International Journal of Biological Engineering and Agriculture American Journal of Science and Learning for Development Volume 1 | No 1 | Nov-2022 Published by inter-publishing.com | All rights reserved. © 2022 Journal Homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/IJISE Page 41 Examination of Parasitic Contamination of Fresh Vegetables Sold in Different Markets in Wukari Metropolis Nehemiah Morris Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Kwararafa University Wukari Abstract: A study of parasitic contamination on fresh vegetables sold in different markets in Wukari metropolis of Wukari L.G.A, Taraba State, Nigeria was conducted between the months of February- March, 2017. Samples collected were prepared using zinc sulphate floatation techniques and examined microscopically for the prevalence of helminthes eggs and larvae and protozoa cysts. In this study, overall positive samples were 88 out of 136 fresh vegetable samples examined. Also, the distribution of medically importance parasites in contaminated fresh vegetables in different markets were calculated using Chi-square and the significant difference at (P>0.01) were recorded. Spring onion and tomato were found significantly low in old market and Haske market while tomato only in new market and spring onion only in Yam market. New market (25) had the highest prevalence of 20.8% parasite ova and cyst, while Old market and Haske market had 20 (16.7%) and Yam market had the least 17 (14.2%).Spinach and Sorrel had the highest rate of parasitic contamination of (83.3%) than Tomato (53.3%) and Spring Onion (46.7%). Also, a total of twelve different species of medically important parasites are detected, these included Ascaris lumbricoides (24.8%), Strongyloides stercoralis (21.1%) (p>0.05), Enterobius vermicularis (11.7%), Trichuris trichiura (8.8%), Taenia saginata (8.8), Hookworm eggs (5.8%), Giardia lamblia cysts (4.4%), Hymenolepis nana (3.6%), Balantidium coli (2.9%), Dipylidium caninum egg packets (2.9%), Hymenolepis diminuta (2.9%), and Entamoeba histolytica (2.2%). Fresh vegetables washed with dirty water (well water) had (37.5%). While, one washed with clean water (borehole water) shows no parasite ova and cyst (0.0%). Keywords: Vegetable, parasites, contamination, Wukari metropolis. Introduction Vegetable refers to any part of plant (herbaceous plants roots, stems, leaves) that is consumed by humans as food, as part of a savory meal. Vegetables can be eaten either raw or cooked and play an important role in human nutrition, being mostly low in fat and carbohydrates, but high in vitamins and minerals (Oguntibeju, et al., 2013; Mohammed, et al, 2016).Vegetables are rich source of dietary fibre, folate (folic acid), potassium, vitamin A,B,C,E and K, magnesium, iron, and calcium. Dietary fiber from vegetables, for instance, reduces blood cholesterol levels and lowers risk of heart diseases and obesity. It ensures proper bowel function and protects the bowel from protracted constipation, hemorrhoids, colon cancer and diverticulosis (Rubatzky and Yamaguchi, 1997; Mohammed, et al, 2016). Fresh vegetables can be agents of transmission of protozoan cysts and helminthes egg and larvae. In developing countries, intestinal parasitic diseases are still a public health problem, probably due to poor sanitation and inadequate personal hygiene (Kang, 1998; Steketee, 2003; Simon-Oke, et al., 2014; Asadpour, et al., 2016). American Journal of Science and Learning for Development Volume 1, No 1| Nov - 2022 Published by inter-publishing.com | All rights reserved. © 2022 Journal Homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/AJSLD Page 42 The consumption of raw(fresh) vegetables which are contaminated by wastewater during irrigation, application of fertilizers, and marketing represent important route in the transmission of parasitic infection(Asadpour et al., 2016). Several surveys have been done in different part of the world which indicated that, vegetables can be a major source for transmitting protozoan cysts (Entamoeba histolytica; Giardia lamblia; Entamoeba coli; Balantidium coli), Oocysts ( Isospora belli; cryptosporidium spp.), and helminthes egg and larvae( Strongyloides stercoralis; Trichuris trichiura; Enterobius vermicularis; Fasciola hepatica; Ascaris lumbricoides; Toxocara spp.; Hymenolepsis nana; Hymenolepsis diminuta, Taenia spp.). Parasitic infections lead to about 300 million severe illnesses with approximately 200,000 deaths occurring in developing countries (Mohammed, et al., 2016). Parasites are living organisms which take its nourishment and other needs from a host. They Parasite can be Ecto or Endo (Assafa,et al., 2004). But special emphases are on endoparasites (inside host) which are ingested through contaminated fresh vegetables. All of these have urged the undertaking of this study to investigate the level of parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold in different markets in Wukari Town. MATERIALS AND METHOD Study Area This study was conducted in Wukari metropolis of Wukari Local Government Area of Taraba state. The town is situated in longitude 9 0 47’E and latitude 7 0 51’N on the southern part of the State about 206km away from Jalingo the State capital. The study was done during dry season between February-March. A total of 128 fresh vegetable samples were collected. Eight (8) vegetable of each species were collected from each Market in Wukari Town. The vegetables comprises of:  Sorrel (Common Name); Hibiscus aspar (Botanical Name); Yakuwa (Hausa Name) and Awuri (Jukun Name).  