# ajsl: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called ajsl.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

> Rights; State; Government; Property; Article; Language; Children; Respondents; Learning; Arabia; Bangladesh; Justice; Security; Assets; Agreement

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

## Rights

- Land Right and its Implementation in Bangladesh for Women by Lina, Naima Akhter (2023) - This is only a symbol of women rights. Bangladesh is a developing country and women have a significant role in it. Keywords: access; bangladesh; equality; gender; inheritance; land; law; property; rights; women
- Reasons for Acquiring Defective Property in Afghan Civil Code and Islamic Shariah by Hilal, Mohammad Tariq; Bahir, Barialy; Noori, Ahmad Naveed (2023) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajsl.v2i2.1603 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajsl Article Information ABSTRACT Received: April 20, 2023 Accepted: May 08, 2023 Published: May 14, 2023 Defective property can only be interpreted as an object’s property or only the property’s benefits, which ultimately include easement and usufruct rights. The research study aims to understand what points Islamic jurisprudence has focused on in the definition of defective property and by what means individuals can acquire defective property. Keywords: easement; preemption; property; rights; usufruct
- Reimagining the Legislative Framework: A Historical Analysis of Decolonization and Public Voice in India’s Law-Making by Kumar, Sachin; Kumar, Sanjeev (2024) - Recent Development and Establishing Indian Value in Law and Justice The liberation from colonial laws is not merely abolishing colonial law but also enforcing the Indian value in law and justice. However, the parliament has modernized law and repealed, and amended such laws to move away from Pa ge 17 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajsl Am. Keywords: act; amendment; bill; british; children; colonial; council; country; goi; government; independence; india; individuals; laws; legislation; members; parliament; prevention; process; protection; public; rights; social; state
- EndSARS to EFCC: Trading One Nightmare for Another by Okibe, Summer; Essien, Essien Oku (2025) - Accusations of corruption and political interference inside the judiciary undermine its capacity to mediate impartially in EFCC cases. Figure 3: Screenshot from a video featuring a man discussing the issues surrounding EFCC arrests. Keywords: accountability; corruption; crimes; efcc; endsars; government; international; journal; law; movement; nigeria; police; public; rights
- Normative Conflict between Human Rights: Blood Transfusions in Jehovah’s Witness patients in Spain by Abdel Jawad, Dia A Abu Fannas (2025) - The current study evaluates the normative clash of human rights referring to Jehovah’s Witnesses in Spain, with an emphasis on their religious beliefs towards blood transfusions (Ramírez-Salazar et al., 2003). In answering this question, the article aims to advance the knowledge of human rights and medical ethics practices for policy and practice purposes in similar cases (Mattei, 2023). Keywords: article; blood; european; freedom; health; individuals; international; jehovah; law; life; patient; rights; transfusion; witnesses
- A Critical Examination of Hate Speech in Nigeria by Ajogwu, Idachaba Martins (2022) - L. 1(1) 17-30, 2022 It may be interesting to note that the United States does not have hate speech laws, since American courts have repeatedly ruled that laws criminalizing hate speech violate the guarantee to freedom of speech contained in the First amendment to the United State Constitution. To grasp a better understanding of the elements that constitutes hate speech in Nigeria it is expedient that hate speech as it is understood in other national and international legal frameworks are considered, thus; The Law Commission of India describes hate speech as: “Hate speech is an expression which is likely to cause distress or offend other individuals on the basis of their association with a particular group or incite hostility towards them. Keywords: article; bill; defamation; discrimination; expression; freedom; hate speech; https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajsl; human; law; laws; national; nigeria; public; restriction; rights; section; society

