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American Journal of  Smart 
Technology and Solutions (AJSTS)

Alpas: A Solar-Powered Weed Cutter with Obstacle Detection and Bluetooth-Based 
Smartphone Control for Sustainable Ground Maintenance

Marloun K. Gasoc1*, Ronel G. Patunongon1, Helton M. Gultiano1, Jhul Jhe Necole A. Davines1, Cristyl Dia B. Bondad1

Volume 4 Issue 1, Year 2025
ISSN: 2837-0295 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajsts.v4i1.4948
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajsts

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: April 05, 2025

Accepted: May 08, 2025

Published: June 24, 2025

Maintaining large spaces, such as school grounds, is expensive, time-consuming, and 
labor-intensive. Gas-powered weed cutters are pollution-causing and expensive to run. 
ALPAS is a new, solar-powered, Bluetooth smartphone-controllable weed cutter with 
an obstacle detection system that provides a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally 
friendly weed control system. The system reduces its effect on the environment and its 
fossil fuel dependence by harnessing the power of  solar energy to run its motors. An 
obstacle detection system is used to prevent malfunctions and ensure safe operation, 
while the Bluetooth smartphone control provides remote operation and enhances user 
convenience and efficiency. Performance testing compared ALPAS with conventional 
weed cutters in terms of  power consumption, noise level, environment-friendliness, 
and cutting efficiency. The results established that ALPAS reduced fuel dependency, 
significantly reduced running costs, and provided reliable efficiency under different 
conditions. In addition, the performance of  the system for green ground care was attested 
by the respondents’ responses, which indicated acceptable responsiveness (4.74), ease of  
use (4.59), and reliability (4.97). ALPAS offers technological innovation in ground care 
providing a green and sustainable option that aligns with current sustainability agendas. 
Future development can focus on raising battery capacity and optimizing automated 
functions to further optimize its performance.

Keywords
Bluetooth Control, Obstacle 
Detection, Renewable Energy, 
Solar-Powered Weed Cutter, 
Sustainable Ground Care

1 Department of  Education, Caraga Region, Surigao del Sur Division, Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School, Philippines
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: marloun.gasoc@deped.gov.ph

INTRODUCTION 
Weed refers to any plant that proliferates in an unsuitable 
location at an inappropriate period, inflicting more harm 
than benefit. It is a plant that fights with crops for sunlight, 
nutrients, and water. This may lower land value and 
agricultural productivity while increasing maintenance 
costs. The degree of  weed infestation in agricultural 
fields is greatly influenced by agronomic practices, such 
as crop rotation, tillage techniques, fertilization methods 
and timing, row spacing, seeding densities, herbicide 
application, crop selection, cultivar competitiveness, 
soil type, fertility status, and environmental conditions 
(Chauhan et al., 2012; Swanton et al., 2015). Because they 
compete with crop plants for nutrients, light, and water, 
weeds, as botanical pests, significantly lower agricultural 
productivity (Swanton et al., 2015; Ramesh et al., 2017). 
Conventional weeding methods rely on engine-based 
equipment or hand-operated scissors, which require 
significant man-hours and fuel, thus extending the period 
of  operation. Hinatuan National Comprehensive High 
School possesses an extensive campus comprising a 
regular athletic oval with other green spaces. Significant 
resources are needed to maintain these grounds, both 
in terms of  personnel and financial support, to keep it 
clean and attractive. This already calls for considerable 
commitment from our staff, as well as a significant 
percentage of  the school’s funds that could be otherwise 
used for other critical needs. Various studies have proven 
the efficiency of  solar cutters, highlighting the advantage 
of  the environment with a very practical means of  

