



































International Journal of Biological Engineering and Agriculture


American Journal of Science and  

Learning for Development 
 

Volume 1 | No 2 | Dec-2022 

 

 

 
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Re-Training Needs of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Artisans for 

Enhancing Performance in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State 

 
 

Lohodedoo Jotham Nomnor 
1
, Agu Peter A. 

2 

 

 
1 

Intercontinental College of Technology, Makurdi 

2 
Nasarawa State University, keffi 

  
  
 

Abstract: The study examines the Re-Training Needs of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Artisans 

for Enhancing Performance in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State. The objectives of the study is to 

look at the level to which artisans can carry out repairs in refrigeration and air conditioning, to find 

out the skills required by refrigeration and air conditioning work artisans to install Air Conditioning 

Systems in cars and buildings in Benue State. This was followed by the corresponding two 

hypotheses. The diffusion of innovation theory was adopted as the theoretical framework. This study 

used descriptive survey design. The sample size consists of 234 RAC artisans drawn from the four 

major towns in Benue State. Finally, the researcher adopted accidental sampling technique to select 

the first artisans which the researcher can reach. The questionnaire is structured on 4-point Likert 

Scale. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was used to answer research questions 

while Chi-Square was used to test the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The items with the 

mean response scores of 2.50 and above were considered that the artisans possess the skills and do 

not need retraining. the findings of the study revealed that the extent to which refrigeration and air 

conditioning artisans possess skills of using modern vacuum pump to evacuate RAC systems, using 

recovery machine to recover refrigerants, working on electronic panel of an air conditioner and 

repairing electronic panel of an air conditioner remote control with much difficulty. The findings of 

the study revealed that the extent to which refrigeration and air conditioning artisans possess skills 

of wiring solar air conditioner and refrigerators, mounting an art cool air conditioner on the wall 

and mounting solar panel of a solar powered air conditioner is: “not possessed”. The study 

recommended among others that Refrigeration and air conditioning artisans should go for retaining 

on wiring solar air conditioner and refrigerators, mounting an art cool air conditioner on the wall 

and mounting solar panel of a solar powered air conditioner. 
 
Keywords: Re-Training Needs, Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Artisan, and Performance. 

 
  
Introduction  

Human beings are the pivot of work in the productive venture, due to the fact that organizations and 

nations take good steps to ensure the effectiveness of an individual. Human beings provide ideas, 

innovations, inventions and thereby wealth for the benefit of society. This cannot be achieved if 

workers are not properly trained. Hence, training has always been recognized as an important factor 

that contributes to improved performance of an employee (Maduabum, 1992). Training can be 

viewed as the acquisition of skills, knowledge and abilities to enable a person to function effectively 

in the performance of one’s job. Training of personnel is very important to the development and 

growth of any country most especially in an organization. Therefore it is meant for increasing the 

usefulness of a worker at the work place. The need for training workers in any organization is to 



 

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develop and use their abilities for the achievement of organizational set goals and the fulfilment of 

individual job satisfaction.  

The Federal Government of Nigeria in the National Policy on Education (FRN, 2013) states the 

goals of training and retraining people in vocational trades which include: to provide the technical 

knowledge and skills necessary for agriculture, commercial and economic development; to give 

training and impact the necessary skills to artisans who shall be self-reliant economically. The 

essence is to train people or individuals that will be able to create jobs for themselves in the absence 

of white collar job from the Government. 

Further, the Nigerian government has established training centres to train skilled manpower to take 

care of the various sectors of the economy. The training is aimed at increasing workers efficiency so 

as to step up the productivity level of the organizations they work for. It is to accelerate economic 

development in general, be it educational, scientific or vocational.  

Vocational training programmes have been realized as instruments for strengthening skills 

acquisition among the committee of nations. According to Olaiya (1998), developed nations have 

attained economic stability through their consistent abilities in reinforcing all human and material 

resources. Vocational education is further seen as an integral part of general education and as a 

means of preparing individuals’ occupational fields and for effective participation in the world of 

work an aspect of life-long learning, a preparation for responsible citizens and a method of 

facilitating poverty alleviation. The goal of vocational education therefore, is to prepare an individual 

to be ready for work and future employment (Olaiya, 1998).  

