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American Journal of  Smart 
Technology and Solutions (AJSTS)

Harmonizing Artificial Intelligence with Islamic Values: A Thoughtful Analysis of
Religious, Social, and Economic Impacts of  Technological Advancements

Abdullah Hemmet1*

Volume 2 Issue 2, Year 2023
ISSN: 2837-0295 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajsts.v2i2.2239
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajsts

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: October 31, 2023

Accepted: November 28, 2023

Published: December 05, 2023

The research explored the integration of  AI technologies with Islamic principles and their 
implications for religious, social, and economic structures in Muslim-majority countries. 
It used qualitative design, semi-structured interviews, and case studies to analyze 
digitization of  the Holy Qur’an and Hadith, and AI in banking compliance with Shariah 
laws, focusing on lexical-semantic, syntactical, grammatical, and pragmatic issues. A few 
of  the such AI-based Qur’an tools include KSU Qur’an (ينورتكلإلا فحصملا عورشم 
 بقنملا) Islam web, Qur’anic Arabic Corpus, Almonagib alQur’any ,(دوعس كلملا ةعماجب
 Online Qur’an - (نآرقلا) Tanzil (Tanzil Documents), The Qur’an (Al-Qur’an ,(ينآرقلا
Project - Translation and Tafsir) and the Noble Qur’an (The Noble Qur’an – نآرقلا 
 Islamic Fintech, which adheres to Shariah principles, is embracing innovation .(ميركلا
to streamline transactions and comply with the Holy Qur’an. AI virtual assistants like 
‘Aisyah’ are being adopted by Islamic banks to streamline transactions and eliminate 
risks like leverage and uneven maturity. The regulatory management of  Islamic FinTech 
includes issues like Islamic cryptocurrency rules, money creation, and eliminating ‘riba’. 
In Malaysia and Indonesia, digital zakat distribution and classification systems are being 
developed using AI to accurately classify those in need and compute financial percentages 
for each group. Thematic analysis revealed that human-inspired, analytical, and humanized 
AI has led to its significant impact on various aspects of  life, society, and employment. 
Nonetheless, AI cannot substitute for the profound comprehension and knowledge of  
Islamic jurists, alongside human reasoning and intellectual competence. Job displacement 
and ethical concerns of  accuracy, transparency, fairness, and accountability remain 
significant challenges for society.

Keywords
Artificial Intelligence, Islamic 
Shariah, Qur’anic Translation 
Tools, Automation, Job 
Displacement

1 Islamic University of  Minnesota, Al-Amaan Center, 5620 Smetana Dr, Minnetonka, MN 55343, United States
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: abdullahhemmet0@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION 
The unwavering principles of  the universe as created by 
God in Islamic Worldview are directed from the words 
of  God and Sunnah, where the ultimate source of  
guidance is Divine Revelation. Humans are gifted with 
‘reason’ as an essential tool by God, not to encourage 
blind acceptance of  ideas. However, peace and harmony 
should be maintained (Nadvi & Junaid, 2021). According 
to the Qur’anic value system, the centrality of  justice is the 
standard in harmony with Islamic law. Allah says, “And 
We have certainly honored the children of  Adam and 
carried them on the land and sea and provided for them 
of  the good things and preferred them over much of  
what We have created, with [definite] preference.” (Surah 
Al-Isra’, Verse 70). Hence, Islamic ethics and principles 
allow human beings to adopt what is good for them and 
create in the world for their daily living (Ebrahimi, 2017). 
The advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) are one of  
the valuable things in the world established in the 1950s 
as an academic discipline and is defined as: “A system’s 
ability to interpret external data correctly, to learn from 
such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific 
goals and tasks through flexible adaptation.”(Haenlein & 
Kaplan, 2019). It exhibits cognitive, social and emotional 
intelligence. AI is significantly impacting firms, life, society 
and employment, producing multiple opportunities for 
exploiting the additional benefits (Makridakis, 2017). 
The newest definition of  AI applications’ importance 

is stated by Harari: “Science is converging to an all-
encompassing dogma, which says that organisms are 
algorithms, and life is data processing. Intelligence 
is decoupling from consciousness. Non-conscious 
but highly intelligent algorithms may soon know us 
better than we know ourselves (P.397).” (Harari, 2016; 
Makridakis, 2017). On the other hand, according to 
Stephen Hawking: “The rise of  powerful AI will be either 
the best or the worst thing ever to happen to humanity. 
We do not yet know which.” (Makridakis, 2017). 
There is a significant potential for AI to enhance human 
life with its broader applications in the daily lives of  
humans, including healthcare, finance, education, 
agriculture, human resources and recruiting, military 
training and air combat, customer service, music 
composition, social media newsfeed, reliable engineering 
and maintenance, work scheduling and optimization and 
autonomous vehicles or traffic management and many 
others (Lo Piano, 2020). AI and ML significantly impact 
daily decision-making due to efficiency and speed, but 
ethical concerns of  accuracy, transparency, fairness, and 
accountability must be addressed. (Lo Piano, 2020).  The 
AI revolution has significantly impacted both worldly and 
religious life, with arguments suggesting science is not 
anti-Islamic and should be used for practical purposes 
(Bashir, 2021).
Therefore, the current research was conducted with an 
aim to discuss AI in broader Islamic, social and economic 



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perspectives for active participation and meeting the goals 
of  the conference. AI is a powerful tool that has both 
promises and concerns. Its integration with religious, 
social, and economic structures has sparked debates 
and dilemmas. In Islam, AI presents both challenges 
and opportunities. It can serve Islamic Law objectives, 
preserve and digitize sacred texts, and intersect with the 
socio-economic dynamics of  Muslim-majority societies. 
This article explores the multi-dimensional impact of  
AI in the modern age and its relationship with Islamic 
principles and societal norms. It aims to foster a nuanced 
understanding of  AI and emphasize its responsible and 
ethical deployment in line with religious and cultural 
values. The research question addressed in the current 
research is stated below:
How does the integration of  Artificial Intelligence 
technologies align with Islamic principles, and what are its 
implications for religious, social, and economic structures 
in Muslim-majority societies?