lowering air and noise pollution, thus enabling users to 
beautify their grass and conserve their health. There exists 
a significant gap in the literature on an automatic solar 
weed cutter integrated with an obstacle detection system 
and with Bluetooth smartphone control that allows for 
operation without human intervention. This project, 
ALPAS: A Solar-Powered Weed Cutter with Obstacle 
Detection and Bluetooth-Based Smartphone Control 
for Sustainable Ground Maintenance, seeks to address 
one very important felt need in Hinatuan National 
Comprehensive High School. The innovative technology, 
which functions with solar energy and intends to minimize 
dependency on fossil fuels, offers sustainability and hence 
minimizes the carbon footprint of  conventional weed 
cutters. It is fitted with an obstacle detection system to 
guarantee that it operates safely thereby avoiding potential 
accidents and protecting adjoining objects. Besides that, 
the Bluetooth-enabled smartphone control means that 
this equipment can be controlled from a smartphone, 
offering an easy interfacing method for remote operation 
that is simple yet highly accurate. ALPAS can assist the 
school by maximizing the value of  resources, minimizing 
manual work, and improving overall effectiveness. 
Apart from the evident practicality of  these benefits, 
the project also proves the institution’s commitment to 
sustainable practices, safety, and innovation. This weed 
cutter provides a contemporary weave into landscape 
maintenance, marrying renewable energy systems, 
leading-edge technology, and cost-effectiveness. In other 
words, the project responds to immediate requirements of  



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the school and, at the same time, becomes a benchmark 
for sustainable solutions in schools and public places on 
a larger scale.

LITERATURE REVIEW
In the past, grass cutters were portable, manually operated 
machines. They lost energy and caused pollution by using 
gas and petrol engines. Because of  this, automatic grass 
cutters that rely on a battery for steering and obstacle 
detection must take the place of  manual lawn cutters. 
A linear blade for cutting grass, an ultrasonic sensor for 
object identification, a motor drive for the robot’s wheels, 
and an Arduino UNO microcontroller board served as 
additional components. In 2017, Another automated solar 
grass cutter that runs on solar power was introduced by 
Yadav et al. (2017) the paper describes the development 
of  a mobile, solar-powered grass-cutting tool that may be 
used as a backup in the event of  an electrical outage. The 
robot has a solar panel attached to it that is connected 
to a battery. An inverter that is attached to the battery 
transforms DC current from the solar panel into AC 
current, which turns on the AC motor. The motor 
spins the blade quickly, cutting the grass efficiently. It is 
attached to the blade shaft by a belt drive. This invention 
advances the development of  an environmentally friendly 
system. In terms of  technology, manual lawn cutting 
equipment is still the most widely used. In the study 
conducted by N, M. S. B. (2017), researchers explored 
the development of  a hybrid solar-powered lawn mower 
designed to overcome the limitations associated with 
traditional grass-cutting machines. The primary objective 
was to reduce human effort, lower operational costs, and 
minimize maintenance expenses, all while eliminating the 
dependence on fuel. 
The amount of  effort required for weeding depends on 
the type of  weed, its intensity, the time needed, and the 
worker’s productivity. Farmers now view the weed cutter 
as a multifunctional piece of  agricultural machinery. It is 
sold by several businesses in the market and comes in 
2-stroke and 4-stroke types with different capacities. Well-
known 2-stroke variants include lightweight aluminum 
bodies and gasoline engines that produce between 1.8 and 
2.1 horsepower. Depending on usage, these models can 
use 600 to 900 milliliters of  oil-mixed gasoline per hour 
(Mohite et al., 2021). Amrutesh et al. (2014) introduced 
their research on a yoke mechanism for agriculture, 
aiming to reduce weed through enhanced cutting 
efficiency while ensuring operator comfort. They used 
the crank slider to apply power and found it significantly 
better than mechanically powered vehicles. Pramod et 
al. (2014) designed and fabricated weed cutting systems 
to solve these problems sustainably. They developed a 
platform made of  recyclable materials including PVC 
pipes, and buoyancy tanks made from paint cans, as well 
as new designs for the cutter head. Designed to be an 
economic solution for aquatic weed management, this 
machine does the job of  removing floating, submerged, 
or partially submerged vegetation. P.V.V.S. Maneendra 