The need for trained workers has become extremely important to meet the ever changing 

technological demands of the society. Agbabu and Esene (2003) emphasized that no longer can 

persons hope to find employment in business and industries without some kind of education or 

training. Every worker depends on training, up grading of knowledge and personal skills. Upgrading 

of knowledge refers to some kind of retraining whether formal or informal. 

Training refers to improving one’s skills needed today or very soon in an organization or in a trade 

(Jackson & Schuler, 2003). Training is an attempt to improve current or future employee’s ability to 

perform through learning. Jackson and Schuler (2003) in their study indicated that the purpose of 

training is to achieve a change in behaviour of those trained in a particular domain. Training is also a 

learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts, rules or 

changing of attitudes and behaviour to enhance the performance of employees. It is an activity 

leading to skilled behaviour. According to Nwachukwu (1992), training is an organizational effort 

aimed at helping an employee to acquire basic skills required for sufficient execution of the functions 

for which he was hired. Training generates expertise or skills needed to perform a particular job or 

series of jobs. 

According to Obikoya (1996), re-training of workers involves the renewal or updating of worker’s 

skills, knowledge, attitude, work habits and competencies to enable them perform their assigned 

responsibilities creditably. To Imhabekhai (2000) re-training is a function of observed training needs 

and the amount of changes which have taken place in the techniques of production. Re-training of 

workers is very vital to the productivity of any organization considering the technological changes 

taking place in the world of work. This means workers must be re-trained regularly to acquire the 

necessary skills and knowledge to be able to meet with these changes and perform their assigned 

roles in the organization towards the achievement of its goals. In this sense, the training must be 

narrow in scope involving the acquisition of skills, related knowledge and attitudes needed for 

productive living (Crunkilton & Fink, 2001).  

The importance of retraining cannot be overemphasized, Sloane (2001) noted that retraining allows 

job holders reach the standard of performance called for by the job as quickly as possible; and it 

gives workers a sense of greater security and fulfillment, with the increased morale that stems from 

this condition they can be expected to have fewer complaints, less absenteeism, higher turnover and 

general greater loyalty to the organization. Workers are less supervised when adequately trained and 



 

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retrained. When personnel are regularly trained the organization presents a favourable image to the 

outside world by identifying it as the employer of people who are entirely on top of what they are 

doing. 

The need to retrain workers is often thought to apply to older members of the workforce, many of 

whom saw their occupation disappearing and their skills loosing value as emerging technology is 

gradually taking over the labour market (Crunkilton & Fink, 2001). Due to development in the global 

world, there might be need for moderate and continued retraining merely to keep the structure from 

becoming stagnant. This is in consonance with Jackson (2003) who emphasized that artisans in the 

production section should not bother to build any empire in the company but be assured to receive 

enough retraining programmes to enable them acquire modern skills. 

Training need is the identification of the “gap” between performance required and current 

performance of the workers. Training need is the process of identifying the gap in employee training 

and related training needs. It involves a procedure to determine how retraining will indeed address 

the problem, which has been identified especially now that the world is technologically advanced. 

Therefore, Training need looks at each aspect of one’s operational domain that the initial skills, 

concept and attitude of human elements of a system can be effectively identified and appropriate 

training can be specified (Obikoya, 1996). 

The purpose of the training is to identify performance requirements and the knowledge, skills and 

abilities needed by an agency’s workforce to achieve its desired goals. Effective training needs 

assessment in order to help direct resources to areas of greatest demand. The assessment should 

address resources needed to fulfill the organization´s mission, improve productivity and provide 

quality products and services. When a difference exists, it explores the causes and reasons for the 

gap. A complete need assessment should also consider the consequences for ignoring the gaps that 

might exist (Obikoya, 1996). 

Retraining is for those who have already been trained and are employed in some specific jobs. 

Retraining becomes necessary when a number of circumstances develop such as labour shortages, 

the employer’s desire to extend into new ideals of frontiers, and most particularly when 

technological changes frequently leave organizations with no realistic course of action but to retain 

those on the pay roll for other duties, hardly would any organization not encounter this problem at 

one time or the other (Padelford, 2004) 

Retraining after initial training becomes necessary when there are gaps in the expected level of 

performance or behavior of employees. Retraining as a process is required to fill the gap that 

technology creates through its continuous development. Therefore, re-training in Refrigeration and 

Air Conditioning (RAC) keep employees of an organization abreast with technological changes as 

well as managerial development required of them. For example, if a typist was used to a manual 

typewriter and an electronic typewriter is introduced, the typist needs to be retrained in order to cope 

with the change in technology. In the world of refrigeration and air conditioning, a lot has changed in 

terms of technological design. This implies that old artisans who repair refrigerators and air 

conditioners would definitely need retraining to keep abreast with the changes. Retraining will 

therefore promote greater efficiency and discourage ineffectiveness. 

