



































International Journal of Biological Engineering and Agriculture


American Journal of Science and  

Learning for Development 
 

Volume 1 | No 1 | Nov-2022 

 

 

 
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Examination of Parasitic Contamination of Fresh Vegetables Sold in 

Different Markets in Wukari Metropolis 

 
 

Nehemiah Morris 
 

 
Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Kwararafa University Wukari 
  
  
 

Abstract: A study of parasitic contamination on fresh vegetables sold in different markets in Wukari 

metropolis of Wukari L.G.A, Taraba State, Nigeria was conducted between the months of February- 

March, 2017. Samples collected were prepared using zinc sulphate floatation techniques and 

examined microscopically for the prevalence of helminthes eggs and larvae and protozoa cysts. In 

this study, overall positive samples were 88 out of 136 fresh vegetable samples examined. Also, the 

distribution of medically importance parasites in contaminated fresh vegetables in different markets 

were calculated using Chi-square and the significant difference at (P>0.01) were recorded. Spring 

onion and tomato were found significantly low in old market and Haske market while tomato only in 

new market and spring onion only in Yam market. New market (25) had the highest prevalence of 

20.8% parasite ova and cyst, while Old market and Haske market had 20 (16.7%) and Yam market 

had the least 17 (14.2%).Spinach and Sorrel had the highest rate of parasitic contamination of 

(83.3%) than Tomato (53.3%) and Spring Onion (46.7%). Also, a total of twelve different species of 

medically important parasites are detected, these included Ascaris lumbricoides (24.8%), 

Strongyloides stercoralis (21.1%) (p>0.05), Enterobius vermicularis (11.7%), Trichuris trichiura 

(8.8%), Taenia saginata (8.8), Hookworm eggs (5.8%), Giardia lamblia cysts (4.4%), Hymenolepis 

nana (3.6%), Balantidium coli (2.9%), Dipylidium caninum egg packets (2.9%), Hymenolepis 

diminuta (2.9%), and Entamoeba histolytica (2.2%). Fresh vegetables washed with dirty water (well 

water) had (37.5%). While, one washed with clean water (borehole water) shows no parasite ova 

and cyst (0.0%). 
 
Keywords: Vegetable, parasites, contamination, Wukari metropolis. 

 
  
Introduction 

Vegetable refers to any part of plant (herbaceous plants roots, stems, leaves) that is consumed by 

humans as food, as part of a savory meal. Vegetables can be eaten either raw or cooked and play an 

important role in human nutrition, being mostly low in fat and carbohydrates, but high in vitamins 

and minerals (Oguntibeju, et al., 2013; Mohammed, et al, 2016).Vegetables are rich source of 

dietary fibre, folate (folic acid), potassium, vitamin A,B,C,E and K, magnesium, iron, and calcium. 

Dietary fiber from vegetables, for instance, reduces blood cholesterol levels and lowers risk of heart 

diseases and obesity. It ensures proper bowel function and protects the bowel from protracted 

constipation, hemorrhoids, colon cancer and diverticulosis (Rubatzky and Yamaguchi, 1997; 

Mohammed, et al, 2016). 

Fresh vegetables can be agents of transmission of protozoan cysts and helminthes egg and larvae. In 

developing countries, intestinal parasitic diseases are still a public health problem, probably due to 

poor sanitation and inadequate personal hygiene (Kang, 1998; Steketee, 2003; Simon-Oke, et al., 

2014; Asadpour, et al., 2016). 



 

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The consumption of raw(fresh) vegetables which are contaminated by wastewater during irrigation, 

application of fertilizers, and marketing represent important route in the transmission of parasitic 

infection(Asadpour et al., 2016). Several surveys have been done in different part of the world which 

indicated that, vegetables can be a major source for transmitting protozoan cysts (Entamoeba 

histolytica; Giardia lamblia; Entamoeba coli; Balantidium coli), Oocysts ( Isospora belli; 

cryptosporidium spp.), and helminthes egg and larvae( Strongyloides stercoralis; Trichuris trichiura; 

Enterobius vermicularis; Fasciola hepatica; Ascaris lumbricoides; Toxocara spp.; Hymenolepsis 

nana; Hymenolepsis diminuta, Taenia spp.). Parasitic infections lead to about 300 million severe 

illnesses with approximately 200,000 deaths occurring in developing countries (Mohammed, et al., 

2016). 

Parasites are living organisms which take its nourishment and other needs from a host. They Parasite 

can be Ecto or Endo (Assafa,et al., 2004). But special emphases are on endoparasites (inside host) 

which are ingested through contaminated fresh vegetables.  

All of these have urged the undertaking of this study to investigate the level of parasitic 

contamination of fresh vegetables sold in different markets in Wukari Town. 