et al. (2020) designed a motorized farm weeder with a 
grass collector to effectively remove and collect weeds 
and debris present between crops. The primary aim of  
their work was to minimize the time required to remove 
weeds between plants, thus improving agricultural 
productivity. According to Mandloi et al. (2010), the cost-
efficient shrub-cutting machine was developed through 
field testing involving measurements of  torque and force 
as well as assessments of  load and speed based on the 
specified design criteria. 
This research highlights the potential of  renewable energy 
technologies in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability 
of  landscaping practices, as solar-powered mowers can 
significantly reduce carbon footprints compared to their 
traditional counterparts. For more detailed insights, you 
can refer to the original study by N, M. S. B. (2017). A 
robot that avoids obstacles by using two gear motors to 
generate simple walking motions. They developed a highly 
intelligent robot that can quickly identify impediments 
and, by analyzing the sensor’s data, perfectly avoid them 
on its path. The robot’s smooth movement is achieved by 
utilizing two gear motors to enable left, right, or forward 
movement in response to detected input. Infrared 
sensors were used to identify and avoid obstacles on the 
way. Infrared transmitters are used to continually emit a 
38 KHz signal. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Design 
This study takes a developmental design method to create 
and evaluate a solar-powered weed cutter that can be 
controlled by a Bluetooth-enabled smartphone and 
includes obstacle identification. The design combines 
technical concepts with sustainability and usability 
considerations to effectively address the challenge of  
efficient ground maintenance.

Development Procedures 
The development procedure concerning a weed 
cutter prototype initiated by methodical assembly of  
the prototype actors. All components are assembled 
according to their design specifications, followed by 
electrical wiring and connection of  the equipment 
and safe operational test and functional performance. 
Subsequently, there is programming and calibration to 
develop and fine-tune the code for precise motor control 
and accurate obstacle detection. Once assembled and 
programmed, the prototype was put through thorough 
testing to ascertain its overall performance, functionality, 
and reliability, including the responsiveness and ease of  
use of  the Bluetooth-based smartphone control system 
for remote operation. The weed cutter was then tested in 
the field on the school grounds, where its effectiveness 
and usability could be determined under real conditions. 
In this phase, data is collected and analyzed for potential 
improvements to be introduced in the design of  the 
prototype. Finally, the whole process was documented 
well, and monitoring was done regarding findings that 



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would bring useful insights and recommendations for 
further development and practical implementation of  the 
grass cutter.

Data Analysis
For the testing and validation process, the procedure 
follows the methodology presented by Kumbar et al. 
(2024).

1. Prototype analysis involved taking readings at 
designated time intervals with a Temperature Gun, Solar 
Power Meter, and Multimeter to evaluate the solar panel 
system’s performance.

2. The Temperature Gun measured the solar panel’s 
temperature by directing the device at the panel, yielding 
Celsius readings that offered insights into the thermal 
conditions impacting the panel’s efficiency.

3. A Solar Power Meter was utilized for the observation 
of  sunshine intensity. The apparatus was faced towards 
both the sun and the solar panel, registering watts per 
square meter (W/m2). This parameter is essential for 
determining how much solar energy is available for 
conversion. 

4. A multimeter was used to take measurements of  

voltage outputs at equidistant time intervals coming from 
the solar panel. Voltage readings provide ample data 
concerning the electrical output of  the panel.

System Performance Analysis
The system performance evaluation was done by 
considering the methods suggested by Kalpana et al. (2024), 
followed by the power consumed, battery availability, run 
time, and cutting efficiency. Calculations give insight into 
the general optimization of  system performance to ensure 
a better operating economy and battery management. To 
evaluate Bluetooth-based smartphone control system 
responsiveness, usability, and reliability in the operation 
and management of  grass cutters from a distance, a 
structured questionnaire was created by researchers. 
The questionnaire was thoroughly validated by research 
experts to make sure it was relevant, accurate, and reliable 
as a data-gathering tool. A total of  40 respondents were 
selected through purposive sampling, including parents, 
school administrators, faculty members, and personnel. 
Each group consisted of  10 participants.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1: Comparison of  Conventional and Solar-Powered Weed Cutters
Parameter Conventional Weed Cutter Solar-Powered Weed Cutter
Power Source Gasoline/Electric Solar Panel (Renewable)
Fuel/Energy Cost Required Not required
Environmental Risk High (gasoline)/Moderate (Electricity) Low (Eco-Friendly)
Noise Level High Potentially Lower (Electric Motor
Operation Manual control Bluetooth-Controlled (Smartphone Interface)
Automation Unavailable Fully automated via smartphone
Cost-effectiveness Expensive Cost-effective (Low maintenance)