The Evolution of  Technology and AI’s Limits 
Historical Evolution of  AI
According to Haenlein and Kaplan (2021), the historic 
evolution of  AI can be elucidated from the four seasons. 
The birth of  AI begins with AI Spring traced back to 1942 
when Isaac Asimov published ‘Runaround’, a short story. 
The three levels of  robots were explained in the book: 
a robot must not injure human beings, must obey their 
orders and must protect their existence. Alan Turing first 
developed ‘The Bombe’, a machine based on computing 
machinery and intelligence. Later, IBM 701 was designed 
by Nathaniel Rochester to stimulate AI (Haenlein & 
Kaplan, 2019). 
AI summer and winter began with the development 
of  the ELIZA computer program by 1966, capable of  
simulating human conversations. In AI fall, expert systems 
came into being with a set of  rules formalized with 
human intelligence using if-then statements like IBM’s 
Deep Blue chess playing program and PROSPECTOR 
expert system, which was used to study mineral deposits 
(Haenlein & Kaplan, 2019; Zhang & Lu, 2021). It led to 
the creation of  Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and 
deep learning when Google developed AlphaGo in 2015 
(Haenlein & Kaplan, 2019; Zhang & Lu, 2021).
In 2012, the advent of  deep learning and neural networks 
prospered with improvements in the field of  pattern 
recognition, offering satisfactory results among search 
engines, speech and visual recognition, recommendation 
systems and semantic analysis (Haenlein & Kaplan, 
2019). With deep learning being evolved, accuracy and 
speed have been fine-tuned with commonly used latest 
models of  Faster R-CNN (Region-Based Convolutional 
Neural Network), Mask-RCNN, and YOLO (You Only 
Look Once) (Zhang & Lu, 2021).
Notably, from ELIZA to neural networks AI has been 
recognized to the advent of  self-driving cars, smart 
speakers and Facebook’s image recognition algorithm. 
The overall understanding of  development of  AI shows 

the rise in continuous improvements in computing power 
and Big Data has enhanced the significance of  AI classified 
into human-inspired, analytical and humanized AI.

Challenges in AI’s Development
A challenge in AI and ML integration is to improve 
performance at scale and resource autonomy in 
autonomic systems. However, in the views of  the 
researcher of  this research, one of  the greatest challenges 
in AI’s development is the correct AI predictions. 
Similalry, past research highlighted which could substitute 
the role of  humans being superior in performing mental 
tasks by 2037 (Makridakis, 2017). Besides, challenges 
arise in the field of  quantum computing with emerging 
computational paradigms like fog, edge, cloud, and 
serverless environments (Gill et al., 2022). The limitations 
of  quantum computing include the pursuit of  robust and 
scalable quantum hardware and quantum decoherence. 
It is pertinent to the nature of  quantum information, 
delicately susceptible to disruption (Córcoles et al., 2019; 
Rayhan & Rayhan, 2023).  As an AI researcher, I have 
noted that these challenges in quantum computing which 
can cause errors in reliable quantum computations.
Moreover, the societal and ethical implications of  
AI’s evolution emphasize the importance of  global 
collaboration and responsible innovation, mitigating 
potential risks and ensuring data privacy. Similalry, existing 
literature showed that with AI quantum technologies 
being democratized, protecting sensitive information and 
ensuring transparency is essential (Rayhan & Rayhan, 
2023). The ethical reasoning capabilities are associated 
with the autonomous system’s behavior and replacing 
traditional social structures accounting for moral values. 
The certification processes, standards and codes of  
conduct should be ensured by the users and developers 
of  AI systems (Dignum, 2018).

AI’s Potential and its Limits
As an AI researcher, I believe AI has been around in 
multiple forms of  niche applications and pilots for 
decades. However, according to Mehr et al. (2017), 
only recently has it been embedded within virtual and 
physical environments. By 2035, the potential of  AI is 
to double the rates of  economic growth, as estimated 
by Accenture (Mehr et al., 2017). The applications 
where AI excels include automotive, financial, retail and 
healthcare sectors with mature scenarios. Autonomous 
driving includes the integration of  driverless driving 
and fixed-speed cruise automatic parking (Zhang & Lu, 
2021). In financial markets, AI is successfully embedded 
in intelligent consulting, intelligent risk control, credit 
rating and market forecasting, providing real-time risk 
warnings to financial institutions (Bisht et al., 2022). On 
the other hand, the health sector is dealing with huge 
datasets for improved medical assistance, developing 
new drugs and detecting cancer (Noorbakhsh-Sabet et 
al., 2019). Notwothstanding, in retail, the application of  
AI combined with ML, sensors, and computer vision 



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monitors goods replacement, inventory management, 
market forecasts and monitoring in the virtual shopping 
cart like AmazonGo (Chi et al., 2020). In the media sector, 
one-click content generation by communication robots 
in the media industry is boosting brand promotion with 
AI. In smart payment systems, AI allows voiceprint 
recognition and face scanning, like the Alipay Pay 
payment system (Zhang & Lu, 2021). 
It has noted by the researcher that with a great many 
potential applications, AI can be challenging in any sector 
struggling due to overreliance of  ML models. As examined 
from the existing literature, increased cybersecurity risks, 
adverse impact of  AI applications and limited technical 
expertise (Nishant et al., 2020).

Religious, Social, Economic and Ethical Impacts of  
AI-based Technological Advancements 
Islamic Perspective on AI 
In light of  Islamic jurisprudence, the social and cultural 
impact of  AI can be tacked with Islamic law traits to serve 
the goals of  Shariah as stated in the Holy Qur’an: “And 
pursue not that of  which thou hast no knowledge; for 
surely the hearing, the sight, the heart all of  those shall 
be questioned of.” (Surah Al-Isra’, Verse 36) (Shahrouri, 
2023). Nothing prevents AI from declaring anything to 
be forbidden as long as there is any proof  that it violates 
Islamic law (haram).  Things are designed to make life 
easier for people.  As Allah stated: “Do you not see that 
Allah has made what is in the heavens and what is in the 
earth subservient to you, and made complete to you His 
favors outwardly and inwardly?” (Surah Al-Luqman, Verse 
20) (Ahmed, 2021). Another Qur’anic verse on Islamic 
Law and jurisprudential principles on AI is translated as: 
“Amongst the important basic rules and principals of  the 
Islamic religion is that all things are permissible except 
what involves Islamic prohibition.  Allah the Almighty 
says (what means): Qur’an it is He who created for you all 
of  that which is on the earth.” (Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 
29) (Ahmed, 2021). 
Considering the quadruple bottom line theory (Prophet, 
Prosperity, Planet and People) in Islamic banking, the 
role of  spirituality is pivotal. The Prophet dimension 
must be prioritized over prosperity (profit). Also, 
incentives to People should be decided for undertaking 
social functions and conserving the Planet (Hamidi et al., 
2023). Furthermore, in my point of  view, the association 
between finance and ethical issues in AI implementation 
is significant. Consequemtly, pass researchers Rabbani 
et al. (2022) recommended the use of  Islamic finance 
tools in the Regulation Technology (RegTech) sector 
to limit integrity and transparency challenges (Rabbani 
et al., 2022). For example, in Islamic jurisprudence, the 
financial arrangement for Islamic loans is supported by 
Qardh-Al-Hasan if  applied properly in Fintech with AI. 
Qardh-Al-Hasan was mentioned by Allah six times in 
the Holy Qur’an. Allah says: “Who is it that would loan 
Allah a goodly loan so He may multiply it for him many 
times over? And it is Allah who withholds and grants 