## State

- Decolonizing the Concept of Penal Sanction Under the Nigerian Criminal Law by Abubakar, Aminu Abbas (2023) - The conscientious pursuit of crime prevention is a worthy objective of every criminal law and criminal justice system as a whole, and many evidences prove that law and order would break down in the absence of the criminal justice system. While many victims continue to suffer from this alien punitive justice administered in Nigeria,otherlegal systems around the world continue to redefine the concept of criminal justice and the personal right of individuals to sue and be sued against. Keywords: criminal; justice; justice system; law; nigeria; offences; state; system; victim
- Rustling and Human Security in Nigeria - An Analysis of Ecowas Response by Akah, Augustine Ugar; Ekpo, Tony Johnson; Okocha, Okocha Collins Chukwuka (2023) - Source: Okoli and Okpaleke (2014), Cattle Rustling and Dialectics of Security in Northern Nigeria, International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, Vol. 2 Cattle Rustling and Dialectics of Security in Northern Nigeria. Keywords: border; cattle; conflicts; ecowas; herders; national; nigeria; northern; pastoralists; rustling; security; state; transhumance; violence
- The Role of International Organizations in Shaping Customary International Law: An Analytical Study of the 2018 ILC’s Draft Conclusions by Jaffal, Zeyad (2024) - Pa ge 1 Pa ge 19 American Journal of Society and Law ( AJSL) The Role of International Organizations in Shaping Customary International Law: An Analytical Study of the 2018 ILC’s Draft Conclusions Zeyad Jaffal1* Volume 3 Issue 1, Year 2024 ISSN: 2835-3277 (Online) DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajsl.v3i1.2478 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajsl Article Information ABSTRACT Received: March 10, 2024 Accepted: April 15, 2024 Published: April 19, 2024 This research explores the influence and impact of international organisations on the development and formation of customary international law. Moreover, it emphasises alternative methodologies within the realm of humanitarian action in influencing customary international law. Keywords: case; conclusion; court; draft; draft conclusion; general; icj; ilc; international; journal; juris; law; law commission; nations; norms; opinio; organisations; practice; state
- The Concept and Scope of Public Property in Afghanistan’s Legal System by Samim, Rohullah (2025) - Afghanistan Civil Law provides a legal definition of public property: “Public property refers to assets that do not belong to individuals and are designated for the public interest and welfare.” The objective of this study is to introduce the types of public properties according to the law of Afghanistan. Keywords: afghanistan; assets; forests; land; law; property; public; resources; state; water
- Personal Income Tax in Nigerian Fiscal Federalism: Matters Arising by Ajogwu, Idachaba Martins (2022) - Income tax generally is computed as the product taxable income (H Peter, 2001). In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, income tax was reintroduced by Sir Robert Peel by the Income Tax Act 1842. Keywords: constitution; countries; federal; federalism; federation; government; income; income tax; national; revenue; state; system; tax; taxes

## Government

- Tax Moral on the Compliance of the Individual Taxpayers in Qardho District, Somalia by Abdi, Mohamud Shire; Hersi, Ahmed Nur (2023) - An International Monetary Fund (IMF) working paper (2016) concluded the challenges faced by Pakistan regarding tax compliance; firstly; according to the data compiled by the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) and the Ministry of Finance, the number of active individual tax Filers is 1,156,984, but 5,700,000 people are reportedly earning above the minimum taxable Income threshold. Considering that taxpayer compliance is an important and main factor for increasing tax revenue, it is necessary to continuously examine what factors influence tax compliance, especially individual taxpayers. Keywords: compliance; government; individual; knowledge; respondents; study; tax; tax compliance; taxes; taxpayers
- Implementation of Independent Study Tasks for Civil Servants (PNS) within the South Sumatra Provincial Government Based on Governor Regulation Number 19 of 2023 by Syafitri, Hanny; Suatmiati, Sri; Salia, Erli (2025) - The main focus of this research is to explore the mechanisms and obstacles faced by civil servants in carrying out independent study assignments, as well as evaluating related policies. Independent study assignments are intended for civil servants who want to continue formal education at their own expense and are carried out outside of official working hours. Keywords: assignments; education; government; governor; learning; regulation; servants; south; south sumatra; study; study assignments; sumatra
- An Examination of the Legislative Framework on Gas Flaring in Nigeria by Ajogwu, Idachaba Martins; Ameh , Ann Ojonugwa; Ojochegbe, Adukwu Glory (2022) - One would have expected the Nigerian Government to stipulate exactly how much such company would be liable to pay if it is permitted to continue flaring gas, to buttress the seriousness of the consequences of gas flaring. Existing Gas Projects In The Country Aimed At Phasing Out Gas Flaring With a view to phasing out gas flaring in Nigeria, the government has also invested in various gas utilization projects aimed at absorbing flared gas. Keywords: act; companies; delta; environmental; federal; gas; gas flaring; government; nigeria; oil; petroleum; project; provisions; regulations

