



































International Journal of Biological Engineering and Agriculture


American Journal of Science and  

Learning for Development 
 

Volume 1 | No 2 | Dec-2022 

 

 

 
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Increasing the Efficiency of Regulation of Training Loads on the Basis 

of Indicators of the Dynamics of Changes in Energy Consumption of 

the Cardiovascular and Autonomic Systems in Training Tennis Players 

 
Suleymanova Sabina Faridovna 
 

 
Uzbek State University of Physical Culture and Sports Uzbekistan, Chirchik 
  
  
 

Annotation: The article highlights the practical need to create informative means of monitoring the 

training process and a quantitative assessment of the athlete's energy costs over a long period of 

training activity. 
 
Keywords: tennis, training load, training of tennis players, physical fitness, cardiovascular system, 

vegetative system, heart rate, energy consumption. 

 

INTRODUCTION 

To increase the level of physical fitness of an athlete, the coach has to develop a methodology for 

conducting physical exercises and put it into practice. At the same time, it is very important to have 

means of monitoring the effectiveness of the training process: only with sufficient operational 

control, the coach can make the necessary corrections in his training methodology. In addition, the 

means of control should allow the coach to make quantitative assessments of the physical condition 

of the athlete. This can be achieved by using various technical means, as well as using the latest 

computer technologies [1,2,9]. 

Purpose of the study. Increasing the efficiency of normalization of training loads based on indicators 

of the dynamics of changes in energy costs. 

ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH 

In this work, the following tasks were solved: 

 to develop a methodology for using indicators of energy costs in monitoring the special training 

of tennis players and the energy of the body's movement; 

 to determine the magnitude and direction of the training loads of tennis players in the competitive 

period; 

 To develop and substantiate, on the basis of the program developed by us, effective options for 

training loads in inter-game cycles. 

The organization of control of training loads for the preparation of tennis players was carried out 

from March 2021 to November 2022. Members of the youth national team of the Republic of 

Uzbekistan participating in the championship of the Republic of Uzbekistan took part in the study. In 

total, 20 highly qualified tennis players were involved in the study. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Study of load dynamics in the training of highly qualified tennis players. 

The analysis of the value of training loads was carried out during training camps. The results of 

periodic observations of the training load in the competitive period showed the following. 



 

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It can be seen that the largest percentage of intergame cycles falls on two and three days. Such a 

distribution of the competitive load has a negative effect on the growth of sportsmanship of tennis 

players, because with two and three-day breaks between games, the coach has one task - to prepare 

the tennis player for the next game. With such a busy schedule of games, it is very difficult to carry 

out a purposeful process associated with an increase in the level of sportsmanship of tennis players. 

Table 1 The number of inter-game cycles with different intervals between games for a team 

(1st round of the National Championship) 
 

 

Number of days between games 

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-20 

% 
6 

30 

7 

35 
— 

2 

10 
— 

1 

5 

3 

15 
  — 

1 

5 
—  

 

 

The most preferable for improving the preparedness of tennis players are inter-game cycles lasting 

six or seven days. 

So, in the first round of the championship, the ratio of training loads was as follows: - by orientation. 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

anaerobic-alactant anaerobic-
glycolytic

aerobic aerobic-anaerobic anabolic

30 

40 

50 

80 

20 

% 

 

Figure No. 1. The ratio of training loads by direction 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

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The next component of physical activity is value. On this basis, the distribution of loads was as 

follows: 

 

 

Figure No. 2. The magnitude of the distribution of loads 

It can be seen that the proportion of large training loads is not high - 9.8% of the total volume. The 

largest share in the training of tennis players falls on medium loads - 62.8% and small loads - 27.4%. 

This dynamic value does not meet the requirements of the educational process. 

It is known that in order to achieve high results in the competitive activity of tennis players, it is 

necessary to solve the following tasks: improvement of motor and volitional abilities and skills; 

maintaining and improving sports performance; expanding the functional capabilities of the body 

[3,4,6,7]. 

Only the rational distribution of means and methods in the training process, the methodically correct 

combination of loads and rest, determine the effectiveness of the above tasks. 

The next feature that characterizes the load of a training exercise is its "specialization", that is, a 

measure of similarity with a competitive exercise. Analyzing the data obtained, it was found that 

only 28.3% of the exercises used in the training of tennis players meet the requirements of 

"specialization", and the remaining 71.7% only approximately meet these requirements. This is due, 

in our opinion, to the fact that most of the exercises used in the preparation of tennis players only 

outwardly simulate the conditions of competitive activity. An analysis of the reactions of various 

body systems of tennis players (cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, etc.) obtained using modern 

computer techniques shows that practically most exercises do not correspond to the training effect, 

that is, external physical activity, and those functional and biochemical changes. That occur in the 

body of an athlete when performing one exercise, a series or a whole block of training aids. 

