



































International Journal of Biological Engineering and Agriculture


American Journal of Science and  

Learning for Development 
 

Volume 1 | No 2 | Dec-2022 

 

 

 
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Socio-Economic Consequences of the End of the Owners' Class in the 

Former Union 

 
 

Ubaydullaev Islomjon Abdullaevich 
1
, Ahmadalieva Durdona Abdusamad qizi 

2 

 

 
1 

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology 

2 
Student of Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology 

  
  
 

Abstract: In the article, the people of Turkestan have been under the oppression of Tsarist Russia for 

more than 60 years. Czarist Russia pursued a policy of robbing local residents of all wealth in any 

way possible. Czarist Russia implemented a policy of aggression towards the peoples of Turkestan. 

The rooting out of the ownership class in Uzbekistan was carried out under the pretext of "listening" 

on the basis of the following symbols developed by the Soviet authorities under the leadership of the 

Bolsheviks. 
 
Keywords: owner, union, tsarism, Bolshevik-communists, trade. 

 
  
In the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, great hardships fell on the 

Uzbek people: first, the invaders of Tsarist Russia, and then the Russian Bolsheviks conquered all of 

Turkestan, looted the property of all the peoples living there, and the property owners was eliminated 

as a national and class enemy. As a result of the development of historical processes in favor of the 

conquerors, the class of owners was first deprived of their rights and then of all their property. As a 

result, joining the class of owners, their geo-economic thinking also faced a crisis. We can see this in 

the example of the following historical evidence. 

It is known from history that the people of Turkestan were under the oppression of Tsarist Russia for 

more than 60 years. Tsarism paid particular attention to the following in carrying out its colonial 

policy towards the peoples of Turkestan. 

1. In order to get free raw materials and various incomes, the Russian colonists revised the property 

issue and implemented a policy of redistribution in their favor. More precisely, they acquired the 

right to own property by force and, if necessary, by deception. In this regard, K. P. Kaufman, 

who was the governor-general of Turkestan in 1867-1882, wrote in his report to the Russian tsar: 

"It is extremely necessary to make a legal decision on the issues of preferential land ownership, 

property and endowment land very quickly. "Property owners and Muslim priests who defend 

their claims to the land constitute the noble class of the population, and they are considered our 

political enemies"1.  

As a result, K. P. Kaufman carried out a redistribution of all property in favor of tsarism, violating 

the basis of the statehood of local peoples - the right to private ownership of land. 

The gradual dissolution of private ownership of land in favor of tsarism also led to the decline of the 

long-established economic culture of local landowners. Now they began to pay various taxes to the 

colonists. This, in turn, led to the enrichment of the tsarist treasury at the expense of the property of 

the Turkestan peoples. For example, Tsar Russia's income from Turkestan in 1869-1896 was 158 

million. It was 2 rubles. Such a policy of robbery of Tsarist Russia stifled the economic thinking of 

the local property class and did not allow it to emerge. 



 

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2. Czarist Russia pursued a policy of robbing local residents of all wealth in any way possible. For 

example, during the conquest of Central Asia, the colonialists collected 500,000 rubles from the 

emir of Bukhara and 450,000 rubles from the Khan of Khiva, but they completely looted the 

palace of the Khan of Kokand; They collected 33,000 rubles from Andijan and 125,000 gold 

(500,000 rubles) from Margilan Beylik. In one year, the colonists collected from the people 

1,854,682 rubles as zakat, 8,278,845 rubles as a grass tax, 2,651,044 rubles as a land tax, 53,417 

rubles as a life tax, and 3,406 rubles as a trade tax. 310 rubles, a total of 16,244,298 rubles were 

recovered (except Ferghana). In general, in 1913, the Tsar's government collected 23 million 

taxes from the people of Turkestan. amounted to rubles, in 1916 this indicator was 33.3 million 

rubles. reached 3 rubles. It is not surprising that such an incalculable free profit served to form 

the geo-economic thinking of the Russian colonists based on colonialism. But it is a historical 

fact that it led to the impoverishment of the local people's owners. 

3. Czarist Russia implemented a policy of aggression towards the peoples of Turkestan. In order to 

meet the demands and needs of textile and garment factories belonging to Russian owners, 

cotton, which is the national wealth of Turkestan, was taken for free. For example, in 1887-1896, 

26 million were sent from Central Asia to Russia. a pood of cotton fiber was taken, and each 

pood of it was cheaper than American cotton by 2 rubles 38 pennies. As a result, the treasury of 

the Russian Empire was saved, 61 mln. ruble benefited. Those engaged in importing and selling 

cotton from Turkestan made a profit of 1 ruble per pound of cotton, that is, 26 million. 26 million 

pounds of cotton. ruble benefited 4. 