## Property

- A Comparative Research Study of Official Mortgage and Possessory Mortgage by Sekandary, Muhammad Ibrahim; Hemat, Toryalai (2023) - Official Mortgage The Afghan civil code defines official mortgage as “Official mortgage is a contract on the basis of which https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajsl Pa ge 23 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajsl Am. In possessory mortgage the mortgaged property is transferred to the mortgaged, but in official mortgage, the mortgaged property remains under the control of the mortgagor. Keywords: mortgage; official; possessory; property; right
- Criminal Protection of Public Property in the Legal System of Afghanistan by Samim, Rohullah (2025) - Afghanistan Civil Law provides a legal definition of public property: “Public property refers to assets that do not belong to individuals and are designated for the public interest and welfare.” Another comprehensive definition states: “Public property consists of assets owned by the state or public legal entities, designated for public welfare. Keywords: afghanistan; article; code; imprisonment; penal; penal code; person; property; public; term

## Article

- Russia’s War Against Ukraine: A Contravention of International Humanitarian Law by Bukar, Muhammad Ibrahim (2023) - Though it is difficult and unclear as to the position of international law regarding the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, Putin’s letter to the UN provided some justifications under the pretext of international law. In essence, observers argued that the idea that Russia’s invasion of Ukraine was born solely to protect against Ukrainian genocide appears to be total fabrication and thus illegal and a contravention of international law (Sean et al. 2022). Keywords: article; international; jus; law; russia; states; ukraine; united; use; war

## Language

- Intercultural Communicative Competence in Teaching of English as a Foreign Language: Perspectives of Filipino Teachers by Cruz, Justine A. Dela; Paican, Juhannah S; Rajahmuda, Norsamia R; Caballo, John Harry S (2024) - • ICC bridges cultural differences and promotes inclusivity in English language education. • ICC bridges cultural gaps, fostering appreciation of differences and enhancing language learning. Keywords: communication; competence; english; icc; language; learning; students; teachers; teaching
- A Forensic Linguistics Analysis of Senate Investigations on the Matter of People’s Initiative in the Philippines: Language Crimes in Focus by Obenza, Brandon N.; Deluao, Chryzl Joy O. (2025) - Mr. Oñate: That was the time that I coordinated with the speaker Sen. Imee: You said you never met the speaker nor Mr. Zaldy Co, you’re under oath, sir. In the exchange between Sen. Imee and Mr. Oñate, Mr. Oñate initially fails to name the individuals in a photograph as asked by the senator, claiming it slipped his mind that he had previously met with the speaker. Keywords: analysis; atty; conversation; grice; imee; information; initiative; language; maxim; oñate; response; sen; senate; speaker; violations
- From Structure to Meaning: Gendered Communication in Philippine Political Landscapes by Geranco, Daniel; Alvarez, Evangeline; Ytoc, Shiryl (2025) - On the other hand, female senators provide rational explanations rather than rigid directives, as seen in T1- P2L31: “If somebody will buy your land at a bigger amount, maybe you can sell and buy another land that is cheaper somewhere else and build your farm there.” Female senators frame solutions in a way that allows room for consideration and discussion instead of demanding action. In contrast, female senators favor varied structure, including compound-complex sentences (7 occurrences), simple sentences (23 occurrences), complex sentences (6 occurrences), and compound sentences (5 occurrences). Keywords: communication; complex; compound; discourse; female; language; noun; occurrences; phrase; senators; sentence; structures; use; verb; women
- Constructing Ethnicity and Identity of Bantawa Rai in Eastern Nepal by Rai, Raju Kumar (2025) - Like ethnicity, identity or ethnic identity is also a valued and perhaps the most imprecise concept in the contemporary world. Ethnic identity belongs to the category of social identities as the person is part of a group that is the group of people who have common language, religion, customs, tradition and history. Keywords: bantawa; bantawa rai; boundaries; ethnicity; group; identity; language; mundum; nepal; people; rai