Spring Onion (Common Name); Allium cepa (Botanical Name) and Albasa (Hausa Name).  Tomato (Common Name); Salanum lycopersicum(Botanical Name); and Tumatur(Hausa Name).  Spinach (Common Name); Amaranthus histilis (Botanical Name); Alayyahu (Hausa Name) and Abiyo (Jukun Name). Sample Collection, Preparation and Washing The fresh vegetable samples for this examination (survey) were collected randomly from the four mention markets. Each sample from each market is collected twice in a week. Vegetables were sample early in the morning. A well labeled sample (polythene) bags were used for the transportation of each sample to the Laboratory for analysis. zinc sulphate floatation techniques were used in concentrating the cyst and ova of the parasites (Neva and Brown 1983; Cheasebrough, 2003; Simon- Oke, et al., 2014). Procedures for Samples Preparation and Washing A portion (150g) of each fresh vegetable samples were weighed and washed with distilled water in 250ml conical flask for detaching the parasites. The washing were sieved into another clean 250ml conical flask to remove debris and then dispensed in to clean three 15ml test tubes and centrifuge at 2500rpm for1minutes and supernatant were decanted carefully. 2ml of the deposit (sediment) were placed in a 15ml test tube which was filled with the zinc sulphate solution to the brim and covered with clean glass slide. Also 16 out of the washed samples were re-washed with borehole and well water. American Journal of Science and Learning for Development Volume 1, No 1| Nov - 2022 Published by inter-publishing.com | All rights reserved. © 2022 Journal Homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/AJSLD Page 43 Examination of Samples Macro Examination The samples were carefully examined for the presence of macro parasite such as segment of cestodes (tapeworms) and adult Nematodes. Micro Examination In micro examination, the clean glass slides placed at the top of 15ml test tube were removed after 30minutes. Cover slips were placed gently to avoid air bubbles and were examined under Binocular microscope using multiple objectives lens x10, x40 andx100. The various helminthes egg, larvae and protozoa cyst were detected. Three slides were prepared from each sample to increase the chance of parasitic detection. Also a single drop of lugols iodine solution was added prior to the prepared slide to stain the parasites ova, larvae, and cyst for more and easy identification. The eggs, larvae, and cyst were identified base on morphological details as described by Rai, et al., 1996; WHO, 2004; Muna, 2004. Data Analysis Data analysis was done using tables and percentages. The Chi-square test was used to find out the prevalence of medically importance parasites in relation to fresh vegetables. Results Table 1. Distribution of Medically Importance Parasites Ova and Cyst in Fresh Vegetables Sold at Old Market in Wukari Metropolis * Shows low significance difference (p > 0.01) Table 2. Distribution of Medically Importance Parasites Ova and Cyst in Fresh Vegetables Sold at New Markets in Wukari Metropolis. *Significant difference is lower (P >0.01) Table 3. Distribution of Medically Importance Parasites Ova and Cyst in Fresh Vegetables Sold at Yam Markets in Wukari Metropolis. Vegetable type Examined No. of positive Prevalence (%) Spinach 30 5 16.7 Sorrel 30 6 20.0 Spring onion 30 2* 6.7 Tomato 30 4 13.3 Total 120 17 14.2 * Shows low significance difference (p > 0.01) Vegetable type Examined No. of positive Prevalence (%) Spinach 30 7 23.3 Sorrel 30 5 16.7 Spring onion 30 4* 13.3 Tomato 30 4* 13.3 Total 120 20 16.7 Vegetable type Examined No. of positive Prevalence (%) Spinach 30 6 20.0 Sorrel 30 7 23.3 Spring onion 30 7 23.3 Tomato 30 5* 16.7 Total 120 25 20.8 American Journal of Science and Learning for Development Volume 1, No 1| Nov - 2022 Published by inter-publishing.com | All rights reserved. © 2022 Journal Homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/AJSLD Page 44 Table 4. Distribution of Medically Importance Parasites Ova and Cyst in Fresh Vegetables Sold at Haske Market in Wukari Metropolis. Vegetable type Examined