Experimental program of training loads with a seven-day inter-game cycle. 

For the experiment, a 28-day program was developed, including four seven-day microcycles, each of 

which consisted of five training days with one-time sessions, the sixth day was a calendar game, and 

the seventh day was rest. 



 

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It was taken into account that after three microcycles, a decrease in the level of fitness or its relative 

stabilization may begin. Therefore, the proposed training program provided for the inclusion of one 

maintenance microcycle after three developmental microcycles. Schematically, it looks like this 

(Figure 3): 

6+1; 6+1; 6+1; -developing 

6+1 - supporting. 

For the practical implementation of the methodical system of training at this stage, an approach was 

used, the distinguishing feature of which is the focus on a limited stage of loads of one predominant 

direction and the sequence of introducing exercises into training, the use of which would provide 

favorable conditions for the manifestation of the training effect of subsequent means [5]. 

Testing the level of physical fitness and 

the functional state of the cardiovascular 

system 

 

→ 6-Day MC-1→ Calendar Game→ 

   

 

Testing the physical condition of the 

cardiovascular system 

 

→ 6-Day MC-2→ Calendar Game→ 

   

 

Testing the physical condition of the 

cardiovascular system 

 

→ 6-Day MC-3→ Calendar Game→ 

   

 

Testing the physical condition of the 

cardiovascular system 

 

→ 6-day PMC-4→ Calendar game→ 

Figure No. 3. Scheme of the pedagogical experiment. 

It has been established that in the process of developing the speed-power abilities of tennis players, it 

is advisable to use up to 50% of the time for the development of abilities by special means, and 50% 

in the form of games. In other ratios, the growth of speed-strength indicators is manifested to a lesser 

extent [8]. 

The structure of loads at the experimental stage is presented in Table 2. 

The volume of anaerobic loads increased gradually from the first to the fourth microcycle. 

It was assumed that the use of technical-tactical exercises of speed-strength orientation would 

increase the efficiency of high-speed technique in the conditions of competitive activity. In addition, 

in the training of tennis players, exercises specific to tennis were used, namely jerks, running uphill 

and downhill, isometric exercises with rapid development of effort up to 50-60% of the maximum 

tension. 

Table 2 The structure of loads at the experimental stage. (%) 

Load Direction 

I 

MCC 

6 + 1 

II 

MCC 

6 + 1 

III 

MCC 

6 + 1 

IV 

PMCC 

6 + 1 

- aerobic 15 12 13 33 

- mixed (all types of ndurance and motor qualities) 35 28 27 50 

- anaerobic-holicolytic 10 15 10 - 



 

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adaptation to
physical activity

fitness indicator fitness level energy supply

74 
67 

84 

62 

92 89 
97 

86 

before the experiment after experiment

% 

-anaerobic-alactate 40 45 50 17 
 

Tennis players performed exercises with the ball in two modes: normal and intensive. In the usual 

mode, exercises of mixed aerobic orientation were used, in pauses between series, where the task 

was to improve individual elements of the game, as well as details of the rhythmic-coordination 

structure of the main technical techniques. The intensive mode was used when performing serial 

work of a technical and tactical nature of a speed-strength orientation. 

The structure and content of the training program included 24 practical sessions in 24 working days. 

The volume of training work was 36 hours, not counting hours of theory and recovery activities. 

Most of the training sessions were conducted with an emphasis on the development of speed-strength 

qualities. Exercises of this orientation were performed after a twenty-minute warm-up, which 

consisted of a slow run, a series of general developmental and specially preparatory stretching 

exercises, and running accelerations. 

In the process of training with the help of POLAR heart rate monitors, the physical load of the 

exercises was assessed. 

At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, control tests of the level of physical fitness of 

tennis players were carried out (Table 3) 

Analysis of the test results allowed us to conclude that a significant increase in motor abilities was 

observed after the first two microcycles. At the same time, an improvement in physical fitness was 

observed both in tests evaluating speed-strength abilities and speed endurance (p < 0.05) 

We should also note the positive dynamics in terms of indicators characterizing the functional 

readiness of tennis players (Fig. 4). It can be seen that after the implementation of the two-week 

program, the adaptation to physical activity improved in the majority of tennis players. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Figure 4. Indicators of physical condition during the pedagogical experiment. 

A significant increase in the indicator of sports form was noted (p<0.05). 

Most tennis players showed a significant increase in indicators characterizing the "training level" 

(p<0.05), as well as the level of "energy supply". 