Table 1 highlights the key differences between conventional 
and solar-powered weed cutters. Conventional weed 
cutters, powered by gasoline or electricity, have ongoing 
fuel costs and pose higher environmental risks, especially 
from gasoline emissions. In contrast, solar-powered weed 
cutters utilize renewable solar energy, eliminating fuel 
costs and reducing environmental impact. Conventional 
models tend to be noisy, while solar-powered versions, 
with electric motors, are quieter. Additionally, solar-
powered weed cutters often provide non-manual which 
is Bluetooth-controlled (smartphone), fully automated 
controlled via smartphone, enhancing user convenience, 
while conventional models require manual operation and 
not automated. Overall, solar-powered cutters are more 
cost-effective and environmentally friendly. According to 
Kashyap et al. (2020), mowing grass takes a lot of  time and 
effort. These days, most of  the technology available for 
cutting grass is a manually operated diesel cutter. These 
kinds of  devices that run on unconventional energy 
sources harm the environment, release greenhouse gases, 
and contribute to climate change. Additionally, these 
weed eaters contribute to noise pollution, which hurts 

both the cutter’s and the nearby population’s health. 
Another factor is that diesel fuel is expensive. A solar-
powered autonomous grass cutter is being developed to 
combat the problems of  the conventional cutter. 
The search for alternative energy sources has accelerated 
due to the dwindling fossil resources. Researchers are 
exploring several alternatives, particularly solar energy, 
which has become an important aspect of  various 
projects (Lingappa et al., 2024). Solar technology is new 
in the solar weed cutter, a simple yet effective machine 
used to manage lawns locally, in gardens, and in schools 
(Amrutesh et al., 2014). In view of  its solar energy 
operation and high RPM for effective grass cutting, this 
autonomous weed-cutting vehicle is very new (Athina et 
al., 2021). Such eco-friendly devices are cost-efficient, 
consume little power, and thus are suitable for sustainable 
landscaping (Mudda, 2018). 
A gas-powered Kawasaki Grass Cutter, priced at ₱13,200, 
has become rather famous for possessing that high initial 
cost typical of  fossil fuel driven machines. The ALPAS 
Solar-powered Weed Cutter, in contrast, has a price of  
just ₱4,500; this is cheaper mainly because of  the low 



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production costs associated with solar technology and 
the lack of  complicated engine parts. Though the solar 
cutter is cheaper at the front, it has a much lower cost on 
operation in the far future. Traditional lawn cutters have 
persistent costs of  fuel and maintenance; these costs can 
increase with time depending on fluctuating fuel prices 
and the need for frequent servicing. The solar models 
conserve renewable energy, so their operation after the 
initial purchase is almost free. Research shows these 
projects can be singled out because they do not have an 

operational cost, which is due to having no fuel charges 
and much less maintenance compared to gas (Kirtiwar 
et al., 2023). Also, via reducing environmental impacts 
from the use of  tools run by the sun (Babu et al., 2023). 
While conventional grass cutters make huge noise and, 
through combustion of  fuel, contribute to greenhouse 
gas emissions, solar-powered cutters are markedly silent 
and do not emit any such pollutants, hence providing a 
sustainable option for lawn maintenance (Kalpana et al. 
2024).