MATERIALS AND METHOD 

Study Area 

This study was conducted in Wukari metropolis of Wukari Local Government Area of Taraba state. 

The town is situated in longitude 9
0
 47’E and latitude 7

0
 51’N on the southern part of the State about 

206km away from Jalingo the State capital. The study was done during dry season between 

February-March. A total of 128 fresh vegetable samples were collected. Eight (8) vegetable of each 

species were collected from each Market in Wukari Town.  

The vegetables comprises of: 

 Sorrel (Common Name); Hibiscus aspar (Botanical Name); Yakuwa (Hausa Name) and Awuri 

(Jukun Name). 

 Spring Onion (Common Name); Allium cepa (Botanical Name) and Albasa (Hausa Name). 

 Tomato (Common Name); Salanum lycopersicum(Botanical Name); and Tumatur(Hausa Name). 

 Spinach (Common Name); Amaranthus histilis (Botanical Name); Alayyahu (Hausa Name) and 

Abiyo (Jukun Name). 

Sample Collection, Preparation and Washing 

The fresh vegetable samples for this examination (survey) were collected randomly from the four 

mention markets. Each sample from each market is collected twice in a week. Vegetables were 

sample early in the morning. A well labeled sample (polythene) bags were used for the transportation 

of each sample to the Laboratory for analysis. zinc sulphate floatation techniques were used in 

concentrating the cyst and ova of the parasites (Neva and Brown 1983; Cheasebrough, 2003; Simon-

Oke, et al., 2014). 

Procedures for Samples Preparation and Washing 

A portion (150g) of each fresh vegetable samples were weighed and washed with distilled water in 

250ml conical flask for detaching the parasites. The washing were sieved into another clean 250ml 

conical flask to remove debris and then dispensed in to clean three 15ml test tubes and centrifuge at 

2500rpm for1minutes and supernatant were decanted carefully. 2ml of the deposit (sediment) were 

placed in a 15ml test tube which was filled with the zinc sulphate solution to the brim and covered 

with clean glass slide. Also 16 out of the washed samples were re-washed with borehole and well 

water. 

 

 



 

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Examination of Samples 

Macro Examination 

The samples were carefully examined for the presence of macro parasite such as segment of cestodes 

(tapeworms) and adult Nematodes. 

Micro Examination 

In micro examination, the clean glass slides placed at the top of 15ml test tube were removed after 

30minutes. Cover slips were placed gently to avoid air bubbles and were examined under Binocular 

microscope using multiple objectives lens x10, x40 andx100. The various helminthes egg, larvae and 

protozoa cyst were detected. Three slides were prepared from each sample to increase the chance of 

parasitic detection. Also a single drop of lugols iodine solution was added prior to the prepared slide 

to stain the parasites ova, larvae, and cyst for more and easy identification. The eggs, larvae, and cyst 

were identified base on morphological details as described by Rai, et al., 1996; WHO, 2004; Muna, 

2004. 

Data Analysis 

Data analysis was done using tables and percentages. The Chi-square test was used to find out the 

prevalence of medically importance parasites in relation to fresh vegetables. 

Results 

Table 1. Distribution of Medically Importance Parasites Ova and Cyst in Fresh Vegetables 

Sold at Old Market in Wukari Metropolis 

 

 

 

 

 

* Shows low significance difference (p > 0.01) 

Table 2. Distribution of Medically Importance Parasites Ova and Cyst in Fresh Vegetables 

Sold at New Markets in Wukari Metropolis. 

 

 

 

 

 

*Significant difference is lower (P >0.01) 

Table 3. Distribution of Medically Importance Parasites Ova and Cyst in Fresh Vegetables 

Sold at Yam Markets in Wukari Metropolis. 

Vegetable type Examined No. of positive Prevalence (%) 

Spinach 30 5 16.7 

Sorrel 30 6 20.0 

Spring onion 30 2* 6.7 

Tomato 30 4 13.3 

Total 120 17 14.2 

* Shows low significance difference (p > 0.01) 

Vegetable type Examined No. of positive Prevalence (%) 

Spinach 30 7 23.3 

Sorrel 30 5 16.7 

Spring onion 30 4* 13.3 

Tomato 30 4* 13.3 

Total 120 20 16.7 

Vegetable type Examined No. of positive Prevalence (%) 

Spinach 30 6 20.0 

Sorrel 30 7 23.3 

Spring onion 30 7 23.3 

Tomato 30 5* 16.7 

Total 120 25 20.8 



 

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Table 4. Distribution of Medically Importance Parasites Ova and Cyst in Fresh Vegetables 

Sold at Haske Market in Wukari Metropolis. 