In addition to these, the policy of Russian colonialists can be seen in the example of Fergana region. 

In 1904 alone, from Fergana province, 309,267 pounds of dry fruits, 84,516 pounds of silk and 

cocoons, 14,585 pounds of wool, 104,107 pounds of cottonseed oil, 34,170 pounds of sheepskin, 

1,341,281 pounds of cotton seed, 161 591 pounds of rice, 92,894 pounds of wheat flour were 

transported to Russia by railway5. That's why the Russian ruling circles and their foreign 

counterparts like to use the saying "Turkestan is a priceless crown of Russia". From these examples, 

it can be concluded that the tsarist regime worked with the aim of getting huge profits in return for 

oppressing the peoples of Turkestan. Factories and factories built by them, railways, opened schools 

and other cultural and educational institutions all served this single strategic goal. All this had a 

negative effect on the scientific and philosophical outlook of the people of Turkestan and gradually 

led to their separation from their identity. 

After Tsarism, for more than 70 years, the Uzbek people were part of the former union, and as a 

result of the bloody policy of the Bolsheviks against other peoples, they lost their history, language, 

religion, property, thousands of people, He was separated from his patriotic, intelligent, brave 

children, and out of desperation, he was forced to praise the "Kremlin", to live in silence and 

poverty. Therefore, the Bolshevik-Communists who gained political power, due to their "proletarian 

policy", eliminated the owners as a class enemy and destroyed all the material and spiritual grounds 

that served to form their geo-economic thinking. 

The leaders of the former Union, unlike the Russian emperors, saw private property as the enemy of 

humanity and began to destroy all property owners. So, the slanderous policy of the former leaders 

of the Union towards the owners in general, and the Uzbek owner class in particular, can be seen in 

the following: 

1. In accordance with the theory of proletarian class struggle developed by K. Marx and F. Engels, 

the Bolshevik-Communists, who took political power, outlawed private property as the cause of 

inequality and suffering among people, and therefore set out to physically eliminate the 

propertied class as a hostile force. As a result of the elimination of the landowners as a class, a 

form of economic thinking based on the mood of the peasantry finally appeared in the minds of 

the people. People without their own property did not think about increasing state property, 

preserving it, and using it sparingly. The way of economic thinking based on such a conservative 

mood has sharply hindered the emergence of geo-economic thinking. 



 

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2. The Bolshevik-communist authorities worked ruthlessly to eliminate the Uzbek landowners as a 

class. They seized the property of all the owners in the country and began to physically destroy 

themselves, and those who did not manage to be shot were exiled to inaccessible parts of the 

country. In addition, intellectuals sympathetic to the plight of the landowners or dissatisfied with 

the policy of the Bolsheviks against the landowners were repressed as "enemies of the people". 

As a result, it is no secret that 3,778,234 people were persecuted and 786,098 of them were shot 

in the former union between 1930 and 1953. During these years, 100,000 people were 

imprisoned in Uzbekistan alone, and 15,000 of them were shot6. Such repressions frightened the 

local population, turned people into "manqurts" and made them slaves of Marxian-Leninist 

philosophical teachings. In this way, an ax was hit on the foundations of the eastern national 

economy, which had been formed for centuries, and an attempt was made to form a proletarian 

economic culture alienated from its owner. 

3. The rooting out of the ownership class in Uzbekistan was carried out under the pretext of 

"listening" on the basis of the following signs developed by the Soviet authorities under the 

leadership of the Bolsheviks: 

1) used chronic wage labor; 

2) those who have a mill, oil press and similar means of production; 

3) those who chronically or seasonally rent work tools, working animals and buildings; 

4) those who chronically lease agricultural equipment; 

5) those who are engaged in usury, trade, mediation and earn income without work7. 

As a result, in the 65 days after December 27, 1929, more than 130 million peasants were forcibly 

separated from their property, and collective farms were established in exchange for them. Also, 

from the end of 1929 to the middle of 1930, more than 320,000 kulak farms were liquidated. Their 

property and goods worth 175 million soums were handed over to the indivisible fund of collective 

farms8. In general, in 1930-1933, 5,500 peasants from Uzbekistan were arrested and exiled to other 

countries, most of them died from torture9. It was nothing more than a genocide committed by the 

Bolsheviks against the peasant owners. Thus, as a result of the termination of the "ears", the 

agricultural sector lost the most enterprising, dexterous, self-sufficient, self-employed, farm owners. 