abundance, and to Him you will be returned” (Surah Al-
Baqarah, Verse 245). This verse depicts that Qardh-Al-
Hasan is a beautiful tool of  finance to eradicate poverty 
with the inclusion of  AI in finance (Sarac & Hassan, 2020).
The researcher in this study discusses the scope and 
limitations of  digitizing the Holy Qur’an and Hadith, 
two legitimate sources of  guidance for Muslims. Hakak 
et al. (2022) explained that since the content of  Hadith 
is fabricated from online content, the task is challenging 
to digitizes the original Hadith without any alterations. 
However, the recent advancements in the statistical-
based and rule-based approaches in the Arabic language 
enhance the credibility of  the digitized system (Hakak et 
al., 2022). Also, to preserve the integrity of  the Qur’an, 
there are several trustworthy organizations and religious 
bodies which approve digitized Holy Qur’an, like King 
Saud University and Saudi Ministry’s King Fahd Complex 
for The Printing of  the Holy Qur’an (Hakak et al., 
2017). This research case study analyzes data-driven 
Qur’anic translation tools and AI in banking, focusing on 
compliance with Shariah laws.

Social Implications of  AI 
According to Zhao et al. (2022), the misuse of  AI can lead 
towards cyber bullying, terrorism and criminal activities. 
However, as the researcher noted the education of  the 
new generation should be trained as ‘digital citizens’, 
knowing how to deal with the social issues of  the present 
and future technologies. Consequenytly, previous research 
showed that the role of  education and training for safe 
AI utilization is linked with meeting the standards of  
human rights, labor practices, organizational governance, 
fair operating practices and community involvement 
(Zhao et al., 2022). This study’s researcher explores the 
potential of  AI to bridge societal gaps, examining its 
social and ethical impact from both an AI and human 
perspective. As reviewed from the pas study by Mhlanga 
(2023), AI significantly influences the widening inequality 
in society, the undermining of  community culture, the 
sense of  community and identity in society and the 
sense of  identity. Therefore, ‘fairness’ in AI algorithms 
is effective for making ethical decisions and narrowing 
societal gaps. AI must meet the standards of  balancing 
society’s welfare, economic growth and the environment 
to achieve social responsibility. The Unified framework 
of  AI to meet social implications includes beneficence, 
autonomy, non-maleficence, explicability and justice 
(Mhlanga, 2023; Saveliev & Zhurenkov, 2021). Besides, 
the social and ethical hazards of  AI are also posed by 
social toxicity and prejudice. However, instructional 
technologies offer safe AI utilization in online learning 
with multiple learning management systems, interactive 
whiteboards, mobile technologies, virtual and augmented 
reality and gamification (Uunona & Goosen, 2023).

Economic Ramifications of  AI Advancements 
This research focused on the pace at which tasks are 
automated with evolved AI capabilities and AI has taken 



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over a few job roles. As examined in the existing literature, 
the risk of  job displacement for ‘shop-floor’ workers in 
manufacturing is limited due to the human capabilities 
of  managing cognitive tasks (Tyson & Zysman, 
2022). Job displacement is a key concern associated 
with AI integrated into workforces, causing potential 
unemployment. It is worth noting that AI technologies 
are most likely to take over task-based displacement in 
jobs, whereas higher-value tasks are still required to be 
done by humans (George et al., 2023). 
Notably, the job growth for low- and middle-wage 
occupations is most likely to decline with AI advancements 
in occupations like production, support and warehousing 
in technology, healthcare and education sectors. In 
contrast, high-wage jobs are expected to increase the 
demand for upskilling employment (Tyson & Zysman, 
2022). Notowithstanding, it is possible for displaced 
employees to discover that time and money are required 
to retrain, re-skill, and re-educate themselves in order 
to enter different industries. In general, technological 
innovation widens the gap between the rich and the poor 
since it frequently replaces low-skilled employees and 
reduces the need for their services (Nissim & Simon, 2021).
Economic development is positively linked with the 
improvements in work performance, work conditions and 
work relationships (Caruso, 2018). The new opportunities 
posed by AI have transformed manufacturing businesses, 
offering the provision of  manufacturing maintenance 
and repair, innovation information, analytical services 
and operations of  the supply chain ecosystem (Ehret & 
Wirtz, 2017). As reported by the World Economic Forum 
(WEF), AI is the game changer in multiple applications, 
including distributed energy grids, smart disaster response, 
smart agriculture and food systems, autonomous electric 
vehicles, AI-designed connected, intelligent and livable 
cities, next-generation climate and weather prediction 
and reinforcement learning for earth sciences (Yigitcanlar 
et al., 2020). In my observation from the literature review, 
economic opportunities tied to AI-driven Industry 4.0 
regard the cycle of  innovation in private and public 
institutions. As noted in existing literature, AI is posing new 
economic developments in multiple industries, including 
healthcare, finance, retail, supply chain, manufacturing and 
logistics (Dwivedi et al., 2021).
According to the WEF probabilistic research on 
the economic effects of  AI and automation, 20% 
of  current UK occupations may be affected by AI 
technology (Dwivedi et al., 2021). Due to the larger 
potential for technological development throughout the 
manufacturing industry, this number is higher in growing 
economies like China and India, where it increases to 
26%. According to forecasts, AI technology will promote 
innovation and economic growth, generating 133 million 
new jobs worldwide by 2022 and 20% of  China’s GDP 
by 2030 (Dwivedi et al., 2021). Governments worldwide 
are recognizing AI as a nation-defining capacity, with 50 
countries implementing special national AI policies since 
February 2020, accounting for 90% of  the world’s GDP 

(Yigitcanlar et al., 2020).
It has studied that the key challenges tied to AI include 
the obstacles of  data monopolies and obtaining the 
data which harm small and medium enterprises. For the 
workforce, a technological revolution is a key driver for 
increasing cost effectiveness, bringing time and overall 
productivity for multiple stakeholders and labor markets 
(Susar & Aquaro, 2019). The main risk here is that AI is 
expected to become a vehicle only for the 1% of  high-
income earners, i.e., the wealthiest and monopolistic 
multinational corporations (Yigitcanlar et al., 2020). 

