital accumulated in the main areas of business, with very limited future opportunities, diversification creates the necessary conditions for capital investment and reducing the level of risk. the necessity of rational diversification is clearly felt in the conditions of choosing a clear direction for the enterprise and gradually eliminating its shortcomings. an enterprise that offers a complete set of products and services can reduce the risk and increase its competitiveness due to diversification. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 229 such situations motivate the enterprise to expand its scope of activity as a result of acquiring other firms and establishing new types of business. banking, stock exchange and brokerage services are embodied in a single financial services complex. various services are combined within the tourist business. companies dealing with shipping begin to recommend such services as life and property insurance, correspondence delivery, and tourism. enterprises in the field of production try to control the consumption channels of the product, the sources of raw materials, attract funds to the advertising business, and operate in the financial market. diversification is carried out in order to achieve higher efficiency in production, obtain economic benefits, eliminate bankruptcy and a number of other purposes. the penetration of firms that previously specialized in one field (industry, agriculture, sports, finance, etc.) into other production sectors, service sectors, first of all, into high-profit sectors, expands their areas of economic activity and opportunities. there are two main strategies for growth in a corporate environment: concentration in one field, and diversification into other fields. diversification is related to the advantage of large enterprises as the "benefit of diversity" and in today's modern conditions puts the production of one type of product in second place. it is somewhat more efficient to produce many different products under one large enterprise than to produce the same type of products in small, specialized enterprises.but this law is not universal. it should be said that the diversified activity of the enterprise is considered a form of implementation of the corporate strategy. the main commercial goal of diversification is to increase profits and create competitive advantages through the use of market opportunities. using the production capacity of the enterprise in a multi-purpose partnership can lead to significant savings. activation of the product consumption system reduces costs (products and services are sold through a single system). another available reserve of the economy includes intra-firm information, knowledge transfer, technical and managerial skills in production. the results obtained on the basis of the various training of workers and the variety of information obtained by them are also added to this. diversification, including synergism, is considered necessary to bring the company's tangible and intangible resources to full use. this, in turn, reduces the risk due to the fact that the enterprise eliminates its dependence on a certain type of product or market, and on the other hand, there is an increase in the risk due to diversification. there are 3 types of diversification in the diversification of farm activities: in horizontal diversification, the company engages in activities related to the main activity. for example, horticulture produces several types of plants, that is, agricultural products. in vertical diversification, it can be understood that farms are engaged in activities related to the production of some kind of agricultural products, that is, the production, storage and processing of products. diversification of a conglomerate means that it engages in activities that are completely unrelated to the main business activity. for example, farms whose main activity is crop production are engaged in retail trade, production of construction products or other similar activities. no matter what form of diversification is used, it provides an opportunity to effectively organize the activities of agricultural enterprises, ensure their high profitability, and their sustainable development. it is known that labor and product production in agriculture are seasonal in nature and depend on natural and climatic conditions, so the income of farms is more or less directly dependent on the favorable or unfavorable coming of the year. when the weather is unfavorable, there is a high probability that the income of farms will decrease sharply, and the year will end with a loss. also, the spread of various diseases and pests of plants and livestock, low prices of agricultural products as a result of changes in market demand, increases in the prices of fuel, lubricants, mineral fertilizers, some the high prices charged by service providers for these types of work and services will reduce the income of farms and make them insolvent. in american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 230 such conditions, farms should develop different directions of diversification in their farms along with the production of agricultural products. diversification of agricultural production requires, in addition to the above measures, effective use of cultivated products, expansion of the processing industry, and expansion of the production of various types of consumer goods in terms of market innovation. this increases the production efficiency of agricultural products, and also increases the competitiveness of all products in the domestic market as well as in the foreign market to a certain extent. the main directions of diversification of production in farms, increase of competitive products:  improvement of economic relations;  modernization of production;  attraction of production innovative technologies;  correct placement of crop varieties, increase product quality and crop productivity,  improving the breed of livestock and increasing the competitiveness of the livestock sector;  increase the competitiveness of processing and processing entities,  providing service to agriculture and increasing the competitiveness of service enterprises;  sustainable supply of food products to the population in the conditions of global climate change and water shortage. diversification of agricultural production, by its essence, is, on the one hand, a necessary component of modernization, and on the other hand, it is a reason for its necessity. in this respect, these two processes are interrelated. diversification is also meaningful and exciting and it can be applied to many areas and processes of the farm. diversification of agricultural production means, first of all, expansion of its field of activity. usually, the field of activity of a farm is determined by the production of the sector to which it belongs. diversification of agricultural activities also implies an increase in the range of products or services provided. in this place, the farm does not have to deal with different fields of activity. usually, the stability of a farm specializing in the production of a single type of product in the conditions of a market economy is characterized by a high level of risk. because a negative change in the situation in the market of this product can have a serious impact on the activity of the farm. accordingly, the farm is producing in a traditional way it is desirable to expand the range of products due to the production of products for which a new demand has formed and is consistently growing in the market. in this case, losses caused by a decrease in demand or a price decrease for one or another product in the market are compensated by the demand for other products or an increase in price.to ensure rapid growth of macroeconomic stability in the country, modernization of all leading sectors of the economy, including the agricultural sector, wide application of new techniques and cost-effective technologies, as well as radical renewal of the structure of production in agriculture, its change and requires diversification. it is known that by diversifying the activities of farms, ensuring the need for continuous growth of production in the conditions of limited land and water resources in agriculture, by fully and effectively using the potential of the agrarian sector and economic resources, the country's food security supply, providing raw materials to other industrial and processing sectors, attracting labor forces to other sectors and further increasing the standard of living and well-being of the population will expand by optimally ensuring employment in agriculture. in this regard, it is necessary to improve the existing system of specialization of farming activities, taking into account the specific characteristics of the regions of our republic, in order to diversify the activities of farms. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 231 large-scale agrarian reforms carried out in our republic are aimed at diversification of production activities on farms, that is, the formation and development of modern multi-sectoral farms. is considered as a priority direction. as a result of the ongoing economic reforms, positive progress is being made in agriculture every year. in this regard, it will help to increase the production volume and improve the quality of agricultural products, increase competitiveness in foreign and domestic markets, solve economic and social problems, as well as ensure stable growth of production in all sectors of the economy. today, our government pays special attention to the development of the agricultural sector in our country, in this regard, in the strategy of actions on the five priority directions of the development of the republic of uzbekistan in 2017-2021, specific tasks are set for the modernization and rapid development of agriculture given. to further deepen the reforms in agriculture, to strengthen the material and technical base of the sector, and most importantly, to further improve the agricultural economy, to further increase the living standards of the population in rural areas, to make it necessary to diversify the activities of farms in terms of the development of small business and private entrepreneurship. is eating in recent years, as a result of the diversification of farm activities, the attitude towards private property in farms has fundamentally changed, and the practice of organizing and managing production based on market requirements is developing in them based on modern management principles. in the process of approval, farms must provide themselves with the necessary equipment, working capital, have credit capacity, and most importantly cover their expenses and work at a profit, making increasing the income of the farm a reliable basis. special attention was paid. as a result of increasing the potential of farms, ensuring their financial and economic stability, their opportunities to increase the productivity of agricultural crops, increase productivity in livestock breeding, improve product quality and increase their assortment are increasing. in particular, the introduction of intensive technologies by farms in the fields of fruit and vegetable growing and viticulture, as well as animal husbandry, further expands their capabilities. at the current stage of further deepening of economic reforms and structural changes, special attention is being paid to the processes of modernization and diversification of farms in our country, along with further strengthening of the material and technical base. in recent years, the term "diversification" has been widely used in world practice and is interpreted in different ways. sustainable development of agriculture today is directly related to diversification of farms. after all, the goal of diversification is to timely adapt to changes in the market conditions of farmers and to stabilize the economic activity of the farm. first of all, in order to reduce the risk in farms, it expands the possibilities of directing investments or other funds in several areas, thereby increasing the types of production of products and ensuring their interests. it is necessary to pay attention to the following as important tasks to be carried out in order to diversify the activities of farms:  improvement and renewal of the material and technical base in farms based on the introduction of new techniques and technologies;  improvement of production technology and transition to narrow specialization in the production of agricultural products;  scientific management of every process in the farm by a person with leadership skills and the ability to correctly select personnel;  attraction of various agro-innovations to the farm and its implementation;  ability to withstand strong competition and production of competitive products, taking into account market conditions, demand and supply elasticity; american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 232  every economic entity should develop a prospective diversification strategy based on its capabilities. the distinctive features of diversification of farm activities are as follows:  first of all, as a result of the correct selection of intermediate and repeated crops, the introduction of crop rotation, the structure and productivity of the land will be high;  in cases where profits are reduced as a result of the decrease in productivity due to unfavorable natural conditions, it is possible to cover them from another sector;  permanent employment is ensured among the population, especially in rural areas throughout the year;  the financial stability of the economy is ensured, that is, the possibility of not depending on the income from only one branch;  the availability of on-site processing of products grown on the farm leads to cost reduction and high economic efficiency;  effective use of free local fertilizers to increase soil fertility and productivity;  the population's need for food is satisfied to a certain extent, especially it serves to a certain extent to satisfy their needs for meat, milk, and eggs from livestock products. list of used literature i. normative-legal documents and publications of methodological importance. 1. law of the republic of uzbekistan "on farming". new edition. august 26, 2004. 2. decree no. pf-60 of the president of the republic of uzbekistan on january 28, 2022 "on the development strategy of the new uzbekistan for 2022-2026". goal 30. 3. presidential decree on measures to develop agricultural cooperation in the field of fruit and vegetable growing (pq-4239, 14.03.2019y). 4. decision pq-4246 (20.03.2019) of the president of the republic of uzbekistan "on measures to further develop horticulture and greenhouse farming in the republic of uzbekistan". ii. other used literature 1. joraev f. organization of production in agricultural enterprises: textbook. t.: istiklal, 2004. 2. umrzakov o'.p., toshboyev a.j., rashidov j., toshboyev a.a. agricultural economics and management. study guide. t.: "economy finance", 2008. 268 p. 3. umurzakov o'.p., toshboyev a.j, toshboyev a.a. "agricultural economy". t.: "economyfinance", 2007 4. agricultural economy and management. textbook/ g'.a.samatov, i.b.rustamova, u.a.sheripbaeva. t.: 2012. 346 p. internet sites 1. http://www.tsuye.uz/tashkent state university of economics. 2. http://www.gov.uz/ government portal of the republic of uzbekistan 3. http://www.agro.uz/ministry of agriculture of the republic of uzbekistan international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 1 | nov-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 33 from home to school: experiences of students towards the implementation of face-to-face classes during post pandemic jayben p. locion samar national school, western samar abstract: since the day that the covid-19 (coronavirus) outbreak occurs, many places around the world started to take actions and safety measures to prevent the spread of the said virus. face-toface teaching has been in halt to avoid the spread of the disease. approximately two years since the pandemic happen. in the recent time, the world started to go back on the way of living before pandemic; this includes reopening schools for face-to-face classes. this qualitative study made use of hermeneutic phenomenological research design by getting the lived experiences of students towards the implementation and reopening of face-to-face classes and what are their ways and means in coping and adjusting to the said situation. hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used in the study to further understand the responses of the participants. non-probability sampling design is used in the study; specifically the researchers used selection criteria in determining the participants. as the point of saturation is met, the researcher conducted an in-depth analysis of the responses using thematic analysis. results of the study show that students have different personal experiences as they faced and cope–up regarding of their problems, difficulties & challenges during the progressive face-to-face learning. generally, most of the participants have common interventions such as seeking help/assistance, proper sleep, prayers, advanced readings/studying of lessons, and most of all, time management. this study will be in great help to students, parents, teachers, school administrators, institutions and future researchers in terms of communicating, adapting, and creating interventions to better adapt with the ever-changing situations. keywords: progressive face-to-face, covid-19 (coronavirus), pandemic, lived experiences, challenges, interventions. introduction students are engaged in learning as it is significant and relevant to their lives, satisfying the presence of education. this standard of excellence is attainable in both traditional and non-traditional educational settings. due to a variety of factors, including the widespread of the virus covid19 pandemic and the country's recent economic downturn, the non-traditional or online class method of education has emerged as the primary method for teaching and conducting education. the sudden need to adapt the online teaching-learning process becomes the best option for the situation. according to the department of education (deped), this is the ideal way to continue the students' started knowledge because of the ongoing high cases of the covid-19 pandemic in the country, as well as to ensure their safety. even the students are aware to use the technology, they find this method challenging and could not easily adapt the scenario that affects their academic performances. learning due to the covid-19 pandemic challenged the digital readiness of both teachers and students all over the world. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 34 distance education is commonly supported by many types of technology. as a result of current and quick improvements in information and communication technology, as well as greater capacity of internet settings instructor demand connection, the use of synchronous solutions for education has been increasingly widespread. synchronous learning supports various sorts of interaction, and the use of synchronous conferencing systems has educational advantages. for starters, real-time engagement allows for the replication of a real-life classroom learning setting as well as immediate interactive meaning clarification (steeples et al., 2012). synchronous conferencing over the internet also provides participants with a sense of immediate contact, motivation, and even a little fun, which is especially beneficial for distance learners. with the aforementioned statements, the claim on the usage of internet and the distance modality has been the practice on formal knowledge dissemination of schools to cater the needs of the learners amidst pandemic. however, nothing can beat teaching-learning process through face-to-face delivery. in this regard, the post pandemic era started to shift back to face-to-face modality in catering the learners and to make sure that the education will further improve in the way. the researcher, to understand the experiences of students during pandemic and their perceived challenges as the shift to progressive face-to-face occurs, further investigated the ways and means of students in terms of approaches and interventions. literature review schooling is one of the most impacted aspects of human existence due to the coronavirus disease pandemic. since the pandemic's emergence and danger, several governments worldwide have opted to temporarily suspend schools, affecting millions of students. therefore, the epidemic has caused a learning problem among pupils, the majority of whom are youngsters (sarmiento et al., 2021). according to bettis (2020) surmises that whilst there are new challenges when traditional universities adopt online teaching, the covid-19 pandemic can be an opportunity to enhance student experience by providing students with flexible deliveries via recorded lectures. baber (2021) shows that south korean students have adapted to e-learning during the covid-19 pandemic, implying that the change from f2f to online was not perceived negatively by students. on the other hand, using a case study approach, yang and huang (2020) said that, while the sudden change to teaching has disadvantages, the pandemic can expedite the development of new online materials. they also interpret that blended learning has the potential to accommodate different learning styles to become the „new normal‟. the researchers write case study in order to find out the very reasons why certain things or certain cases happen to a person or a group of people or to an organization. hence, in the philippines, the government‟s department of education has come up with guidelines to implement online and modular distance learning delivery of instruction. this is to safeguard students from being infected by the disease. however, plans to conduct the pilot implementation of progressive face-to-face delivery in low-risk areas of covid-19 transmission for january 2021 have been approved by the president but later recalled due to the threat of the new strain of covid-19. predicaments are raised whether the country is ready to open its schools for students to go for face-to-face learning despite having been one of the longest and strictest lockdowns in the world (sarmiento et al, 2021). moreover, the school reopening for face-to-face interactions must be carefully planned to ensure the safety of students as well as teachers and school staff in a staged fashion especially in following physical distancing (locion et al., 2022). planning and execution of school health protocols during this pandemic must be supported by the truthful data being given by various institutions. a knowledge gap exists because the preference of students towards f2f during the pandemic is not well–established. thus, the researcher is motivated to report student voice to offer insights to educators about strategies to enhance students‟ experiences. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 35 methodology a qualitative research approach is used in this study to investigate and determine the experiences of the study‟s informants, as well as to extract meaning from their responses. the research technique will be phenomenological research, which focuses on how people articulate and understand their lived experiences as a result of occurrences. phenomenological techniques are founded on a basic paradigm of personal knowledge and subjectivity, emphasizing the importance of human experience, personal perspective, and interpretation in relation to the commonalities shared by all participants. furthermore, phenomenological research might describe the meaning of a phenomenon for numerous persons (creswell and poth, 2016). the researcher used hermeneutic phenomenology in this study to further investigate the real-life experiences of students. in this study, the researcher used a non-probability sampling design, specifically purposive sampling with the help of selection criteria that aided the researcher locate the informants. six (6) participants were interviewed in this study as it meets the saturation point. upon identifying the participants, the researcher ensured proper consent which follows necessary ethical considerations. research instruments and data gathering techniques in collecting the data, the researcher used an in-depth interview using a semi-structured interview guide. overall, the interview process was anchored to the interview stages and strategies presented by braun and clarke (2013). by defining what should be included in the interview questions as reflected in the interview guide and by following the interview protocol, the researcher observed proper interview methods. a checklist, record book, and a cellphone (to record the scene) were used to document the interviews with the informants. the researcher ensured that the video recording will be deleted after needed information have been generated. treatment of data a thematic analysis using van manen (2016) framework was used in interpreting and understanding the data that was interviewed from the informants. the framework that was utilized followed these six steps: (1) familiarization; (2) coding; (3) generating themes; (4) reviewing themes; (5) defining and naming themes; and (6) writing up. the analysis started by collecting and sorting the responses of the informants and the researchers compiled and organized the obtained information according to their codes. the codes were eventually grouped according to the themes that the researcher created. after finalizing and interpreting the sorted data, the researcher made sure that the process was systematically and orderly followed through highlighting the rigor in qualitative research by integrating trustworthiness which constitutes these four (4) areas: (1) credibility; (2) dependability; (3) confirmability; and (4) transferability (lincoln and guba, 1985). results and discussions this chapter presents the answers to the sub questions in the statement of the problem. it conveys the responses of grade-10 students to the interview questions formulated. important parts of their responses were highlighted and written here in verbatim to carefully form interpretations and ensure authenticity. intendedly, this painted a clearer picture for the experiences of grade 10 students assigned in the progressive face-to-face classes. 1. what are the difficulties that the students’ experiences during progressive face-to-face learning? 1.1. difficult subject/s all respondent interpreted that their having difficulties at math subject. respondent 2 tells that he‟s also having a hard time in english subject as well as respondent 6, it is hard for them to construct and comprehend english. and respondent 1 is having a hard time as well in terms of science subject. r1: “an math ngan science talaga an makuri (laughs)” https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/#step-1-familiarization https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/#step-2-coding https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/#step-3-generating-themes https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/#step-4-reviewing-themes https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/#step-5-defining-and-naming-themes https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/#step-6-writing-up american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 36 r2: “there are subject that im having difficulties ngan math adto” r3: “if for me la, my hardest subject is an mathematics and this subject is where im struggling tikang yana.” r4: “it’s hard for me to understand uhm mathematics subject grabe ang paghihirap nakaka krazy.” r5. “mathematics is my weakness specially now because of pandemic its hard for me to understand math” r6: “ageeeh, ginukurian akot math nga subject bagat na huhubya ako pag aanswer activities labi na kun math na tapus subject gihapon nga may english kakuri ha akon labi na kun mga easy it papatrabaho” 1.2. reasons why the subject/s is/are difficult respondent 1 thinks that when it comes to science and math, she can understand the lessons, but she feels lazy answering those activities that relates to this subject. respondent 2 and 4 comprehend that it is hard for them to understand math and english. respondent 3 and 6 interpret that just by looking at the numbers she already concluded that mathematics is a difficult subject, respondent 6 also thinks that making a sentence is hard when it comes to english. and respondents 5 thinks that mathematics is difficult for her because she is not good with it. r1:”i think it’s the laziness for me kasi maraming nagsasabi nam an na madali yung math uhm naintindihan molang at yung science ay pag intindi lang talaga sadyang lazy person lang ako.” r2:“i just to some researching and reading in overcoming my difficulties in math.” r3:“uhhmm, para akon kakuri hit math bagat nakita pala akot numbers makuri na hiya dayon” r4:“uhm... for me mahirap po ang pag understand ng mathematics kahit gaano ako kasikap mag solve tapos the end mali yung sagot ko.” r5. “maybe because i‟m not good with this subject that‟s why it is difficult for me” r6:“nakita pala akot numbers hinuhubya na ako pag answer siguro kay makuri tapus hit englisuh nakakahimo ako sentence pero kakuri pag himo madaliay.” 2.3. suggestions in overcoming the subject subject difficulties according to all the respondents researching and reading more resources will help you to overcome your diffeculties to the subject matter you are having difficulty. r1: “i think when you read tapus haloan mop ag intindi and you do some rearch hito you can understand the lesson siguro” r2: “i just to some researching and reading in overcoming my difficulties in math.” r3. “nagrereseach ako ha internet tas youtube pag drek nakakaintindi han akon assignment.” r4: “i think pag mag research ako pag katapos i give myself a time to read comprehensively, mauunawaan at mamahalin ko ang paksa..” s5. “reading & gathering more information about those subjects that i think is difficult for me so that it is not hard for me to understand and study the subjects” s6: “nag reresearch ako, danay nag babsa ako han mga answers han iba or discussions han iba sugad han brainly.. hehehe.” 2. how does the students strategically cope up with the problems they encounter during progressive face-to-face classes? 2.1. using strategies to face the difficulties. in respondent 1‟s case, she believes that the strategies will help a person think easier in any ways. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 37 the researchers interviewed respondent 2 and 3 thru social media. in respondent 2, he was able to adapt his strategy by being a resilient and adjust in new type of learning mechanism by being patience even though there are hard times for him to face the implemented face-to-face learning on the other hand respondent 3, her strategy is seeking god as center of prayer like, she prays for god to face the difficulties and suffering, praying for her is the most effective way to motivate herself. lastly, for the respondents 4,5,6. respondents 4 and 6 believe that we are now encountering problems such as we need to accept this fact, such as, we need to follow health protocols in avoiding this virus. and for the respondent 6, she believes that having a time management in this time of pandemic is important because it will be your guide as to accomplish things for that day. r1: “..uhm,.i guess makakabulig an strategies since they tend to make things easier diba (laughs)” r2:” the strategies that i used to cope up with the problems during progressive f2f classes was to be reselient and to adjust to the new strategy of learning in education. by this, i was able to adapt to the new learning mechanism of the education system nowadays even though there are times that it was really tough for me to adjust. but having a lot patience help me to conquer the problems that i've faced during f2f classes in this time of pandemic.” r3: “dako talaga an naibulig ha akon it pananalig sa diyos kay tikang hini, mas nadedevelop am aton pananampalataya. tapos, those of my problems in school like mga tambak na school works pr any na related of my studies, he heard and now i’d already finished” r4: "sa panahon ng progressive face-to-face ay ang mga struggles na kinakaharap namin ay uhm kailangan magsuot ng facemask everywhere at saka sumunod sa social distancing para maiwasan ang pag spread ng virus." r5: “students cope up the problems during progressive face – to – face by having big adjustment, accepting the fact that even if it is difficult, we are going to adapt the life of new normal” r6: “an akon gin himo during hini yana nga pandemiya,nagkaada ako han sinisiring nga time management… hehehe. dako in inga bolig kay nagkaada ako guide kun anot akon hhmuon or bubuhaton para hito na adlaw” 2.2. using strategies as an improvement during face-to-face classes. in respondent 1‟s case she interprets that the advantage of the strategies in coping up problems makes her work easier. respondent 2 thinks that, strategies will be a tool in improving oneself attitude towards facing problems specially in limited face–to–face classes. for respondent 3, her strategy really helpful at all times, it will help her enrich herself to become more good person as well as to others. it‟s not just respondent 3, to have strong relationship with god but all of us too. respondent 4 thinks that following safety protocols is important in this time of pandemic, he also concluded that, it is a good strategy since it will keep yourself healthy as to having yourself a vaccine. for respondent 5, she stated that, strategies are the key for the students to realize how important education is. lastly, respondent 6 thinks that time management is important specially in adjusting oneself in any unexpected situation. r1:“sa pamamagitan ng ano sa pag-gamit ko nito bilang advantage sa mga bagay na pwede kong gamitan ng strategies para sa sarili ko at para mapadali yung ginagawa ko.” r2:“i will use these strategies of mine to be able to surpass the current predicaments and problems that i faced during lemited f2f classes and by this i will be able to improve my attitudes towards facing these unevitable problems in this time of pandemic” r3:“i will use this kind of strategy to become a model as a good person, having a good personality and sharing anything about god so that, they will seek him and by trusting him theres no need to worry about your problems wspecially in our study” r4:“sa pamamagitan ng uhm pagiging disiplinado at pag take ng bakuna upang hinde mag spread ang virus, makakatulong ang pagiging disiplinado upang mapabuti ang progressive face-to-face..” american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 38 r5:“it helps the students realize that no matter what problem will come, education is most impor8tant to everyone we are just going to be careful by nowadays by following the covid – 19 protocols.” r6:“natuuod gud ako, para akon its time management maupay kay nakakabulig pag adjust tim kalugaringon kun ano man it problema nga imo ma encounter xd” the following were the salient findings derived from the study: 1. the strategies that help the respondents face the problems and the difficulties during progressive face–to–face classes. in respondent 1‟s case, he/she believes that 1the strategies will help a person thing easier in any ways. moreover, respondent 2, he/she was able to adapt his/her strategy by being a resilient and adjust in new type of learning mechanism by being patience even though there are hard times for him/her to face the implemented face-to-face learning on the other hand respondent 3, his/her strategy is seeking god as center of prayer like, she prays for god to face the difficulties and suffering, praying for her is the most effective way to motivate herself. lastly, for the respondents 4,5,6. respondents 4 and 6 believe that we are now encountering problems such as we need to accept this fact, such as, we need to follow health protocols in avoiding this virus. and for the respondent 6, he/she believes that having a time management in this time of pandemic is important because it will be your guide as to accomplish things for that day. 2. the respondents will use their strategies to make an improvement to their self during progressive face–to–face classes, in which the respondent 1t interprets that the advantage of the strategies in coping up problems it will make his/her work easier. on the other hand, respondent 2 stated that strategies will be a tool in improving oneself attitude towards facing problems specially during the progressive face–to–face classes and respondent 3 stated as well that strategy really helpful at all times, it will help enrich himself/herself to become a good person as well as to others. moreover, respondent 4 stated that safety protocols is important in this time of pandemic and respondent 5 said that strategy it will make students realize how important education is. and lastly, according to respondent 6, time management is important specially in adjusting oneself in any unexpected situation. 