With this, the material grounds of geo-economic thinking, which will be formed in accordance with 

the world community in the future, have been destroyed. 

4. The Soviet government also consistently implemented a policy of aggression towards 

Uzbekistan. This can be seen in the following examples. As a result of specialization in cotton 

production under various pretexts, Uzbekistan supplied 2/3 of the total amount of cotton grown 

in the former Union in the 1970s and 1980s. In the years 1976-1985, more than 15,345 thousand 

tons of cotton fibers were exported from Uzbekistan. More than 70% of it was sold in the world 

markets and made a huge profit10. Due to the great demand for blackbuck skins grown in 

Uzbekistan in the world market, 40 mln. more than a grain of black leather was taken away11. 

Uzbekistan supplied almost 50% of the gold produced in the countries of the former union. N. 

Kuchersky said about this: "The resources mined by the miners of the Navoi Mining and 

Metallurgical Combine alone brought billions of dollars in profit per year. Its value can be 

compared with the total cotton fiber grown in the oasis of Uzbekistan"12, he said. 

President I. A. Karimov wrote about the essence of the policy of the ruling circles of the former 

union towards the Uzbek people: "For several decades, the economy of the republic has become a 

component of a single national economy complex controlled by the Center. Many decisions taken by 

the center were far from the interests of Uzbekistan. Thus, as in the time of the tsarist empire, the 

republic continued to become a supplier of cheap raw materials and strategic mineral resources, a 

convenient market for selling finished products, that is, the republic became a raw material base"13. 

5. At the same time that the former union entered the stage of "developed socialism", the center 

made against the Uzbek people who, without sparing their health and life, endured the attack of 



 

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hot and toxic chemicals, growing cotton at the expense of a meager salary. Repressions carried 

out under the pretext of "cotton issue" exceeded all of them. Under the instructions of the center, 

a group of bloody investigators-executioners, organized under the leadership of Gdlyan and 

Ivanov, under the pretext of fighting "corruption in the field of cotton", investigated more than 40 

thousand citizens, 60% of collective farm chairmen and directors of state farms, 45% of leading 

experts in agriculture, cotton farming a third of the brigade commanders were removed from 

their duties, more than 5,000 people were criminally punished, most of them were sent to prisons 

in Siberia14. This case was, in fact, a new wave of "Kremlin"-style repressions carried out by the 

red imperialists on the basis of various pretexts, in order to frighten the local population and keep 

them in slavery. 

However, due to the monopoly of cotton, the orientation of the economy to the production of raw 

materials, low purchase prices, and the Center's denial that cotton cultivation is extremely labor-

intensive, the value of labor in the agrarian sector of the republic was considered one of the lowest 

indicators in the former union. For example, in the mid-1980s, one working day of a collective 

farmer was 5 soums 88 tinyas in Uzbekistan, 6 soums 4 tinyas in Tajikistan, 6 soums 90 tinyas in 

Kyrgyzstan, 7 soums 3 tinyas in Turkmenistan, 8 soums 3 tinyas in the RSFSR. 3 soums 3 pennies, 

in Lithuania 9 soums 90 pennies, in Estonia 14 soums 4 pennies paid15. First of all, this was due to 

extremely low wages for the labor of growers. It should be said that a grain grower was paid 62.5 

tiyani for 1 hour of labor, while a grower was paid only 16 tiyani16. 

Due to the excessive specialization of the republic in cotton production, almost 70% of grain and 

meat, 60% of potatoes, sugar, dried milk and other food products were imported17. 

At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Empire, a citizen of Uzbekistan consumed almost twice as 

much meat and meat products, milk and eggs as compared to the average of the countries of the 

former Soviet Union. In particular, according to the physiological norm, 82 kg. 60 kg per head of 

population according to the union instead of meat. consumed in the republic, only 30 kg. meat was 

eaten; milk 405 and 196 kg respectively; eggs - 141 and 107 pieces respectively18. 

The situation in Uzbek villages was even worse. According to statistics, meat consumption in rural 

areas of Uzbekistan is 5-6 times higher than the average amount of the former union; cottage cheese 

and dairy products - 3 times, eggs - 3.5 times, potatoes - 4.7 times, fish and fish products were 

consumed 21.6 times less19. 