Table 3 Tennis Players' Physical Fitness Dynamics in the Course of the Pedagogical 

Experiment 

( X ± , n=18) 

Testing terms Tests 



 

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Run 30 m (s) Run 7x 50 m (s) Five-step multi-hop 

At the beginning of 1 MCC 4,32 ± 0,03 65,3 ± 0,82 12,85 ± 0,10 

At the beginning of 2 MCC 4,30 ± 0,03 64,4 ± 0,91 13,0 ± 0,15 

At the beginning of 3 MCC 4,28 ± 0,02 62,6 ± 0,84. 13,10 ± 0,11 

At the end of the experiment 4,20 ± 0,01 61,8 ± 0,93 13,20 ± 0,11 

The magnitude and significance of differences 

II-I t=2,02, р>0.05 t=3,13, p<0.05 t=3,51, р<0.05 

III - II t=2,36, p<0.05 t=6,22 р<0.05 t=2,28, р <0.05 

IV - III t=15,45, p<0.05 t=2,72, р <0.05 t=2,87, р <0.05 

IV -I t=16,45, p<0.05 t=ll,99, p<0.05 t=10,55, p<0.05 
 

An analysis of the results of the experimental program made it possible to conclude that the loads of 

a predominantly speed-strength orientation led to significant functional changes in the body of tennis 

players. A significant increase in the integral indicator of the level of physical fitness occurs as a 

result of the application of loads of the first and second developing microcycles. Further use of 

training effects of a speed-strength nature leads to the inhibition of motor abilities, or rather, 

functional systems that provide special physical fitness for tennis players. At the same time, it should 

be noted that the use of speed-strength work during three developing seven-day microcycles and one 

three-day maintenance one contributes to an increase in speed (special) endurance. 

The conducted experiment confirmed the hypothesis about the positive impact of speed-strength 

exercises on the effectiveness of technical and tactical techniques in competitive activity. 

All of the above allows us to speak about the need to use in the competitive period, especially in the 

second half of the two-week stages of speed-strength orientation. The considered dynamics of 

physical fitness during the experiment confirms the conclusion about the inexpediency of using 

speed-strength loads for more than 14 days, and allows us to talk about the need to change the 

modes, structure and methods of performing exercises after two weeks of speed-strength work. 

The content of the training program for maintaining the optimal structure of preparedness in the 

second half of the competitive period is characterized by the following values of pedagogical 

parameters: the number of training days - 26, the number of games - 4, the load orientation in 

percent: aerobic - 24%, aerobic-anaerobic - 27%, anaerobic-alactate - 12%, anaerobic-glycolytic - 

2%, competitive - 35%: training methods in percentage: variable - 73%, repeated - 16%, uniform - 

8%, interval-serial - 3%. 

After maintaining the mode of training work, it is methodically justified to conduct one seven-day 

microcycle of speed-strength orientation. The rational structure of loads in such a microcycle is as 

follows: aerobic (general endurance) - 12%, aerobic-anaerobic (mixed) - 40%, anaerobic-alactic 

(speed-strength) - 48% The ratio of specialized and non-specialized loads is 50/50%. 

CONCLUSIONS 

1. It was found that for the operational control over the dynamics of the special preparedness of 

tennis players, the most informative are the performance indicators obtained by using the 

computer program we created to determine the energy consumption of tennis players based on 

the POLAR heart rate monitor. 

2. It has been established that the level of special preparedness has intergroup and interindividual 

differences: 

- 75% have a low level of BMD; 

− 60% have a low level of "ANNO"; 

− 65% have a low level of "training"; 

− 45% have a low level of "energy" provision. 



 

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3. The analysis of training loads made it possible to establish that 71.7% of the loads do not meet 

the requirements for specialization, focus, and magnitude. Most of the exercises only outwardly 

simulate the conditions of competitive activity. It has also been established that 28.3% of training 

aids cause adequate physiological changes in the body. 

4. Analysis of the dynamics of the states of the organism of tennis players in intergroup cycles of 

different duration showed that training loads of a large magnitude of anaerobic-alactate and 

anaerobic-glycolytic orientation lead to fatigue, the degree of which depends on the level of 

training. The higher the level of training, the faster the recovery processes. 

5. The options for planning loads of inter-game cycles of different durations are substantiated, in 

particular, with a seven-day cycle, it should be as follows: 

− Private volume of specific funds - 80%; 

− Non-specific - 20%; 

− Complex means - 65%; 

− Simple -35%; 

Such a distribution of training means led to the fact that the volume of ITTD increased from 596 to 

714 actions; the volume of high-speed work increased from 1125 to 1921m. 

7. Experimentally substantiated training program with the following focus: 

− Anaerobic - 24%; 

− Anaerobic-anaerobic - 27%; 

− Anaerobic-alactate - 12%; 

− Anaerobic-glycolytic - 2%; 

− Competitive-35%; 

Functional indicators have also increased: 

− "MPC" increased in 26% of athletes; 

− "ANNO" increased in 73% of tennis players; 

- "tolerance" of loads in 81%; 

− the level of energy supply improved in 56%; 

- the level of "training" increased in 88%. 
 

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