3. it shows that all respondent interprets that their having difficulties at math subject. respondent 2 tells that she‟s also having a hard time in english subject as well as respondent 6, it is hard for them to construct and comprehend english. and respondent 1 is having a hard time as well in terms of science subject. respondent 1 thinks that when it comes to science and math, he/she can understand the lesson, but he/she feels lazy answering those activities that relates to this subject. on the other hand, according to respondent 2 it is hard for him/her to understand math and english ad respondent 3 said by just looking at the numbers he/she already concluded that mathematics is a difficult subject. meanwhile, respondent 5 stated that mathematics is difficult for him/her because he/she is not good with it. and lastly, respondent 6 thought by just looking at the numbers he/she is not interested already answering the activities in mathematics and though he/she can make a sentence in english, but it will make time. 4. it shows that respondents 1 and 2 it is hard for them to adjust right away from modular distance learning to progressive face–to-face learning. for respondent 3, 4 and 5 it is an advantage because of the limited face–to–face classes it is easy for them to understand the lesson. lastly, according to respondent 6, he/she is in the process in processing all these things, but he/she is happy because progressive face–to–face classes shows that we are now stable in adjusting with this pandemic. 5. the respondent 1 said that by making his thoughts strong and everything happens for a reason he/she can surpass that problems and challenges during the progressive face–to–face classes. and according to the respondent 2 doing his/her best can cope up all the problems and challenges during the progressive face – to face classes. moreover, respondent 3 said that researching, studying, and doing his best to all the activities is one of the keys in accomplishing his/her american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 39 activities where in it is one of his/her problem. furthermore, the respondents 4 think positively in all the problems and challenges that he/she encountered and according to the respondent one of the keys in coping up problems and respondent 5 stated those challenges during the progressive face–to–face classes are being optimist. lastly, respondent 6 said that he/she always thinks for a solution on his/her problems and do his best in solving it. conclusion based on the results, the study concluded that students have different personal experiences as they faced and cope–up regarding of their problems, difficulties & challenges during the progressive faceto-face learning. generally, most of the participants have common interventions such as seeking help/assistance, proper sleep, prayers, advanced readings/studying of lessons, and most of all, time management. recommendations the shift between various teaching-learning modalities in the delivery of lessons gives difficulty to both teachers and learners especially in adapting and adjusting with the situation. in line with this, to support the results of the study, it is much better to have communication, interventions and coordination between parents, teachers, students and school administrators. parents may supervise the learners through assisting and giving moral support to the learners. teachers and students may have a conducive environment through open communication and sharing of knowledge and information during face-to-face classes. administrators can give school activities such as mental health support and awareness, students‟ welfare and assistance, and the like that can help develop students esteem and confidence as they cope with the shift to progressive face-to-face learning. references a. books 1. creswell, j. w., & poth, c. (2016). qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches. sage publications. 2. deped (december 15, 2020). official statement on the pilot implementation of the progressive face to face classes. 3. dewey, j. (2015). experiences and education. new york: macmillan 4. ellis, p. (2016). understanding research for nursing students (3rd edn). sage publications, london. 5. given l. (2016). looking for information seeking, needs, amd behavior. emerald group publishing. 6. glatthorn, a. (2015). the principal as curriculum leader (2 nd ed.). thousand oaks, ca: corwin press. goodland. 7. lincoln, y. s., & guba, e. g. (1985). naturalistic inquiry. newbury park, ca: sage publications. 8. manen, m.v. (2016). researching lived experience: human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. routledge. 9. pitt, a., kessel a. (2020). a modelling of the covid 19 pandemic. chaos, solition and amp; fractals. 10. sarmiento p. (2021) the truth must prevail: citizens‟ rights to know the truth during the era of covid-19. j pub health. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 40 b. journals, magazines, newspapers 1. baber, h. (2021). determinants of students‟ perceived learning outcome and satisfaction in online learning diring pandemic of covid19. journal of education and e-learning research, 7(3), 285-292. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.509.2020.73.285.292 2. betts, a. (2021). a lockdown journal from catalonia. studies in higher education, 46(1), 3442/ 75-85. 3. braun, v. & clarke, v. (2013). teaching thematic analysis: overcoming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. the psychologist, 26(2), 120-123. 4. edizon, f. (2020). rewriting higher education in the time of covid-19 and beyond. international journal of educational research & amp; social sciences,. 3(2), 966-975. 5. fogarty t. (2020). accounting education in the post-covid world: looking into the mirror of erised. accounting education. 29(6), 563–571. 6. gordon, n. (2014). flexible pedalogies: technology-enhanced learning. hull england: the higher education academy. 1-24. 7. guillen, f. (2019). qualitative research: hermeneutical phenomenological method. journal of educational psychology-propositos y representaciones, 7(1), 217-229. 8. locion, j.p., sison, j. c., suarez, s. b. c., de jesus, m. t., pelande, j. c., & uy, m. s. (2022). the academic experiences of senior high school students in the midst of pandemic. east asian journal of multidisciplinary research, 1(6), 1017-1032. 9. sangster a. (2020). insights into accounting education in a covid-19 world. accounting education. 29(5), 431–562. c. electronic sources 1. allen, p. (2017) the world in the trinity: open ended systems in science and religion. il. retrieved from joseph a. bracken, sj. the world in the trinity: open-ended systems in science and religion 10.1628/219597717x14884498299204 mohr siebeck 2. chang-richards, a., vargo, j., & sevile, e. (2020). organizational resilience to natural disaster: new zealand‟s experience (eng. translation), 117-119. 3. todres l. and holloway i. (2017). phenomenological research. in: gerrish k and lacey a (eds). the researchprocess in nursing. oxford: blackwell, pp.177–187 other sources 1. gell, t. (2019). 4 approaches to analyzing open-ended survey responses. drive research. retrieved from https://driveresearch.com 2. mark, g., & semaan, b.(2018). resilience in collaboration: technology as a resource for new patterns of action. proceedings of the 2018 acm conference on computer supported cooperative work. 137-146. retrieved from resilience in collaboration | proceedings of the 2008 acm conference on computer supported cooperative work 3. unesco (january 1, 2021). unesco‟s support: educational response to covid-19. retrieve from unesco‟s support: educational response to covid-19 https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/artikel/joseph-a-bracken-sj-the-world-in-the-trinity-open-ended-systems-in-science-and-religion-101628219597717x14884498299204?no_cache=1 https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/artikel/joseph-a-bracken-sj-the-world-in-the-trinity-open-ended-systems-in-science-and-religion-101628219597717x14884498299204?no_cache=1 https://driveresearch.com/ https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1460563.1460585 https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1460563.1460585 https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/support?fbclid=iwar2iusrs342ovmhizy6sb7cjxzfqgpojzof_p4bklq5bedjwqvkwsp1ibkw international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 1 | nov-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 23 stratification of the population of uzbekistan in the late xx early xxi centuries shavkat rakhmatullaev candidate of historical sciences, senior researcher, scientific secretary of the institute of state and law of the academy of sciences of the republic of uzbekistan abstract: by the end of xx century to researchers – social scientists have accumulated a wealth of methodological tools and terminological apparatus for characterizing the processes of stratification in modern societies. however, with regard to uzbekistan studies of this kind are in the initial stage . this is due to a number of factors relating to, first, the terms of humanitarian development, including historical and social science, and secondly, the complexity of the problems of the modern guest transit period. meanwhile, the formation of the market environment and the occurrence of the global economic space motivate the importance of studying the transformation processes in the social structure of the population in terms of the sovereign development. as part of this article examines changes in financial position and income levels of uzbekistan, characterized by mixed stratification processes transit period. to carry out such studies, in our opinion, the most preferred is the analysis of changes revenue potential of the population, most objective adequately reflect changes in the social structure that occurred and are occurring in the country in the post-soviet period. in this case, despite the complexity of the definition of an indicator or set of indicators that would be most appropriate to the actual financial position of the individual layers, groups, income potential can serve as the basis for the relative isolation of groups on the basis of: the poor middle income the rich. following the formal logic, they can be represented social group, located at the yield sign in a hierarchical axis of the standard of living and consumption 1 . the roots of modern stratification processes transformation of the social structure of the population of uzbekistan (in particular, its separation) at the end of xx beginning of xxi century is influenced by the complex processes associated with the transitional phase of development of society, the national economy, in particular. if we start from the definition of economists that "transition is an economy in which there is a relatively long process of disintegration of the old economic system and the formation of the elements of a new economic order" 2 , modern transition state of uzbekistan's economy is not a unique phenomenon, and stratification changes are caused by a process of natural. the above is based on the most common data definitions among economists transitional stage of social development. one group of economists to classify stages of social development and evaluation 2.1 1 o kriteriyax i metodax issledovaniya bolee podrobno sm.: raxmatullaev sh.m. sovremenno'e metodo' i kriterii v izuchenii zkonomicheskoy stratifikatsii obhestva: vopros statusa srednego klassa uzbekistana // istoricheskaya nauka v kontekste intellektualnogo razvitiya tsentralnoy azii (ocherki istoriografii i istochnikovedeniya) / otv. red. d.i.n. d.a. alimova… – t., 2014. s. 71-77. 2.1 2 http://studlib.com/content/view/3137/44/ american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 24 stages of the economic system, takes as its basis a factor. in line with this, they are divided on the agrarian society (where the crucial role played by land, farmland), industrial (real capital), postindustrial (human capital, information). another group (for example, marx and his followers), use the category of "mode of production". on the basis of this approach was extended, in particular well-known theory of successive socio-economic formations (primitive communal, slave, feudal, capitalist, communist, with its first phase socialism). since the second half of xx century was becoming more common so-called civilization criterion when scientists in assessing the transition states are considering the totality of elements of material and spiritual culture of society (and not just factors of production). accordingly, "the most widespread among economists has three fixing such critical states of society as traditional (pre-market economy), the market economy and the economy of post-industrial society" 3 . in each of which is allocated leading social groups, respectively: landowners, owners of capital, highly skilled workers with the advanced system requirements. controversy with extendable economists theories associated with historical overtones and economic context of the problem. for our study, the priority is not contesting the findings of the leading strata and social groups at one or another stage of development of society, and themselves and prerequisites transitions, transformation processes that influenced the formation of new or existing fading social strata in uzbekistan. compared with other countries (eastern europe, western and central part of the ussr) unprepared "jump" from one (pre-capitalist agrarian) stage of social development in a completely different, driven by utopian ideas, ignoring another (market) stage and the natural course of development for the people of uzbekistan unexpected burden proved doubly complicating the return on the evolutionary path. it should be noted that russian expansion (including its negative components associated with the traditional relationship of the colony and the metropolis), in the late xix early xx century paved the way for the development of trade and market relations mainly in urban and agricultural areas of central asia, to begin forming new social strata typical for this stage of development. thus, according to the experts "in coverage of commodity-money, cattle market bonds significantly inferior to the agricultural complex... this is explained by the fact that the production of cotton... almost completely took the form of goods and dispose of the market. and this market is the transformation of russian turkestan in the periphery of the capitalist economy became more capacious" 4 , which in turn "... contributed to the rapid transformation of natural farmer facilities in commodity and cause a number of features in land relations and the internal structure of the village. in the early twentieth century. it increased social differentiation, strengthened middle peasants, their number has grown significantly, from wealthy farmers began to form a new social group bai" 5 . gradually to commodity-market economy began to join local artisans and craftsmen, rather solid niche in economic relations took stratum consisting of people engaged in trade, of which at the beginning of the twentieth century. grew larger local merchants millionaires the so-called commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. this meant that the province was relatively rapid process of formation and development of market relations (with local flavors) classic design, characteristic of xvii-xix centuries. but social disasters that befell the russian empire in the early xx century, and forced transition to the planned economy of the soviet type, negative impact on the socio-psychological state of the population (in the mind), including uzbekistan. not having deep enough to "taste" some elements of the classic design of market relations and encode it at the genetic level, the population was subjected to experiments forming egalitarian society with a strong ideological bias, and as a result, lost the rich social heritage which it has accumulated before the events in 1917 c on the other hand, we must recognize that socialism virtually unable to create a society with equal rights and material prosperity. moreover, the difference between rich and poor had, and every year, albeit without express symptoms increased, for example, did not experience any material difficulties the party 2.1 3 sm.: tam je. 2.1 4 istoriya kazaxstana i tsentralnoy azii: ucheb. posobie / abuseitova m.x. i dr. – almato', 2001. – s. 409. 2.1 5 maxkamova n.r. sotsialnaya struktura obhestva na territorii uzbekistana: traditsii i transformatsii (konets xix v – 30-e godo' xx v.): avtorref... dokt. ist. nauk. – tashkent, 2011. – s. 19. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 25 nomenklatura, leaders of the soviet state apparatus, as well as to hide their income underground entrepreneurs, etc. lack of historical practice a particularly negative impact on the socio-demographic development of the country during the soviet period. by the end of the soviet era uzbekistan was in the grip of the so-called "malthusian trap" 6 the impact of high population growth and a significant proportion of disabled people on the welfare of society. thus, according to experts, in 1985-1990. population growth absorbs 70% of the growth of the national income 7 . although the theory of malthus still fiercely criticized by his contemporaries (in terms of the fact that with the growth of living standards, improvement of material living conditions are subject to changes in demographic processes affecting the fertility decline) 8 , in uzbekistan it has acquired specific coloring and for the republic was regularity, especially in 60-80 years of xx century. this pattern was determined by lack of motivation to productive activities, "feudal-socialist" thinking, to form the population of uzbekistan during the 70 years of "socialist construction." this is as a consequence of a negative impact on demographic processes in the country, has become one of the main reasons for the decline of living standards (particularly in rural areas). according to western sociologists in the democratic society, people are born with equal rights, but with different needs and abilities to work effectively. people capable, enthusiastic, talented in every society about 5% (according to other sources up to 10%) 9 . accessibility needs and abilities, dependency in modern societies, according to the same estimates, about 25%. other members of society are dispersed between these poles 10 . it is clear that, having different capabilities and needs, individuals make different social choice, and in terms of "building communism", where there was no particular economic interest and proclaimed "egalitarianism" pandemic in social development has resulted in the dominance of the population dependent moods. standard of living and social structure of the population in the late 1980s early 1990s. it is well known that for many decades, the former soviet union formed "triad" of social division, the characteristic matrix of the socialist structure of society (the working class the peasantry the intelligentsia), subsequently served as a potential base for the polarization of society in terms of market reforms. meanwhile, this division can be considered more illusory, does not reflect the reality of living standards and material wealth of the population, both in uzbekistan and in the country as a whole 11 . in each stratum could attend at least three layers (rich-poor-average) is distributed in living standards and incomes. due to objective and subjective reasons associated with the collapse of the former soviet union and the disintegration of economic space, the representatives of the "triad" in large part been sidelined 2.1 6 teoriya, vo'dvinutaya odnim iz teoretikov klassicheskoy zkonomicheskoy shkolo' – tomasom maltusom (1766-1834 gg.) v svoey knige «opo't o zakone narodonaseleniya». 2.1 7 yusupov yu.b. stanovlenie i razvitie zkonomicheskoy nauki. kurs lektsiy po istorii zkonomicheskoy mo'sli s drevneyshix vremen do kontsa 80-x gg. xx veka. – t., 1999. – s. 64. 2.1 8 sm.: yadgarov ya.s. istoriya zkonomicheskix ucheniy. uchebnik dlya vuzov. – m., 1997. – s. 84-91.; bertenev s.a. istoriya zkonomicheskix ucheniy v voprosax i otvetax: uchebno-metodicheskoe posobie. – m., 1998. – s. 50-51.; yusupov yu.b. stanovlenie i razvitie zkonomicheskoy nauki… s. 59-64.; i dr. 2.1 9 «psixologi opredelyayut kolichestvennuyu granitsu sposobnostey k predprinimatelstvu po rasprostraneniyu ztogo sotsialnogo fenomena sredi naseleniya. zta otsenka ne prevo'shaet 10%, to est ne bolee 10% naseleniya imeet ob'ektivno'e danno'e dlya zanyatiya predprinimatelskoy deyatelnostyu». istochnik: sharifullina t. sistemno'y podxod k analizu, prognozu predprinimatelskoy deyatelnosti i kadrovomu obespecheniyu // zkonomika i klass sobstvennikov. t., 2003. № 4. s. 9. 2.1 10 starushenko g. b. obhestvenno'y stroy: kakoy on u nas mojet bo't? // sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. m., 1992. № 12. s. 85. 2.1 11 dlya xarakteristiki stratifikatsionno'x sistem primenitelno k sovetskoy obhestvu rossiyskie sotsiologi radaev v. v., shkaratan o. i. schitayut, chto «printsipialnuyu sterjnevuyu rol v nem,… igraet ztakraticheskaya sistema» (rangi vo vlastnoy ierarxii). zto ob'yasnyaetsya tem, chto iz-za vo'sokoy stepeni ogosudarstvleniya sobstvennosti i proniknoveniya vo vse sfero' obhestvennoy jizni uvelichivaet vozmojnosti i sotsialnoe polojenie tex sotsialno'x grupp kotoro'e naxodyatsya blije k kormilu gosudarstvennoy vlasti. istochnik: radaev v. v., shkaratan o. i. sotsialnaya stratifikatsiya: ucheb. posobie. – m., 1996. s. 58-59. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 26 social change, and their material prosperity, as well as the economic situation has deteriorated. naturally, this process affected, and uzbekistan, where the transformation of the social structure proceeds with its own characteristics. statistical materials of the soviet period indicate that the standard of living and material prosperity of the population of uzbekistan, as well as many other socio-economic indicators, compared to the european part of the former soviet union, were significantly lower throughout the existence of the ussr. it should be noted that in the absence of private property and statistics features of the period, one of the main criteria of the standard of living and income security of the population was of durable goods, although in terms of egalitarianism and income had little importance. comparative data are presented in table. 1-3. provision of the population of durable goods (end of year) units. durable goods per 100 families per 1000 people 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 ussr uzbeki stan ussr uzbeki stan watches 508 565 496 539 497 451 960 1701 907 963 904 820 radios 101 96 95 97 89 82 188 290 173 172 161 148 tvs 86 107 90 87 79 72 159 321 164 156 144 130 tape recorders 33 55 49 51 47 43 60 165 89 91 85 79 cameras 23 33 21 23 22 21 43 100 38 41 40 38 refrigerators and freezers 80 92 80 78 73 68 150 276 150 140 132 123 washers 57 75 67 68 63 58 106 226 123 121 114 106 vacuum cleaners 20 48 29 30 28 26 37 143 53 53 50 47 motorcycles and scooters 19 20 26 22 20 18 34 60 47 40 36 32 bicycles and mopeds 100 59 97 97 86 77 185 179 168 174 157 139 sewing machines 78 61 76 76 71 66 147 179 144 136 129 120 note: calculated based on the data in figures of the ussr in 1990, a brief article. compilation. m., 1991. s. 199, the economy of the uzbek ssr in 1990 stat. yearbook. tashkent, 1991. s. 66; y p r e s in vi fundamentals of social statistics: methods scorecard analysis. m., 1991. pp. 85, national economy of uzbekistan in 1993 stat. yearbook. tashkent, 1994. pp. 107. from the above data suggest that in terms of the number of families the end of the soviet era security of the population of durable goods in uzbekistan was at an acceptable level. however, per 1,000 people. srednesoyuznye population and national figures are much different and really reflect the level of material prosperity uzbeks. other statistical data analysis also confirmed that uzbekistan compared to the individual republics of the former ussr, was much slower than for prosperity. for example, in russia, kazakhstan, georgia, almost every family had a refrigerator, armenia, estonia, turkmenistan, latvia 100 families had refrigerators 106-112, while in tajikistan, uzbekistan, azerbaijan, every fourth sixth family "get along" without him 12 . provision of cars on the union was on average in 1990 to 100 families 19 pcs. (in 1980 10 pcs.), per 1,000 people. population, this figure was 58 pcs. (in 1980 30 pcs.) 13 in uzbekistan, these figures were respectively 11.9 and 21.9 pc 14 . 2.1 12 gurev v. i. osnovo' sotsialnoy statistiki: metodo', sistema po¬ka¬zateley, analiz. m., 1991. s. 84. 2.1 13 sssr v tsifrax v 1990 g. m., 1991. s. 149. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 27 at the same time, it should be noted, to "build up" raw orientation rooted in the colonial period and to take biased in the soviet period was the cause of formation in the country "imported" economy. until the 1990s, most of the consumer goods were imported from abroad, including 100% of tv sets, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, cars, about 40% of cotton fabric, 30% of all shoes, etc. low supply of durable goods was partly a result of complex (with several family nuclei) feature of families 15 . in addition, numerous traditional family structure, and adversely affect the economic situation of the population. thus, the average family size in the country at that time was 5.5 people., in some regions of the country over 6 people., whereas in the european part of the ussr, the figure was only 3.2 persons 16 . experts estimate that the birth of a child family member income decreased by 25-30% 17 . for comparison we present data reflecting the state per capita income in the country as well as in uzbekistan (see: table. 2) distribution of population by average per capita income (based on household budget survey). index average annual population figure million persons percentage of total 1985 г. 1990 г. 1985 г. 1990 г. ussr uzbeki stan ussr uzbeki stan ussr uzbeki stan ussr uzbeki stan including a total average per capita joint income per month, rub.: 277,2 18,2 288,4 20,4 100 100 100 100 до 75,0 49,6 8,9 22,3 6,9 17,9 49,3 7,7 34,1 low 18 75,1–100,0 54,8 4,3 30,6 4,7 19,8 23,7 10,6 23,0 100,1–125,0 53,6 2,3 39,5 3,3 19,3 13,0 13,7 16,6 average 125,1–150,0 41,7 1,2 41,4 2,0 15,0 6,8 14,3 10,2 150,1–175,0 28,9 0,6 37,9 1,3 10,4 3,5 13,2 6,4 175,1–200,0 18,6 0,3 31,1 0,8 6,7 1,7 10,8 3,8 high 200,1–250,0 19,0 0,2 43,1 0,7 6,9 1,4 14,9 3,7 more than 250 11,0 0,1 42,5 0,4 4,0 0,6 14,8 2,2 note: calculated based on the data in figures of the ussr in 1990, moscow, 1991. s. 129, the economy of the uzbek ssr in 1990, tashkent, 1991. s. 47; gurev vi fundamentals of social statistics ... moscow, 1991. pp. 81-82. in general, summarizing indicators of able. 2, it can be concluded that in 1990, 57.1% of the population had incomes below 100 rubles. per month, and in the union, this figure was only 18.3%, "medium" level of wealth was, respectively 33.2% and 41.2%, "high" 40.5% and 9.7%. according to official data, in 1989 44% of uzbekistan's population lived below the official poverty line and in the union, this figure was 11.1%. however, a significant impact on earnings had established structure of employment. the rapid population growth in the second half of xx century., and formed a lopsided economy of the republic exacerbated the problem of employment. made in 1992, calculations showed that in the last 2.1 14 osnovno'e tendentsii i pokazateli zkonomicheskogo i sotsialnogo razvitiya respubliki uzbekistan za godo' nezavisimosti (1990–2010 gg.) i prognozo' na 2011–2015 gg. statisticheskiy sbornik. tashkent, 2011. s. 86 (dalee – osnovno'e tendentsii i pokazateli). 2.1 15 raschet obespechennosti bralsya iz kolichestva nuklearno'x semey vxodivshix v sostav rasshirenno'x, i nekotoro'e predmeto' dlitelnogo polzovaniya priobretalis na vsyu bolshuyu semyu. 2.1 16 sm.: karimov i. uzbekistan ¬– sobstvennaya model perexoda na ro'nochno'e otnosheniya / karimov i.a. uzbekistan: natsionalnaya nezavisimost, zkonomika, politika, ideologiya. tashkent: o'zbekiston, 1996. t.1. s. 279. 2.1 17 osnovno'e pokazateli sotsialno-zkonomicheskogo razvitiya respubliki uzbekistan za 1996 god. tashkent, 1997. s. 95. 2.1 18 gradatsiya po urovnyu doxodov sostavlena avtorom. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 28 years of the soviet union 14% of the economically active population of uzbekistan turned out socially useful work (5.5% compared to the other republics), with 9 out of 10 unemployed were women 19 . this trend is even more acute in the early 1990s, when, on the one hand, uzbekistan's economy is experiencing a severe crisis, and on the other, in parallel with the formation of a mixed economy began to emerge the new stratum of society. meanwhile, the statistical office of the republic in the early 1990s, working on an established scheme, reporting continued to record data on the already well-established strata of the previous era. analysis of statistical data for the period showed that the per capita income of the families of workers and employees (based on household budget survey) per month in 1993 was 12,742.5 rubles., including industrial workers 17,263.6 rubles., state farm workers 7085.1 rubles.; farmers 8056.1 rubles. a single pensioner worker or employee, who lived in urban areas in 1993 rur 15,107.3. per month, pensioner farmers 13,375.4 rubles. averaged data are shown in table. 3. distribution of the population of uzbekistan by average total income in 1993 (calculated according to the household budget survey). index the population figure ths. percentage of total performance * население 21703,0 100,0 including average per capita joint income per month, rub. * until 1500 47,7 0,22 low from 1501 – to 3000 967,2 4,46 3001 – 7000 7423,4 34,20 7001 – 10000 5004,9 23,06 10001 – 13000 3244,1 14,94 average 13001 – 17000 2416,4 11,14 17001 – 20000 983,1 4,53 20001 – 22000 426,8 1,97 high 22001 – 24000 306,8 1,41 24001 – and above 882,6 4,07 note: the economy of the republic of uzbekistan in 1993 stat. yearbook. tashkent, 1994. c. 77.an average of 1993 cash income in the republic by 1 member surveyed family was 11,321.7 rubles. month. see national economy of uzbekistan in 1993 ... s. 72. based on data from table. 3, it can be concluded that an increase in per capita income with low layer "average" for some reduction remained almost at the same level 30% (in 1990 33%). it should be taken into account at the time carried out by an active social policy that covered almost the entire population and aimed at its protection from the harsh poverty. the post-soviet experience of construction shows that the development of a market economy involves more diverse than it was in soviet society, the social structure. due to the difficulties associated with the transition period, representatives of the "old" layers, the level of income refers mainly to the middle classes the intelligentsia, at the initial stage of reforms have undergone dramatic changes in their social status, prestige, income, and role in society and as a result their share as "medium" in the social hierarchy is much underplayed. thus, the costs associated with budgetary difficulties are inevitable in the process of large-scale reforms, which were carried out in uzbekistan in the early 1990s, affected the state of the material-technical base of educational institutions, as well as stimulating the work of teachers. in particular, prior to the adoption of the state program for 2.1 19 sm.: uzbekistan: obhaya otsenka strano'. oon. 2003. s. 11–12; rabich r. g. xronika. nauchnaya konferentsiya na temu «voproso' sotsialnogo razvitiya uzbekistana v protsesse perestroyki» // obhestvenno'e nauki v uzbekistane. tashkent, 1989. № 1. s. 52. zdes nado uchito'vat svyazanno'y s traditsionno'm ukladom jizni fakt, chto primerno polovina nezanyato'x jenhin yavlyalis domoxozyaykami. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 29 training in uzbekistan in 1997, the level of teachers' salaries in the mid-1990s, the average was only 60-65% of the national average 20 . stratification changes in the conditions of sustainable development if the socialist reality, almost all revenues were formed mainly due to wage and authority to strictly regulate the property status of citizens, in the conditions of trade and market relations sources of income undergone significant changes. gradual transformation of the economic system from a planned to a market are adequately reflected in the collections of the statistical committee of the republic of uzbekistan, where the classification structure cash income are as follows: this included income from business activities, salaries, social benefits, income from property and rather complicated position in its content other income, including hidden wages (the latter as a percentage of total income). however, according to experts, by 2005, the republic formed is not the optimal structure of income: the share of wages in total income of the population was less than 40%, while in countries with developed market economies, the proportion was more than 75% of the total income households. while in rural areas the share of wages less than 20%. at the same time, the revenue accruing to the family in the form of social transfers (pensions and benefits) are quite high about 20%, including pensions accounted for about 13% of all household income. excessively high as compared with other states, the income from the sale of products produced on peasant farms about 35% of the total household income 21 . but, according to experts, such a high level could be justified in the 1990s in the early stages of economic reform when dehqon farms use tax preferences to support household incomes during the economic downturn. however, at the present stage of economic development the share of this type of income should be reduced, giving way to the income from business in the form of wages. the proportion of income from entrepreneurial activity, then it during the study period was quite high about 20%. however, excessive growth it may indicate an enhancement of differentiation by income as income from business concentrated only in a minority of households 22 . it should take into account regional differences. this applies, above all, the relation of these indicators. in tashkent and navoi region, for example, the highest share of income from wages. in order to identify social attitudes and self-perception of citizens center for the study of public opinion "ijtimoiy fikr" conducted a rapid survey of citizens on the topic "social monitoring social self-awareness of citizens." according to the study, the level of material support of 33.1% of respondents identified themselves as average and 54% to the layers "below average" (table 4) 23 . to what social class you belong and your family? (% of respondents) 1,4 33,1 53,9 7,4 4,2 rich middle layer below average poor refusal judging by the results of the study, it can be argued that the indicators self-assessment of respondents for this period are quite high. promote positive changes in reforms implemented in uzbekistan, the favorable situation on the world market resources (from the beginning of the xxi century.), which resulted in a gradual increase in national income, which is the result of increased productivity and, as a rule, evidence of employment growth or an increase in salary board. according to research conducted by unicef since the mid-1990s in uzbekistan, there is increase in the average level of real wages, and by the end of the 1990s she was stabilized, indicating that people with low wages also benefited from economic growth in country. 