All of the above-mentioned historical facts, as historian scientist Hamid Ziyoev writes, in the former 

Union "...prohibition of private ownership and various industries related to it, suppression of 

personal initiative and self-interest, forced labor, non-payment of wages commensurate with work, 

The feeling of self-preservation and "let's go when the belly is full" created the economic basis of 

slavery"20. Such an economic ground did not allow Uzbek workers to develop and form geo-

economic thinking, which is a form of free thinking. 

6. Foreign economic relations play an important role in the formation of geo-economic thinking. It 

is known that the administrative circles of the former Union gave Uzbekistan the right to 

communicate with foreign countries only on paper. In fact, all actual foreign relations were in 

their hands. For example, in the 50s of the 20th century, Uzbekistan delivered its products to 32 

countries of the world, and in the early 80s, the republic established economic relations with 

almost 90 foreign countries through the union bodies. More than 250 types of goods were 

delivered. In general, Uzbekistan ranks third after the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR among the 

allied republics in the supply of export products. ranked first21. However, representatives of 

Uzbek workers did not directly participate in the export trade of goods, and they did not know 

anything about the amount of funds received from them. 

The head of our country, I. A. Karimov, wrote about the essence of foreign economic relations 

during the period of the Mustabid regime: "Uzbekistan was deprived of the opportunity to enter the 

international arena directly and openly under the conditions of the monopoly system. The Republic, 

its enterprises were practically deprived of the opportunity to establish direct foreign relations 



 

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independently; they constantly felt the severe pressure of the center's monopoly in the field of 

foreign trade. All currency calculations were carried out only by the Union authorities. The Republic 

did not know where its natural resources, raw materials and products would go, and who would get 

the proceeds from its export. At the same time, it was completely dependent on the delivery of 

foreign equipment and technology, consumer goods"22. 

Such practical behavior towards Uzbekistan in the field of foreign policy deprives the hard-working 

Uzbek people of the opportunity to get to know the world's advanced technologies directly, and is 

placed on the path to the growth of their economic consciousness, in particular, the emergence of 

geo-economic thinking. 'iy was nothing but a barrier. 

In such a situation, on the one hand, the people are in an extremely poor economic situation, on the 

other hand, the complete dominance of the Marxian-Leninist ideology, and on the third hand, the fact 

that the people are prohibited from making direct socio-economic relations with foreign countries is 

a unique form of economic thinking. did not even allow to think about the existence of geo-economic 

thinking. On the contrary, the rejection of such thinking in the form of opportunity in the socio-

economic worldview of people as a bourgeois way of thinking alien to the Marxist-Leninist 

philosophical worldview has led to a complete crisis of the geo-economic thinking that has existed in 

the minds of Uzbeks for a long time. 

From the above arguments, it is possible to draw a philosophical conclusion that Tsarist Russia and 

the Red Empire during its 130-year rule in all internal and external policies towards foreign peoples, 

nations and peoples, first of all, took possession of their natural resources and, therefore, in return 

live for free at profit; secondly, to separate the owners from their property and subjugate them; 

thirdly, to keep the people in fear by exterminating the patriotic and leading intellectuals from among 

the representatives of the local nation under various pretexts; fourthly, to separate the local 

population from its identity by forcibly instilling foreign ideas and ideologies into the way of life of 

the local population; fifthly, by keeping the nation behind the iron fence, they did a series of heinous 

and criminal acts, such as not joining the world community. As a result, the Uzbek people became 

separated from the outside world and became victims of "red terrorists" based on Marxian-Leninist 

philosophy. All this, despite the fact that the "socialist civilization" is developing, hit the foundations 

of the economic thinking of the Uzbek people and separated it from the material ground and spiritual 

foundations of its formation at the level of geo-economic thinking. Only independence saved the 

Uzbek people from such a terrible disaster. 

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American Journal of Science and  Learning for Development Volume 1, No 2|    
Dec - 2022 

 

 
Published by inter-publishing.com  |  All rights reserved. © 2022 
Journal Homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/AJSLD    

Page 100 

 

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30. Усмонов,М.T. (2021). Дифференциальные уравнения второго порядка и высших порядков. 

Линейные дифференциальные уравнения второго порядка с постоянными 

коэффициентами. «Science and Education» Scientific Journal, Tom-2, 113-122.  

31. Усмонов,М.T. (2021). Пределы функций. Примеры решений. «Science and Education» 

Scientific Journal, Tom-2, 139-150.  

32. Усмонов,М.T. (2021). Метод наименьших квадратов. «Science and Education» Scientific 

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33. Усмонов,М.T. (2021). Непрерывность функции двух переменных. «Science and Education» 

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34. Усмонов,М.T. (2021). Интегрирование корней (иррациональных функций). Примеры 

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