Table 2: Cost-Analysis of  Traditional Grass Cutter and Solar-powered Weed Cutter
TYPE COST
Vic Kawasaki K TD-40 2 Stroke Grass Cutter (Source: KHM Mega Tools Corp.) ₱ 13,200
ALPAS: Solar-powered Weed Cutter ₱ 4,500

Table 3: Testing and Evaluation
Time (min.) Temperature (°C) Voltage (V) Intensity of  Sunlight (W/m²) Intensity of  Solar Panel (W/m²)
9:30 A.M. 45 18.4 878 169
10:00 A.M. 43 19.28 945 156
10:30 A.M. 46 19.18 981 187
11:00 A.M. 49 19.16 991 189
11:30 A.M. 52 18.78 1046 195
12:00 P.M. 55 18.74 1058 235
12:30 P.M. 54 19.03 1054 243
1:00 P.M. 56 18.75 1020 224
1:30 P.M. 52 19.17 1016 221
2:00 P.M. 55 19.14 1010 220
2:30 P.M. 53 19.10 994 205
3:00 P.M. 50 19.80 989 202

The solar panel system testing and assessment were 
executed in Table 3, with temperature, voltage, sunshine 
intensity, and output from solar panels being measured 
from around 9:30 A.M. to about 3:00 P.M. The voltage 
generated in this solar panel system remained constant, 
going as low as 18.4 V at 9:30 A.M. to as high as 19.8 
V at 3:00 P.M. This value, however, indicates that the 
power output is thereafter stabilized and protected 
from variations in the environment. At 12:00 noon, 
solar intensity reached its highest value of  1058 W/m², 
followed at 12:30 P.M. with the solar panel output of  
243 W/m². Beyond this value, the intensity of  sunlight 
and solar panel output began to fall, especially around 
1:30 P.M. However, output voltage hardly showed 
any deviation, suggesting that the panel worked well 

despite being in adverse conditions of  declining solar 
intensity. The temperature readings kept rising constantly 
throughout the day, starting from 45°C at 9:30 A.M. up to 
56°C by 1:00 P.M. Nevertheless, high temperatures were 
not markedly detrimental to the operation of  the system, 
thus proving the endurance as well as utility of  the panel 
in extreme heat. The data show that the equipment runs 
well and absorbs solar energy during the day, irrespective 
of  the weather conditions. This substantiates the reliability 
and practicality of  solar panels as sources of  energy for 
various applications. 
Table 4 depicts the performance of  the solar-powered 
weed cutter on different grass species. The average 
height for crabgrass was cut from 224 mm to 85 mm, 
a significant height reduction. Goosegrass went similarly 

Table 4: Average Weed Height Before and After Cutting Using the Solar-Powered Weed Cutter
Weeds Type Average Height Before Moving (mm) Average Height After Moving (mm)
Crabgrass
(Digitaria ischaemum)

224 85

Goosegrass
(Eleusine indica)

234 90

Quackgrass
(Elytrigia repens)

70.5 50.5



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from 234 mm to 90 mm. Quack grass was reduced from 
an earlier height of  70.5 mm down to 50.5 mm. These 
results indicate that the solar cutter performs well on 
different grass species and effects a reasonable reduction 
in height. The slight deviation in heights for crabgrass can 

be attributed to the fact that the species has a naturally 
lower growth height, indicating that the cutter is efficient 
for taller as well as shorter grass species. Such variability 
further establishes the cutter’s versatility and efficacy in 
treating different grass species, indicating its viability for 

Table 5: System performance analysis
Aspect Formula Results
Power Consumption per Motor (Pm) Pm=Vm×Im 58.9W
Total Power Consumption (Tpc) Tpc=Pm×4 motors 235.6W
Usable Battery Capacity (Cusable) Cusable=Cbattery×0.85 68Ah
Estimated Runtime R=(Cusable/Itotal ) 415.2 min
Effective Cutting Width (Effectivecw) Effectivecw=(1000mm/(Cutting Width×Cutting Ratio)) 0.1736 meters
Distance Cut per Rotation (Dr) Dr=Effective Cutting Width 0.19 meters
Distance Cut per Minute (Dr) Dcpm= Dr×RPM 11.4 meters per min

several landscaping applications. 
Multiple critical performance parameters show how 
successful the solar-powered grass cutter is. Each 
motor consumes 58.9 W of  power, totalling 235.6 W 
for the complete system. This clever use of  energy is 
critical for optimizing battery performance. The lawn 
mower’s battery capacity of  68 Ah allows it to run for 
approximately 415.2 minutes. This longer runtime means 

that the lawn cutter can function for a long period before 
needing to be recharged, making it ideal for cutting grass 
in large areas. The machine has an effective cutting width 
of  0.1736 meters, making grass maintenance simple. It 
cuts 0.19 meters of  space each time it turns, resulting in a 
rate of  11.4 meters per minute. This cutting speed allows 
users to complete more tasks in less time, increasing 
productivity.