The Need for Responsible and Ethical AI 
The ethical concerns which should be explicitly noted 
for responsible AI integration include fairness, justice 
and dignity. Technological innovation is seen as a 
significant factor in solving problems of  the society and 
promoting happiness, economy and well-being (Leenes 
et al., 2017). In my opinion, responsible innovation with 
AI is balanced as an interactive and transparent process 
tackling the challenges of  economic progress and social 
welfare. Ethical responsibility should focus on technology 
push, foresight, and policy pull, as AI algorithms’ failures 
in decision-making and predictive analysis can lead to 
potential biases like lack of  transparency, trustworthiness, 
respect and privacy protection (Yigitcanlar et al., 2021).
There are many academic, public and private sector 
international bodies which support governments in AI 
regulation and promoting its research and development 
like the Partnership on AI, the International Association 
for Artificial Intelligence and Law, the Artificial 
Intelligence Forum of  New Zealand, and SPARC in 
the EU, and few of  the tech firms’ (Apple, Facebook, 
Baidu, Amazon, IBM, Google, and Microsoft) (Erdélyi 
& Goldsmith, 2018). International organizations such as 
the OECD Principles of  AI and the Council of  Europe’s 
Expert Committee on Human Rights and AI provide 
ethical guidelines for reducing AI-related risks in a human-
centered society. The purpose is to meet the standards 
of  transparency, fairness and accountability (Radu, 
2021). The European Commission’s High-level Expert 
Group on AI (HLEG) is responsible for dealing with the 
moral activities of  AI and establishing trustworthy AI-
based applications (Ryan, 2020). The meaningful human 
control of  AI algorithms is important to deal with the 
ethical, legal, organizational, technical and societal issues 
to enhance the moral values of  AI systems (Santoni de 
Sio & Mecacci, 2021). Thus, the recent study’s purpose 
was to identify the potential biases which are dealt with 
by creating reliable AI guidelines shifting away from non-
autonomous AI.

METHODOLOGY
Research Design
A qualitative research design was adopted in the current 
research to present an in-depth analysis of  the religious, 
social, economic and ethical implications of  AI in light 
of  multiple perspectives and opinions. The interpretivist 



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philosophy was used to highlight human opinions on AI 
and its technological advancements in the social world. 
The qualitative research was deemed to be a suitable way 
of  gathering multi-faceted views of  the economic, social 
and religious repercussions of  AI technologies in the 
recent era.   

Data Collection
Semi-structured interviews were conducted for data 
collection in the current research through open-ended 
questions. The questions were designed based on the 
theorization of  the Islamic, social, economic and ethical 
constructs discussed with reference to the existing 
literature to enhance their validity. Also, a few ABC 
University professors were approached to test the validity 
of  interview questions and enhance study outcomes, 
specifically targeting Muslim-majority countries and 
diverse demographic groups, ensuring broader findings 

across age, gender, profession, country and level of  
religious observance. The second approach of  data 
collection was the case study analysis on the applications 
of  AI in Muslim-majority countries reflecting upon the 
Islamic jurisprudence and Shariah laws. The two case 
studies include AI-Driven Qur’anic Translation tools and 
AI in Banking Compliant with Shariah Laws. 
Table 1 below presents the demographics including age, 
gender, country of  residence, profession, and level of  
religious observance of  the 13 interview respondents who 
participated in this research. The research participants 
were sampled using a purposive sampling technique since 
the purpose of  the research was to reach out to the experts 
in the field of  AI and get some useful and constructive 
opinions on AI implications. Therefore, professors, AI 
experts, religious scholars and AI technologists were 
approached to gather diverse viewpoints on the research 
question.

Table 1: Demographics of  Interview Participants
Demographics Frequency Percent

Age
21-30 Years 3 23.08%
31-40 Years 4 30.77%
41-50 Years 3 23.08%
Above 50 Years 3 23.08%

Gender Male 7 53.84%
Female 6 46.15%

Country of  Residence

Saudi Arabia 3 23.08%
Pakistan 2 15.38%
Indonesia 2 15.38%
Bangladesh 1 7.69%
Malaysia 2 15.38%
Egypt 1 7.69%
United Arab Emirates 2 15.38%

Profession

Professor 4 30.77%
AI Expert 3 23.08%
Religious Scholar 3 23.08%
AI Technologist 3 23.08%

Level of  Religious Observance

Very Observant 4 30.77%
Moderately Observant 4 30.77%
Slightly Observant 4 30.77%
Not Observant 2 15.38%

Total 13 100.0

Data Analysis
A thematic analysis approach underlies the current 
research’s conclusions. The transcripts were encrypted 
from audio to textual format following transcription 
and de-identification. Further, noting iteratively created 
codes for each interview section, themes were designed 
to analyze the interview responses, identifying repetitive 
keywords in the majority of  responses.

Ethical Considerations
All respondents were asked to sign an informed consent 

through email explaining the research purpose and 
confirming that their data private data would be kept 
confidential throughout the research.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Thematic Analysis 
A few of  the in-depth responses of  the current research 
participants are stated below for each of  the interview 
questions explaining their diverse viewpoints on all the 
derived themes from the interview transcripts.



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AI and Religious Perspectives
How Would You Define Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
Participant 1, an AI Expert, stated: “In simple terms, I 
would say AI refers to the advancement of  computer 
systems capable of  performing tasks with human 
intelligence by learning, reasoning and making decisions.”
Participant 3, a professor, mentioned: “In my opinion, 
AI is a way of  developing machines which can make 
predictions copying human cognitive functions when 
performing autonomous tasks.”

To What Extent Do You Believe that AI Aligns 
with the Unwavering Principles of  the Universe as 
Created by God?
Participant 2, a religious scholar, stated: “As Muslims, we 
must emphasize the value of  upholding human dignity, 
compassion, and the quest for spiritual development 
while acknowledging the promise of  AI. They provide 
caution against placing an undue dependence on AI, 
which might cause morality, empathy, and human contact 
to be neglected.”
Participant 3, a university professor, mentioned: “I have 
a certain belief  that AI can align with the principles 
of  God. For instance, in the field of  healthcare, AI is 
definitely aiding humanity, but it may violate the ethical 
considerations of  protecting human dignity.”