## Children

- Prevalence of Beggars and Street Children in the City of Sorsogon by Perena, Emma S; Hapin, Edna L (2023) - This study determined the prevalence of beggars and street children in the City of Sorsogon. It focused on the profile of beggars and street children, the determinants for street begging and presence of street children and the problems encountered as perceived by the respondents. Keywords: beggars; begging; children; respondents; sorsogon; street; street children
- The Refugee Children Legal Rights to Education: The Case of Bambasi Refugee Camp in Ethiopia, Africa by Awoke, Workye Tadesse; De La Cruz, Fe Nangcas Jalon (2023) - Poor quality in refugee education is largely due to inadequate funding. In this lens, previous studies in the country investigated most of the time for the protection refugee as a general project in that they give less emphasis for the protection of child right to education, whom are double vulnerable to human rights violation most of the time Even those studies on refugee protection give much emphasis to Somali and Eritrean refugee, the protection of refugee who came from other countries as a whole and the protection of child refugee to education in particular was not studied well. Keywords: bambasi; bambasi refugee; camp; children; education; ethiopia; https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajsl; international; protection; refugee; refugee camp; refugee children; right; school; students; teachers; unhcr

## Respondents

- The Satisfaction Level of the Beneficiaries of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P’s) by De Jesus, Fhrizz S; Villanueva, Winnie (2023) - This research aims to assess the level of satisfaction of 4Ps beneficiaries with the cash grant they received from the government to cover their daily and other expenses. The goal of this research is to determine the level of satisfaction of 4Ps beneficiaries with the cash grants they received from the government for their daily and other expenses. Keywords: 4ps; beneficiaries; cash; correlation; grants; level; mean; pantawid; profile; program; respondents; table

## Learning

- Impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence on The Global Entertainment Industry & Its Legal Dynamics by Ben-Daniel, D. O. (2025) - To what extent has the emergence of gen AI impacted the global entertainment industry, and to what extent does strategic integration of gen AI tools into the entertainment industry’s value chain directly correlate with increase in operational efficiency, creativity and overall value of the industry. This article attempts to contribute to the overall discuss of gen AI within the entertainment industry, and covers the proper understanding of gen AI and how AI models are trained; the entertainment industry; the impact of gen AI on the entertainment industry globally; the advantages and disadvantages of deploying gen AI within the entertainment industry; and the legal tools available to manage the existential threat of gen AI to the entertainment industry. Keywords: authorship; copyright; creativity; dataset; entertainment; entertainment industry; gen; gen ai; global; human; impact; industry; learning; models; production; works

## Arabia

- Lupin Conference and the Tensions between Ikhwan and Ibn Saud by Alawni, Mohammed Muqhim (2023) - December 1928 was a time when tensions increased between Ibn Saud and Ikhwan leaders, and the attacks resulted in the loss of many valuable lives. When Ibn Saud was successful in dealing with the revolt of Ikhwan leaders, the unification of Saudi Arabia turned into reality under the leadership of Ibn Saud. Keywords: arabia; authorities; british; ibn; ibn saud; ikhwan; leaders; mashhour; saud
- Criminal Liability for Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems by Diab, Mohamed Fathi Shehta (2024) - In Middle East states, corporate criminal liability is found to be inevitable, but the legislation found currently permits the avoidance conducted unreasonably. Corporate criminal liability for the criminal offences in Lithuania. Keywords: arabia; autonomous; criminal; intelligence; journal; law; liability; saudi; systems