Statement of the Problem 

In Nigeria, there is so much worry over the poor performance of artisans in technological fields 

generally; there is an outcry of poor performance of artisans in Air conditioning and Refrigeration. 

Rapid changes in technology globally brings along with it new frontiers of knowledge and better 

ways of doing things using modern equipment and practices. Questions could be asked as to whether 

artisans are in position to adapt to the technological changes in the field of refrigeration and air 

conditioning. Professional interaction between the researcher and technician in the field indicated 

that artisans have either not received enough initial training or retraining to cope with global 

technological changes in the field. Therefore, the researcher seeks to find out the present capacities 



 

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of artisans on the job and how they can perform with new equipment on the job using emerging 

technologies and facilities. 

Purpose of the study 

Specifically, the study sought to determine: 

1. Troubleshooting skills required by refrigeration and air conditioning artisans in Benue State.  

2. The extent to which artisans can carry out maintenance in refrigeration and air conditioning work 

in Benue State. 

Hypotheses 

The following null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 significance  level  

1. Refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not significantly require troubleshooting skills in 

Benue State. 

2. Refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not significantly carry out maintenance in 

refrigeration and air conditioning work to any extent. 

Theoretical Framework 

This section describes the theory guiding the study; the used theory is Diffusion of Innovations 

theory. 

Diffusion of innovations theory 

Diffusion of innovation theory was propounded by Roggers (1876), which states that Innovations are 

new ideas, products or social practices. New ideas, products, and practices spread based on:  

1. Relative Advantage: Improvement over what it replaces 

2. Compatibility: Consistency with the values, habits, experiences, and needs of the potential users 

3. Complexity: Difficulty to use  

4. Trialability: Degree to which it can be experimented before a commitment to adopt is required  

5. Observability: Extent to which it provides results  

6. Impact on Social Relations: Effect on social environment  

7. Reversibility: Ability to be reversed or discontinued  

8. Communicability: Ease of being understood  

9. Time Required: Time needed to adopt innovation  

10. Risk and Uncertainty Level: Risk and uncertainty involved  

11. Commitment: Effectiveness with modest commitment  

12. Modifiability: Ability to be updated and modified over time  

Training is about getting staff to accept a new idea or practice, considering how new ideas or 

practices spread can make the training process more smooth and result in a faster change to the new 

behavior. The theory aimed at evaluating the previous training and possible changes in technological 

trends which relates to the current study. It assesses the skills required by refrigeration and air 

conditioning artisans and how RAC artisans can adopt new changes in the discipline so as to carry 

out jobs that will no longer fail but give their client job satisfaction. 

Research Methodology 

The area of the study is Makurdi Metropolis Areas of Benue State.Makurdi the capital of Benue 

State experience warm temperatures most of the year and this make business activities for skilled 

men who are enterprising for refrigeration and Air conditioning lucrative. The population of the 



 

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study comprised of 620 Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Artisans in Makurdi. The Association of 

Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Artisans (ARAT, 2015) put the population of registered and 

government recognized RAC artisans in various towns as follows: 220 RAC artisans in Makurdi, 

These are RAC artisans who own workshops in Makurdi metropolis. 

This study used descriptive survey design. The sample size consist of 220 RAC artisans drawn from 

Makurdi metropolis using table of sample size (n) required for a given population (N) as 

recommended by Emaikwu (2015). The researcher adopted Multi- stage sampling technique. The 

sample of RAC artisans from the town is drawn using Anaekwe (2007) formula for calculating 

proportionate stratified random sampling. Finally, the researcher adopted accidental sampling 

technique to select the first artisans which the researcher can reach. The questionnaire is structured 

on 4-point Likert Scale. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was used to answer 

research questions while Chi-Square was used to test the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance.  

Result  

Research Question 1 

What are the troubleshooting skills required by refrigeration and air conditioning artisans in Benue 

State?  