2.1 20 doklad o chelovecheskom razvitii. uzbekistan 1998. (undp., cer.). tashkent, 1998. s. 17. 2.1 21 ubaydullaeva r. a. glavnaya strategicheskaya tsel zkonomicheskix reform v uzbekistane // materialo' konferentsii «transformatsiya zkonomicheskoy sistemo' i problemo' formirovaniya konkurentnoy sredo' v uzbekistane» (23 fevralya 2003 g.). tashkent, 2005. s. 18. 2.1 22 tam je. 2.1 23 ubaydullaeva r. a. sotsialno'y monitoring i sotsialno'e samochuvstviya grajdan uzbekistana // zkonomika i klass sobstvennikov. tashkent, 2004. № 3. s. 7. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 30 about the latest developments in income and financial situation of the population in uzbekistan since independence can be judged by the results of the study "resource mobilization household» (fam family assets mobilization), conducted in 2009 by the center for economic research in cooperation with the united nations development programme "support to reform process in uzbekistan" 24 . for the period 2003-2009. total assets households in the country (in uzbekistan over five million households) increased three times and was estimated at $ 87 billion analysis of data on household income leads to the main conclusion in uzbekistan has been an increase in income, both nominal and real. whereas in 2003 the total value of all assets of the surveyed households was less than $ 6,400 per family on average, or a scale republic around $ 35 billion (roughly estimated), while in 2009, excluding the size of savings, the cost of home appliances and unevaluated the value of land, the total assets of the main country's households (real estate, vehicles, equipment, livestock) amounted to about $ 17,000 per household 25 . in addition to real estate and technology in uzbekistan on the growth of incomes and living standards of the population affected by domestic animals. in terms of durable goods, available in working condition in families also have been significant changes. in 2003, most of the durable goods available to the families had from age 10 to 20 years, is in a strong state of disrepair and needed constant repair and investing. in 2009, more than 30% of the property at the basic heading (televisions, audio, video, etc.) has been acquired in the period from 2003 to 2009 has undergone substantial renovation and park personal vehicles according to the survey, over 66% of cars were purchased by families for not more than 7 years. twice as increased fleet of trucks. sharp increase occurred at positions that in 2003 almost not been claimed population because of high prices mobile phones, satellite dishes, computers, microwave ovens, dvd, etc 26 . these opinion polls are confirmed by statistical data authorities (see table. № 5). provision of the population durables (the amount of goods per 100 households) units. durable goods 1990 y. 2000 y. 2010 y. tvs 90 88 132 refrigerators and freezers 80 86 99 conditioners 9 11 18,5 vacuum cleaners 29 30 37 pcs 0,2 12 cameras and video cameras 21 21 24 vcrs, dvd players and video players 1 31 64 washers 67 69 75 mobile phones 18 145 the number of cars per 1000 population, units. 21,9 38,9 51,5 the number of cars per 100 households, ed. 11,9 20,1 27,1 note: see: major trends and indicators of economic and social development of the republic of uzbekistan for years of independence (1990-2010 gg.) and forecasts for 2011-2015. statistical compilation. tashkent, 2011. pp. 86. however, the steady growth of material reserves indicates the presence of significant reserves to boost incomes and living standards of the population and the growth of the middle strata in their 2.1 24 «fam–2009» po svoim masshtabam raboto' yavlyaetsya samo'm krupno'm issledovaniem v uzbekistane v poslednie godo' (analogichnoe issledovanie provodilos v 2003 g. – r. sh.). v xode obsledovaniya bo'li oprosheno' 2997 domoxozyaystv (v ix sostav vxodili 16743 che¬loveka), v tom chisle oprosom bo'lo oxvacheno 302 domoxozyaystva pred¬prinimateley (1648 chelovek). sredniy sostav oproshenno'x domoxozyaystv – 5,6 cheloveka. sredniy vozrast chlenov obsledovanno'x domoxo¬zyaystv – 27,9 goda. (aktivo' domoxozyaystv kak vajneyshiy investitsionno'y resurs // zkonomicheskoe obozrenie. tashkent, 2010. № 3. s. 20). 2.1 25 aktivo' domoxozyaystv kak vajneyshiy investitsionno'y resurs // zkonomicheskoe obozrenie. 2010. № 3. s. 23. 2.1 26 tam je. s. 23-24. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 31 composition. an important role to play in enabling measures of household assets, taken at the level of the center, and in the field. most effective in this regard runs microcredit for development of family business. evolutionary approach consistent and gradual transition to a market economy, political and macroeconomic stability enabled uzbekistan intense than in many post-soviet countries with economies in transition, to overcome the effects of large-scale decline in production and since the mid-1990s to resume economic growth and rising living standards. clear evidence of the effectiveness of successive uzbekistan and socio-oriented economic reforms is sustained growth of per capita indicators of socio-economic development and living standards. gdp per capita, calculated (based on world bank data) at purchasing power parity (ppp) in 1990 was $ 1328 in 2000 $ 1431 and in 2010 reached $ 3271. thus, uzbekistan still in the 90s of the last century on this important indicator exceeded the pre-reform level, and by 2010 it increased 2.5-fold (compared with 1990) 27 . it should be noted that a high demographic pressure causes the relatively low levels of per capita income. if you take the comparison of gdp per person employed in the economy, you can see her real qualitative differences. so, if in 1990, each employee in the economy accounted for the equivalent of $ 3412 of gdp, in 2000 $ 3928, and in 2010 an average of $ 7940, or 2.3 times more than in 1990 28 . we can assume that if the composition of families uzbekistan would match the level of developed countries, the income increased to approximately twice that would be reflected favorably on the standard of living of the population. parallel measures to mitigate the negatives sharp polarization of society undertaken by the republic's leadership to increase the income of the population, allowed to form the country's growing middle class. according to official estimates, in 1990 in the country at a fraction of the population with middle income countries accounted for about 18% of the population, and in 2000, from a survey of households 24%, in 2010 60% of households had no cash income stable below average 29 . the experience of developed countries shows that in a market way out of this situation is to create favorable conditions for the formation and development of the middle strata through the creation of a class of owners-entrepreneurs. this postulate is reflected in the priority areas of economic reforms in uzbekistan. uzbek president islam karimov, seeing them as a prerequisite to assess the effectiveness of reforms, pointing to the stability of the entire system of economic, social and political institutions, noted that "... small business and entrepreneurship... are an important part of the process of establishing in uzbekistan middle class of owners, foundations and supports socio-political life of the country" 30 . a natural question arises: why the country's leadership pays special attention to limit sharp polarization of society (in the property plan)? according to experts, "inequality affects poverty reduction depends on economic growth." so exceeding a certain threshold of inequality, on the one hand, it may deepen the socio-political polarization of society, in the form of use of social benefits (health, education), opening their own business, participation in government (political life), on the other hand, has a negative impact on growth gdp (sots.ek. apathy, falling economic efficiency) and ultimately increases socio-political instability 31 . particularly dangerous for any society is the sharp transitions from equality to inequality and vice versa. 2.1 27 osnovno'e tendentsii i pokazateli… s. 70. 2.1 28 tam je. s. 71. 2.1 29 osnovno'e tendentsii i pokazateli… s. 80. sleduet uchito'vat, chto statisticheskie danno'e privedeno' v korrelyatsii s mestno'm urovnem jizni – prim. avtora. 2.1 30 karimov i. konstitutsiya uzbekistana – prochno'y fundament nashego prodvijeniya na puti demokraticheskogo razvitiya i formirovaniya grajdanskogo obhestva; doklad na torjestvennom sobranii, posvyahennom 17-letiyu konstitutsii respubliki uzbekistan // http://press-service,uz/#ru;/riews/show/dokladi/ozbekiston komiitutsiyasi/. 2.1 31 makrozkonomicheskaya stabilnost i bednost v uzbekistane. cer. undp. – t., 2005. – s. 40. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 32 in addition, the level of socio-political stability, economic development in the country affects the status of the various strata. her deterioration or improvement respectively may affect the state especially the "temporary", regardless what position they occupy in the hierarchical social structure of the population axis. thus, the need for temporary sale of its assets (land, houses, consumer durables), taking extreme steps go into "permanent". this trend is reflected in the permanent state of the next generations, handed "inherited." in general, in the country the measures taken by the social protection of the population, prevent the possibility of a sharp polarization of the population by income level. according to president islam karimov "due to the rapid increase wages and incomes of socially vulnerable groups, providing them with support and tax incentives, with a total income growth in the last ten years by 8.1 times, the gap between the groups with the lowest and highest income, in other words, income differentiation ratio decreased from 21.1 to 8.3 times. this factor is one of the lowest among the cis countries and a number of economically developed countries" 32 . the indicator for the whole country is at an acceptable level the difference in incomes of the wealthiest 20% and the poorest 20% of citizens is 8.4 times 33 . thus, the transformation processes of the last two decades in the socio-economic sphere of uzbekistan have brought profound changes in the social structure of society. undergone significant changes in the economic relations of countries, expressed in changing relations of property and power. along with them is a restructuring mechanism stratification intensive change of elites. however, data such as social statistics, and polls show the stability of the market reforms in the country and increase the role of personality in their implementation. since the second half of the 1990s. upward trend in material well-being of citizens, which is the result of quantitative and qualitative changes in the standard of living of the population of uzbekistan. on the "stage" of social and economic life came new social groups, certain segments of the population are changing their social status, where the main trend of increasing acts of the middle strata of society. and finally, the difficult conditions of a transition period had a positive impact on the socio-economic mobility uzbeks, on the one hand, reducing their dependency on the other, the growth of economic activity and independence. 2.1 32 doklad prezidenta respubliki uzbekistan islama karimova na zasedanii kabineta ministrov, posvyahennom osnovno'm itogam 2011 goda i prioritetam sotsialno-zkonomicheskogo razvitiya na 2012 god // http://president.uz/ru/news/show/dokladi/2012 god stanet godom podnyatiya na n 1/ 2.1 33 ubaydullaeva r. a. glavnaya strategicheskaya tsel zkonomicheskix reform v uzbekistane // materialo' konferentsii «transformatsiya zkonomicheskoy sistemo' i problemo' formirovaniya konkurentnoy sredo' v uzbekistane» (23 fevralya 2003 g.). tashkent, 2005. s. 18. http://president.uz/ru/news/show/dokladi/2012 international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 200 how to use innovative methods in the lessons of the russian language and literature nigora abdullayevna hamroyeva bukhara state university, teacher of the preschool education department abstract: this article discusses the scientific and theoretical foundations and methods for using innovative technologies in the lessons of the russian language and literature. supporting concepts: research, innovative education, interactive methods, training, education, modern pedagogy, education of the mental process, topical, learning, development, personality traits. this article discusses the scientific and theoretical foundations and methods of using innovative technologies in the lessons of the russian language and literature. keywords: research, innovative education, interactive methods, training, upbringing, modern pedagogy, education, mental process, relevant, learning, development, properties personally. the essence of innovative methods is to organize the educational process in the form of a dialogue, which will help students learn to express their thoughts, analyze problem situations and find effective ways to solve them. such methods allow raising the level of education, developing students, form skills and abilities that will be used by them in their future professional activities. an objective necessity in the conditions of modern education is the development by the teacher and the use by him in his lessons of innovative technologies in teaching children. today there should not be a teacher who would not think about the questions: “how to make the lesson interesting, bright? how to captivate children with your subject? how to create a situation of success in the classroom for each student? and this is no coincidence. the new organization of society, the new attitude to life, makes new demands on the school. today, the main goal of education is not only the accumulation by the student of a certain amount of knowledge, skills, abilities, but also the preparation of the student as an independent subject of educational activity. at the heart of modern education is the activity of the student, directed by the teacher. it is precisely this goal the upbringing of a creative, active personality who knows how to learn, improve independently, and the main tasks of modern education are subordinated. what is “innovative learning” and what are its features? innovative learning (from the english innovation innovation) is a new approach to learning, which includes a personal approach, the fundamental nature of education, creativity, professionalism, and the use of the latest technologies. the relevance of innovative learning lies in the use of student-centered learning, as well as the search for conditions for unlocking the student's creative potential. the main goals of innovative learning are:  development of intellectual, communicative, linguistic and creative abilities of students; american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 201  formation of students' personal qualities;  development of skills that affect educational and cognitive activity and the transition to the level of productive creativity;  formation of key competencies of students.  these goals also define the tasks of innovative learning:  optimization of the educational process;  creating an atmosphere of cooperation between the student and the teacher;  development of long-term positive motivation for learning;  careful selection of material and methods of its presentation. innovative learning is based on the following technologies:  developmental education;  problem learning;  development of critical thinking;  technology “method of projects”;  differentiated approach to learning;  creating a situation of success in the lesson;  information technology. the use of these technologies in the classroom has great advantages. the educational process becomes interesting for students, which increases the activity of students, develops the skills to independently acquire knowledge in the process of interaction and search. the quality and strength of the acquired knowledge increases. research skills and abilities are developed, analytical abilities of students are formed. in parallel with the learning process, the development of communicative qualities and the formation of leadership qualities of the individual. when using innovative technologies in teaching the russian language and literature, i successfully apply the following techniques in my lessons: 1) associative series; 2) reference summary; 3) brain attack; 4) group discussion; 5) cinquain; 6) essay; 7) key terms; 8) confused logical chains; 9) didactic games; 10) linguistic maps; 11) linguistic tasks; 12) text research; 13) work with tests; 14) search tasks; american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 202 15) non-traditional forms of homework. i will dwell only on some of them. an essay is a genre of criticism and journalism, a free interpretation of any literary, philosophical, aesthetic, moral and social problem. the essay is a very common genre of written work in western pedagogy. it is advisable to use it as a small written task, usually at the stage of reflection. references 1. ochilov m, ochilova n "education of the teacher." t. : "teacher", 1997.67 s 2. osmolovskaya i. m. innovations and pedagogical practice // public education. 2010. no. 6. p. 182 188 3. abramova abramova s.v. organization of research work in the russian language in optional classes: from work experience // research activities of students in the modern educational space: sat. art. / ed. a.s. obukhov. m., 2006. s. 479–485. 4. polat e.s., m.yu. bukharkina, m.v. moiseeva, a.e. petrov "new pedagogical and information technologies in the education system". m., 2004. 5. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/professiya-uchitel-i-eyo-rol-v-obschestve/viewer 6. avezmurodovich o. r. difficulties in learning to write and read left-handed children //european journal of research and reflection in educational sciences, 8 (8), 40. – 2020. – т. 45. 7. qo‟ldoshev a. r. g‟aforovna habiba jumayeva.(2021). forming writing skills in left-handed students. middle european scientific bulletin, 10 (1). 8. quldoshev, r. a. "assistant pedagogue to children left-handed reading in the last year." globe edit.–2020 (2020). 9. qo„ldoshev a. r. psychological aspects of left-handedness: concept, causes, and peculiarities //psychology and education journal. – 2021. – т. 58. – №. 1. – с. 4981-4988. 10. rustambek avezmurodovich, q. ., & feruza shakar qizi, s. . (2022). boshlangʻich sinf oʻquvchilarining grammatikaga oid tushunchalarini shakllantirishda ta‟limiy o„yinlardan foydalanish metodikasi. scientific impulse, 1(4), 1328–1335. 11. rustambek avezmurodovich, q. ., & dilnoza baxtiyor qizi, k. . (2022). “yozuv daftari” asosida boshlang„ich sinf o„quvchilarining chiroyli yozish ko„nikmasini shakllantirish usullari (1sinf misolida). scientific impulse, 1(4), 1312–1317. 12. mirzo o„g‟li q. l. formation of reading skills in junior school children. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/professiya-uchitel-i-eyo-rol-v-obschestve/viewer international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 62 education of patriotic feelings for university students hayitova shakhnoza daniyarovna, ph.d teacher of the department of “pedagogy and psychology” samarkand state medical university abstract: patriotism is devotion and love to one's fatherland, to one's people and readiness for any sacrifices and deeds in the name of the interests of one's motherland. this is the desire to make your country more beautiful, richer, stronger and happier. patriotic education is one of the priority areas in the higher education system of uzbekistan, as it contributes to the formation of a high patriotic consciousness among young people, readiness to fulfill civic duty, and the most important constitutional duties to protect the interests of the motherland. keywords: patriotism, motherland, education in universities. today, the problem of patriotic education in universities is very relevant, since many students can hardly name memorable dates in the history of the country. there is a kind of alienation among today's youth. it becomes scary seeing how students treat people older than them, and even worse people who went through the war. that is, to those people who gave them such calm and measured life. true patriotism is one of the most important strongholds of the national spirit, which cannot be completely destroyed. the most important component of moral education at all times is the formation of patriotism among university students. it is of great importance in the social and spiritual development of man. outstanding people of our country in the past considered patriotism, the desire for freedom and prosperity of the motherland to be the basis of the spiritual life of a person. of particular importance in the study of issues of patriotic education are the works of sukhomlinsky v.a., who believed that one of the main educational tasks of students is to prepare students for simple, everyday, everyday work, work for society as a patriotic activity, and the activity itself students, organized by the teacher, is the driving force in shaping the personality of a growing citizen. kharlamov i.f. considers patriotism as an interconnected set of moral feelings and behavioral traits, including love for the motherland, active work for the good of the motherland, careful attitude to historical monuments and customs of the native country, affection and love for native places. love for the fatherland becomes strength of mind only when a person has images associated with his native land, language, imprinted in his mind, when a feeling of pride arises from the fact that all this is your motherland. ―just as there is no person without pride,‖ wrote k. d. ushinskiy, so there is no person without love for the fatherland, and this love gives education a sure key to the heart of a person and a powerful support for the fight against his bad natural, personal, family and tribal inclinations. the urgency of the problem of patriotic education makes it necessary to constantly update the forms and methods of organizing educational work with schoolchildren, aimed at the formation of patriotic consciousness and feelings. we believe that group leaders (tutors), organizers of extracurricular american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 63 activities need to look for new forms aimed at instilling patriotism in modern students. each educational institution should have a program for solving the problem of patriotic education, which will reflect pedagogical technologies, forms of interaction between teachers and students within the framework of the program. under these conditions, the education of uzbek national patriotism is a particularly urgent task. unfortunately, most schools limit themselves to only a superficial touch on patriotic education by holding several class hours on this topic, which does not meet the modern requirements of realities. to date, there are federal, regional, and city programs for patriotic education, but all this does not bring the desired result. to solve the problem of patriotic education in modern universities, the main areas of work of teachers can be identified:  extracurricular activities;  extracurricular activities;  work with parents;  work with public organizations; the main tasks of patriotic education in universities are:  fostering a sense of patriotism, the formation of love for the motherland in the younger generation;  participation in the preparation and holding of events to perpetuate the memory of the defenders of the fatherland.  particularly important for the formation of patriotic feelings are:  study of the history and culture of their people, their culture;  study of the culture and history of the native land, traditions and customs; solving the problem of patriotic education of students, it is necessary to focus our efforts on shaping university students' value attitude to the phenomena of social life of the past and present. you also need to understand that patriotism is not only love for the motherland, patriotism is a whole complex of positive human qualities that will help you become a truly worthy person and citizen of your society. i would like to note that in solving the problems of patriotic education of modern students, first of all, the students themselves should take part, realizing the importance of their role in life of the motherland, in the life of the state where you live. universities of uzbekistan can serve as an example, in which students are instilled with a sense of love for their homeland from the first courses. thus, the educational practice at the samarkand state medical university has always been rich in patriotic content, interesting forms of work, in caring for the elders, keeping and honoring family traditions and customs. the university has circles and sections of a patriotic orientation. meetings with labor veterans, people of military professions, outstanding medical scientists are traditional. of particular importance in patriotic education is the study of national history by students, during which they comprehend the historical experience of the people, and form a civic position. teachers of humanitarian subjects draw students' attention to the merits of domestic scientists, writers, poets, artists in the development of science and culture, paying special attention to acquaintance of students with compatriots heroes of the motherland, artists, writers and poets who glorified our uzbekistan to the whole world. tutors organize the participation of students in events dedicated to public holidays. thus, in order to develop patriotism among students, it is necessary: 1. teachers of the humanities to develop a series of lessons, work programs in academic disciplines, extra-curricular educational, spiritual and educational activities. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 64 2. for tutors to diversify and intensify work with class teams on patriotic education. more meetings with interesting people conduct excursions to different cities. take an active part in all cultural and educational events of the city and the republic. traditionally, historical museums occupy an important place in the system of patriotic education in educational institutions. but museums store pieces of the past, something from which patriotism begins. an educational institution is the institution that introduces the younger generation into the world of our fatherland, and in order for this world to continue to exist, traditions must not be interrupted. thus, to be a patriot today is to keep the purity of the native language, loyalty to national values and traditions. any society needs courageous, courageous, enterprising, competent people who would be ready to work, study for its benefit, and, if necessary, stand up for its defense. summing up, i would like to say that patriotic education has always occupied and will continue to occupy a central place in the educational system. and thanks to the variety of forms and methods of work, teachers have a unique opportunity to influence the formation of future citizens, patriots of their state uzbekistan. list of used literature: 1. хайитова ш. д., розикова л. т. талабалар мустақил таълимини фаоллаштиришда ахборот технологиянинг ўрни //ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2021. – т. 1. – №. 5. – с. 162-167. 2. hayitova shakhnoza daniyarovna. (2021). the main features of organizing students‘ independent work in the educational process. central asian journal of literature, philosophy and culture, 2(2), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.47494/cajlpc.v2i2.62 3. хайитова, шахноза данияровна. "талабалар мустақил таълим олишини фаоллаштириш бугунги давр талаби." ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali 1.5 (2021): 153-158. 4. хайитова, шахноза. "таълим тизими самарадорлигини оширишда мустақил таълимнинг ўрни." academic research in educational sciences 2.4 (2021): 1478-1486. 5. hayitova s. d., abdulhayev i. a. o. education in institutions and uzbek in their families children spirituality in shaping of reading place _ //science and education. – 2022. – т. 3. – №. 2. – с. 796-802. 6. hayitova shakhnoza daniyarovna. (2022). ways to activate student independent education. spectrum journal of innovation, reforms and development, 4, 297–302. retrieved from https://www.sjird.journalspark.org/index.php/sjird/article/view/119 7. hayitova s. d. the levels of students‘independent learning activities and the ways to improve working independently //mental enlightenment scientific-methodological journal. – 2022. – т. 2022. – №. 2. – с. 136-149. 8. разыкова, л. т., игамова, и. с., рахматова, ф. г., муратова, ш. н., мамадиярова, д. у., & кучкарова, о. о. (2019). эффективность педагогического общения в подготовке врачей. наука и образование сегодня, (11 (46)), 55-57. 9. разыкова л. т., джамалдинова ш. о. содействие творчеству и инновациям в системе образования //ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 70-77. 10. obloberdiyevna d. s., tuychiyevna r. l. distance learning in the system of higher education //web of scholars: multidimensional research journal. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 4. – с. 53-59. https://doi.org/10.47494/cajlpc.v2i2.62 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 65 11. djamaldinova, shaxlo. "problemic methods of learning uzbek literature in english in american audiences." central asian journal of education 5.2 (2021): udc-398. 12. хусанбоева к. п., джамалдинова ш. о. проблемы преподавания узбекской литературы в английских (американских) аудиториях и пути их решения //science and world. – 2013. – с. 56. 13. джамалдинова ш., бекирова э. обучение навыкам решения проблем на занятиях //interconf. – 2020. 14. obloberdievna, djamaldinova shahlo, and bekirova elzara seydalievna. "avicenna's contribution to world medicine." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 9.11 (2021): 238-241. retrieved from https://giirj.com/index.php/giirj/article/view/479 15. джамалдинова ш., кучкарова о. роль социальных медиа в формировании эмоционального развития молодёжи //interconf. – 2020. 16. obloberdievna, d. s., & seydalievna, b. e. (2021). avicenna's contribution to world medicine. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 9(11), 238-241. 17. obloberdievna d. s., nematjonovna m. s. research approaches to improving the educational system //international journal of philosophical studies and social sciences. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 225-229. 18. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & tuychiyevna, r. l. (2022). distance learning in the system of higher education. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(4), 53-59. 19. obloberdiyevna d. s., odilkhonovna k. u. virtual learning as the only safe learning option during a pandemic //international journal of intellectual cultural heritage. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 117-121. 20. джамалдинова ш. о. этика в образовательной системе //boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 50-53. 21. хусанбаева к., джамалдинова ш. the agony of longing //in library. – 2020. – т. 20. – №. 2. – с. 2004-2008. 22. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & odilkhonovna, k. u. (2022). teaching languages using modern educational methods. international journal of intellectual cultural heritage, 2(3), 105-111. 23. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & yuldashevna, x. g. (2022). problem-based study of literary works in the science of methodology. international journal of philosophical studies and social sciences, 2(3), 205-213. 24. джамалдинова, ш. о. изучение произведения антуана де сент-экзюпери «маленький принц» на основе проблемного метода / ш. о. джамалдинова. — текст : непосредственный // молодой ученый. — 2022. — № 2 (397). — с. 196-198. — url: https://moluch.ru/archive/ 25. тошкулова м. и., джамалдинова ш. о. внедрение научных открытий в клиническую практику посредством функциональной медицины. – 2021. 26. джамалдинова ш. o ‗zbekiston milliy universiteti xabarlari, 2020,[1/3] issn 2181-7324. 27. джамалдинова, ш. о. (2022). теоретические основы проблемного обучения и необходимость их использования в школьном литературном образовании. наука, образование и культура, (2 (62)), 40-42. https://giirj.com/index.php/giirj/article/view/479 https://moluch.ru/archive/ international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 188 creating effective teaching and learning environment in higher education zakirova khilola abduraxmanovna assistant professor, tashkent university of architecture and civil engineering abstract: we investigated how learning environments–involving their physical, pedagogical, and psychosocial dimensions–influence students learning experiences in the use of various innovative methods in the process of teaching architecture and construction terms in english, to improve the communicative competencies and communication skills of students of non-linguistic faculties of the university. the article discusses improving the level of language competence and cognitive activity of students, improving the quality of language training of specialists and their needs in learning a foreign language. keywords: architecture terms, non-linguistic, communication skills, cognitive activity, language competence, learners’ needs. learning is more than what is written on the page. in fact, effective learning has more to do with how we learn, especially when it comes to the environment. by giving students the physical space and resources they need, we can also ensure they have the optimal mental space to learn. modern educational standards give an important place to the formation and development of the communicative and professional competence of students in the architectural major of a higher education. teaching students with mixed levels, various learning abilities involve creativity, time and a desire to understand how a student learns best. with right tools and suitable learning styles, we can reach progress on our students. the initial step is to meet the learners‟ needsby eliciting information from them describing their needs and their first checking assessment. the case that we don‟t have english in entering exams made the average level of learners‟ knowledge fall. however, several decrees on further development of teaching and learning foreign languages are noticeably increasing the necessity of language knowledge in all spheres. consequently, it has become mandatory to have a certificate of language proficiency. this, in turn, increased the need for learning a foreign language. it‟s essential thing to define learning while teaching foreign language as they are both sides of the coin. effectiveness of teaching highly depends on the number of learners which is the most accepted criterion for measuring good teaching, showing the correlation between students‟ results and teachers. “teaching in the absence of learning is just talking”: said thomas angelo, highlighting that the efficiency of teaching lies in student learning. almost everyone has good language learning skills, even they don‟t realize it. choosing the right language teaching method, especially for esp learners is essential in learning a new language. there is little evidence in knowing if the method selected by an individual instructor was the best teaching method or just “a method” or simply the method which made the teacher feel comfortable. the most significant way to define the effectiveness of the teachers‟ methods is to provide students with anonymous feedback at the end of each term, which is being done in most universities. there is american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 189 much debate within the higher education community in the field of engineering on how teaching or teaching effectiveness may be defined. for instance, centra (1993), defines effective teaching as “that which produces beneficial and purposeful student learning through the use of appropriate procedures” (p.42). students are exposed to all sorts of instructional experiences (reading, exams, lectures, instructional materials). they are in effect experimental consumers able to discern usefulness, relevance, quality and instructor interaction with students. organizing interaction by selecting various group division activities attract learners interest. while it may be the most practical for the teacher to assign groups, or the most fun for students to choose their own groups, sometimes it‟s amusing to mix it up and try a different or unusual way of arranging students into groups. here are some efficient ways to divide students into groups. teacher’s choice: the teacher assigns groups, either in advance or in the moment. this is the most practical for the teacher, but the least fun for students. students’ choice: students choose their group members. this may lead to students only working with their friends or some students feeling left out. chain pick: the teacher assigns two captains (or directors, if you want to keep it more drama). captain a chooses a team member, followed by captain b. team member a then chooses the next member, followed by team member b. each newly picked team member chooses the next team member. be sure to mix up team captains so the same people are not always picked last. sorting box: write down students‟ names on slips of paper and draw them out of a hat. fans: i have groups consisting of boys. once i used to divide them by selecting similar football club fans, it was fun. one of the essential ways of conducting successful lesson is creating effective teaching and learning environment in the classroom. there are some of them  build positive relationships through communication.  