In Your Opinion, How Has the Recognition of  
These Principles Been Reflected in the Work of  both 
Muslim and Non-Muslim Scientists?
Participant 4, a religious scholar, mentioned: “While some 
Muslim and non-Muslim scientists believe that AI can 
fulfil the needs of  humans, some believe that AI can be 
of  assistance for humans, but it cannot genuinely embody 
the divine and meet the human needs of  spirituality.”
Participant 5, an AI technologist, stated: “It is admirable 
that religious concepts are being acknowledged in 
scientific research. Scientists from all backgrounds, 
including Muslims and non-Muslims, have recognized 
the significance of  ethical principles derived from many 
theological and philosophical traditions. Examples of  
notions that are becoming more prevalent in AI research 
include social justice, human dignity, compassion, 
sustainability and environmental stewardship. This 
understanding aids in bridging the gap between moral 
duty and scientific development, ensuring that technical 
advancements are guided by values that benefit the 
general good.”
From the above mentioned responses, it has observed 
Muslims stress the significance of  maintaining human 
dignity, compassion, and spiritual growth while 
recognizing the promise of  AI. From my analytical 
insights, I have noted from interviews of  respondents 
from multiple religious backgrounds and ethnicities 
that Muslims stress the significance of  maintaining 
human dignity, compassion, and spiritual growth while 
recognizing the promise of  AI. Muslims emphasize the 
importance of  AI being in line with God’s principles in 

particular. Their viewpoint is given a special dimension 
by the religious setting, which may not be present in the 
opinions of  scientists from other backgrounds. While 
both groups place considerable emphasis on moral 
ideals, Muslims may do so more explicitly than scientists 
from different backgrounds do by prioritizing ideas like 
compassion and spiritual development.

Evolution and Limits of  AI
How Do You Perceive the Historical Evolution of  AI, 
from its Early Days to the Current Deep Learning 
Models?
Participant 6, an AI expert, stated summarized AI 
evolution: “ML was first used in relation to neural 
networks in the 1950s. In the 1960s, Shakey, the very 
first mobile AI robot, and Eliza, a cognitive-skill-based 
Chatbot, were developed. Later, it was followed by 
AI renaissance in the 1970s and 1980s. Synthesis of  
speech and video in the 1990s was observed within AI 
development. The decade of  the 2000s witnessed the 
rise of  IBM Watson, face recognition, virtual assistants, 
autonomous cars, deepfakes, and content and picture 
production.”
Participant 5, an AI technologist, stated: “The 
development of  AI has been remarkable, starting with 
rule-based systems. Over time, machine learning methods 
emerged, advancing technology. Deep learning models 
revolutionized AI research, enabling tasks like image 
identification, NLP, recommendation systems, medical 
diagnosis and treatment, computer vision, robotics, fraud 
detection, and more. This demonstrates our inventiveness 
and ability to replicate cognitive processes in robots.”

What are the Key Challenges You See in the 
Development of  AI, Especially from a Religious and 
Ethical Standpoint?
Participant 7, a religious scholar, stated: “I believe 
challenges from a religious and ethical perspective include 
assuring justice and openness in AI decision-making, as 
well as addressing worries about AI taking the place of  
humans in the workforce. The issue of  responsibility arises 
when AI makes choices that have moral ramifications. It 
is a big task to strike a balance between moral and spiritual 
ideals and technical progress.  Allah states in the Holy 
Qur’an, “And spend in the way of  Allah and do not throw 
[yourselves] with your [own] hands into destruction.” 
(Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 195); thus, AI should only be 
used in ways which benefit people.”

Can You Highlight Any Specific Areas Where AI 
Excels and Where it Might Be Ineffective?
Participant 7, a religious scholar, stated: “Data 
analytics, prediction modelling, automation and pattern 
recognition are activities where AI has emerged. It excels 
in fields like financial forecasting and medical diagnostics. 
Nevertheless, as I already pointed out, it might not work 
well for activities requiring moral judgements, empathy, 
and compassion, which are central to many religions, 



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not only Islam. Additionally, it could not perform well 
in activities that call for complicated moral thinking, 
emotional intelligence, and creativity.”
The findings from thematic analysis showed that AI 
advancements, from rule-based systems to deep learning 
models, have revolutionized various applications but raise 
moral and religious questions. While AI excels in financial 
forecasting and medical diagnosis, it struggles with 
morality and empathy challenging ethical and spiritual 
aspirations. According to my analysis on the respondents’ 
views, AI scientists and Islamic scholars are looking 
at how AI innovations like neural networks might be 
compatible with Islamic principles. Particularly intriguing 
is the ethical use of  AI in the fields of  banking, medicine, 
and other Shariah-compliant industries. Nonetheless, the 
main issue is ensuring AI development adheres to ethical 
standards and respects human dignity, addressing biases, 
safeguarding privacy, and avoiding applications that could 
harm humanity or violate religious principles. All things 
are considered halal for humans, as they are tahir (pure) 
and Muslims can handle or touch them obeying laws of  
Shariah.

Religious Implications of  AI
How Do You View AI’s Role in Islamic Jurisprudential 
Endeavors?
Participant 4, a religious scholar, stated: “Studying Islamic 
jurisprudence and Shariah all my life, I assure you that, 
although in order to get a greater grasp of  Islamic law, AI 
can assist academics in analyzing the context and historical 
interpretations of  Qur’anic quotes and Hadith, but as 
AI cannot substitute for the profound comprehension 
and knowledge of  Islamic jurists, it should always be 
used to supplement human reasoning and intellectual 
competence. AI can be a tool for human assistance in 
understanding Islamic jurisprudence; however, the Holy 
Qur’an is the righteous way to understand it as Allah 
says in the Holy Qur’an: “Indeed, in the creation of  the 
heavens and the earth, and the alternation of  the night 
and the day, and the [great] ships which sail through the 
sea with that which benefits people...” (Surah Al-Baqarah, 
Verse 164).”