Table1: Mean and standard deviation on the troubleshooting skills possessed by refrigeration 

and air conditioning artisans 

SN Items   N= 234  SD. Remark 

1 Test capacitance of a capacitor using 

Multi-meter 

3.1068 .84997 Possessed 

2 Test Wire distortion of a refrigerator 

with multi-meter 

2.9103 .88166 Possessed 

3 Test Wire distortion of an air 

conditioner with multi-meter 

2.8462 .93217 Possessed 

4 Read voltage with meter 2.7607 .85568 Possessed 

5 Interpret wiring diagrams 2.4786 1.02834 Not Possessed 

6 Test overload protector with Multi-

meter 

2.6496 .96564 Possessed 

7 Test cut off fuse with Multi-meter 2.8205 .86531 Possessed 

8 Reset A/C using remote control 2.8462 .81946 Possessed 

9 Test gas pressure with pressure gauge 2.7863 .95683 Possessed 

10 Test leakage with torch leak detector 2.7949 .95870 Possessed 

11 Check leakage with soup solution 2.7308 .99362 Possessed 

12 Test value of current supply with ohm 

meter 

2.7479 1.00668 Possessed 

13 Test value of voltage supply with 

Multi-meter 

3.4957 .85039 Possessed 

14 Test resistivity of compressor winding 

with Multi-meter 

2.2778 1.29533 Not Possessed 

15 Test air flow rate on condenser fines 3.3761 .90517 Possessed 

16 Test air flow rate on evaporator fines 3.2991 .87173 Possessed 

17 Test refrigerant leakage using 

electronic leak detector 

2.2051 1.23635 Not Possessed 

 Cluster Mean 2.8313 .58144  
 

From Table 1, it can be seen that the mean rating scores of all the items are above 2.50 except items 

5, 14 and 17. This implies that the refrigeration and air conditioning artisans possessed skills of 

interpreting wiring diagrams, testing resistivity of compressor winding with Multi-meter and testing 



 

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refrigerant leakage using electronic leak detector is with much difficulty. However, the refrigeration 

and air conditioning artisans possess the rest of the troubleshooting skills with quality and initiative.  

Research Question 2 

What is the extent to which artisans can carry out maintenance in refrigeration and air conditioning 

work in Benue State? 

Table 2: Mean and Standard Deviation on extent RAC Artisans Can carry out Maintenance in 

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning work 

SN Items  N= 234  SD. Remark 

18 Cut pipes (1¼,⅜,5/16) using tube cutter 3.3205 .89577 High Extent 

19 Check the noise of RAC systems 3.3376 .95910 High Extent 

20 Pump down A/C unit 3.1154 .77483 High Extent 

21 Remove air filter on indoor unit of A/C 3.0598 .80011 High Extent 

22 Remove condenser cover of A/C 3.4487 .81268 High Extent 

23 Clean air filter(dusting, washing) 3.0128 .73234 High Extent 

24 Connect manifold gauge on RAC systems 3.0171 .83366 High Extent 

25 Remove water drainage tray of indoor A/C 

unit 

3.3632 .83928 High Extent 

26 Fix water drainage pipe/ horse of indoor A/C 

unit 

3.3462 .88614 High Extent 

27 Clean pipe/horse of indoor A/C unit 3.3803 .88174 High Extent 

28 Connect flare joint using shifting spanners 3.3718 .93261 High Extent 

29 Lubricate fan bearing (outdoor condenser 

fan) 

3.3291 .91168 High Extent 

30 Lubricate fan bearing(indoor unit fan) 3.3632 .85949 High Extent 

31 Swage pipes using swaging kit 3.3590 .90266 High Extent 

32 Set digital thermostat 2.3162 1.28143 Low Extent 

33 Retrofit refrigerant 2.2863 1.25984 Low Extent 

34 Recover refrigerant using recovery machine 2.1325 1.27857 Low Extent 

35 Refill refrigerant using manifold gauge 3.3846 .93429 High Extent 

 MnMaintenance 3.1080 .56982  

 Valid N (listwise)    
 

From Table 2, it can be seen that the mean rating scores of all the items are above 2.50 except items 

32, 33 and 34. This implies that the extent to which refrigeration and air conditioning artisans can 

carry out maintenance such as setting digital thermostat, retrofitting refrigerant and recovering 

refrigerant using recovery machine is high. However, the refrigeration and air conditioning artisans 

carry out maintenance in refrigeration and air conditioning work to a low extent.  

Hypothesis 1 

Refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not significantly require troubleshooting skills in 

Benue State. 