act as a facilitator.  use learner-centered teaching method.  promote class discussion and peer interaction.  staying connected with students.  come up with projects students can get excited about.  create a sense of order and routine.  positively reinforce good behavior.  manage their stress levels. aiming to define the most suitable method for teaching and increasing the number of learners, students were selected to rate the most effective ones. method should be productive, informative and satisfying. all the methods have advantages and disadvantages, so what have to be done is to notice. objectives of the study:  to find out various teaching methods used by university teachers to teach students of architecture and engineering.  to explore the opinion of students about the teaching method they perceived as the most interesting and best teaching method.  to find out the reasons for perceiving any teaching method as the interesting and the best one.  to provide suggestions for improving quality of teaching of students for specific purposes. the use of the case method allows you to develop skills in working with a variety of sources of american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 190 information. the process of solving the problem described in the case implies the collective nature of cognitive activity. the method can also be used to obtain fundamentally new knowledge. in leading universities, the case method is used not only as a pedagogical method, but also as an effective research method. case technologies include: the method of situational analysis; situational tasks and exercises; analysis of specific situations (case-stage); case method; incident method; method of situational roleplaying games; method of parsing business correspondence; game design; discussion method [3]. case study method is a method of active learning based on real situations. the introduction of a case method in teaching information technology allows you to put into practice a competency-based approach (see pic.1) picture 1. case-study methods such as group discussion, individual presentation, seminars, conferences, lectures, assignments, self-studies, workshop, role play, case study were mentioned in the rating showing the domination of group discussion, lectures, role play, case study and conferences. picture 2. group discussion (description of measurements) picture 3. mind map (description) american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 191 this method can be implemented in all four skills being effective way of improving speaking, reading, writing and listening skills. moreover, it‟s beneficial to enlarge specific vocabulary. picture 4. picture prompt this task makes the learner to find the problem and feasible solution to improve the plan. this method is basically used to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as to present students with real-life situations. it‟s preferred to prepare several activities for pre, while and post tasks taking into account the topic, the level, relevance of materials. the topic is “historical heritage sites of the world”, passive voice and terminology supplemented by additional material in the form of reading. it‟s advisable to start the lesson with experience task which relies on their memory of visiting any historical place in their country which was inscribed into unicef. this task leads them to a new topic. the white board is used for putting their answers on it and the two-thirds for new vocabulary while two-w ay task presenting ppt about ancient places is demonstrated. listening material that they already know in l1, helps lower level students comprehend, note, remember these words and information. while higher level students prepare to perform their role plays “tourist and a guide” on the watched ppt using local map, it is essential to use repetition, backward build up expansion drills for lower level ones which help them to pronounce the whole sentences and to develop habit formation. the ppt and specialty text for reading contain passive voice structures, so explanation grammar rules based on the context improves their grammar knowledge remember not only the structure butthe context where it is used. a1, b1 students try to use transformation drill changing tenses of ready given examples from the authentic material. ex: almost all ancient buildings were erected of stone because of scarcity of timber. people had built their houses from stone since the earliest times. by performing role play students can consolidate all worked out information and material, making it easy to remember. all performed groups are discussed after their role plays and given further instructions what to do at home from the results of their performance. as self-study learners can take an interview from foreign tourists who are visiting sights of the city. the best way to make language teaching method effective is to select appropriate one. students should be provided with productive, informative and satisfying information; they should be active in participation and discussions. esp teacher must learn to constantly adapt to the students‟ needs. many times, this means dealing with a variety of problems, many of which are all too common occurrences. a good esp teacher must be able to recognize these common problems, and work to find solutions. even a small in chosen teaching method can help to create a more productive and casual environment for both teacher and the learner. reference 1. harmer, j. (1998). how to teach english: an introduction to the practice of english language teaching. harlow: longman. 2. hutchinson, t. & waters, a. (1987). english for specific purposes: a learning-centered approach. cambridge: cambridge university press. 3. james cuming, architecture and building construction. ast-astrel-2005. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 192 4. kudelkina s.a. the usage of case technology in classes. electronic resource. access: https://cyberleninka.m/artide/n/ispolzovanie-keys-tehnologiy-na-urokah-informatiki/. 5. kambarova m. m. semantic and functional features of lexical units in the field of architecture and construction in english and uzbek //linguistics and culture review. – 2021. – т. 5. – №. 1. – с. 64-74. 6. leichik v.m. terminology. subject, methods, structure. [terminovedenie. predmet, metody, struktura]. (ed. 2nd, spanish and additional). moscow: com book, 2006. p. 256. 7. richards, j. c. & rodgers, t. s. (1986). approaches and methods in language teaching. cambridge: cambridge university press. 8. sesnan, b. (1997). how to teach english. oxford: oxford university press. 9. shukhratovna s. n. terminology in linguistics: approach, analysis and research //vital annex: international journal of novel research in advanced sciences. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 5. – с. 375-377. 10. zakirova, khilola abduraxmanovna. "terminology as a research object of linguistics and specific features of construction terminology." theoretical & applied science 4 (2020): 149-151. 11. zakirova, h. "modern pedagogical technologies in the teaching foreign language." педагогика. проблемы, перспективы, инновации. 2020. 12. saloydinova, nargiza, oybek ahmedov, and hilola zakirova. "diachronic study of uzbek and english architectural construction terms." ilkogretim online 20.3 (2021). 13. abduraxmanovna k. z. effective methods of teaching and learning architecture and construction terminology in higher education //academicia: an international multidisciplinary research journal. – 2021. – т. 11. – №. 3. – с. 1733-1737. 14. zakirova k. terminology as a research object of linguistics (in the example of construction) //o „zbekiston milliy universiteti xabarlari, 2019,[1/3] issn 2181-7324. 15. shuhratovna s. n., saporbayevich a. o., abdurahmanivna z. h. diachronic study of uzbek and english architectural construction terms //elementary education online. – 2021. – т. 20. – №. 5. – с. 4659-4659. https://cyberleninka.m/artide/n/ispolzovanie-keys-tehnologiy-na-urokah-informatiki/ international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 1 | nov-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 41 examination of parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold in different markets in wukari metropolis nehemiah morris department of physical and life sciences, kwararafa university wukari abstract: a study of parasitic contamination on fresh vegetables sold in different markets in wukari metropolis of wukari l.g.a, taraba state, nigeria was conducted between the months of february march, 2017. samples collected were prepared using zinc sulphate floatation techniques and examined microscopically for the prevalence of helminthes eggs and larvae and protozoa cysts. in this study, overall positive samples were 88 out of 136 fresh vegetable samples examined. also, the distribution of medically importance parasites in contaminated fresh vegetables in different markets were calculated using chi-square and the significant difference at (p>0.01) were recorded. spring onion and tomato were found significantly low in old market and haske market while tomato only in new market and spring onion only in yam market. new market (25) had the highest prevalence of 20.8% parasite ova and cyst, while old market and haske market had 20 (16.7%) and yam market had the least 17 (14.2%).spinach and sorrel had the highest rate of parasitic contamination of (83.3%) than tomato (53.3%) and spring onion (46.7%). also, a total of twelve different species of medically important parasites are detected, these included ascaris lumbricoides (24.8%), strongyloides stercoralis (21.1%) (p>0.05), enterobius vermicularis (11.7%), trichuris trichiura (8.8%), taenia saginata (8.8), hookworm eggs (5.8%), giardia lamblia cysts (4.4%), hymenolepis nana (3.6%), balantidium coli (2.9%), dipylidium caninum egg packets (2.9%), hymenolepis diminuta (2.9%), and entamoeba histolytica (2.2%). fresh vegetables washed with dirty water (well water) had (37.5%). while, one washed with clean water (borehole water) shows no parasite ova and cyst (0.0%). keywords: vegetable, parasites, contamination, wukari metropolis. introduction vegetable refers to any part of plant (herbaceous plants roots, stems, leaves) that is consumed by humans as food, as part of a savory meal. vegetables can be eaten either raw or cooked and play an important role in human nutrition, being mostly low in fat and carbohydrates, but high in vitamins and minerals (oguntibeju, et al., 2013; mohammed, et al, 2016).vegetables are rich source of dietary fibre, folate (folic acid), potassium, vitamin a,b,c,e and k, magnesium, iron, and calcium. dietary fiber from vegetables, for instance, reduces blood cholesterol levels and lowers risk of heart diseases and obesity. it ensures proper bowel function and protects the bowel from protracted constipation, hemorrhoids, colon cancer and diverticulosis (rubatzky and yamaguchi, 1997; mohammed, et al, 2016). fresh vegetables can be agents of transmission of protozoan cysts and helminthes egg and larvae. in developing countries, intestinal parasitic diseases are still a public health problem, probably due to poor sanitation and inadequate personal hygiene (kang, 1998; steketee, 2003; simon-oke, et al., 2014; asadpour, et al., 2016). american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 42 the consumption of raw(fresh) vegetables which are contaminated by wastewater during irrigation, application of fertilizers, and marketing represent important route in the transmission of parasitic infection(asadpour et al., 2016). several surveys have been done in different part of the world which indicated that, vegetables can be a major source for transmitting protozoan cysts (entamoeba histolytica; giardia lamblia; entamoeba coli; balantidium coli), oocysts ( isospora belli; cryptosporidium spp.), and helminthes egg and larvae( strongyloides stercoralis; trichuris trichiura; enterobius vermicularis; fasciola hepatica; ascaris lumbricoides; toxocara spp.; hymenolepsis nana; hymenolepsis diminuta, taenia spp.). parasitic infections lead to about 300 million severe illnesses with approximately 200,000 deaths occurring in developing countries (mohammed, et al., 2016). parasites are living organisms which take its nourishment and other needs from a host. they parasite can be ecto or endo (assafa,et al., 2004). but special emphases are on endoparasites (inside host) which are ingested through contaminated fresh vegetables. all of these have urged the undertaking of this study to investigate the level of parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold in different markets in wukari town. materials and method study area this study was conducted in wukari metropolis of wukari local government area of taraba state. the town is situated in longitude 9 0 47’e and latitude 7 0 51’n on the southern part of the state about 206km away from jalingo the state capital. the study was done during dry season between february-march. a total of 128 fresh vegetable samples were collected. eight (8) vegetable of each species were collected from each market in wukari town. the vegetables comprises of:  sorrel (common name); hibiscus aspar (botanical name); yakuwa (hausa name) and awuri (jukun name).  spring onion (common name); allium cepa (botanical name) and albasa (hausa name).  tomato (common name); salanum lycopersicum(botanical name); and tumatur(hausa name).  spinach (common name); amaranthus histilis (botanical name); alayyahu (hausa name) and abiyo (jukun name). sample collection, preparation and washing the fresh vegetable samples for this examination (survey) were collected randomly from the four mention markets. each sample from each market is collected twice in a week. vegetables were sample early in the morning. a well labeled sample (polythene) bags were used for the transportation of each sample to the laboratory for analysis. zinc sulphate floatation techniques were used in concentrating the cyst and ova of the parasites (neva and brown 1983; cheasebrough, 2003; simonoke, et al., 2014). procedures for samples preparation and washing a portion (150g) of each fresh vegetable samples were weighed and washed with distilled water in 250ml conical flask for detaching the parasites. the washing were sieved into another clean 250ml conical flask to remove debris and then dispensed in to clean three 15ml test tubes and centrifuge at 2500rpm for1minutes and supernatant were decanted carefully. 2ml of the deposit (sediment) were placed in a 15ml test tube which was filled with the zinc sulphate solution to the brim and covered with clean glass slide. also 16 out of the washed samples were re-washed with borehole and well water. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 43 examination of samples macro examination the samples were carefully examined for the presence of macro parasite such as segment of cestodes (tapeworms) and adult nematodes. micro examination in micro examination, the clean glass slides placed at the top of 15ml test tube were removed after 30minutes. cover slips were placed gently to avoid air bubbles and were examined under binocular microscope using multiple objectives lens x10, x40 andx100. the various helminthes egg, larvae and protozoa cyst were detected. three slides were prepared from each sample to increase the chance of parasitic detection. also a single drop of lugols iodine solution was added prior to the prepared slide to stain the parasites ova, larvae, and cyst for more and easy identification. the eggs, larvae, and cyst were identified base on morphological details as described by rai, et al., 1996; who, 2004; muna, 2004. data analysis data analysis was done using tables and percentages. the chi-square test was used to find out the prevalence of medically importance parasites in relation to fresh vegetables. results table 1. distribution of medically importance parasites ova and cyst in fresh vegetables sold at old market in wukari metropolis * shows low significance difference (p > 0.01) table 2. distribution of medically importance parasites ova and cyst in fresh vegetables sold at new markets in wukari metropolis. *significant difference is lower (p >0.01) table 3. distribution of medically importance parasites ova and cyst in fresh vegetables sold at yam markets in wukari metropolis. vegetable type examined no. of positive prevalence (%) spinach 30 5 16.7 sorrel 30 6 20.0 spring onion 30 2* 6.7 tomato 30 4 13.3 total 120 17 14.2 * shows low significance difference (p > 0.01) vegetable type examined no. of positive prevalence (%) spinach 30 7 23.3 sorrel 30 5 16.7 spring onion 30 4* 13.3 tomato 30 4* 13.3 total 120 20 16.7 vegetable type examined no. of positive prevalence (%) spinach 30 6 20.0 sorrel 30 7 23.3 spring onion 30 7 23.3 tomato 30 5* 16.7 total 120 25 20.8 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 44 table 4. distribution of medically importance parasites ova and cyst in fresh vegetables sold at haske market in wukari metropolis. vegetable type examined no. of positive prevalence (%) spinach 30 7 23.3 sorrel 30 7 23.3 spring onion 30 3* 10.0 tomato 30 3* 10.0 total 120 20 16.7 * shows low significance difference (p > 0.01) table 5. present of medically important parasites ova and cyst in fresh vegetables washed with well waters. vegetable type examined positive percentage (%) spinach 4 1 25.0 sorrel 4 3 75.0 spring onion 4 2 50.0 tomato 4 0 0.0 total 16 6 37.5 table 6. present of medically important parasites ova and cyst in fresh vegetables washed with borehole water. vegetables type examined positive percentage (%) spinach 4 0 0.0 sorrel 4 0 0.0 spring onion 4 0 0.0 tomato 4 0 0.0 total 16 0 0.0 table 7. fresh vegetable with high prevalence of parasitic contamination sampling markets spinach (%) sorrel (%) spring onion (%) tomato (%) old market 23.3 16.7 13.3 13.3 new market 20.0 23.3 16.7 16.7 yam market 16.7 20.0 6.7 13.3 haske market 23.3 23.3 10.0 10.0 total 83.3 83.3 46.7 53.3 table 8. endoparasite that are more prevalence *significant difference is higher (p > 0.05) american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 1| nov 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 45 discussion the result of the study shows that, the prevalence of parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables collected in the various markets was generally low as indicated (table1-4) above. new market (table 2.) has the highest prevalence of parasite ova and cyst with (20.8%). followed by old market (table 3.) and haske market (table 4.) with the same proportion of (16.7%). finally, yam market (table 5.) which recorded the least prevalence (14.2%) of the parasite. according to statistical analysis, there is significant difference in the contamination of fresh vegetables (p >0.01).in old market and haske market (table 1and 4), spring onion and tomato are highly significance at (p > 0.01). in yam market, spring onion only is significantly high at (p > 0.01). while, in new market (table 2) only tomato shows high significance difference at (p > 0.01).the differences may be due to sanitation, or how the retails handled the fresh vegetables in the various markets. the (table 5) above shows that, a fresh vegetables washed with dirty water (well water) has parasite ova and cyst (37.5%). while fresh vegetables washed with clean water (borehole water) shows no parasite, ova and cyst (0.0%) as indicated in (table 6). the study has shown that, washing fresh vegetables with well water can only add more parasites but not reducing, because the water itself are contaminated with the ova and cyst of different parasites. furthermore, this finding correspond with the study by shahonazi and jafari-sabet, (2010) which point out that, the poorly washed vegetables are post-considered a major route for transmitting intestinal parasitic infections. that is to say, fresh vegetables need to be properly washed with clean water (borehole water) before eating. in this study, 88 0ut of 136 vegetable samples examined are contaminated. spinach (amaranthus histilis) and sorrel (hibiscus asparagus) has the highest rate of parasitic contamination of (83.3%). while tomatoes (solanum lycopersicum) has (53.3%) and spring onion (allium cepa) has the less contamination of (46.7%). helminthes egg and prozoans cysts were detect in 88 of 136 fresh vegetables examined during the study. the most detected endoparasites in the vegetables samples in all the four markets were ascaris lumbricoides (24.8%), strongyloides stercoralis (21.1%), enterobius vermicularis (11.7%), trichuris trichiura (8.8%), taenia saginata (8.8), hookworms egg (5.8%),giardia lamblia cyst (4.4%), hemenolepsis nana (3.6%), balantidium coli (2.9%), dipylidium caninum egg packets (2.9%), hemenolepsis diminuta (2.9%), and entamoeba histolytica(2.2%). however, statistical analysis reveals that, strongyloides stercoralis is significantly higher than the remaining parasites at (p > 0.05). conclusion the study shows a moderate rate of fresh vegetables contaminated with protozoan and helminthes in different markets in wukari metropolis. new market recorded the highest prevalence of 25 (20.8%) contamination among the four markets studied, fresh vegetables washed with well water shows the presence of parasites 6 (37.5%) while the one washed with borehole water shows no parasites, spinach(amaranthus histilis) and sorrel (hibiscusasparagus) has the 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(1990). introduction to parasitology in tropical africa.ibadan, text flow limited.p 464 76. voge, m. and heyneman, d. (1957). development of hymenolepis nana and hymenolepis nana. university of califonia publications in zoology 59: 549-580 77. who (2004). sanitary parasitology. regional centre for environmental health activities: p 119 78. wolfe, m.s., (1992). giardiasis.clin microbiol rev. 5(1): 93-100. 79. rubatzky, v.e. and yamaguchi, m. (1997). importance of vegetables in human nutrition. in world vegetables, springer boston. pp. 34-41 80. oguntibeju, o.o.; truter, e.j. and esterhuyse, a.j. (2013). roles of fruit and vegetables consumption in human health and diseases prevention in: oguntibeju, o.o (ed) diabetes mellitus-insight and perspectives intech. pp. 117-130 international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 139 methods and means of forming technological skills of primary school students tilavova matlab muhammedovna 1 , hojiyeva nasiba bahodirovna 2 1 bukhara state university 2 bukhara state pedagogical institute abstract: in the article, the methods and means of forming the technological skills of elementary school students, the formation of the student's technological competence, literacy, worldview and culture, the set of technological knowledge and skills, the qualities of work, citizenship and patriotism are discussed. led by. keywords: technology, skill, primary class, method, tool, competence, outlook, culture, knowledge, labor, patriotism, student. the process of renewal and modernization in the field of education in our country is continuous in all parts of the education system, including in higher education, the training of mature specialists who can meet the requirements of the times, the formation of new knowledge and skills in them, their own working on it requires improving the ability to purposefully use the achievements of modern technology. based on the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5712 dated april 29, 2019, a number of plans and projects were developed based on the "concept of the development of the public education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030". in the world practice of the education system, the introduction of modern information and communication technologies based on the individualization of the teaching methodology and the competence approach is considered as a leading factor in ensuring the quality of education. in particular, the adoption of the concept "development of the public education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030" opened the door to major reforms in the field of education in our country. concepts and curricula were edited and modified by methodists and leaders in the ministries and brought to the state of the general complex. this complex is a unified concept of the continuous education system in the field of technology, concepts for the preschool education system, the curriculum for grades 1-9 of general secondary education, initial professional education, i.e., 2-year education for vocational schools. "the national curriculum of continuing education of the republic of uzbekistan in technology" is a complex consisting of the curriculum and the curricula of higher pedagogical education. the end of the 20th century is marked by the beginning of the formation of a new technological society, where technological knowledge and skills began to play a special role. this led to the emergence of a new technology "technology" in the curricula of schools in many developed countries of the world. replacing traditional labor education, technology has become a must-learn for future builders and tailors, future bankers, doctors, actors and other professionals. technology is the field of knowledge, methods and tools used for optimal transformation and use of matter (materials), energy and information in accordance with the plan and for the benefit of man, society and nature. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 140 the ability to understand, use and manage technology, problem solving skills, creativity, awareness, flexibility of thinking and enterprise development constitute technological literacy. technological competence consists of technological competences, the ability to use various methods and means of changing materials, energy, and information, to calculate economic efficiency and the possible environmental consequences of technological activity, to draw up one's life and professional plans. 'implies mastery. the active participation of young people in the development of science and technology requires not only the content of education, but also the method and organization of the teaching process, their interest in teaching, their creative ability, and the ability to apply their knowledge in practice. this gives the school the task of instilling the need for creativity in young people, teaching them creative skills, the basics of creative approach to any activity, and the ability to independently solve creative problems. the correct organization of the science of technology should teach students to overcome difficulties, to work hard to achieve the set goal, not to abandon the work started, but to finish it. here, it is very important that students show positive results: joy, pleasure and satisfaction from work. the importance of teaching technology education is not limited to providing the opportunity to acquire labor skills, but it is necessary to recognize that these skills are needed for everyone. people participating in many academic councils would not have been so successful if they did not know how to do the chores of life: cooking, mending clothes, keeping things tidy, and so on. teaching technology education should be carried out in accordance with the general requirements of modern pedagogic work and its methods. teaching methods are the methods of the teacher and students, with the help of which the teacher achieves the acquisition of knowledge, skills and competencies by students. a teacher can use different teaching methods in his experience. the teacher's aspiration and behavior should be aimed at keeping the students' attention in the lesson, concentrating their thoughts, and their closeness. the teacher should value every moment of the lesson and teach the students to do the same. each teacher is given the right to have his own style, the uniqueness of his method. however, it can be said that all this can be achieved only when they acquire solid knowledge, truths that are obvious to everyone at a glance. teachers who want to devote their lives to teaching work should begin their career by mastering this well-known fact. they should learn from the very beginning to check what they have learned, explain a new topic, and reinforce what they have learned by using conversation, telling, and practical exercises in classes. it is possible to apply a new one only after mastering the truths known to everyone and taking into account the capabilities of the class. skills and competence acquired in a blindly approximate way are narrow and cannot be thorough. the choice of practical tasks should be subordinated to the tasks of raising the theoretical and practical level of labor readiness. assignments given to students should form their skills in creative research, education and working with literature. in primary grades, the content, size, and methods of work materials should correspond to the stage of preparation of students. it will not be appropriate to simply simplify the delivery of educational materials to students. going in this way cannot ensure the mental development of students. it is advisable to study each topic from simple to complex. many teachers are using different methods and methods of teaching, as well as organizing interesting extracurricular activities, achieving good learning results and instilling love and interest in knowledge. such teachers, while teaching manual labor, teach students knowledge and skills in the field of life, help them develop creative abilities, interest in learning, and independent activity. teaching methods should serve the acquisition of knowledge at such a level that students can draw the object according to any size and apply the acquired knowledge in practice, not based on the dimensions drawn by the teacher. the main system of methods used in teaching manual labor is as follows: american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 141 1. oral presentation. 2. explanation and storytelling. 3. conversation. 4. exercises. 5. practical work. 6. independent works. 7. excursion. 8. work with the book. 9. technical means. the oral presentation method can take two forms: 1. making a monologue. only the teacher speaks, and the students perceive and understand his speech. in manual work classes, it takes the form of explanation and storytelling, instruction. 2. method of dialogic narration. this is a mutual conversation between the teacher and the students. explaining and telling stories. in this method, the material is presented vividly and figuratively. in this case, the teacher himself gives new knowledge. sometimes during the conversation it is appropriate to ask students questions in order to find out how much they are learning. the story will be much more understandable if it is done by showing the completed works, natural pictures, photographs and the like. in this case, the rule "show and explain" is followed when explaining. when describing new material, it is necessary to assume that students are not the same. special attention should be paid to the assimilators in the explanation. in the process of telling a story, in order to activate their understanding, one or two questions can be asked about the material being explained. the interview method can be used for various educational purposes, i.e., in the process of repetition to describe the new program material, to plan and deepen knowledge, to check the knowledge of students. in this way, it is useful to arouse curiosity in students and ask questions. a conversation, like a story, must meet certain requirements, namely:  questions should be formulated in such a way that they activate students' thinking, encourage them to search for a clear and convincing answer;  in order to be consistent in revealing the topic, the plan of the interview must necessarily include pre-planned questions;  it is necessary to determine in advance which arguments and conclusions the attention of the students will be focused on. the conversation should help in deep and conscious mastering of the educational material, serve as a tool in the formation of the skills and abilities of conscious planning of the future practical work in students, and help inculcate the skills of practical application of the acquired knowledge. exercises are held to strengthen knowledge and skills. in order to strengthen skills and competences, the teacher gives the students various exercises, in which he organizes creative works and refers to exercises that require more independence. the essence of this method is the conscious repetition of increasingly complex methods and actions. exercises are mass and individual, that is, the same work can be done in the whole group and all students can do different things. since the characteristic feature of the exercises is the repetition of the same action, it is required to keep the interest of the students in the work being done. exercises at the end, it is necessary to analyze the cases, based on the analysis of the best cases, to show who achieved what results. at the same time, it is necessary to dwell on the shortcomings and explain what needs to be done to improve the quality of work or increase the speed of execution. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 142 practical work. this method helps to teach students how to apply their knowledge in practice. it is of great educational importance for students to independently draw up a plan for carrying out practical work. the performance of visual aids by students can also be included in practical work. it helps to consolidate the acquired knowledge. independent work. these are works that are performed without the direct participation of the teacher, but at a time specially allocated by his assignment. in this place, students use their aspirations and express the results of their mental and physical actions in one form or another and consciously try to achieve the goal set in the task. starting from the first lessons, work should be organized in such a way that students feel that there should be an organic connection between theoretical knowledge and practical skills in order to acquire manual labor. formation of students' skills should not be separated from conscious activity. in the process of performing independent work, along with the formation of skills, students test their strength, knowledge and abilities. the wide use of independent work helps to develop students' creative approach to work, their interest in learning, and the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in practice. excursion is one of the main methods of technology education. during the excursion, students get acquainted with various production equipment, observe and study labor and production processes. organizing excursions to various labor facilities, familiarizing students with working people, the equipment they use, the organization of the labor process and the products produced, samples of new equipment and modern production technology, advanced work methods and it can be organized for the purpose of studying the methods of scientific organization of work. excursion plays an important role in increasing interest in learning, instilling in students a sense of independence and learning about life. it will be more effective if the production representatives also participate in conducting the tours. during the excursion, students will get to know the production technology. before conducting the excursion, it is necessary to set specific goals for the students, and after the excursion, conduct a question-and-answer session. for example, before organizing an excursion to a textile factory, students can be assigned tasks in groups. work with the book. before introducing the book to the students, the teacher should carefully study the book and determine what can be recommended from it. pupils should be gradually taught to work independently with books. technical tools. today, all areas of education cannot be imagined without technical means. it is used in manual labor training to study some departments, to provide information about professions, to teach the technology of preparing practical work, to introduce the rules of safety equipment. literature 1. о„zbеkistоn rеspublikаsining kоnstitutsiyаsi.-tоshkеnt: о„zbеkistоn, 2021. – 77 b. 2. umumiy о„rtа tа‟limning dаvlаt tа‟lim stаndаrti. vаzirlаr mаhkаmаsining 2017 yil 6 аprеldаgi 187-sоn qаrоri. 3. sаnаqulоv x, xоdiyеvа d, sаnаqulоvа а “mеhnаt tа‟limi” 3-sinf dаrsligi. t., “shаrq” 2016 yil. 4. tilаvоvа m.m. bоshlаng‟ich sinf mеhnаt dаrslаrini tаshkil 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engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 106 idioms describing human character as an important component of the national and cultural aspect of the english language omonturdieva zebokhon bunyod qizi master student of the uzbekistan state world languages university abstract: the article deals with ideoms reflecting the character of a person, the direct connection of the inner world, mental state, mood and stable qualities of a person with speech, the manifestation of a national and cultural character in the phraseological units of the english language. keywords: phraseological units, set expressions, idiom, human character, mentality, national culture. introduction an important feature of modern research in linguistics is a thorough study of the national-cultural aspect of the language. phraseological units are at the center of our attention in this work. in their semantics, phraseological units reflect the process of development of the people and their culture, pass on from generation to generation certain cultural stereotypes that are still relevant today. researchers, studying the problem of phraseological units, reveal the cultural code that was embedded in the expressions, all the significance and nature of a particular people. in the process of studying foreign languages, we consider not only the grammatical structures of the language with lexical stock, but also encounter set expressions, phrases, the translation of which is meaningless without knowledge of the historical and linguocultural heritage of the people. of particular importance is the study of phraseological units associated with the nature of the individual, since this is an important part of the life of every person and the people as a whole. idioms and phraseological units are an integral part of any language. they reflect the history of the country, the history of the development of the language, various cultural phenomena, and the national character. discussion what is the national character of the english as a whole? the phraseological system as a whole clearly demonstrates a semantic focus on a person and makes a significant contribution to the formation of a figurative picture of the world of each nation. phraseologisms make our speech more vivid, emotional and interesting for the interlocutor. it is impossible to imagine learning english without these linguistic realities, because the quality, imagery of speech, emotional coloring, modality, and sometimes even communication itself will depend on their possession. knowledge of english set expressions fully helps to enjoy reading original english texts, clearly characterizes the level of the speaker's language proficiency. english set expressions not only embellish speech, they also allow you to reduce cumbersome sentences to small expressions (sometimes even up to two or three words). phraseologisms (idioms) of the english language are stable expressions that have an independent meaning, usually not coinciding with the literal translation. the word "idiom" comes from the greek "idίōma", which means "feature, originality." where did they come from? over a thousand-year history, a large number of expressions have accumulated in the english language that people have found successful, well-aimed and beautiful. with the help of idioms, the language becomes alive. the range of idioms of modern english is wide and varied, most of them are american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 107 borrowed from fiction and not only english ones. linguists have not developed a unanimous opinion about what a phraseologism is, and, consequently, there is no unity of views on the composition of these units in the language. some researchers (l.p. smith [1], j. seidl, w. mcmordie, v.p. zhukov, v.n. telia, n.m. shansky and others) include stable combinations in phraseology, others ( n. n. amosova, a. m. babkin, a. i. smirnitsky and others) only certain groups. so, some linguists (including academician v.v. vinogradov) do not include proverbs, sayings and catchwords in the category of phraseological units, believing that they differ from phraseological units in their semantics and syntactic structure. russian scientists n.n. amosova [2] and a.v. kunin [3] studied english phraseological units in historical and theoretical-linguistic aspects. in his works a.v. kunin divides english phraseological units into three types of set expressions: idiomatic, idiophraseological and phraseomatic. the foundations of uzbek phraseology were laid and then developed in the studies of a number of linguists such as e.d. polivanov, sh.rakhmatullaev[4], ya.d. pinkhasov[5], m. umarkhodzhaev, a.e. mamatov and others. true english proficiency implies the ability to speak using idioms. indeed, it is in colloquial speech that they are most often used. it should be noted that in english and american linguistics, it is not the term “phraseological unit” that is more commonly used, but the so-called “set-expression”, which means in essence one and the same, along with the latter, the concept of "idiom" is also used. in english linguistics, it does not have the narrow meaning of phraseological fusion, but denotes all set expressions in general. the most common classification of english phraseological units is thematic. for example, in a.v. kunin’s [6] english-phraseological dictionary there are several idiomatic groups that are associated with a person and his character; with animals; with body parts with clothes; with a palette of colors; with products; with money; with color names with school and study; with household items; with the weather. in this work, we have studied the semantic group of english idioms with a component describing a person's character. there are many concepts of "character" in modern psychology. the following definition allows us to give a semantic description, taking into account the structural and grammatical analysis of phraseological units. character (from the greek “χαρακτήρ“ distinguishing feature, sign") the structure of persistent, relatively constant mental properties that determine the characteristics of the relationship and behavior of the individual. character traits are those essential properties of a person that determine a particular way of behavior, way of life. the idioms given below, denoting the character of a person, were considered from the point of view of negative and positive estimated values. idioms expressing negative traits of a person's character idioms expressing positive traits of a person's character duplicity, hypocrisy: а hypocrite as slippery as an eel; to have two faces (under one hood) a honey tongue, a heart of gall. honesty: play a straight bat; treat smb white; (as) straight as a die; as honest a man as ever broke bread (as ever lived by bread; as honest a man as ever trod on earth, shoe leather; honest, as honest as the skin between his brows); clean hands; straight goods; straight dealing fair play; kind (honest, simple) soul; clean liver; fair play unsociability: lone wolf; shrinking violet; nervous nellie; a wimp sociability: social butterfly; a people person ;a party animal meanness: a bad actor; swear black is white; paint smb black; yellow dog; false heart; yellow streak; underhand sincerity: single heart (mind); as open as the day; plain dealer; make a clean breast of smth; he is an open look; to be openhearted arrogance: holier-than-thou; mount (be on, ride, get on) the nobility: a big heart; a high mind; good as gold; good american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 108 night horse; proud (vain) as a peacock; proud as lucifer, high (proud) stomach; a fly on the wheel sport (sort; egg, onion); good as pie; good nature cruelty, ruthlessness, callousness: hard heart; cold as charity; stony heart; hard as a flint (a stone, the nethermill stone); hard as iron. kindness, heartiness, affability: a kind (honest, simple) soul; kind (soft, warm) heart; big heart; as good as gold talkativeness, boastfulness: hot-air artist (merchant); big mouth; a loose (long) tongue; to have a loose (long) tongue sanity, modesty: down-to-earth – someone who is practical and close to reality, who accepts other people as equals insolence, shamelessness: blush like a black (blue) dog; cool beggar (card, customer, fish, hand); dead to shame; a smart alec; decisiveness, strong character, reliability: stout heart; a strong man; firm(steady) as a roc k; a hard nut to crack; a tough nut primness: stand-offish, niminy-piminy, square-toed, prim and proper , as stiff as a poker, old maidish, boiled shirt. cheerfulness: merry as a cricket (grig; a marriage bell, as maids); playful as a kitten; light heart; free liver; cheerful (gay) as a lark; fresh as a daisy (a rose; as paint, as newpaint; flowers in may); free and easy; see through rose-coloured glasses greed: greedy as a wolf; a miser; tight fist; close liver; a cheapskate generosity: bountiful, all heart, open handed cunning, flattery: artful as a cart load of monkeys; old fox; sly fox; a tame spaniel; an oily tongue; to have an oily tongue; to be silver-tongued; tricky as a monkey; tricky nicky; a downy bird; a publicity hound naivete: a simpleton a soft touch wet behind the ears babe in the woods cowardice: to have a yellow streak, as quiet as a lamb, as timid as a mouse ,a tame cat, as timid as a hare, like rats leaving a sinking ship, cold feet; white liver; yellow dog; get (have) cold feet; fly (mount, show), the white feather; (as) timid as a hare; a yellow streak; to be rabbit(pigeon)-hearted; to be fainthearted; to have cold feet, a yellow belly; courage: as true as steel , high blood; be free of one’s flesh; die game; put on a bold front; make the best of a bad job; a strong man; stout heart; bold (brave) as a lion; make the best of a bad bargain (business); make the best of it; as bold as brass; red blood; rudeness, intemperance, irascibility: troublemaker, gruff as a bear; hairy about (at, in) the heel (the fetlocks); surly beggar (dog); short temper; rough and tough; rough and tumble; common scold; wild and wolly; a hot head restraint, calmness: one wouldn’t hurt a fly, a cool heart; mental ballast; put a good face on smth; in one’s sober senses; sober as a judge; clear (hard) grit; hard as nails; level head; good man; cool as cucumber; to keep a civil tongue in one’s mouth laziness: a lazy dog couch potato lazybones diligence: a willing horse; (as) busy as a bee (busy as a beehive; as a beaver; as a hen with one chicken; as a cockroach on a hot stove; as a one-armed paperhanger); work double tides; work at high pressure; аn eager beaver american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 109 conclusion the study revealed the following pattern: idioms with a negative assessment always prevailed over those with a positive or neutral assessment, regardless of the distribution into groups describing various character traits. perhaps this is due to a more acute emotional and speech-thinking reaction of people to negative phenomena. for example, in relation to other people in the english language, such character traits as “arrogance”, “cruelty”, “duplicity” are more represented. in relation to oneself, the english language is dominated by "cunning", "cowardice" and "rudeness". it is interesting that in the english language there are much more idioms of subgroups in relation to oneself "cheerfulness", "honesty", in relation to others "restraint", "sincerity". studying phraseological units, we can observe how stable phrases reflect the attitude of the people to certain moral qualities of a person. we also observe which character traits are most important to people and are of the greatest value to them. references: 1. smith, l.p. phraseology of the english language. translated by ignatyeva, a.r. uchpedgiz, 1959, p. 208. 2. amosova, n.n. etymological foundations of the vocabulary of modern english. librokom, 2010, p. 244. 3. kunin, a.v. phraseology course of modern english. 2nd edition, moscow, 1996, p. 115. 4. rakhmatullaev, sh. some issues of uzbek phraseology. diss. tashkent, 1966, p. 218. 5. pinkhasov, y.d. modern uzbek literary language. lexicology and phraseology. uqituvchi, 1969, pp. 55-65. 6. kunin, a.v. english-russian phraseological dictionary. 3rd ed., russian language, 2001. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 110 social competencies of primary school students hakimova nargiza supxonovna teacher of bukhara state university, uzbekistan abstract: the article reveals methods for developing social competencies of primary school students. keywords: elementary school, education, lesson, social, competencies. the content of the fundamental reforms being carried out in uzbekistan is aimed at educating the younger generation into a spiritually mature, comprehensively developed generation with intellectual potential. reforms in the political, socio-economic and spiritual spheres, carried out to strengthen independence, provide for the creation of a democratic and civil society that protects human rights and freedoms. the main goal of the implemented changes is to protect the material and spiritual interests of a person. our parents, grandfathers and ancestors, who always serve as a light for us on such a difficult and difficult path, illuminate our path with exemplary life lessons. among them are the restoration of national values, the increase of spirituality, especially paying more attention to the traditions of oriental customs. the upbringing of youth has always been recognized as an urgent problem. its second important aspect is the role of legal education in shaping the social and legal consciousness of young people. improving the socio-legal culture of young people begins not only in educational institutions, but also in the family. legal knowledge in life, characterized by clarity learns to find the right direction in situations, to find the boundary between what is permitted and prohibited, to choose legal ways and means to protect their rights and interests. the use of the uzbek national spiritual heritage in the activation of primary schoolchildren, the release of individual spirituality based on humane, democratic principles of education based on national pride, patriotism, national idea and national ideology and its priority. scientific and practical significance of the world education system. based on the pedagogical possibilities of using the national spiritual heritage of the uzbek people in the activation of high school students, the volume of the topic under study is determined in a comprehensive analysis of the teaching of the national spiritual heritage, didactic goals and objectives are determined, the main issues and information materials that need to be mastered by the student are determined, the main aspects of the national spiritual heritage that needs to be formed, the artistic and aesthetic, material or intellectual heritage is singled out, the interdisciplinary and inter-thematic connection of the new material that must be mastered by the student is determined. the primary education standard embodies the standard indicators set in the fields of education. criteria and parameters of the standard are indicators of the educational standard established in educational areas. the quality of educational outcomes by sector of education is determined on the basis of the same indicators. here, these indicators are summarized and expressed in specific units of measurement. based on the modern requirements of the era and the principles of education, which are developing in line with the development of society and based on world experience, the basic american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 111 program of primary education in the republic of uzbekistan includes the native language, mathematics, natural history, and the areas of human and social education. there are many aspects that are required from teachers in the formation of social competencies of primary school students. first of all, let's talk about what competence is. competence (lot.competo-achieving, worthy, worthy) knowledge, experience in a particular area. from time immemorial, attention has been paid to the personal social qualities of teachers, and based on the requirements of each time, the requirements for teachers have been improved and complicated. according to zoroastrian teaching, "the duties of teachers and priests are to teach children knowledge in the direction of good, to educate them to distinguish between good and evil, and guide them on the right path." in his "yashts" the leader of teachers-teachers is praised, who fights evil with wisdom, instills true words, pure faith and honest intentions in the minds of children. also in the "yasht" of the "avesta" there is laziness, indifference, irresponsibility, indifference, carelessness, bad manners, which interfere with the children's mind and independent thinking due to the imperfection of their knowledge and skills, and at the same time "rust". consciousness of young people”, “bad teachers” are sharply condemned, weakening their attitude to life and work, weakening their faith and traditionally impoverishing them. in the communication of zoroaster with the supreme god ahuramazda, the following is said about good and bad teachers: “noshud, a bad teacher destroys the craft from the heart of a student, so take care of yourself from a bad teacher.” the organization of the education system in uzbekistan on the basis of national ideas and requirements for educating the younger generation, ensuring its compliance with the prospects for the development of society and world standards is an urgent issue of our time. fundamental reform of the education system, cleaning it from the remnants of the past and raising it to the level of developed democratic states, training highly qualified personnel who meet the high moral and ethical requirements of the development of society, is the common task of workers in the education system. . the theoretical and methodological armament of the education system, aimed at the comprehensive development of the personality, is today defined as the main task of pedagogy. in elementary grades, students always look to their teacher as a role model. if we carry out the training and education of students together, this will also create the basis for the formation of their competencies. references: 1. мирзаева, дилфуза шавкатовна, насиба қурбон қизи насимова, and наргиза супхоновна ҳакимова. "арт-педагогика для дошкольников." scientific progress 2.7 (2021): 1201-1205. 2. nasimova nasiba qurbon qizi. use of innovative methods in speeching classes in preschool educational organizations. international journal of culture and modernity issn 2697-2131, volume 11 https://ijcm.academicjournal.io/index.php/ijcm. 3. nasimova nasiba qurbon qizi. methods of musical education and upbringing of preschool children. european journal of innovation in nonformal education (ejine) volume 2 | issue 2 | issn: 2795-8612. european journal of innovation in nonformal education www.innovatus.es 4. хакимова н. с. об¬ ряды и обычьи связанные с рождением и воспитанием ребенка у народов средней азии //boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 2. – с. 67-72. 5. raxmonova g. s., hakimova n. s. o‟quvchilarni ma‟naviy-axloqiy tarbiyalashda interfaol metodlardan foydalanish //oriental renaissance: innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 1. – с. 1012-1019. 6. gaybullayevna d. n., supxonovna h. n. forming a sense of respect for the students in primary https://ijcm.academicjournal.io/index.php/ijcm http://www.innovatus.es/ american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 112 school educational lessons //journal of pedagogical inventions and practices. – 2022. – т. 9. – с. 194-198. 7. hakimova n. s. boshlang‟ich sinf o‟quvchilarida ijtimoiy-huquqiy mehyorlarga hurmat hissini shakllantirish metodlari //science and education. – 2022. – т. 3. – №. 3. – с. 466-475. 8. mamedova, m. (2022). maktabgacha ta‟lim yoshdagi bolalar ijodiy qobiliyatlarini shakllantirish. ilmiy nashrlar markazi (buxdu.uz), 8(8). 9. mamedova m. maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarning ijtimoiy xususiyatlarini shakllantirishda tarbiyaning o‟rni //центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz). – 2021. – т. 8. – №. 8. 10. to‟raqulovich, jumayev umedjon, and hakimova nargiza supxonovna. "ways to shape a healthy lifestyle in the family of preschool children." middle european scientific bulletin 11 (2021). 11. to‟raqulovich, j. u., hikmatovna, a. n., & muhammadovna, r. s. (2021). theoretical foundations of cooperation between the family and preschool education in the moral and aesthetic development of preschool children. middle european scientific bulletin, 11. 12. g„aforovna j. h. savod o „rgatishga tayyorgarlik bosqichida o „qish va yozuvga o „rgatish //бошқарув ва этика қоидалари онлайн илмий журнали. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 1-4. 13. to‟raqulovich, jumayev umedjon, azimova nodira hikmatovna, and rahmonova sojida muhammadovna. "theoretical foundations of cooperation between the family and preschool education in the moral and aesthetic development of preschool children." middle european scientific bulletin 11 (2021). 14. habiba g. birinchi sinf o „quvchilarida yozuv malakalarini shakllantirish //scientific progress. – 2021. – т. 2. – №. 7. – с. 983-989. 15. dilnoza, x. (2022). 1-sinf “ona tili va o‟qish savodxonligi” darslarida etnopedagogika namunalarini o‟rgatish metodikasi. барқарорлик ва етакчи тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали, 2(4), 337-341. 16. xayrullayeva, d. (2021). boshlang „ich sinflarda ona tili ta‟limining ahamiyati. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). 17. qo‟ldoshev, avezmurodovich rustambek. "forming writing skills in left-handed students." middle european scientific bulletin 10 (2021). 18. xayrullayeva, d. (2021). boshlang „ich sinflarda ona tili ta‟limining ahamiyati. центр научных публикаций (buxdu. uz), 8(8). international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 66 scientific technologies and digitalization in medical education 1 xamrayeva guli , 2 akramova nasiba khamitovna 1 assistant of the department of uzbek language and literature with russian, samarkand state medical university 2 assistant of the department of humanities samarkand state university kattakurgan branch abstract: the pandemic has fueled the spread of virtual learning after the urgent suspension of traditional learning. to counter this learning crisis, various online learning strategies have been developed. the transition to distance learning was carried out by digitalization specialists together with the ministry of education. several online seminars were held for staff and students on the value and procedures of such a shift. student satisfaction was recorded in relation to the effectiveness of live learning events and online assessment. this paper discusses in detail the procedures and benefits of the transition to digital learning, which were evaluated by students and teachers. he recommended the adoption of future theoretical online courses, as well as the development of computer technology in the educational process. keywords: digitalization, e-learning, medical education, virtual education. results. students have been satisfied with the overall transition to this collaborative e-learning environment. digital learning tools have contributed to student achievement and knowledge sharing among peers. the role of computer technology in medicine during the covid-19 pandemic has been evident in advancing student, research skills and technical competencies. introduction. scientific technology and digitalization are having a huge impact on increasing efficiency and productivity in virtually every area of the modern era, from agriculture to healthcare and innovation, and have proven to be an effective tool to make people's lives better and easier. online learning is considered a feasible and compatible method of teaching and scientific meetings, as well as the sustainability of learning. the expansion of global virtual learning depends on the availability of technology-enhanced active learning tools, and online learning options and their role in medical education cannot be ignored. the use of digital technologies in medical education is now considered to be critical for teaching resources. this not only broadens the understanding of the subject, but also prepares students for a more practical study of their specialty. the corona virus disease (covid-19) pandemic requires virtual classrooms to develop students' creative thinking and problem-solving abilities. the existing digital platform has made it possible to connect with lower barrier learners, and online learning has proven to be a method that has challenged our traditional approach. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 67 the curriculum of medical schools is based on modular education, in which students gain knowledge by actively participating in the real world and participating in personally meaningful projects. along with this, highly qualified teachers give lectures and teach students the skills used in modern medicine. in december 2019, the earliest suspected case of covid-19 was reported to the world health organization (who) in the city of wuhan, located in the hubei province of the people's republic of china. at the time, no one could have predicted that this new virus would take the form of a deadly pandemic that would halt daily activities and require social distancing. on january 30, 2020, who declared covid-19 a public health emergency of international concern, and on march 11, 2020, it was declared a pandemic. march 2, 2020 the first case of covid-19 was reported in uzbekistan on march 15, 2020. to prevent the spread of this infection among the population of uzbekistan, the ministry of health has begun implementing a number of preventive measures, including social distancing. all educational institutions in uzbekistan were closed, and educational activities were transferred to a digital learning environment so as not to overload the educational process. it was challenging to continue educational activities on a regular basis, so classes were moved to digitized classrooms equipped with all forms of e-supported learning tools, allowing students to share information and collaborate with their peers and teachers. a commission was formed, which included teachers of medical schools, and was given the task of digitizing learning activities through the use of available learning resources necessary to ensure effective medical education. the digitalization process has been divided into two main functional parts. the first was to digitize various learning activities, including lectures, workshops, and selfstudy. the second task was to create electronic evaluation logs. in the present study, it turned out that the educational platform mt.sammi.uz was the main software used to conduct most of the educational activities. the rest of the live broadcast session was conducted through zoom cloud meetings, telegram as an alternative online platform used if access to the official platform was not possible. in addition, the faculty development department organized several training sessions annually for the effective use of e-learning and moved to a new level of development of informatics and distance learning. in addition, experienced online learning staff were selected, especially in the first week of e-learning practice. student assessment is an integral stage in assessing the knowledge gained by them in the learning process. in our research, we found that conducting online assessments through digital means is a beneficial strategy. in this regard, many medical schools conducted all examinations using digital means, for example in the form of testing. during digital learning, students were not only assessed based on their scores in multiple-choice final exams, but they were also assessed based on various other methods. enthusiasm among students attending distance learning courses is also an important aspect, because if students do not grow in interest, this will lead to a high dropout rate. some students did not like online testing to accurately test their knowledge. standard online surveys and feedback were taken from students to learn about and overcome the disadvantages of virtual learning. the motivation of the majority of students to introduce theoretical online courses in the future was observed. however, psychomotor skills implemented in practical and clinical settings required direct practical training, as in real life. students have to deal with practical laboratory procedures and real patients that require direct human interaction. according to the research we conducted, in the survey, the majority of medical students considered e-learning to be an effective way of learning; however, they do not see it as a replacement for traditional teaching methods. during digital learning, we also encountered several limitations, including insufficient learning resources, such as the overload of the formal learning management system, which required constant updating and maintenance. in addition, there was a lack of information technologists, as well as an optimal online learning experience for staff and students. they can be overcome by developing and integrating computer informatics technologies in the field of medical education, collaborating with other universities that have a good practice of distance learning methods, and increasing digital literacy among students. this transition was appreciated by both students and teachers of the medical american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 68 educational institution. the study recommended the development of computer informatics technologies to promote learning with improved technologies and the introduction of online courses in the coming years. list of used literature: 1. хамраева г. н. роль художественной литературы в нравственном воспитании гармонично развитой личности //fizika, matematika va axborot texnologiyalari. – с. 38. 2. разыкова л. т., джамалдинова ш. о. содействие творчеству и инновациям в системе образования //ta'lim va rivojlanish tahlili onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 70-77. 3. obloberdiyevna d. s., tuychiyevna r. l. distance learning in the system of higher education //web of scholars: multidimensional research journal. – 2022. – т. 1. – №. 4. – с. 53-59. 4. djamaldinova, shaxlo. "problemic methods of learning uzbek literature in english in american audiences." central asian journal of education 5.2 (2021): udc-398. 5. хусанбоева к. п., джамалдинова ш. о. проблемы преподавания узбекской литературы в английских (американских) аудиториях и пути их решения //science and world. – 2013. – с. 56. 6. джамалдинова ш., бекирова э. обучение навыкам решения проблем на занятиях //interconf. – 2020. 7. obloberdievna, djamaldinova shahlo, and bekirova elzara seydalievna. "avicenna's contribution to world medicine." galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal 9.11 (2021): 238-241. retrieved from https://giirj.com/index.php/giirj/article/view/479 8. джамалдинова ш., кучкарова о. роль социальных медиа в формировании эмоционального развития молодёжи //interconf. – 2020. 9. obloberdievna, d. s., & seydalievna, b. e. (2021). avicenna's contribution to world medicine. galaxy international interdisciplinary research journal, 9(11), 238-241. 10. obloberdievna d. s., nematjonovna m. s. research approaches to improving the educational system //international journal of philosophical studies and social sciences. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 225-229. 11. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & tuychiyevna, r. l. (2022). distance learning in the system of higher education. web of scholars: multidimensional research journal, 1(4), 53-59. 12. obloberdiyevna d. s., odilkhonovna k. u. virtual learning as the only safe learning option during a pandemic //international journal of intellectual cultural heritage. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 3. – с. 117-121. 13. джамалдинова ш. о. этика в образовательной системе //boshqaruv va etika qoidalari onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2022. – т. 2. – №. 8. – с. 50-53. 14. хусанбаева к., джамалдинова ш. the agony of longing //in library. – 2020. – т. 20. – №. 2. – с. 2004-2008. 15. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & odilkhonovna, k. u. (2022). teaching languages using modern educational methods. international journal of intellectual cultural heritage, 2(3), 105-111. 16. obloberdiyevna, d. s., & yuldashevna, x. g. (2022). problem-based study of literary works in the science of methodology. international journal of philosophical studies and social sciences, 2(3), 205-213. https://giirj.com/index.php/giirj/article/view/479 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 69 17. джамалдинова, ш. о. изучение произведения антуана де сент-экзюпери «маленький принц» на основе проблемного метода / ш. о. джамалдинова. — текст : непосредственный // молодой ученый. — 2022. — № 2 (397). — с. 196-198. — url: https://moluch.ru/archive/ 18. тошкулова м. и., джамалдинова ш. о. внедрение научных открытий в клиническую практику посредством функциональной медицины. – 2021. 19. джамалдинова ш. o ‘zbekiston milliy universiteti xabarlari, 2020,[1/3] issn 2181-7324. 20. джамалдинова, ш. о. (2022). теоретические основы проблемного обучения и необходимость их использования в школьном литературном образовании. наука, образование и культура, (2 (62)), 40-42. 21. hayitova s. d. the levels of students’independent learning activities and the ways to improve working independently //mental enlightenment scientific-methodological journal. – 2022. – т. 2022. – №. 2. – с. 136-149. 22. джамалдинова ш. ўзбек адабий таълимида муаммоли ўқитиш кечимининг ўзига хос хусусиятлари ва фойдаланишнинг амалий намунаси //общество и инновации. – 2022. – т. 3. – №. 4/s. – с. 539-546. 23. джамалдинова ш. о., необходимость т., образовании и. наука, образование и культура. 