Vegetable type Examined No. of positive Prevalence (%) 

Spinach 30 7 23.3 

Sorrel 30 7 23.3 

Spring onion 30 3* 10.0 

Tomato 30 3* 10.0 

Total 120 20 16.7 

* Shows low significance difference (p > 0.01) 

Table 5. Present of medically important parasites ova and cyst in fresh vegetables washed with 

well waters. 

Vegetable type Examined Positive Percentage (%) 

Spinach 4 1 25.0 

Sorrel 4 3 75.0 

Spring onion 4 2 50.0 

Tomato 4 0 0.0 

Total 16 6 37.5 

 

Table 6. Present of medically important parasites ova and cyst in fresh vegetables washed with 

borehole water. 

Vegetables type Examined Positive Percentage (%) 

Spinach 4 0 0.0 

Sorrel 4 0 0.0 

Spring onion 4 0 0.0 

Tomato 4 0 0.0 

Total 16 0 0.0 
 

Table 7. Fresh Vegetable with High Prevalence of Parasitic Contamination 

Sampling markets Spinach (%) Sorrel (%) Spring Onion (%) Tomato (%) 

Old Market 23.3 16.7 13.3 13.3 

New market 20.0 23.3 16.7 16.7 

Yam Market 16.7 20.0 6.7 13.3 

Haske Market 23.3 23.3 10.0 10.0 

Total 83.3 83.3 46.7 53.3 
 

Table 8. Endoparasite That Are More Prevalence 

 

*Significant difference is higher (p > 0.05) 



 

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Discussion 

The result of the study shows that, the prevalence of parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables 

collected in the various markets was generally low as indicated (Table1-4) above. New market 

(Table 2.) has the highest prevalence of parasite ova and cyst with (20.8%). Followed by Old market 

(Table 3.) and Haske market (Table 4.) with the same proportion of (16.7%). Finally, Yam market 

(Table 5.) which recorded the least prevalence (14.2%) of the parasite. According to statistical 

analysis, there is significant difference in the contamination of fresh vegetables (P >0.01).In Old 

market and Haske market (Table 1and 4), spring onion and tomato are highly significance at (p > 

0.01). In Yam market, spring onion only is significantly high at (p > 0.01). While, in New market 

(Table 2) only tomato shows high significance difference at (p > 0.01).The differences may be due to 

sanitation, or how the retails handled the fresh vegetables in the various markets.  

The (Table 5) above shows that, a fresh vegetables washed with dirty water (well water) has parasite 

ova and cyst (37.5%). While Fresh vegetables washed with clean water (borehole water) shows no 

parasite, ova and cyst (0.0%) as indicated in (Table 6). The study has shown that, washing fresh 

vegetables with well water can only add more parasites but not reducing, because the water itself are 

contaminated with the ova and cyst of different parasites. Furthermore, this finding correspond with 

the study by Shahonazi and Jafari-Sabet, (2010) which point out that, the poorly washed vegetables 

are post-considered a major route for transmitting intestinal parasitic infections. That is to say, fresh 

vegetables need to be properly washed with clean water (borehole water) before eating. 

In this study, 88 0ut of 136 vegetable samples examined are contaminated. Spinach (Amaranthus 

histilis) and Sorrel (Hibiscus asparagus) has the highest rate of parasitic contamination of (83.3%). 

While Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) has (53.3%) and Spring Onion (Allium cepa) has the less 

contamination of (46.7%). 

Helminthes egg and prozoans cysts were detect in 88 of 136 fresh vegetables examined during the 

study. The most detected endoparasites in the vegetables samples in all the four markets were 

Ascaris lumbricoides (24.8%), Strongyloides stercoralis (21.1%), Enterobius vermicularis (11.7%), 

Trichuris trichiura (8.8%), Taenia saginata (8.8), Hookworms egg (5.8%),Giardia lamblia cyst 

(4.4%), Hemenolepsis nana (3.6%), Balantidium coli (2.9%), Dipylidium caninum egg packets 

(2.9%), Hemenolepsis diminuta (2.9%), and Entamoeba histolytica(2.2%). However, statistical 

analysis reveals that, Strongyloides stercoralis is significantly higher than the remaining parasites at 

(p > 0.05). 

Conclusion 

The study shows a moderate rate of fresh vegetables contaminated with protozoan and helminthes in 

different markets in Wukari metropolis. New market recorded the highest prevalence of 25 (20.8%) 

contamination among the four markets studied, fresh vegetables washed with well water shows the 

presence of parasites 6 (37.5%) while the one washed with borehole water shows no parasites, 

Spinach(Amaranthus histilis) and Sorrel (Hibiscusasparagus) has the highest rate of parasitic 

contamination of (83.3%), also Ascaris lumbricoides is the more prevalence endoparasite 34 

(24.8%). 

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