Table 3: Chi-Square (χ
2
) Goodness of fit on Troubleshooting Skills Required by Refrigeration 

and Air Conditioning Artisans 

Response Observed N Expected 

N 

χ
2
 df (P.Valu

e) 

Decision 

Refrigeration and air 

conditioning artisans do 

not require trouble 

shooting skills in RAC 

62 117.0 51.709 1 .000 Significan

t 

Refrigeration and air 172 117.0     



 

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conditioning artisans 

require trouble shooting 

skills in RAC 

Total 234      
 

From Table 3, there is an indication from 62 with expected frequency of 117.0 respondents that 

refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not require troubleshooting skills in RAC, while from 

172 with expected frequency of 117.0, refrigeration and air conditioning artisans require 

troubleshooting skills in RAC. Testing for the hypothesis, χ
2
 = 51.709 with df = 1 and had computer 

calculated associated probability for decision taking (Asymp. Sig.) = .000 = P. Since P is less than 

0.05 (significance level) then the difference is significant. Therefore, the hypothesis is rejected with 

the conclusion that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans significantly require trouble shooting 

skills in refrigeration and air conditioning work. 

Hypotheses 2 

Refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not significantly carry out maintenance in refrigeration 

and air conditioning work to any extent. 

Table 4: Chi-Square (χ
2
) Goodness of fit on Skills Possessed by Refrigeration and Air 

Conditioning Artisans in Maintenance 

Response Observed N Expected N χ
2
 df (P.Value) Decision 

Refrigeration and air 

conditioning artisans 

do not carry out 

maintenance to any 

extent 

38 117.0 106.684 1 .000 Significant 

Refrigeration and air 

conditioning artisans 

carry out maintenance 

to an extent 

196 117.0     

Total 234      
 

From Table 4, there is an indication from 38 with expected frequency of 117.0 respondents that 

refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do not carry out maintenance to any extent, while from 

196 with expected frequency of 117.0, refrigeration and air conditioning artisans carry out 

maintenance to an extent. Testing for the hypothesis, χ
2
 = 106.684 with df = 1 and had computer 

calculated associated probability for decision taking (Asymp. Sig.) = .000 = P. Since P is less than 

0.05 (significance level) then the difference is significant. Therefore, the hypothesis is rejected and 

the implication is that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans do significantly carry out 

maintenance in refrigeration and air conditioning work to an extent. 

Discussion of the findings 

The finding of the study as revealed in Tables 1 showed that the extent to which refrigeration and air 

conditioning artisans possess skills of interpreting wiring diagrams, testing resistivity of compressor 

windings with Multi-meter and testing refrigerant leakage using electronic leak detector is “with 

much difficulty”. However, the refrigeration and air conditioning artisans perform the rest of the 

troubleshooting skills with quality and initiative. Importantly, this is in line with best practices in 

RAC as recommended by Labour Market Integration Directorate Canada (2014) and Nyiahule 

(2006), that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans are required to have an increasing knowledge 

of computers and automated control systems as remote access technology is becoming more 

common, not just in large commercial but in light commercial and residential applications such as air 

conditioners. This is to ensure that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans possess troubleshooting 

skills with quality and initiative for better maintenance. 



 

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Based on the result in Table 2, the study revealed that the extent to which refrigeration and air 

conditioning artisans possess skills of setting digital thermostat, retrofitting refrigerant and 

recovering refrigerant using recovery machine is can not perform. However, the refrigeration and air 

conditioning artisans possess the rest of the maintenance skills to perform with quality and initiative. 

This agrees with Labour Market Integration Directorate Canada (2014) and Nyiahule (2006), who 

asserted that refrigeration and air conditioning artisans need maintenance skills to perform with 

quality and initiative and to be able to carry out maintenance on refrigerators and air conditioners 

after troubleshooting. They interact with customers to identify system requirements and to obtain 

problem descriptions.  

Recommendations 

Considering the findings of this study, the researcher therefore, recommended that:  

i. Refrigeration and air conditioning artisans should make deliberate effort to improve on their jobs 

and ensure to go for retraining on troubleshooting skills of interpreting wiring diagrams, testing 

resistivity of compressor winding with Multi-meter and testing refrigerant leakage using 

electronic leak detector.  

ii. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Artisans require maintenance training on setting digital 

thermostat, retrofitting refrigerant and recovering refrigerant using recovery machine. 

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