No. of positive Prevalence (%) Spinach 30 7 23.3 Sorrel 30 7 23.3 Spring onion 30 3* 10.0 Tomato 30 3* 10.0 Total 120 20 16.7 * Shows low significance difference (p > 0.01) Table 5. Present of medically important parasites ova and cyst in fresh vegetables washed with well waters. Vegetable type Examined Positive Percentage (%) Spinach 4 1 25.0 Sorrel 4 3 75.0 Spring onion 4 2 50.0 Tomato 4 0 0.0 Total 16 6 37.5 Table 6. Present of medically important parasites ova and cyst in fresh vegetables washed with borehole water. Vegetables type Examined Positive Percentage (%) Spinach 4 0 0.0 Sorrel 4 0 0.0 Spring onion 4 0 0.0 Tomato 4 0 0.0 Total 16 0 0.0 Table 7. Fresh Vegetable with High Prevalence of Parasitic Contamination Sampling markets Spinach (%) Sorrel (%) Spring Onion (%) Tomato (%) Old Market 23.3 16.7 13.3 13.3 New market 20.0 23.3 16.7 16.7 Yam Market 16.7 20.0 6.7 13.3 Haske Market 23.3 23.3 10.0 10.0 Total 83.3 83.3 46.7 53.3 Table 8. Endoparasite That Are More Prevalence *Significant difference is higher (p > 0.05) American Journal of Science and Learning for Development Volume 1, No 1| Nov - 2022 Published by inter-publishing.com | All rights reserved. © 2022 Journal Homepage: http://inter-publishing.com/index.php/AJSLD Page 45 Discussion The result of the study shows that, the prevalence of parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables collected in the various markets was generally low as indicated (Table1-4) above. New market (Table 2.) has the highest prevalence of parasite ova and cyst with (20.8%). Followed by Old market (Table 3.) and Haske market (Table 4.) with the same proportion of (16.7%). Finally, Yam market (Table 5.) which recorded the least prevalence (14.2%) of the parasite. According to statistical analysis, there is significant difference in the contamination of fresh vegetables (P >0.01).In Old market and Haske market (Table 1and 4), spring onion and tomato are highly significance at (p > 0.01). In Yam market, spring onion only is significantly high at (p > 0.01). While, in New market (Table 2) only tomato shows high significance difference at (p > 0.01).The differences may be due to sanitation, or how the retails handled the fresh vegetables in the various markets. The (Table 5) above shows that, a fresh vegetables washed with dirty water (well water) has parasite ova and cyst (37.5%). While Fresh vegetables washed with clean water (borehole water) shows no parasite, ova and cyst (0.0%) as indicated in (Table 6). The study has shown that, washing fresh vegetables with well water can only add more parasites but not reducing, because the water itself are contaminated with the ova and cyst of different parasites. Furthermore, this finding correspond with the study by Shahonazi and Jafari-Sabet, (2010) which point out that, the poorly washed vegetables are post-considered a major route for transmitting intestinal parasitic infections. That is to say, fresh vegetables need to be properly washed with clean water (borehole water) before eating. In this study, 88 0ut of 136 vegetable samples examined are contaminated. Spinach (Amaranthus histilis) and Sorrel (Hibiscus asparagus) has the highest rate of parasitic contamination of (83.3%). While Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) has (53.3%) and Spring Onion (Allium cepa) has the less contamination of (46.7%). Helminthes egg and prozoans cysts were detect in 88 of 136 fresh vegetables examined during the study. The most detected endoparasites in the vegetables samples in all the four markets were Ascaris lumbricoides (24.8%), Strongyloides stercoralis (21.1%), Enterobius vermicularis (11.7%), Trichuris trichiura (8.8%), Taenia saginata (8.8), Hookworms egg (5.8%),Giardia lamblia cyst (4.4%), Hemenolepsis nana (3.6%), Balantidium coli (2.9%), Dipylidium caninum egg packets (2.9%), Hemenolepsis diminuta (2.9%), and Entamoeba histolytica(2.2%). However, statistical analysis reveals that, Strongyloides stercoralis is significantly higher than the remaining parasites at (p > 0.05). Conclusion The study shows a moderate rate of fresh vegetables contaminated with protozoan and helminthes in different markets in Wukari metropolis. New market recorded the highest prevalence of 25 (20.8%) contamination among the four markets studied, fresh vegetables washed with well water shows the presence of parasites 6 (37.5%) while the one washed with borehole water shows no parasites, Spinach(Amaranthus histilis) and Sorrel (Hibiscusasparagus) has the highest rate of parasitic contamination of (83.3%), also Ascaris lumbricoides is the more prevalence endoparasite 34 (24.8%). References 1. Adrabbo, K. and Peura, D., (2002). Giardiasis: A Review. Practical Gastroenterology: 300-302. 2. Andoh, A.L.; Abaidoo, C.R.; Kondrasen, F. and Klank, T.L. (2009). 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