Table 6 : Overall Evaluation of  Bluetooth-Based Control System
Criterion Weighted Mean Descriptive Equivalent Interpretation
Responsiveness 4.74 Strongly Agree The system performs exceptionally well in meeting 

the stated expectations and functionalities.
Ease of  use 4.59 Strongly Agree The system performs exceptionally well in meeting 

the stated expectations and functionalities.
Reliability 4.97 Strongly Agree The system performs exceptionally well in meeting 

the stated expectations and functionalities.
Average 4.76 Strongly Agree The system performs exceptionally well in meeting 

the stated expectations and functionalities.

The responsiveness, with a weighted mean score of  
4.74, is commendable. Research corroborates this, 
demonstrating that Bluetooth technology enables real-
time communication and control, essential for responsive 
systems. Juned and Unnikrishnan (2014) illustrate that a 
Bluetooth-based remote monitoring and control system 
achieved rapid data transmission within 10 seconds, 
allowing swift operator responses to fluctuations in 
monitored parameters such as temperature and humidity. 
This aligns with user feedback emphasizing the system’s 
ability to meet operational demands promptly. The 4.59 
ease of  use score indicates that consumers find the system 
straightforward and easy to navigate. Kulkarni et al. (2019) 
show that merging Bluetooth with mobile applications 
improves user interaction with home automation systems, 
making them more accessible to persons with minimal 
technical abilities. Creating user-friendly interfaces is 
critical for improving user experience, as evidenced 
by numerous research on smart home technology. The 
ease of  use improves user happiness and overall system 

acceptance. A reliability score of  4.97 implies extremely 
consistent performance. Users rely on control systems 
to provide precise oversight and management; therefore, 
reliability is critical. 
Liu and Uthra (2020) corroborate this assertion by 
demonstrating that Bluetooth-enabled systems may 
sustain robust connections across long distances (up 
to 60 meters), ensuring continued functionality. This 
dependability builds trust among users, improving their 
overall impression of  the system. The mean score of  
4.76 validates the positive assessment of  the Bluetooth-
controlled system. This total satisfaction can be due to 
the combined impacts of  high responsiveness, ease of  
use, and dependability. Several studies imply that these 
factors are inextricably related; a dependable and attentive 
system improves the user experience. 

CONCLUSIONS
ALPAS is a breakthrough model for weed management that 
is both sustainable and environmentally responsible. It is 



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ideal for huge spaces like schools, parks, and large offices. 
This environmentally friendly weeding device is solar 
powered, which reduces running expenses and eliminates 
the need for gasoline. Thus, it generates significant savings 
while also helping environmental sustainability. ALPAS is 
fueled by solar energy on a continual basis under varying 
light conditions. A specially built panel guarantees that 
the machine receives the constant power it requires 
to work in low-light circumstances. This characteristic 
ensures stability and consistent performance, which is 
especially useful for outdoor maintenance. The obstacle-
detection feature is a standout among remarkable safety 
improvements. With this function, ALPAS may detect 
impediments and navigate them without assistance, 
boosting operational safety. This is especially critical 
when the user’s safety and comfort are at risk. To enhance 
the user experience, smartphone control via Bluetooth 
enables remote operation and real-time monitoring. This 
smart functionality improves simplicity of  use by allowing 
users to control the machine remotely and alter settings 
for specific jobs. ALPAS is a significant step forward 
for green landscaping alternatives due to its solar-power 
efficiency, safety-focused obstacle identification, and 
digital connectivity.

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