What are Your Thoughts on the Digitization of  the 
Holy Qur’an and Hadith through AI?
Participant 2, a religious scholar, stated: “For Muslims 
everywhere, the digitalization of  the Holy Qur’an and 
Hadith by AI is a useful resource. In particular, AI-
powered applications can make it simpler to access 
Hadith collections and verses from the Qur’an, facilitating 
improved comprehension and study. Allah warns about 
misinterpretation of  the Holy Qur’an as He says: “Indeed, 
those who conceal what We sent down of  clear proofs 
and guidance after We made it clear for the people in the 
Scripture - those are cursed by Allah and cursed by those 
who curse.” (Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 174).”
“In the digitization of  the Holy Qur’an, Qur’an, fiqh 
(Islamic law) and uṣūl al-fiqh (legal theory) must 

be followed considering the significance of  syntax, 
morphology, word sentence disambiguation, and other 
aspects. I am still in doubt whether AI can abide by all the 
rules of  Qur’an recitation translated into other languages 
as compared to the Arabic language. However, I believe 
digitization of  the Holy Qur’an and Hadith is important 
for spreading the message of  Allah and maintaining the 
original text’s integrity as Allah says: “Indeed, it is We 
who sent down the Qur’an, and indeed, We will be its 
guardian.” (Surah Al-Hijr, Verse 9).”

How Can We Ensure that AI Aligns with the Objectives 
of  Islamic Law and Jurisprudential Principles?
Participant 2, a religious scholar, summarized how AI can 
be aligned with Islamic law and what is wrong with it: “AI 
presents Muslims with a wealth of  exciting options, but 
it also poses unprecedented risks to the faith by perhaps 
eroding the Qur’an’s holiness. It is not impossible to see 
a modern-day Islamophobe using cutting-edge generative 
AI technology in a fresh effort to challenge Muslims’ 
beliefs. In the Qur’an, Allah makes a reference that 
suggests that even AI-powered initiatives will fall short 
as He states: “Say, ˹O Prophet, if  ˹all˺ humans and jinn 
were to come together to produce the equivalent of  this 
Qur’an, they could not produce its equal, no matter how 
they supported each other.” (Surah Al-Israa, Verse 88).”
Participant 8, an AI Expert, stated: “In recent years, 
the use of  AI is mostly seen in finance. Therefore, AI 
algorithms applied in banking or commerce should abide 
by Islamic fairness and riba (unsury) prohibitions as Allah 
says in the Holy Qur’an: “Those who devour usury will 
not stand except as stand one whom the devil has driven 
to madness by [the touch of] insanity.” (Surah Al-Baqarah, 
Verse 275)”
Thematic analysis revealed that scholars stressed the 
importance of  human reasoning in interpreting Islamic 
law, preserving the accuracy of  digital Qur’anic and 
Hadith materials, and adhering to linguistic and syntactical 
rules. They also caution against AI eroding the sanctity of  
the Qur’an, emphasizing the responsibility of  Muslims. 
In my opinion, Muslims need to take proactive steps to 
guarantee that they benefit from AI while safeguarding 
themselves from its risks. Notably, religious scholars 
were agreed on the fact that it is crucial to guarantee the 
validity and correctness of  digital material.

Social Implications of  AI
What Do You Think is the Role of  Education and 
Training in Ensuring Safe AI Utilization?
Participant 8, an AI Expert, stated: “The responsible 
use of  AI necessitates extensive education and training, 
enabling individuals to understand its consequences and 
risks, enabling ethical judgements… This also ensures AI 
professionals adhere to ethical standards and industry 
best practices, reducing potential harm from improperly 
developed AI systems.”
Participant 9, a professor, mentioned: “The role of  
education and training in ensuring safe AI usage is crucial, 



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as teachers and students must be knowledgeable about AI 
usage to identify potential misuse and its benefits.”

How Can We Ensure the Protection of  Personal 
Data and Maintain Individual Privacy When Using 
AI Systems?
Participant 12, an AI technologist, mentioned: “In the AI 
era, protecting personal information and privacy requires a 
comprehensive strategy including strong data encryption, 
access restrictions, open data management procedures, 
and strict adherence to privacy laws. Implementing 
data access controls can help prevent inadvertent data 
disclosure and prevent unauthorized individuals from 
sharing private information with AI training models.”
Participant 4, a religious scholar, mentioned: “AI clearly 
has the potential to increase productivity, improve 
customer service, speed up response times and delivery, 
promote the development of  new markets, and even 
save expenses for businesses… Yet there are still moral 
concerns in the areas of  privacy and security, risk factors 
of  misinformation, as well as the human cost.”

In Your Opinion, Will AI Play a Role in Widening or 
Narrowing Societal Gaps? Please Explain
Participant 13, a professor, mentioned: “Robots with AI 
capabilities may eventually replace humans in a variety 
of  sectors, including manufacturing and transportation, 
as they grow more advanced and capable… Job 
displacement and economic turmoil may result from this. 
However, AI can bridge societal disparities by expanding 
access to jobs, healthcare, and educational opportunities 
if  it is applied wisely.”
From the thematic analysis, it was noted that AI will 
probably decrease the proportion of  revenue going to 
low-skilled workers while increasing wages for highly 
skilled workers, leading to greater inequalities in society. 
From my insightful evaluation of  the respondents’ 
views, I believe that users should be informed about the 
data-gathering process and have the option to opt in 
or out. Data security and privacy should be prioritized 
in the development process. Considerably, educational 
institutions are collaborating with technology partners 
to create comprehensive training programs for AI usage 
both in and outside the classroom.

Economic Ramifications of  AI
How Do You Perceive AI’s Impact on Job Creation 
and Job Displacement, Especially in Muslim-
Majority Economies?
Participant 1, an AI Expert, stated: “Employees with 
less education or older workers may find it challenging 
to master new skills when their employment requires 
repeated or routine operations.” 
Participant 9, a professor, mentioned: “AI’s impact on 
employment displacement and creation varies by industry 
and location. While AI may initially displace everyday 
jobs in Majority Muslim countries, it can also create 
new opportunities in AI research, development, and 

maintenance… AI’s significance has grown in healthcare, 
banking, education, and other industries, boosting 
accuracy, reducing costs, and improving efficiency.”

What Economic Opportunities Do You Foresee with 
the Rise of  AI-Driven Industries?
Participant 6, an AI Expert, stated: “AI-driven enterprises 
have economic potential in healthcare, banking, 
and logistics, attracting investment in developing 
Muslim-majority countries… Fostering an AI-friendly 
environment boosts productivity, diversifies industries, 
encourages entrepreneurship, and attracts foreign capital.”

How Do You View Challenges Arising from AI 
Monopolies and Global Economic Disparities?
Participant 9, a professor, stated: “AI could lead to a shift 
in investments from emerging economies to advanced 
ones, potentially causing a temporary decrease in GDP 
in developing countries. Developing Muslim-majority 
economies could promote local AI development, 
international cooperation, and equal access to AI 
technology laws, thereby reducing the problems caused 
by monopolies.”
The interviews with targeted population enhance my 
analytical perspective on AI and economic ramifications. 
I think AI may not entirely replace employment, but 
demand for highly trained positions like software 
engineers, digital marketers, and data scientists will rise 
in the coming years. Nonetheless, AI monopolies could 
worsen existing economic imbalances by preventing fair 
competition and innovation. Education and workforce 
development are crucial for a smooth transition.