2022. № 2 (62) //url: https://cyberleninka. ru/article/n/teoreticheskie-osnovyproblemnogo-obucheniya-ineobhodimost-ih-ispolzovaniya-v-shkolnom-literaturnom-obrazovanii https://moluch.ru/archive/ international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 145 methodology of organizing and conducting elementary school technology lessons based on the national curriculum tilavova matlab muhammedovna 1 , tursunova nozima ilxomovna 2 1 bukhara state university 2 bukhara state pedagogical institute abstract: in the article, the methods and means of forming the methodology of organizing and conducting elementary technology classes based on the national curriculum, training mature specialists who can meet the requirements of the time, forming new knowledge and skills in them, working on themselves , meant to improve the ability to use the achievements of modern technology. keywords: technology, national curriculum, methodology, skill, primary class, method, modern, tool, competence, outlook, culture, knowledge, labor, patriotism, student. the process of renewal and modernization in the field of education in our country is continuous in all parts of the education system, including in higher education, the training of mature specialists who can meet the requirements of the times, the formation of new knowledge and skills in them, their own working on it requires improving the ability to purposefully use the achievements of modern technology. based on the decree of the president of the republic of uzbekistan no. pf-5712 dated april 29, 2019, a number of plans and projects were developed based on the "concept of the development of the public education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030". in particular, the concepts of creating "new generation textbooks" and developing the science of "technology" were developed for general secondary educational institutions. special attention is paid to ensuring the effectiveness of education through innovative technologies in achieving the harmony of language and thinking in the content of education, which is considered as the driving force of the development of the state and society on a global scale. especially in research centers and higher education institutions of developed countries such as japan, germany, usa, russian federation, canada, theoretical and practical issues of teaching in primary education are in the leading place. the problem of "fundamental improvement of teaching by means of innovative pedagogical technologies" is defined as an urgent task in the un agreement on education, science and culture. in the world practice of the education system, the introduction of modern information and communication technologies based on the individualization of the teaching methodology and the competence approach is considered as a leading factor in ensuring the quality of education. in particular, the adoption of the concept "development of the public education system of the republic of uzbekistan until 2030" opened the door to major reforms in the field of education in our country. concepts and curricula were edited and modified by methodists and leaders in the ministries and brought to the state of the general complex. this complex is a unified concept of the continuous education system in the field of technology, concepts for the preschool education system, the curriculum for grades 1-9 of general secondary education, initial professional education, i.e., 2-year education for vocational schools. "the national curriculum of continuing education of the republic american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 146 of uzbekistan in technology" is a complex consisting of the curriculum and the curricula of higher pedagogical education. 12 educational programs of higher education were selected in accordance with the technological science curriculum of general secondary education and worked on their integration, of which "technology education methodology", "drawing geometry and engineering graphics", "technical mechanics" are included in this collection. ", "folk crafts and artistic design", "technology education practicum", "technical creativity and design", "technology of product preparation", "household basics", "robotics basics", "electrical engineering, electronics and electrical conductors", "hydroautomatics", "technology of organization of agricultural work" educational programs are given as examples. such an experience, that is, the inclusion of educational programs for all stages of the education system in one complex and their consolidation through a single concept, was implemented for the first time in the republic. the need to fundamentally update the primary education system, to nationalize and standardize its material and technical basis, study and teaching methods, and to do this clearly defined the ways to implement a number of important tasks. it is not without reason that our state pays serious attention to this issue. the lack of continuity of science programs in the continuous education system has a negative impact on the quality and effectiveness of education. problems such as the repetition of interdisciplinary subjects, too many hours allocated to certain subjects, the fact that the content of the subject is based almost on theoretical information, and the lack of international research were identified. in particular: when analyzing the existing educational programs in the field of technology based on comparative tables, there are 43 repeated subjects, 83 subjects that are not coherent, 65 subjects to be removed, 93 subjects proposed for new inclusion or improvement, subjects to be included in international studies the number was determined to be 95 and changes were made to the programs. as it can be seen from the analysis of the goals and tasks of teaching technology, it can be seen that technology is considered as an education focused on preparing students for life and creativity, taking into account their interests and abilities. and in uzbekistan, in the teaching of technology science, it is aimed at forming more competencies in students and inculcating patriotic qualities by directing them to the profession. all these tasks are carried out interdependently. a positive solution to them is the combination of theoretical and practical materials given in the textbook in accordance with the level of the students to acquire the necessary writing skills, organizing work on mastering in accordance with the goal, as well as the nature of the assignments and a series that determines the specific aspects of children's mental activity. depending on the conditions. the formation of a child's maturity largely depends on the process of formation in the technology class. technology plays an important role in human life. because he uses various papers and documents every day. all this requires a technological process. but in a short period of time, the formation of the skills and abilities of young schoolchildren to perform beautiful, flawless appliqué work creates certain difficulties. young schoolchildren have great opportunities to "exercise observation skills" in the process of technology education. these are observation of its change in the process of material processing, observation of the working characteristics of various tools in different production and labor situations, practical determination of the expediency of labor operations. by observing their own work and that of their peers, students compare, compare, and evaluate design solutions, methods and quality of finish of finished products and their details. indicators such as auxiliary and processing operations, the simplicity, convenience and ease of work methods, the amount of time spent on work do not escape the attention of students. all these together require active thinking activity and contribute to the intellectual development of students. observations and the simplest experiments performed by elementary school students in technology classes are based on the simultaneous use of all analyzers, in particular, the movement apparatus of each student. it is the nature and quality of various materials (soft-hard; light-heavy; dense-porous; american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 147 strong-thin; clear, white, colored, etc.) and also allows to answer questions about resistance properties of each material in processing more precisely and correctly. the use of different types of work activities in technology classes is an important basis of the experience gained by students in the field of knowledge and skills in the field of technological operations. an important result of students' activity in technology classes is their independent identification of new signs and characteristics of objects and phenomena being studied, drawing conclusions that become more precise and systematic from lesson to lesson. for example, in one of the lessons, the teacher sets the students the task of identifying the types of paper, describing the general properties of paper as a multifunctional material, and the endless possibilities of its use and use. students will gradually learn to distinguish these properties, to look for and find properties that are similar to other materials, and to justify their selection for specific practical purposes. all this is important for children to develop the skills of designing and making things correctly. an important result of the observations and experiments carried out by students is the connection with life, that is, the practical application of the acquired knowledge and skills in current educational work, technology lessons, and the preparation of various items. purposeful observation, experiments and the simplest laboratory works help to develop the learning activity of students and encourage students to search for the best options for solving practical problems of designing, preparing and finishing an object. students' learning activity in the process of educational work helps them to independently determine the conditions for successful completion of the task, to determine the cause of mistakes and to eliminate their consequences. why is it necessary to take thick and strong drawing paper for making the simplest flying model of an airplane or glider, and for a parachute model thin and light tissue paper? why do spots appear on the surface of photos when glued with some types of glue? when making a toy from natural materials, with what and how should two pine nuts be combined? the successful independent solution of such practical problems gives satisfaction to students and stimulates their learning activity, interest in objects, processes and work results. children are taught the ability to organize even the simplest observation and experiment to master its goals and tasks, to carefully select the objects of observation and experiment, to draw up a rational general plan, to determine the procedure, methods, and, if necessary, deadlines for its implementation. cannot be implemented without systematic development. no matter how simple it is, mastering the technique of observation and experiments cannot be carried out without constant improvement of students' ability to focus, take measurements, make notes and drawings, analyze the results, and self-control. a primary school student gradually moves from simple, short-term, sometimes momentary observations to predetermined, organized and purposeful experiences. for example, the teacher sets the students the task of independently organizing and conducting a simple experiment to determine the relative strength of threads made of any type of fibers vegetable, animal, artificial and mixed of the same thickness and function. possible children are taught the ability to organize even the simplest observation and experiment to master its goals and tasks, to carefully select the objects of observation and experiment, to draw up a rational general plan, to determine the procedure, methods, and, if necessary, deadlines for its implementation. cannot be implemented without systematic development. no matter how simple it is, mastering the technique of observation and experiments cannot be carried out without constant improvement of students' ability to focus, take measurements, make notes and drawings, analyze the results, and self-control. it is important to teach primary school students that they can learn independently, to develop skills and abilities, to learn independently, and to teach them what and how to learn. requires high knowledge and skill from the pedagogue. therefore, it is important for every teacher to work on american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 148 himself, to apply modern methods to organize a modern lesson, in a word, to have an innovative approach. as a result of lessons organized on the basis of modern pedagogical and information technologies in technology classes, students develop knowledge and learning process, deepen their knowledge and acquire the ability to independently apply their knowledge in practice. 1. о„zbеkistоn rеspublikаsining kоnstitutsiyаsi.-tоshkеnt: о„zbеkistоn, 2021. – 77 b. 2. umumiy о„rtа tа‟limning dаvlаt tа‟lim stаndаrti. vаzirlаr mаhkаmаsining 2017 yil 6 аprеldаgi 187-sоn qаrоri. 3. uzviylаshtirilgаn dаvlаt tа‟lim stаndаrti vа о„quv dаsturi – t.: yаngiyо„l pоligrаf sеrvicе, 2017. – 1-160. b. 4. о„zbеkistоn rеspublikаsi “tа‟lim tо„g„risidа”gi qоnuni. pаlаtаsi tоmоnidаn 2020 yil 19 mаydа qаbul qilingаn sеnаt tоmоnidаn 2020 yil 7 аvgustdа mа‟qullаngаn. о„rq-637. 23.09.2021. https://lеx.uz/ru/dоcs 5. о„zbеkistоn rеspublikаsi prеzidеntining “оliy mа‟lumоtli mutаxаssislаr tаyyоrlаsh sifаtini оshirishdа iqtisоdiyоt 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biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 16 leading experiences of development of agrotourism elbek erkinov 1 , dr. bahodirjon nosirov 2 1 student of the andijan institute of agriculture and agrotechnologies 2 supervisor abstract: agrotourism is considered as an economic sector that has a positive impact on the economy of few countries of the world in the 21st century. according to the international tourism organization, a large part of the world's production and economic turnover falls on the field of agrotourism. in the coming years, it is expected to have a great influence on the economy of the whole world and provide employment to the unemployed population. this article talks about the origin of agrotourism, countries with developed agrotourism and future prospects. keywords: uzbekistan, tourism, agrotourism, agriculture, ecotourism, pilgrimage tourism, guesthouses. the republic of uzbekistan is an important country in central asia. among the neighboring countries, it is among the countries that have the opportunity to further develop agrotourism, ecotourism, and pilgrimage tourism and can easily compete in this regard. the presence of our high culture, ancient cities that have witnessed the development of humanity, healing nature, high mountains, green valleys, and clear spring water opens a great way for our country to develop these areas. in agrotourism, it would be appropriate to effectively use the opportunities of the rich and fertile land resources of our country, to use the water resources wisely, and to use the possibilities of water conservation, thereby becoming an example to the world community. in addition, the development of various programs and special strategies for employing the local population is a significant contribution to the income of the population. today, international scientific and popular magazines are putting forward many opinions aimed at showing the place and importance of agrotourism in various media. today, agrotourism has become one of the most profitable industries in the world. according to experts, the further development of this network is important not only for the effective solution of socio-economic issues, but also for the elimination of environmental problems. according to the world tourism organization, more than 210 million workers are currently employed in the tourism industry, and the annual income from it is 770 billion us dollars. at the same time, tourism is also developing in developing countries. the countries in the asia-pacific, middle and middle east and europe regions, which cover almost half of the tourist market, are leading in this place. experts say that the natural and adventure tourism network, which is part of the agrotourism network, is developing rapidly in the tourism industry. according to the un data, even relatively small countries receive income from ecotourism in the amount of 1.4 million usd, 1.4 million usd in ecuador, 1.18 million usd in costa rica, 1.14 million usd in nepal and 1.55 million usd in nepal. it is worth saying that the income of these countries from agrotourism and ecotourism is 70-80% of the country's gross domestic product. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 17 currently, in the world tourism industry, the income from international tourism ranks third after the automobile, oil, and gas production industries. in our country, there are not only world-famous ancient cities such as samarkand, bukhara, khiva, termiz, which attract foreign tourists, historical monuments, but also unique beautiful nature related to agrotourism, landscapes (desert, desert hills, mountain s, lowlands), a variety of unique flora and fauna, rare, world-important archaeological findings, paleontological remains, rare geological sections in the world and the presence of more than 8000 similar natural monuments in the development of agrotourism is important. in addition, uzbekistan is located in the middle of central asia in a convenient transportgeographical area for the development of agrotourism, connected by various developed communication routes, and is a leader in the world in terms of its international tourism potential. owns the runes. there are problems such as lack of routes, lack of infrastructure in certain areas, and low level of environmental knowledge that hinder the full development of agro-tourism in the country. agrotourism is natural tourism, which includes creation and understanding of the natural environment, direct acquaintance with the production process of agricultural products. its management is carried out in such a way that the resulting activity is ecologically, socially and culturally sustainable, and includes the "natural environment", cultural contents, "ecological sustainability" adequate income for the local population and the long-term protection of the resources used. agrotourism, like any other type of tourism, should be ecologically sustainable, give pleasure to tourists and bring income to local residents. in addition, it should "fit in" with the natural and cultural environment. the meaning of the word "fit" is that the style, size and variety of this activity must correspond to the scale and character of the landscape and the customs of the local population. according to the definition of the international union for conservation of nature, "ecological tourism or agrotourism is an approach to nature conservation in order to travel responsibly with respect to the natural environment, study without harming natural areas, and enjoy the unique attractions of nature." it has a "soft" effect on the environment, activates the socio-economic conditions of the local people and ensures that they receive benefits from this activity." the tourism society believes that "agritourism provides nature protection as a result of responsible travel to natural areas and improves the living standards of local people." the world wildlife fund "ecotourism is a trip to relatively unspoiled areas, in order to get an idea of the cultural and ethnographic characteristics, without violating the integrity of agrotourism, it creates such economic conditions in which the protection of nature and natural resources benefit the local people." defines. in another definition, "agrotourism is not only a trip to exotic natural areas, their fauna and flora, with educational and spiritual goals in mind, but also a set of interrelated complexes with the solution of socio-economic issues. ‖ is understood as. although these definitions differ from each other only partially, their main conclusion is to preserve nature, preserve and increase the flora and fauna, establish protected areas, national natural parks for this purpose, and encourage the local population to implies the goal of improving their living conditions as a result of providing jobs, enriching the state budget by attracting local and foreign investors. 1. analyzing different definitions of the concept of "ecological tourism" and summarizing it, it shows that it is necessary to distinguish the following signs: 2. indirect use of wildlife as an environment visited by tourists; 3. minimal damage to the environment; american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 18 4. have a recreational and positive educational effect on a person; 5. getting to know new landscapes, studying flora and fauna samples for protection; 6. use of funds received from tourism to protect and restore the flora and fauna of all regions of the world; 7. all tourists and service providers to living nature and 8. compliance with the code of respect for local residents, etc. summarizing the concept of "ecological tourism" can be the basis for the following conclusions: the principles formed in the above-mentioned signs of tourism organization are not local, but global in nature. therefore, these principles should apply not only to certain parts of the world or to certain parts of the land, water and air space, but to the field of tourist activity in the whole world. also, the theoretical justification of the concept of "ecological tourism" allows to adapt the minds of the majority of the population living in the region to the requirements of agrotourism. this, in turn, gradually forms the optimal technology for the development of tourist activities without harming natural resources. thus, the agrotourism system is based on the principles that can be used in various types of tourist activity. these are: educational or adventure trips (walking, horseback riding, water, mountain, hiking, etc.), student vacations, scientific expeditions, weekend excursions, summer children's camps, etc. interest in agrotourism has emerged due to growing demand for authentic tourist experiences and growing interest in nature conservation. it includes types of tourism that adapt to natural, cultural and social values and promote the harmony of culture and nature in the natural environment. according to the information of international organizations, the importance of agrotourism compared to other types of tourism is increasing year by year. according to experts, despite the fact that agrotourism is a new field, its popularity is accelerating. agrotourism is one of the developing industries today. this type of tourism appeared in western europe in the 60s of the 20th century and developed mainly in countries such as spain, italy and france. the reasons for the emergence and growth of agrotourism are the aspiration of city residents to rest in the heart of nature and get to know the life of a peasant family. it allows the tourist to relax and enjoy natural dairy and meat products, well-grown vegetables and fruits. resting in the heart of nature, enjoying various fruits in the gardens, preparing food under the open sky from vegetables from cultivated fields, fishing from lakes, staying in field and mehon houses give people a special pleasure. with the development of agrotourism, the economy of some countries is developing rapidly. another advantage of agrotourism is that it increases the ecological knowledge and general cultural level of the visiting population and the local population. currently, agrotourism is not a purely commercial field, agrotourism does not require large investments like other types of tourism. on the contrary, it is considered sufficient to use all the opportunities in the districts and villages. another feature of agrotourism is that it does not require the establishment of large hospitality or tour companies in this area. as agrotourism penetrates into the countries of the world, in some countries, the income from this field of tourism has been able to equalize with other fields of tourism. and as a result, attention is paid to the development of agrotourism. if we look at the international experience of the development of agrotourism, now this branch of tourism, the field of agrotourism, is highly developing in spain. the number of hotels, villas, home hotels and companies related to agrotourism is increasing day by day. in spain, agrotourism provides an opportunity to taste wine regions together with travel. and vacationing in farmhouses is a good american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 19 reason to get to know the spanish culture and lifestyle. farmers in spain are trying to make full use of these opportunities, realizing that agritourism is a new way to increase their capital. the uniqueness of agrotourism in germany is that tourists who go to the villages have the opportunity to participate in the festivals and holidays held in the villages, in addition to living and eating in farm houses. in germany, there is no need for new accommodation for tourists in rural areas, because the rural population prefers to accommodate tourists in their own homes. villagers have long-term experience in creating opportunities for vacationers. here, agrotourism is directly connected with holidays and festivals. village fairs are held regularly. for example, the beer festival is very popular and is held in munich. this place is visited by tourists from all over the world. many villages try to attract tourists with entertaining holidays. agrotourism is an additional source of income for farmers in the united states. autumn is the season for the people of amireka to travel to the countryside. because all fruits and vegetables are ripe. residents of the city often want to have fun here, such as picking fruits, walking in the cornfields, and picking pumpkins with their children. farmers manage it very well because 30% of the income of farmers comes from this sector. it is said that this income will increase by 60% in the future. opportunities have been created to hold wedding ceremonies in some farms, which in itself increases the flow of tourists. the development of agrotourism is the development of handicrafts and trade, new professions appear in the field of tourism, the development of infrastructure and services in districts and villages. in particular, jobs are created in villages through agrotourism. eco-friendly products are produced. as a result of the development of agrotourism, the volume and quality of the products grown increases, which in itself increases the export potential of our country and ensures its entry into the world market, and the country increases its prestige in the world. it will increase the circulation of money in the country and improve the living conditions of its inhabitants. after the improvement of the way of living of the population, the outlook and opinions will change. there will be an exchange of culture and ideas between tourists from abroad and local residents. at the same time, it provides opportunities for local residents to earn additional income. because they can offer agro-tourism services and products using their capabilities. in short, the development of agrotourism allows the population to create jobs, use the experience of new personnel, and thereby attract tourists. it also causes positive changes such as keeping tourists in the country for a longer period of time, increasing the income of the population, improving the living environment, improving the social infrastructure in the villages, improving the quality of tourist services and 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walnut growing in uzbekistan. journalnx a multidisciplinary peer reviewed journal, issn : 25814230, volume 6, issue 5, page no. 140-146. https://journalnx.com/papers/20150963-potentialof-walnut.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/profile/bahodirjon-nosirov/publication/341966790_properties_and_potential_of_walnut_growing_in_uzbekistan/links/5edb819245851529453ca6f3/properties-and-potential-of-walnut-growing-in-uzbekistan.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/profile/bahodirjon-nosirov/publication/341966790_properties_and_potential_of_walnut_growing_in_uzbekistan/links/5edb819245851529453ca6f3/properties-and-potential-of-walnut-growing-in-uzbekistan.pdf https://journalnx.com/papers/20150963-potential-of-walnut.pdf https://journalnx.com/papers/20150963-potential-of-walnut.pdf american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 20 6. nosirov b., rakhmonova b. organization of production of walnuts in an industrial volumes. international online conference eclss economics and social sciences. proceeding book. june 28-29, 2020. istanbul, turkey. p. 59-67. http://eclss.org/publicationsfordoi/istanbulonline.pdf 7. nosirov b. z., ergashev a. a., islamova d. t. development prospects of food markets in andijan province // theoria: педагогика, экономика, право. 2020. №1 (1). url: https://theoria.apni.ru/article/17-development-prospects-of-food-markets 8. b.nosirov, sh.abdullaev, h.yuldasheva. relevance of development of multiple-profile farms. international journal for innovative engineering and management research (ijiemr). 2021. volume 10, issue 03, pages: 516-521. issn 2456-5083. https://ijiemr.org/public/uploads/paper/638741617019191.pdf 9. b.nosirov, b.rahmonova,; d.islamova, sh.yoqubov the role of increasing the economic efficiency of potato production in food supply of the population of uzbekistan. journal of xi'an university of architecture & technology. volume xiii, issue 5, 2021. p. 560-567. issn: 10067930. https://www.xajzkjdx.cn/gallery/58-may2021.pdf 10. b.nosirov, sh.tulakov. opportunities to increase land efficiency in farming. innovative technologica: methodical research journal (it). issn: 2776-0987. volume 2, issue 5, may, 2021. 175-179. https://it.academiascience.org/index.php/it/article/view/84 ; https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/tkaqv https://www.xajzkjdx.cn/gallery/58-may2021.pdf international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 237 prospects for the development of local wars in the international arena sapaev jasurbek kamilovich 1 , uralov xusan boboqulovich 2 1 national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek, head of the scientific department of the military training center, major in the reserve 2 national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek, senior teacher of the cycle of chemical protection and topogeodetic supply of the military training center of the engineer-sapyar troops, associate professor, lieutenant colonel in the reserve abstract: this article examines the trends and prospects for the development of local wars in the international arena. modern local wars are characterized by the tendency of their internationalization, which is due to the fact that the goals of the belligerents somehow affect the interests of third countries that are involved in the conflict in one form or another. keywords: local wars, armed conflicts, usa, russia, nato, nagorno-karabakh, ukraine. how quickly the situation on the world scale is changing today, the situation in some regions of the world is becoming more and more acute, various contradictions, conflicts and bloodshed are intensifying, the danger of international terrorism, extremism and cross-border crimes is increasing, and the ongoing military conflicts in our immediate vicinity are deeply felt by us. does not fail to arouse a feeling of concern and anxiety". the armed forces are the basis of the state military organization and the country's defense system, designed to contain and prevent military conflicts, as well as to ensure the military security of the state [1]. the 21st century has dramatically changed world politics on a global scale, and this has been reflected in the activation of geopolitical, geoeconomic, military-strategic activities of major actors and entities. due to the growing role of china, india, and russia, the sole hegemony of the united states in the world political order has ended. the rapid development of the economy of china, japan, india, south korea, and taiwan caused the center of power to shift to the asia-pacific region. the negative aspect of the transformation is evident in the growing confrontation between the united states and russia [2]. wars have always accompanied human progress. only "in the last 5.5 thousand years, more than 14.5 thousand big and small wars took place in the world, in which more than 3.6 billion people died from hunger and epidemics "[8; p. 69 pages]. whether local or international in nature, wars have always had devastating consequences for cities, countries, and local populations. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 238 the goals of war in different eras were different: "if in ancient times wars were fought primarily for the benefit of the ruling classes and had the goal of capturing slaves, in the middle ages wars were aimed at seizing land and people. increasing the income of the top of society. industrial capitalism during the period, major countries rapidly expanded their possessions and markets through military intervention and changed the political and economic map of the world in their own way" [8; page 70]. already in the twentieth century, wars were fought to divide the world. thus, the first world war was aimed at redistributing the world and spheres of influence. after the first world war, the world began to be drawn into new military conflicts, the scope and consequences of which were much greater than the previous ones. in this case, we are talking about the second world war and the great patriotic war. the initiator of the second world war was the nazi leadership of germany, which was later joined by the fascist regimes of italy, japan and other countries. these regimes sought to forcibly subjugate other countries and all of humanity and thereby establish world domination. thus, the nazis waged an aggressive war, whose goals were "anti-democratic, inhuman in design and content, barbaric in their achievement" [8; page 70]. since the end of the second world war, there have been no such major wars on earth. however, local wars or regional military conflicts occasionally break out in one or another part of the planet, involving many participating countries. due to the frequent occurrence of local wars in the scientific community, interest in issues related to local wars has increased. therefore, it is necessary to dwell on this issue in more detail. k. clausewitz understood local war as "a form of conflict limited in time, space, and scale, aimed at exhausting the enemy and aiming at victory." [6; p.177 page ]. according to clausewitz, "small wars, for example, are fought on the borders of states. the disruptive actions characteristic of small wars serve to demonstrate power and force the enemy to accept the terms of the winning side without a general battle. clausewitz also refers to the concept of small wars to various popular partisan spectacles also included wars based on "[11; p. 134 pages]. the military encyclopedia defines a local war as "in contrast to a world war, the spatial scale of military operations, the number of participants, and the forces and means used are limited" [4; p. 378 pages]. local wars aggravate the international situation, intensify military and political conflicts and increase the possibility of a new world war. the local wars started by the developed countries of the west in recent years not only reflect the confrontation of individual countries, but also aim to end globalization by military means and establish a unipolar world. modern local wars are distinguished by their interstate character, which means that in addition to two combatants, other states with their own interests also participate in them. the existing system of international treaties and agreements allows the parties to the conflict to receive various types of assistance from allied countries. as a result, a local war takes on the characteristics of a coalition war, which in turn can lead to an expansion of its scope. modern domestic wars are "large-scale forces participating in armed struggle, up to operational and strategic groups of both sides; the use of various methods and forms of warfare on a tactical and strategic scale; the use of all available arsenal of means of armed struggle from the most modern weapons and military equipment, in particular , light weapons to precision weapons. some countries violate international legal norms during local wars, use means and methods of war prohibited by international law against civilians and prisoners of war. thus, the un considers the actions of the united states of america in vietnam as genocide, israel in the occupied arab territories, south africa in namibia" [5; p. 55 pages]. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 239 modern local wars, as a rule, begin with a sudden attack on important infrastructure and economic facilities. it is enough to remember how local wars started in yugoslavia, libya, iraq, syria and other countries. nevertheless, in recent decades, the initiators of such local wars have not been able to win any of these wars. the exception here is probably the war in yugoslavia. "the struggle against foreign invaders, along with other means of resistance, was provided by moral and political forces based on the just nature of the war with the aggressors, including the awareness of the defensive nature of the struggle of the nations under attack. this stopped the "civilizers" in vietnam and north korea afghanistan, iraq, syria" slowed down the aggression [5; p. 56 pages]. there have been many local wars in the past decade. it is enough to recall the wars in iraq, libya, the ongoing war in syria, military conflicts in ukraine and nagorno-karabakh, etc. the crisis in ukraine had a significant impact on the state of the entire international system. this conflict also affected the relationship between russia and nato. this relationship has never been easy. however, in 2011-2013, that is, before the start of the "color revolution" in ukraine, relations between russia and nato were more or less stable. in turn, the ukraine crisis had a negative impact on the relationship between russia and nato. as a result, nato declared russia the main threat to international stability and accused it of seeking to "redraw" europe's borders. russia does not like nato's expansion to the east, as well as attempts to destabilize the situation in russia's neighboring countries. the most objective evidence of the current state of relations between russia and nato is concrete actions and decisions taken by both sides. thus, in 2016, a new concept of russian foreign policy was adopted, according to which "russia is very worried about the eastward expansion of nato and the strengthening of the alliance's activities near the borders of russia, which leads to the emergence of danger. " [5]. the concept also states that "nato, together with the european union, is carrying out geopolitical expansion, putting pressure on russia in all directions, which is extremely harmful to regional and global security. nato and the european union demonstrate their unwillingness to take real measures to create an effective and fair security system in europe" [3 ]. it can be seen that ―the concept clearly implies the destructive role of nato and the eu in recent years. it is noted that the policy of the west to contain the russian federation has a negative impact on regional and global security, which has a particularly negative meaning in the era of cross-border challenges and threats, which, by definition, must be solved jointly need., and not to form new dividing lines, but, like nato" [12; p. 44 pages]. now let's see how nato's attitude towards russia has changed due to the situation in ukraine. thus, according to the results of the newport summit, three main decisions of nato were made: 1) to recognize russia's aggression against ukraine. to suspend practical cooperation with russia, to "freeze" relations with it. at the same time, to maintain political channels of interaction with russia regarding the situation in ukraine; 2) end the reduction of defense budgets of nato member countries, raising them to the level of 2% of gdp. in addition, at least 20 percent of the countries' military expenditures must be spent on the purchase of new weapons; 3) an increase in the number of rapid reaction forces (rdf) of nato. creating a joint high readiness force of 20,000 people in siberia" [13]. at the polish nato summit held in warsaw in 2016, the following decisions of nato were noted: 1) deployment of four nato battalions in poland, latvia, lithuania and estonia to protect these countries from potential russian aggression; 2) the simultaneous strategy of "restraint and dialogue" with moscow; 3) strengthening the presence of nato in the black sea region" [13]. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 240 the 2017 nato summit in brussels summarized the following outcomes: 1) nato's entry into the international coalition to fight isis; 2) increasing the defense costs of nato member countries" [13]. the nato summit held in brussels in 2018 was marked by the following results: 1) approval of the obligation of nato members to raise military expenditures to the level of 2% of gdp. it is planned to achieve this indicator by the end of 2024.; 2) creating additional battalions, forming new squadrons and increasing the nato fleet; 3) establishment of new command centers: atlantic command (norfolk, usa) and logistics command (ulm, germany); 4) nato members again condemned russia's policy and stated that its "aggressive actions" pose a serious threat to the security of the alliance members [13]. it is also necessary to note the main events directly related to the usa as the head of nato. the launch of the european confidence building initiative in 2014 and the adoption of the new us national security strategy in 2017 should be given the greatest attention. the european confidence building initiative is an american project for additional nato funding aimed at modernizing and strengthening the alliance's infrastructure and increasing the number of nato forces in europe. as a result, the project was aimed at strengthening europe, and "the united states will be responsible for their territorial integrity and sovereignty. in fact, this meant a us operation involving russia " [13]. thus, the united states attaches great importance to this initiative, which is evidenced by the significant increase in project funding over the past two years. at the same time, the main focus is on the creation of reserves of military equipment, which indicates the desire of nato to prepare the rear in case of a possible war with russia. in addition, nato annually conducts up to 40 large-scale operational training events "in europe with a clear focus against russia. for example, in the spring of 2021, nato began the large-scale exercise "defender of europe 2021". now american troops are being transferred from the continental part of north america to europe across the atlantic ocean. . in europe, there is a movement of troops to the borders of russia. the main forces are concentrated in the black sea region and the baltic region" [13]. coordination centers were established in poland, slovakia, hungary, romania and bulgaria to ensure the assembly of nato troops and supplies. weapons, military and special equipment reach greek ports. another important document is the national security strategy of the united states 2017. in the strategy, "russia and china threaten the interests of the united states and seek to undermine america's influence in the world. thus, the united states actually recognizes the desire for global domination, a unipolar world. americans want to dominate the world with no one do not want to share, and therefore the growing influence of russia and china worries them very much" [12; p. 46]. in addition, the strategy states that russia is actively moving in the direction of europe in order to distance europe from the united states and to split into nato. at the same time, russia is accused of directly invading georgia and ukraine. in addition, russia has been shown to violate the sovereignty of many countries around the world by interfering in their internal politics. this shows that relations between russia and nato are at a very low level, in fact they have returned to the cold war era. both sides see each other as their main rivals on the international stage. in the united states and nato countries in europe, the myth of the threat from russia is deliberately created and developed, and in the baltic countries and poland, the military forces of the alliance are being built. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 241 on the issue of relations between russia and nato, the positions of western and russian researchers are completely opposite. a large number of western experts consider russia to be the main threat to international stability and security and consider it to be guilty of violating international law. in turn, most russian researchers believe that russia is simply protecting its national interests and is not ready to be ruled by the united states, which is trying with all its might to undermine russia's position in europe and the world, to deprive it of its traditional sphere. the recent instigation of the war in nagorno-karabakh is another attempt to draw russia into the field of international military action, so nato will try to destroy the population of the russian federation under the pretext of a retaliatory strike. the main trends of military operations in nagorno-karabakh in 2020 can be identified: preparations for war were carried out openly. joint azerbaijan-turkey military exercises were held one after the other in the territory of azerbaijan with the scenario of "liberation of the territories occupied by armenians." it seems that such activities were not appropriate in the context of the escalation of the situation on the borders of russia in different directions (belarus crisis, coup in kyrgyzstan)" [9 ]; "pashinyan apparently maintained relations with the azerbaijani president ilhom aliyev and mediation efforts of the osce minsk group at the expense of the foreign ministers, yet he made provocative statements about karabakh, openly pushing azerbaijan, towards baku, and at the same time, yerevan, if baku starts fighting, "moscow is behind all this." there were other anti-russian demarches. thus, a difficult situation arose: yerevan provoked the turkish tendency in azerbaijan and russia in different ways, which was well used by aliev in political support for military actions during the war" [ 9]; these factors mainly determined the tactics of moscow's actions in the karabakh war, when it first took a pause (although there were telephone communications with yerevan), then the osce minsk group took an active part in the preparation of the so-called humanitarian ceasefire. the us and france, as co-chairs of the osce minsk group, did not go ahead, while russia engaged in dialogue with ankara, baku and yerevan to end the war in the form of other negotiations" [9]; if armenia had recognized the independence of nagorno-karabakh during the war, stepanakert would have entered russia's zone of responsibility, regardless of how azerbaijan, the minsk group and the world community reacted to it. as a result, moscow is faced with the need to ensure the security of karabakh and is forced to participate in a military conflict. under certain circumstances, this could lead to a full-scale war involving other parties, particularly turkey; resulting in a critical situation. active intervention of russia was necessary to solve the problem. armenia was faced with a choice: either lose the entire territory of nagorno-karabakh or sign an agreement to end the war. thus, the results of the military conflict in nagorno-karabakh are as follows: 1) the war has stopped, russian peacekeeping forces are located on the line of communication. so far, neither side has decided to continue hostilities. like any other country, azerbaijan has the right to invite foreign armed forces to its territory have, but these forces will not have the status and rights of peacekeeping forces; 2) russia controls the nagorno-karabakh and nakhichevan corridors; 3) russia has now established itself as the only force that can bring peace in the caucasus; 4) russia will permanently have armed forces both in armenia and azerbaijan; 5) russia did not allow itself to be drawn into the conflict, which means a sharp deterioration of partnership relations with azerbaijan and another complication of relations with turkey. since its establishment, the csto has demonstrated the first major real successes, it exists not on paper, but as an influential regional power. this, of course, is a big plus for russia's geopolitical ranking" [9]. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 242 next, we will deal with the question of who benefits from local wars in the world. if you look at what unites all local wars, then, first of all, it can be noted that such a war "not only destroys competitors, but also brings great benefits, and those who receive these benefits do not have to participate, these massacres themselves" [7]. the mechanism for waging a domestic war is well-designed however, one does not necessarily win this war, only destroy the economy of competitors. if you look closely at the national economy of developed countries, you can see that the economy of a number of countries is mainly focused on the military industry. for example, at the moment " us industry accounts for about 65% of military orders, if you reduce these orders, then the entire us economy will be attacked, and the us military-industrial complex is the engine of its economy. to get orders for weapons, you need a constant demand for weapons, otherwise the state the budget will collapse. world war iii, with the use of modern missiles of all kinds, including nuclear missiles, does not need weapons manufacturers, in this case, weapons such as tanks, guns, manpower and airplanes will turn out to be easy only up to 44. researches of young scientists for the enemy and lasts only a few minutes in a modern war, this is well understood by everyone" [7]. if we recall history, we can see that the main country that enriched itself during the second world war was the usa. the us economy boomed during these wars because: first, the war was not fought on us soil, unlike the economies of europe and japan, respectively, whose economies were not destroyed; secondly, the us was the main producer of military equipment for the entente countries in the first world war and for the anti-hitler coalition in the second. the arms trade, the mass supply of weapons led to the accumulation of gold reserves of the time in the united states. thus, local military conflicts reflect the interests of transnational capital and the political circles of advanced capitalist countries, primarily the united states. but, of course, military corporations are interested in local wars and those who make huge profits from the supply of weapons to military zones. at the same time, although a country is enriching itself, it is clear that thousands and millions of refugees appear in countries where wars are being waged and people are dying, where production and economy are being destroyed. for example, "since 1955, the civil war in the south of sudan has not stopped. weapons are supplied to sudan from all over the world. the warring parties can find weapons from china, iran, russia and others. at the same time, the decree of russian president vladimir putin in 2004 prohibited the supply of weapons to sudan, but trade continues. according to recent reports, sudan has started supplying weapons to syria, and sudan itself has an embargo on arms exports. it is a market economy that has become a war economy, where everyone tries to profit from selling weapons to hot spots" [10]. at the same time, the excuses for supplying weapons may be different. thus, china explains the need to provide sudan with military equipment by the fact that most of the oil fields are located in the war-torn northern regions of the country. on the other hand, china is investing heavily in these areas, which means they should help sudan protect its oil infrastructure. at the same time, it should not be forgotten who contributed to the development of inter-ethnic and territorial conflicts in this country, the former colony of sudan since the declaration of independence in 1956 — britain and the united states of america. in 2011, south sudan declared its independence. since then, the united states has been on the territory of south sudan, presumably to preserve the country's sovereignty. although, of course, the real reasons are to protect us geopolitical interests in south sudan. of course, sudan is one of the many countries that has fallen victim to its advantageous geographical location. similar scenarios can be seen in the recent history of many countries. therefore, local wars are needed that do not have the objective of destroying or occupying the territories of the presumed enemy. civil wars, wars against terrorism are the best you can think of for profit. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 243 thus, it can be concluded that modern local wars are distinguished by their interstate character, that is, in addition to the two combatants, other states with their own interests also participate in them. the existing system of international treaties and agreements allows the parties to the conflict to receive various types of assistance from allied countries. as a result, a local war takes on the characteristics of a coalition war, which in turn can lead to an expansion of its scope. domestic military conflicts reflect the interests of transnational capital and the political circles of developed capitalist countries, primarily the united states. but, of course, both military corporations and those who make huge profits from the supply of weapons to military regions are interested in local wars. at the same time, although a country is enriching itself, it is clear that thousands and millions of refugees appear in countries where wars are being waged and people are dying, where production and economy are being destroyed. therefore, local wars are needed that do not have the objective of destroying or occupying the territories of the presumed enemy. evaluating the prospects for the development of local wars in the world, it can be noted that there will be local wars in the near future, and this cannot be avoided for only one reason: superpowers like the united states need them. modern wars are not fought for victory, but for super profits. in short, there will be local wars in the near future, and this cannot be avoided for one reason only: these local wars are necessary to benefit powerful countries like the us and china. references 1. ўзбекистон республикаси мудофаа вазирининг «ўзбекистон республикаси мудофаа доктринаси – мамлакатнинг 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россия ва нато ўртасидаги муносабатлар // поссовет тадқиқотлари. — 2019. 3-сон. 44-46 бетлар. 13. http://www . кремл. ру / аcц/банк/41451/паге / 4 (кириш 11.03.2019). 14. usmonov m. t. the purpose, function and history of the development of mathematical science. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643640x vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 8-17. 15. usmonov m. t. true and false thoughts, quantities. international journal of academic information systems research (ijaisr) issn: 2643-9026 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 1-5. 16. usmonov m. t. virtual protected networks. international journal of academic pedagogical research (ijapr) issn: 2643-9123 vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 55-57. 17. usmonov m. t. what is solving the problem? methods of solving text problems. international journal of engineering and information systems (ijeais) issn: 2643-640x vol. 5 issue 1, january 2021, pages: 56-58. international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 9 new products marketing: an empirical assessment of challenges and developments in akwa ibom state charles bassey bassey 1 , udongwo, iboro ibanga 2 , dr. ime robson nseobot 3 1, 2 , department of marketing, akwa ibom state polytechnic, ikot osurua, ikot ekpene, nigeria 3, department of business admisnration, akwa ibom state polytechnic, ikot ekepene, nigeria abstract: the study examined the new product marketing challenges and developments in akwa ibom state. to carry out this study, specific research objectives were developed from which null hypotheses were developed and tested. the research design for this study is an ex post facto design. the population of the study consisted of all sme operators in the three senatorial districts of akwa ibom state. purposive sampling was used to select 383 respondents out of the population. the instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. data from completed questionnaires was subjected to independent t-test analysis. based on the data analysis and findings of the study, the researchers concluded that there are challenges affecting the marketing of new products in akwa ibom state. the study recommends that the organisation conduct an extensive market survey to determine the feelings of customers toward a given product. product testing surveys should be a priority in ensuring that the right product is taken to market. this will determine the influence of the purchasing decisions of another customer and, hence, improve sales of the company's products and thus improve profits. introduction new product development is a critical activity for businesses all around the world. it's very hazardous and difficult to sell new goods since product failures may cost hundreds of millions of dollars. copper, r.g., and e.j. kleinschmidt (2017) innovative new goods are critical for every business, according to ramaseshan b., caruana albert, & loo soon p. (2018). in technology-driven companies, the success of new products is a key managerial problem. few resources are available to new product managers to help them better align their organization's external orientation with their product's target market. according to cooper, r.g., and e.j. kleinschmidt (2017), the success of a new product is highly dependent on its market understanding and marketing expertise. buyer behaviour, market potential, and competition should all be well understood by the business. aside from that, the company's launch sales team and distribution efforts were both robust and laserfocused. what should be clear is that the commercial feasibility of a new product lies with its prospective buyers. as a result, the success of a new product depends heavily on knowing the market and launching it effectively. marketing plays a crucial role in successfully and efficiently converting new product market knowledge into the market throughout the new product development process, especially in an international setting. new goods must have distinct advantages in order to capture a significant share of the market and return a profit to the producer. new product sales volume must build up gradually before the production facility can function at full efficiency. ongoing research is conducted to improve effectiveness, expand usage patterns, and reduce risk for the products. new product development processes in underdeveloped nations have lacked a defined marketing plan. new product development processes in manufacturing sectors are still influenced by many marketing activities, particularly in developing nations, where the consequences of these activities in deciding new product success on the market have yet to be explored. in addition, r&d is recognised as an american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 10 essential department that must be created inside a company to guarantee the continuation of product development and innovation. when it comes to business choices, market knowledge is critical, as stated by kohli and jaworski (2016). african manufacturing firms' experiences with new product development and market research have been mixed, and further study is needed. strategic alliances with rivals are very important to many manufacturers when launching new goods in nigeria. new goods that appeal to customers are in high demand, and the costs and risks of product development are reduced for each collaborating business when several companies cooperate. customers' expectations may be met by producing a larger variety of goods. manufacturers of agricultural products, such as seed firms, may extend their product lines to cover additional crops or locations, as well as new customers, by partnering with them (wanjohi, s. c. (2015). the government only mandates what manufacturers may not sell in nigeria, not what they must sell. manufacturers must not sell anything. it's possible that a producer will register a product even if it satisfies regulatory requirements in certain countries but not in others. they may also limit registration and marketing due to a wide range of legal and ethical concerns. the product line of a business represents the company's stance on environmental stewardship, human safety, and global responsibility. in 2010, rift valley bottlers launched new goods to the market, including cans, sunfil, pulpy, 200-ml coke and fanta, novida, and coke zero. the business utilised the marketing impact team to promote the products, and they also used displays to advertise them. some of them were successful, while others were not. examples of successful products include pulpy, coke fants, novida, and coke zero. other products, such as cans and sunfil, were not successful in gaining market share (rift valley bottlers, 2010). it's ideal for new goods to outperform those already on the market for the same or comparable purposes. because they are new and have the greatest sway over customers, the new goods should do well. in order for a company to be profitable and expand, new goods must be introduced to the market and marketed. when it comes to these operations, the most successful companies use methods and procedures that are only marginally different from those used by their less successful competitors, but result in significant performance advantages.as a result, goods aren't subject to constant competition for market share. the newness of goods is short-lived owing to the rapid advancement of technology. consumer income and the absence of marketing techniques to promote the goods are two factors that make it more difficult to launch a new product successfully on the market. in nigeria, this has been the case. new product marketing has devolved into a timeconsuming chore, and as a result, few new goods are commercial successes. if this is the case, it's probably because there isn't enough information available on the methods that may help new goods succeed. organizations continue to use outdated methods that hinder the adoption of their new goods on the market. assessment of the challenges of marketing new products there are many reasons why companies invest heavily in new product development. top company leaders often cite corporate expansion, diversification, and the need for a competitive advantage over competitor businesses as reasons for new product creation (sachs and benson, 2016). another motivation for a company to create new goods is to take advantage of new possibilities. to take advantage of this new opportunity and satisfy significant consumer demand, a company would be wise to develop and launch new goods that have those specific product characteristics in high demand (hise, 2017). the creation of new products has the potential to be critical to the growth of a company. product development, along with other types of development such as market development, product positioning development, and supply development, may help companies achieve important business goals. it's difficult to describe how organic product development may help achieve one of the most essential goals. bruce, margaret, and biemans, wim g. (2015) according to wei, yinghong, and morgan's (2014) research, theoretical knowledge about new product performance has three consequences for businesses. beginning with the critical role of organisational environment supportiveness in defining a firm's market orientation, this study discovers and experimentally supports significant differences in chinese companies' success rates for new product introductions.to begin with, interviews conducted throughout the research revealed that cultural american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 11 settings play an important role in describing how businesses are involved in processing market information, which in turn helps them perform better when developing new products. they also found that organisational climate has an impact on a company's market orientation practises, which in turn affect new product performance. at the business-unit level, new product success was reduced to two main underlying dimensions: profitability and effect on the company. cooper and kleinschmidt (2017) ended their research with this conclusion: the profitability of the new product efforts of the whole company included: whether or not the overall initiative achieves profit goals; its profitability in relation to expenditure; and the effect of the total effort on the earnings of the business unit. the entire new product effort had the following effects on the company: the business unit's sales percentage of new products, the impact of the new products on the unit's sales and profits, the attained success rate, and the technical success rating. a company's capacity to create goods that outperform its rivals in the marketplace has been shown to boost new product development and help establish a firm's own competitive advantages. in the year 2018, kok r., robert a.w. (2018), and yew, ng tee (2018) found that the corporate environment's market orientation is a key factor in new product development success. gaining a better understanding of this connection may aid in the creation of new goods that perform better overall in terms of company performance, profitability, sales revenue, and customer happiness. it was discovered by langerak, f., hultink, e. j., & robben, h. s. j. (2014) that there was a favourable correlation between market orientation and product advantage, and between product development competence and market testing, launch budgeting, and launch strategy. there was broad agreement in the research of global industrial companies by wren, brent m., and souder, wm. e. (2016) that market orientation is important in achieving new product success. the strategic direction, therefore, should have a beneficial impact on the process of developing new products. one of the most effective tools for predicting a product's success is the marketing plan. researchers maidique, m. a., and zirger, b. j. (2014) found that developing organisations that are good at marketing and devote significant amounts of their resources to sales and promotion have a better chance of bringing in new products that are also successful. there is some evidence, however, to indicate that although marketing plan execution is essential to new product success, the proper application of marketing strategies also plays a significant role. a substantial and beneficial impact on the success of new goods may be shown by the design of the marketing strategy. to reiterate, developing effective marketing strategies is crucial if new products are to be successful and perform well. a company's tactics have been shown to have an impact on new product creation. for instance, wind and mahajan (2016) suggested that the implementation of strategies impacts the new product development performance throughout the new product development process. market research operations must also be handled seriously if the information collected is to be used in the new product. proper market research activities previous studies have shown the importance of export performance and new product development market research efforts. market research is critical in evaluating whether a new product will do well in the market, according to hart and tzoka (2015). according to cooper, r.g., and e.j. kleinschmidt (2017), new product development may be improved by first collecting relevant market information, then evaluating internal and external resources, and planning product development methods that align with corporate objectives. while developing and designing a new product, almost all product development teams rely on market knowledge in some way (ramaseshan b., caruana albert, & loo soon p. 2018). this implies that companies must collect as much market information as possible to better understand consumer requirements and desires and provide greater input for improved product development. in other words, according to this theory, market research affects new product development. methodology research design the design can be described as an "outline," a general arrangement or plan from which something may be made. nworgu (1991:136) highlights that a research design is a plan or blueprint that specifies how data relating to a given problem should be collected and analyzed. it lays out the procedure for conducting any investigation. areas of study american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 12 the study area is akwa ibom state. akwa ibom state is one of the thirty-six (36) states in the federal republic of nigeria (akwa ibom property and investments company limited, 2005). akwa ibom occupies a total landmass of 7,245,935 square kilometres in nigeria’s wealth basin, the southsouth zone of the delta region. it lies between latitudes 4 0° 33’ and 50° 33' north of the equator and longitudes 70° 35' and 60° 2’ east of the greenwich meridian. on the west, akwa ibom state is bordered by rivers state and abia state.akwa ibom state, which falls within the tropical zone with a dominant vegetation of green foliage of trees, shrubs, and an oil palm tree belt, holds the highest density of cash crops in the world. population of the study: the population of the study consisted of all sme operators in the three senatorial districts of akwa ibom state. as unyimadu (2015:36) points out, "population" can be defined as a collection of objects, individuals, or events that share a common characteristic that the researcher is interested in investigating. sampling and sample size the sample sizes of 383 respondents were purposively selected in the study area. the sample size was statistically determined using the sample fraction data collection instrument and validation: the research instrument used for the study was the questionnaire. the questionnaire was used to obtain data on the independent and dependent variables presented in both sections a and b of the questionnaire. while section a measured the demographic data of the respondents such as name, gender, age, educational qualification and marital status, section b measured the independent variables. in order to establish the validity of the instrument, research experts were given the instrument for vetting. the items in which at least two experts agreed upon were regarded as suitable and used in the instrument. the items in the questionnaire were properly worded to meet the respondents’ level of understanding. techniques of data analysis: the data obtained were analyzed using pearson moment correlation analysis. data analysis table 1: distribution of respondents by sex sex no. of respondents % of respondents male 194 50.65 female 183 47.78 total 383 100 table 1 show that one hundred ninety four (194) respondents representing 50.65% of the sample population were male while one hundred and eighty three (183) respondents representing 47.78% of the population were female. table 2: age distribution age no. of respondents % of percentage 20 – 25 106 27.67 26 – 30 77 20.10 31 – 35 56 14.62 36 – 40 88 22.97 41 – above 56 14.62 total 383 100 american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 13 table 2 shows that hundred and six (106) respondents representing 27.67% of the sample were between the age bracket of 20 – 25 years, seventy seven (77) respondents each representing 20.10% were between the age bracket of 26 – 30 years, fifty six of the respondents representing 14.62% were 17% were 31 – 35 years respectively, also eighty eight (88) respondents representing 22.97% of the sample were between the age limit of 36 – 40 years and fifty six (56) respondents representing 14.62% were within the age limit of 41 and above years. table 3: marital status distribution status no. of respondents % of respondents single 158 41.25 married 134 34.98 divorced 55 14.36 widow/widowers 36 9.39 total 383 100 table 3 above shows that one hundred and fifty eight (158) respondents representing 41.25% of the sample were single, one hundred thirty four (134) respondents representing 34.98% of the sample were married, only fifty five (55) respondents representing 14.36% of the sample were divorced as well as only thirty six (36) respondents representing 9.39% table 4: educational qualification distribution qualification respondents no. of respondents % of respondents waec/neco 162 42.29 ond 101 26.37 hnd/bsc 53 13.83 msc 21 5.48 phd 46 12.01 total 383 100 table 4 shows that one hundred and sixty two (162) respondents representing 42.29% of the sample were waec/neco holders, one hundred and one (101) respondents representing 26.37% were ond/nce certificate holders; fifty three (53) respondents representing 13.83% were holders of hnd/bsc certificates holders, while twenty one (21) respondents representing 5.48% were msc certificate holders and only forty six (46) respondents representing 12.01% of the population were phd holders. hypothesis one there is no significant effect of the challenges of marketing new products in akwa ibom state. inorder to test the hypothesis, independent t-test analysis was used in comparing the mean score of the two groups. table 5 independent t-test analysis of challenges of marketing new products in akwa ibom state variable n x sd t high 234 12.01 1.30 21.45* low 149 15.15 0.71 *significant at 0.05 level; df= 381; n= 383; critical t-value = 1.96 the above table 5 presents the obtained t-value as (21.45). this value was tested for significance by comparing it with the critical t-value (1.96) at 0.05 level with 381 degree of freedom. the obtained t american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 14 value (21.45) was greater than the critical t-value (1.96). hence, the result was significant. the result therefore means that there is significant effect of the challenges of marketing new products in of akwa ibom state. hypothesis two there is significant effect of product testing on marketing new products in akwa ibom state. inorder to test the second hypothesis, independent t-test analysis was used in comparing the mean score of the two groups. table 6 independent t-test analysis of effect of product testing on marketing new products in akwa ibom state variable n x sd t high 201 12.07 1.34 18.31* low 191 15.00 1.09 *significant at 0.05 level; df= 381; n= 383; critical t-value = 1.96 the obtained t-value is 18.31, as shown in table 6.this value was tested for significance by comparing it with the critical t-value (1.96 at the 0.05 level with 381 degrees of freedom). the obtained t-value (18.31) was greater than the critical t-value (1.96). hence, the result was significant. as a result, product testing has a significant impact on the marketing of new products in akwa ibom state. implications of the findings study results and data analysis led the researchers to conclude that akwa ibom state has marketing difficulties for new goods. according to the findings, the company should perform a comprehensive market survey to learn how consumers feel about a certain product. an extensive product testing survey is essential to bringing the best possible product to market. another customer's buying choices will be taken into account in this calculation, and the company's earnings will rise as a result. businesses should conduct research on the best methods of bringing their goods to market. this will help goods succeed in the market by preventing them from failing. as a result, product developers must be aware of how product offering features influence a product's market success or failure throughout the development process. to understand the current marketing structure, companies' marketing teams need to conduct market segmentation. new goods will have a better chance of success if this strategy is used. it is not uncommon for existing marketing systems to act as a barrier to new goods' market success. according to the findings, the company should make its goods available to consumers on time in order to meet their consumption, whereas other participants suggested that the company increase the quantity of its products in order to meet their needs. references 1. armstrong, gary & kolter, p. (2015). marketing: an introduction. (7th edition).united states of america: pearson education, inc. 2. booz, allen and hamilton. (2018). new products management for the 2016s, booz, allen and hamilton, new york. 3. bruce, margaret & biemans, wim g. (2015). product development; meeting the challenge of the design – marketing interface. great britain, john wiley & sons ltd. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 15 4. chung, yi-chan & tsai, chih-hung, (2017). the effect of green design activities on new product strategies and performance: an empirical study among high-tech companies. international journal of management, vol. 24, no. 2. 5. clark, kim b. & wheelwright, steven c. (2015). the design build test cycle for effective product development. international marketing review. 11(1): 32-46 6. cooper, r.g. and e.j. kleinschmidt (2017). new products-what separates winners from losers. journal of product innovation management. vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 169-184. 7. eisenhardt, k. m., and tabrizi, b. n. (2015). accelerating adaptive processes: product innovation in the global computer industry. administrative science quarterly. 40(1): 84-110. 8. gatignon, h. & xuereb j. (2017). strategic orientation of the firm and new product performance. journal of marketing research. 34(february): 77 – 99. 9. kohli, & jarworski. (2016). strategy and environment as determinant of performance: evidence from the japanese machine tool industry. strategic management journal. 16(7): 497-518. 10. kok r., robert a.w. (2018). implementing market-oriented product development. university of groningen, faculty of management and organization. the netherlands. 11. langerak, f., hultink, e. j. & robben, h. s. j. (2014). the impact of market orientation, product advantage, and launch proficiency on new product performance and organizational performance. journal of product innovation management. 21: 79-94. 12. maidique, m. a. & zirger, b. j. (2014). the study of success and failure in product innovation: the case of the us electronics industry. ieee transactions in engineering management. 4: 192300. 13. ramaseshan b., caruana albert, & loo soon p. (2018). the effect of market orientation on new product performance: a study among singaporean firms. journal of product and brand management. 11(5): 399409. 14. rift valley bottlers, (2010), handbook, eldoret. singh. (2016). customer orientation and performance: a study of smes. management decision. 36(6): 385-395. 15. wanjohi, s. c. (2015). the standardization of international marketing strategies in organizations: some research hypothesis. journal of marketing. 17(8): 70-79. 16. wei, yinghong and morgan, neil a. (2014). the support of an organization’s climate, market orientation, and new product performance in firms. journal of innovation management. 21: 375-388. 17. wren, brent m., souder, wm. e. (2016). market orientation and new product development in global industrial firms. industrial marketing management, vol. 29, pp. 601-611. 18. yew, ng tee (2018). a survey on “the effective business practices among manufacturing firms in malaysia”. unpublished master thesis. faculty of economics and management, selangor, universiti putra malaysia international journal of biological engineering and agriculture american journal of science and learning for development volume 1 | no 2 | dec-2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ijise page 1 reegnieering the strategies for managing small business enterprises dr. ime robson nseobot 1 , akpan efremfon johnny 2 , unyime joseph udounwa 3 1, 2, 3 department of business admisnration, akwa ibom state polytechnic, ikot ekepene, nigeria abstract: given technological advancements and the evolution of business management processes, competition for market share is one of the most significant challenges confronting managers and organisational leaders today. leading small businesses attempt to establish various methods of business management in order to increase their market share, whereas the rest of organisations must change their processes and tend to establish management systems or business process reengineering in order to maintain their market position. small businesses are important in this context because of their role in the national and global economies, their unique characteristics that encourage entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skills, their ability to be flexible and adapt quickly to a changing market, and their ability to create new jobs. introduction the history of business in nigeria cannot be discussed without taking into consideration the history of small business enterprises. small business enterprises (sbes) are spread all over the formal and informal sectors in urban and rural areas of the economy (afolabi, 2012). it could be adduced from the above that there is no generally acceptable definition of small scale business. different individuals, bodies and acts have variously given it a wider spectrum of definitions. the importance of small business enterprises in nigeria cannot be overemphazed. they provide employment to about 80 percent of nigerian labour force and hence constitute a veritable avenue for ensuring balanced and reasonable economic development (etuk etal, 1995). in spite of numerous incentives and support from the government and other agencies, their level of capacity utilisation currently stands at less than 50 percent (nbs, 2005; needs, 2007). consequently, the business enterprises in the country declined more than ever. many small business enterprises crumbled shortly after going into operation (c.b.n. 2007). however, the challenges that are currently bedevilling the growth and development of small business enterprises vis-à-vis the nigerian economy may be attributed to the lack of an effective or sound management strategy in the operation of such businesses by their operators. osabeni (1983) identified the following challenges to managing a small business: this research focuses on small-scale enterprise management strategies in a developing economy.every businessman or entrepreneur is always confronted with the challenge of obtaining adequate funds. in most cases, they do not have time to analyse their financial goals. over the years, small and medium-sized enterprises have aided in the development of an economy. these include helping to improve the standard of living and facilitating the industrialization process, which in turn has helped to reduce the high rate of unemployment. unfortunately, small and medium-sized enterprises often face some difficulties at times because the profits and benefits tend to wear out gradually due to the challenges faced in funding small and medium-sized enterprises in nigeria. the reasons behind these difficulties include: long loan american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 2 processes by banks; high interest rates; and a lack of collateral security. all these tend to act as constraints against the successful performance of small and medium-sized enterprises. the concept and meaning of small business enterprises small business enterprises (sbes) have been variously defined. there is no consensus on the definition. the reason is that different countries are at different levels of development and operate within different economic conditions. adoption by a country is defined as being influenced by its economic circumstances. furthermore, the relative condition of different firms in different industries, the size of the capital, the number of employees, and the market size may not be the same. a firm in a particular industry may be small relative to others in the same industry, but when compared with a firm in another industry, it may be considered large. in the same vein, a firm in a particular industry may be seen as large but relatively smaller than those outside that industry. it may be considered small because the size is relatively small, and it is difficult to adopt a consensus definition of small-scale enterprises. in nigeria, a number of different definitions have been adopted by different authors and different agencies based on one or a combination of the following: capital base turnover, number of employees, and market size. sage (2005) defines "small scale enterprise" as a business owned and controlled by one or a few people, with the owners' influence in decision-making and a relatively small market share and a relatively low capital requirement. the central bank of nigeria (cbn) defined a small-scale enterprise (for commercial and merchant bank loans) as one whose capital investment (including land and working capital) does not exceed $5 million or whose turnover does not exceed $25 million annually. the nigerian bank for commerce and industry (nbci) defines a small scale business as one with a total capital of less than n750,000 (excluding land costs but including working capital).the federal ministry of industry guideline to cbn defines a small-scale enterprise as one with capital not exceeding n500, 000 (excluding land but including working capital). the nigerian industry development bank (nidb) defined a small-scale enterprise as an enterprise that has investment and working capital not exceeding those operating in the range of n750, 000 to $3 million (zalina, 1993). in 1979, the cnb guideline to money deposit banks stated that "small scale enterprises are those with capital investment not exceeding n500,000, while the merchant bank has to regard small scale enterprises as those with capital investment not exceeding n2 million (excluding cost of land) with a maximum turnover of not more than n5 million." small scale enterprises are defined as businesses with total fixed assets (excluding land) plus investment costs of less than ten million dollars by the national economic reconstruction fund (nerfund, 2001) and the world bank. according to dave (1995), small scale enterprises have a clear fundamental issue: the concept of small business is not limited to a one-man roadside store or small retail shops, as some people mistakenly believe. depending on the type of business and the industry branch mark, some small-scale businesses may involve large sums. according to qiaka (2000), the services of small scale businesses are primarily for the demand of their immediate local environment, and their proprietors are typically cautious and suspicious, unwilling to reveal information about their business for fear of taxation and unwanted competition. it could be observed that there is no consensus on the appropriate definition of what constitutes a small-scale enterprise in the system, which would have serious implications for any analysis of the group. also, it can be argued whether those criteria could hold in present-day nigeria, given the higher operational costs as a result of the continuous depreciation of the national currency and the resultant inflationary impact. motives for establishing a small business enterprise in discussing the problems of establishing small business enterprises, it is also important to discuss the motives for establishing small and medium enterprises within the small-scale industrial sector, which are based on the following factors: american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 3 the nigerian industrial sector assumes that large-scale industry has not been a growth engine, a source of employment, a beneficiary of tax policies, a financier, a general trader, or a recipient of direct subsidies.so based on these prepositions, smes are more efficient, responsible, and viable. mentioned below are a few qualities and motives for establishing an sme: 1. smes mobilise funds that would have been idle if not put to use; 2. smes has been recognised as the bedrock for indigenous entrepreneurship; 3. smes promotes indigenous technological know-how; 4. they are labour-intensive, and they employ more labour per unit of capital than large enterprises; 5. they adapt easily to customers' needs and requirements; 6. they cater to the needs of the poor; 7. they are competitive, but they are protected by protective barriers, requiring less foreign exchange. 8. they are more flexible in their dealings and operations. 9. they improve the efficiency of scarce resources. 10. smes facilitate long-term growth and economic development; 11. smes have a reasonable potential to acquire technological capabilities and develop new products and processes, and they can also contribute to national technological development and competitiveness. 12. they can often adapt to changing demand patterns, trade patterns, and macro-economic conditions. this increases industrial flexibility. 13. smes provide a setting in which assets and skills can be accumulated, which can lead to better economic benefits for those who acquire the skills and for the households they seek to support. additionally, if we look at the motives for establishing an sme, the social benefits, while analytically separable, can be linked to economic benefits from the social perspective, which means that smes can help to bring about social change, and the experience of owning and operating a firm can help develop individual feelings of responsibility and the ability to participate in governance. smes can help institutionalise democracy and increase social stability. they can achieve these through the creation of structures that reflect people's needs and objectives. they can contribute to the development of any particular region, especially if groups of similar businesses can create a sense of collective and effective efficiency. contributions of small business enterprises reflecting the aforementioned characteristics, small scale business enterprises have emerged, particularly in developing countries such as nigeria, with roles such as job creation, rural development encouragement, assisting significantly in raising gross domestic product (gdp), developing entrepreneurship, and providing an avenue for self-employment. according to beacham (1961), small business enterprises play the following significant roles in nigeria’s economy: 1. small business enterprises contributed greatly to nigeria's development in terms of employment, growth, development, and marketing of goods and services. the nigerian government focuses on small and medium-scale industries and entrepreneurs as a means of developing the economy and solving problems (ayozie, 2006; latino and ayozie, 2010). 2. small business enterprises are very important economic catalysts to conquer poverty and inequality by democratizing, deregulating, and liberalising the integration of the global economy. 3. small business enterprises helped to transition agriculture-led economies to industrial economies by absorbing productive resources at all levels of the economy and contributing to the american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 4 development of a flexible economic system in which small and large firms interconnected (fida, 2008). 4. small and medium enterprises are responsible for the growing forces of the largest growing economy, such as china, in terms of gross national product (g.n.p.) contribution, which amounts to 60% diversification of product, scale of assets, and creation of employment (kongola, 2010). in nigeria, small business enterprises create the chances of survival needed to sustain rural dwellers. according to nseobot (2012), who identified the following merits of small-scale business enterprises as: economic sustenance: during an economic recession, the activities of small-scale enterprises help sustain the economy. reduction of rural to urban drift: this incidence of urban migration has been reduced since most rural dwellers engage themselves in small business operations. utilization of resources: resources that would otherwise remain idle and wasted are mobilised and utilised for production by small business operations. a better standard of living: this comes as a result of the numerous economic activities carried out by small businesses. the increase in consumer demand due to the increase in supply of goods and services brings about a better standard of living. challenges of managing small business enterprises due to their peculiar nature, small-scale enterprises are beset with a myriad of special problems that directly or indirectly threaten their survival and growth. lack of indigenous entrepreneurial initiative for industrial development is a characteristic of most developing countries. limited resources of capital and skilled labour, a lack of technological and managerial knowledge, and limited markets are important handicaps to the acceleration of industrial development in nigeria. in large industrial establishments, some of these handicaps are alleviated by foreign assistance collaboration. unfortunately, small-scale industries do not benefit from such advantages, and as a result, they rely almost entirely on indigenous entrepreneurs. some of the problems facing small-scale industries come from the owners, while others come from unpredictable environmental forces that are external to the business and include government units, competition, etc. some other problems can be identified in different functional areas such as manufacturing, marketing, financial, and labour. however, researchers have identified the following issues as major impediments to the establishment of small scale enterprises in nigeria: 1. lack of start-up capital: obtaining early-stage financing is typically the most difficult and expensive. there are two types of financing at this stage: seed capital and startup capital. seed capital is a relatively small amount of funding needed to prove a concept and finance a feasibility study. it is the most difficult to obtain because venture capitalists are usually not interested in this level of funding. while start-up capital is involved to determine if commercial sales are feasible, it is also very difficult to obtain. no good business idea can ever surface without funding. 2. lack of land and good location: before any small-scale industry is established, there is a need to acquire land on which the factory site or warehouse will be built. in urban areas, land is not usually available, and when it is, it will be very expensive, beyond the reach of the smallscale entrepreneur. other necessary infrastructures will be lacking in rural areas where land is bound to be available at a lower cost.a good location for our businesses is very important for the easy survival of the enterprise, but it is very difficult to get, and where it is available, the cost will not be affordable for any small business operator. 3. poor government policies: the nigerian government has been unable to assist entrepreneurs in establishing small scale businesses. instead, one obnoxious policy or another was used to make things difficult for young entrepreneurs. the government is only interested in american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 5 revenue generation without noticing how it has hindered the establishment of more small businesses in nigeria. every new business that is still struggling to survive is expected to pay between n5,000 and n20,000 for business premises and a lot of other payments. the business is also expected to pay almost the same amount to the local government where it is located. all these end up pulling the business down. 4. insecurity of lives and property: one of the major challenges of establishing a small scale enterprise in nigeria is security. even large-scale businesses that can afford to employ the services of security personnel are not free from this social menace. any business that deals in highly valued products is not safe. consequently, many prospective investors opted to keep their money in the bank or use it to buy empty land for resale in the future rather than risk their money by establishing any business at all. 5. psychological factors such as lack of self-confidence, lack of creativity, and fear of failure another factor that has hampered the establishment of small-scale businesses in nigeria is psychological factors. although it was never considered a problem, it has infiltrated the lives of many young entrepreneurs. most people don’t believe in themselves; they think they can’t do it. they are always waiting for others to take the lead or doing nothing for themselves. they also lack the foresight to think ahead of others; there is no creativity in them. always afraid that the business will fail like others before it. they believe they cannot make a difference, so there is no point in attempting to do so once. they make the money, but the fear of the unknown will not allow them to invest. 6. lack of infrastructural facilities: the performance of small and medium enterprises (smes) has also been hindered by the lack of infrastructural facilities like power supply, telecommunication, access road network, and water supply, which constitutes one of the major constraints challenging small and medium enterprises (smes) in nigeria. the erratic power supply has hindered the business environment. most businesses in nigeria have closed or are unable to operate due to irregular and epileptic power supplies.the problem of power is so bad to the extent that the large industries are now relocating to ghana and other neighbouring countries, while the majority of the small and medium-sized businesses have since gone into extinction. the implication of this has led to a reduction in production activities. fuel costs for generators, machines, and equipment have resulted in reductions in employee numbers and operating costs for small and medium-sized businesses.this has eventually led to the folding up of most of these enterprises in nigeria since they cannot compete in the market anymore. 1. internal characteristics and problems of small and medium enterprises (smes): most small and medium-scale enterprises in nigeria are battling with serious internal problems. these problems range from management practises poor accounting standards, shortages of manpower, financial indiscipline, and corruption the reasons why most small and medium enterprises (smes) have not been able to improve are due to poor management knowledge and practices, a transparent organisational setup, a succession plan, entrepreneurial skills, a strategic business plan, etc. the death of such skills in most small and medium scale enterprises is due to an inadequate educational, professional, and technical background on the part of the owners and employees of small and medium enterprises (smes), which has led to further crises. 2. lack of easy access to funding and credit: without easy access to funding, which can be traced to the reluctance of banks to extend credit to them owing, among others, to poor and inadequate documentation of business proposals, a lack of appropriate and adequate collateral, the high cost of administration and management of small loans, as well as a high interest rate, also, the absence of long-term finance to fund capital assets and equipment under project finance for small business enterprises 3. most small businesses in nigeria performed poorly due to a lack of appropriate entrepreneurial training. low levels of education and training lead to poor managerial capacity and inadequate entrepreneurial knowledge and skills on the part of small business enterprise operators. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 6 4. weak demand for products and dwindling consumer purchasing power of goods are arising from the death of marketing strategy due to inadequate educational backgrounds on the part of small business enterprise promoters and their staff. the inability to penetrate and compete favourably in markets may result from a lack of adoption of an appropriate marketing strategy or poor quality products. solution to the challenges of managing small business enterprises 1. to meet the financial challenges of financing small and medium enterprises, it is necessary to ensure that there is sufficient working capital to meet the objectives of the business. the strategy for achieving this would be the introduction of check and balances, controlling access to improve financial conditions, and deliberate reduction of overhead expenses (oshagbemi, 1983). 2. technology has to do with methods of systematic application of knowledge to practicalize tasks in industry in order to meet technological challenges. 3. to meet marketing challenges by selling the company’s products in such quantities as would result in an agreed turnover, that would require decisions on product brand, product, mix pricing, advertisement, and the distribution channel to be used. 4. to meet management challenges, a lot of sectors have been seen as hindering the growth rate and development of organizations. small and medium-sized enterprises also suffer some challenges in the area of management. the strategy that could be applied is the following: 1. manpower planning or human resources: planning the recruitment based on qualifications and experience gives room for job training if and when the need arises. 2. staff motivation: this should be encouraged by factors such as a competitive salary structure and a pleasant working environment and working conditions. 3. government: the government is a great contributor to the survival of small and medium-sized enterprises. through government policies, survival could be promoted or discouraged. the government can extend loan facilities to probe the activities of small businesses. it can also provide tax breaks as an inducement; it can facilitate the purchase of primary products at a reasonable price in real time. 4. threat of bankruptcy: many of them find it difficult to break even. they cannot pay business debts and stand the task of winding up. reengineering strategies adopted in managing small business enterprises there are various strategies adopted by small business enterprises to enhance their operation effectively. nwachukwa (2008) identified some of these strategies to include: 1. "growth strategies," which refers to a strategic plan formulated and implemented to expand a firm’s performance (andrew, 2001), show that the pure competition model does not present a viable tool to assess a business's performance. one of the most respected models to assist with this analysis is porter’s five forces model, which attempts to realistically assess potential levels of profitability, opportunity, and risk based on five key factors within an industry. this model may be used as a tool to better develop a strategic advantage over competing firms within an industry in a competitive and healthy environment (porter, 1998). the five variables responsible for the forces analysed using this model are the industry suppliers, buyers, potential new entrants, substitute products, and competition among existing firms. 2. marketing strategy: porter (2004) noted that marketing is most effective when it is an integral component of business strategy. defining how the organisation aspires to engage customers, prospects, and the competition in the market place for success american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 7 according to salazar, marketing is as important as production, financing, cash flow, and other profitdetermining factors in small and medium enterprises. this is because the producer who develops a sound marketing strategy definitely has an economic advantage over those who don’t. 3. pricing strategy: pricing strategy is the process by which large and small businesses compete in the market by rating pricing in order to win customers.this is an essential component of marketing. sme's compete by offering a favourable price to their customers in order to retain their business as well as attract other potential customers through pricing-based networking.according to bauer and colgon (2001), lower prices lead to higher demand and, therefore, a large market. most managers believe that this is not a good growth strategy because customers may believe that a low-cost product or service is standard. 4. innovation strategies: according to david (1989), this has to do with providing major sources of new ideas and the invention of better economic goods and services to constantly grow better. 5. market development strategies: managers of small-scale enterprises should develop new markets for their current product (benback, 1992). 6. diversification strategies: the opportunity to develop products for new markets is viewed as identifying opportunities to build or acquire businesses that are related to the company’s current business ("grefier, 1984"). 7. production development strategies: according to akenwa (1990), it is necessary to identify the production process involved in the transformation so as to know at what state a particular input material is required and to determine the relationship between input and output qualities so as to maintain quantity and quality standards. 8. market strategies: according to van horne (1997), investment in a product that has no market will eventually turn out to be a waste of resources and time. it involves taking into consideration the prevailing market condition, identifying the competitor, and also determining their capabilities to make sure of the market before investment in order to remain relevant. conclusion business strategy is the process of formulating and implementing comprehensive plans that will help business organisations fulfil their missions and achieve their strategic goals. that the aggregate strategies will help business enterprises, especially smes, survive longer in business activity. unfortunately, in akwa ibom state as well as nigeria, there are a lot of problems facing small business enterprises, such as inadequate finance and poor infrastructural facilities, etc., which in turn are major challenges confronting business organizations. in this study, it has been shown that despite these problems, if there is effective financial planning and support, and adequate infrastructure is put in place, these will help reduce the problems associated with managing small business enterprises. recommendations based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made: 1. the government should assist small business operators on how to manage credit facilities and how to secure soft loans, grants, etc. to boost their operations in the country. this can be achieved through regular seminars and workshops for operators of smes. 2. operators of small business enterprises should be trained to acquire entrepreneurial skills in line with the nature of their businesses to enable them to become acquainted with appropriate managerial skills so as to be able to manage their businesses. 3. for both employers and employees to effectively demonstrate their skills, a conducive business environment should be provided. american journal of science and learning for development volume 1, no 2| dec 2022 published by inter-publishing.com | all rights reserved. © 2022 journal homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/ajsld page 8 4. the current teaching of entrepreneurial education and other business education should be vigorously pursued in order to instil the spirit of business enterprises in young graduates and to awaken in them the desire to venture into small business enterprises. 5. strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (swot) analysis should be conducted by owners of small and medium enterprises (smes) in order to identify and implement ideas that will make the business thrive. references 1. afolabi, f (2012) the role of small scale industry in national development in nigeria. texas cat publishers 2. ayozie, o. 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(2010) the meaning and concept of small business in nigeria. maryland pekiker publishers. 8. needs, s.d (2007) strategy management: concept and causes (9 th ed): new jersey. pearson education inc. 9. osabeni, o.e (1983) importance of small and medium enterprises in nigeria. horuard unancouver press. 10. qiaka, k.l (2000) entrepreneurship and small business management. new delhi, deep & deep publication ltd 