Ethical AI
How Can We Ensure a Balance between Rapid 
AI Innovation and Maintaining Strong Ethical 
Considerations?
Participant 1, an AI Expert, stated: “I believe that 
determining who is accountable for the deliberations and 
choices made by AI systems requires the development of  
specific regulations and processes.”
Participant 5, an AI technologist, stated: “Regular AI 
system evaluations and public participation in decision-
making ensure that innovation aligns with social ideals. 
Maintaining a strong ethical foundation while promoting 
innovation can be achieved through ongoing monitoring, 
open reporting, and engagement with ethicists.”

Are You Concerned about Biases in AI Systems? How 
Do You Believe We Can Develop More Equitable 
Algorithms?
Participant 10, an AI technologist, stated: “I am not 
concerned as we can take a few steps to mitigate such 
biases of  AI. For example, to reduce bias in ML algorithms, 
various measures can be taken, including using a diverse 
training dataset, eliminating sensitive variables, employing 
bias mitigation strategies, conducting regular model 
evaluations, and ensuring human oversight. Creating 



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equitable algorithms requires a multifaceted approach, 
including transparency in AI design, thorough, robust 
testing, and auditing to ensure equality and fairness in AI 
algorithms.”

What Role Should Governments and International 
Bodies Play in AI Regulation?
Participant 8, an AI Expert, stated: “Governments and 
international bodies play a crucial role in responsible 
and ethical AI development by creating legislation 
that addresses concerns like algorithm transparency, 
data protection, and discriminatory practices. AI and 
automated systems are utilized by governments at all 
levels for decision-making, law enforcement, public good 
support, and public feedback and complaints collection.”
Businesses should have systems of  checks and balances 
in place, as well as procedures for identifying and 
resolving potential issues, to guarantee accountability and 
responsibility. However, AI experts and technologists 
during interviews were more concerned on balancing 
AI advancement and ethics is crucial. I have noted that 
interdisciplinary cooperation between religious scholars, 
technologists, and legislators can create ethical norms.

General and Future Implications
What Areas Do You Believe Require Further 
Exploration within the Realm of  AI, Especially from 
a Religious Perspective?
Participant 4, a religious scholar, stated: “AI-driven 
systems that are based on the Qur’an’s idea of  justice 
(Surah Al-Hujurat) can be created to ensure the fair 
allocation of  resources. AI may also be used to monitor 
environmental damage and reduce it, which is in line with 
Allah’s commands in the Hold Qur’an on good stewards 
of  the planet (Surah Al-An’am).”

How Do You View the Potential for Collaboration 
between Technologists and Islamic Scholars in 
Shaping the Future of  AI with Reference to the Holy 
Qur’an?
Participant 7, a religious scholar, stated: “Collaboration 
between tech experts and academics from Islam has 
enormous potential for influencing AI development. 
The Qur’an advocates gaining knowledge, which 
includes advances in technology (Surah Al-Mujadila 
58:11). Religious leaders can influence AI policies 
that uphold Islamic principles, promoting justice, 
responsibility, and compassion, ensuring its application 
for societal advancement. The Qur’an stresses the value 
of  consultation while making decisions (Surah Ash-
Shura). Together, technologists and religious scholars can 
direct the development of  AI to advance mankind while 
respecting moral standards.” 
I am certain that from the point of  view of  religion, 
AI research should concentrate on assuring moral and 
equitable uses. Respondents mentioned that AI may also 
improve healthcare, which is in line with Islam’s core 
ideal of  protecting human life. AI has more potential 

in the areas of  compassion, justice, and environmental 
stewardship. It is important to track the control of  
equitable AI algorithms possessing sufficient moral 
awareness and sufficient knowledge to give results with 
no bias.

Case Study: Applications of  AI in Compliance with 
Islamic Laws
AI-Driven Qur’anic Translation Tools
AI usage nowadays is not uncommon as it can be 
observed everywhere, from applications of  image 
processing to sophisticated applications of  self-driving 
vehicles. Machine translation systems, sentiment analysis 
and Chatbots are developed with the use of  Natural 
Language Processing (NLP) and AI (Khan & Rabbani, 
2020). According to recent demographic data, there are 
480 million Arabic speakers in Islamic, Asian, and African 
nations. When ranking languages by how widely they are 
spoken, Arabic came in fourth. Arabic is a language of  
significant significance since it is the language of  the Holy 
Qur’an, popular poetry, and the cultural legacy of  its 
people. The translation tools are influenced by the Neural 
Machine Translation system, which resolves lexical-
semantic problems, syntactical problems, grammatical 
problems, and pragmatic problems (Khalatia & Al-
Romanyb, 2020). 
One such translation tool is the Almaany Dictionary 
Website, a bilingual dictionary based in Egypt, Turkey, 
India, and Jordan, which analyses 12 million Qur’anic 
words in Spanish, Turkish, French, and German, using 
certified translations of  the Holy Qur’an. (Zemni et 
al., 2020). The study by Mohamed and Shokry (2022) 
introduces the Holy Qur’an’s concept-based searching tool 
(QSST), which has four phases. The first phase involves 
manually annotating verses using the Mushaf  Al-Tajweed 
ontology. Word embedding creates feature vectors using 
a Continuous Bag of  Words architecture. The third phase 
calculates feature vectors for both input questions and 
Qur’anic subjects. The most pertinent verses are found by 
computing cosine similarity (Mohamed & Shokry, 2022).
Furthermore, for Qur’anic academics and Arabic 
researchers, semantic or concept-based and keyword-
based searches are the two main categories of  Qur’anic 
search methods. It might be difficult to do a concept-
based search in a large corpus like the Qur’an. Few of  
the AI-based Qur’an tools and applications include KSU 
Qur’an(كلملا ةعماجب ينورتكلإلا فحصملا عورشم 
 ,Islam web (Islam Web), Qur’anic Arabic Corpus ,(دوعس
Almonagib alQur’any (ينآرقلا بقنملا), Tanzil (Tanzil 
Documents), The Qur’an(Al-Qur’an (نآرقلا) - Online 
Qur’an Project - Translation and Tafsir) and the Noble 
Qur’an (The Noble Qur’an – ميركلا نآرقلا) which 
enable users to listen, read, and search in Qur’an with 
different languages (Mohamed & Shokry, 2022).
The key challenge in Qur’anic translation tools is that the 
keyword search does not take into account conceptual or 
semantic analysis for the query. Thus, expected results 
are frequently not obtained. Therefore, it is addressed by 



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a semantic and lexical-based tool, the Qur’anic English 
WordNet (QEWN) database (Bashir et al., 2023). Every 
single one of  the words from the Qur’an’s English 
translation, together with their semantic content, are filled 
up in this database. Various ideas found in the Qur’an are 
stored in the Vocabulary of  Qur’anic Search (VQC). In 
QEWN, the concepts of  sense and synset are used. A 
word’s sense refers to its specific usage, while a word’s 
synset is a list of  all of  its possible synonyms (Bashir et 
al., 2023).

AI in Banking Compliant with Shariah Laws
Islamic Fintech accepts all sorts of  innovation as long as 
it does not violate Shariah principles. The two major risks 
in conventional banking are removed when AI complies 
with Islamic FinTech banking, including leverage and 
uneven maturity (Khan & Rabbani, 2020). Khan and 
Rabbani (2020) proposed ‘Chatbot as Islamic Finance 
Expert’ (CaIFE), an interactive chatbot powered by AI. 
By allowing customers to speak with a robot that has 
expertise amassed via ML, our interactive Chatbot CaIFE 
receives automated robot help pertaining to Islamic 
finance and banking. Any question pertaining to Islamic 
banking and finance is addressed on a real-time basis 
(Khan & Rabbani, 2020).
The application of  AI in Islamic finance and investment 
includes Robo Islamic Advisor (RIA), Robo Advisor 
and Robo Financial Advisor (RFA), which dwells on 
the cognitive application of  compliance and investment 
sectors. These are based on the principles of  the Holy 
Qur’an and Shariah principles of  gharar, riba and 
maysir, which are prohibited. These Chatbots follow 
Islamic teachings of  urf ’ (customers’ practices), fiqh 
(jurisprudence), and qanun (ordinance) (Gazali et al., 2020).
The suggested integrated AI and NLP-based Islamic 
FinTech Model by Haider Syed et al. (2020) combines 
Qardh-Al-Hasan (charitable loan) and Zakat (Islamic 
tax), which can assist the economy in reducing the 
negative effects of  COVID-19 on people and SMEs. It 
also provides a recommender system powered by AI. If  
the lenders choose Zakat as the method of  assistance, the 
list of  recipients will include data regarding the needs of  
those who qualify to receive Zakat, and if  they choose 
Qardh-Al-Hasan assistance, the list will include details 
about the borrowers (Haider Syed et al., 2020).
The Python programming language is used to evaluate the 
Shariah document screening method that is suggested by 
Che Mohd Salleh et al. (2023) and is based on Levenshtein 
Distance similarity evaluation. The ability to detect fraud 
inside an organisation and perhaps increase data accuracy 
are two benefits of  this strategy. The proficiency, 
consistency, and accuracy of  fuzzy matching of  strings 
have been calculated as automated measurements of  
participants’ accuracy in speech intelligibility, which used 
this technique. Additionally, this technique works well for 
speech recognition, spelling checkers, spam detectors, 
and connections (Che Mohd Salleh et al., 2023).
Islamic banks are adopting AI-virtual assistants like 

‘Aisyah’ to streamline transactions, complying with Shariah 
laws and ideal economic conditions of  musharakah and 
mudharabah. These assistants streamline processes, 
reducing energy, cost, and time. In a musharakah finance 
arrangement, the bank and clients pool resources to fund 
projects, with profits and losses distributed based on 
available cash (Yuspin et al., 2022). A cooperative approach 
known as mudharabah finance entails the bank providing 
funds while the consumer contributes knowledge. Both 
parties will agree upon a profit-sharing percentage. These 
types of  financing meet Islamic Shariah goals, including 
upholding brotherhood and justice, achieving economic 
prosperity, fair income distribution and individual 
freedom in social welfare (Yuspin et al., 2022).
Notwithstanding, despite a great many successes of  AI 
in Islamic finance, the ethical concerns and challenges are 
still there, which may not be appropriate with respective 
fiqh (understanding of  Shariah) and Tafseer (Qur’anic 
interpretation). The automation of  AI in FinTech 
reduces customer autonomy, transparency, reliability and 
accountability. However, RegTech, in accordance with 
Shariah principles, can resolve these ethical challenges 
of  AI in FinTech considering the significance of  Zakat 
and Rizq-Al-Halal (Rabbani et al., 2022). The regulatory 
management problem discusses themes such as Islamic 
cryptocurrency rules, using Islamic FinTech to create 
money, adhering to Shariah law, doing away with riba 
using Islamic FinTech, and offering Sukuk (Dawood et 
al., 2022). Accurately distributing the Zakat that has been 
collected is a further significant concern in FinTech. In 
Malaysia and Indonesia, in accordance with AI, digital 
zakat distribution and classification systems are created 
to accurately classify those in need and compute the 
necessary financial percentages for each group (Unal & 
Aysan, 2022).

CONCLUSION 
AI’s potential to widen or narrow societal gaps is influenced 
by its social and ethical impact. AI algorithms must 
balance welfare, economic growth, and environmental 
responsibility to achieve social responsibility. A unified 
framework includes beneficence, autonomy, non-
maleficence, explicability, and justice. Muslims caution 
against over-dependence on AI, as it may neglect morality 
and empathy. AI can aid in interpreting the meanings 
of  Qur’anic quotes and Hadith but cannot replace the 
knowledge of  Islamic jurists. AI algorithms in finance 
should adhere to Islamic fairness and riba prohibitions. AI’s 
impact on employment displacement and creation varies by 
industry and location but can also create new opportunities 
in AI research and maintenance. Education and workforce 
development are crucial for a smooth transition.

LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The current research was limited to a qualitative 
method, which may adhere to some bias in cultural 
and contextual bias.  Due to limited time and financial 
resources, 13 participants were sampled for interviews 



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for data collection. However, in the future, this limitation 
can be addressed by conducting quantitative research 
as well as collecting data from a relatively larger sample 
size. Furthermore, AI experts, theologians and social 
scientists can review this research to benefit from the 
comprehensive understanding of  the ethical issues of  
AI and Islamic values. Future researchers can conduct 
a comparative analysis among any two Muslim-majority 
countries to compare their AI-integrated banking systems 
in compliance with Shariah laws and valuable insights into 
the harmonization of  AI evolving with time.

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