## Bangladesh

- Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Legal Professionals in Bangladesh: A Study Findings in Dhaka City by Rashid, Md. Harunur (2024) - Challenges of Legal Professionals in the Pandemic Period There are so many challenges of legal professionals, some challenges are mentioned here: Individual Level At the individual level, a person has to suffer a lot and has to struggle for survival. Separate Stimulus Package for Legal Professionals The USA has declared their stimulus package named CARES, in which there is a specified amount of monetary package for the assistance of legal professionals of their country. Keywords: bangladesh; court; covid-19; dhaka; family; pandemic; professionals; study

## Justice

- Cybercrime: A Phenomenon Challenging Criminal Justice: A Legal Analytical Study by Taher, Bahra; Towfiq, Tavga Abbas; Mousa, Kawar (2025) - E-justice and cybercrime prevention in Arab legal systems. Research Design The doctrinal methodology was applied in examining primary sources of law, for example, national penal codes, cybercrime laws, and case law, with secondary sources of law such as scholarly articles, theses, and international treaties. Keywords: arab; cybercrime; iraq; justice; law; lebanon; research

## Security

- Unfolding the Experiences and Preparedness Mechanism of Senior Citizens in the Wake of Disaster: Towards a Disaster Resilient Community by Guiamalodin, Norolshalah M; Culele, Rita Gen A; Silguerra, Jofelrey; Diquito, Tomas Jr A (2024) - Disaster is a phenomenon that results in great damage Figure 1: Disaster-Related Challenges Experienced by Senior Citizens in the Wake of Disasters to properties and challenges to humans. Therefore, uncovering disaster preparedness through the lens of senior citizens can help in creating inclusive frameworks, which is crucial in order to reduce and minimize disaster losses for all sectors of the community and promote holistic community resiliency. Keywords: addition; challenges; citizens; data; disaster; health; journal; life; line; participant; preparedness; research; security; study

## Assets

- The Legal System of Transactions and the Challenges of the Metaverse World in accordance with UAE Law by Khamaiseh, Mohammad Abdelhafid Daej; Krim, Karima (2024) - It is a virtual world parallel to the real world, related to using video games connected to the Internet, like the Second Life platform or the Second Life, which portrays the user as a symbol in a three-dimensional world that has integrated many social networking sites (Albabidy, 2021); And it is a series of virtual worlds, by incorporating digital elements into the physical world to make it more digitized (Saleh, 2021) and several generations of the Internet (Al-Sadiq, 2011) from the first to the fourth generation, which employs data and integrates with the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence. These technologies are being used in the real world in which we live and in independent virtual worlds emerging primarily on social media and video games such as Second Life, Instagram, Fortnite, and Roblox. Keywords: assets; blockchain; dubai; law; metaverse; metaverse world; technologies; technology; transactions; uae; world

## Agreement

- Authority of the Notary in Making Murabahah Deeds by Bakhtiar, Citra Kartika Lazuardini; Tektona, Rahmadi Indra; Santyaningtyas, Ayu Citra (2023) - Still, it is implicitly said that a Notary is given the power to do authentic deeds regarding all actions, agreements, and stipulations required by laws and regulations or desired by interested parties (parties) to be stated in an authentic deed. In this regard, as in doing authentic deeds in general, before an agreement is declared authentic, the Notary must pay attention and ensure in advance whether the deal is valid and can be accounted for by the parties. Keywords: agreement; akad; authority; deed; islamic; law; murabahah; notary; parties; sharia

## Epilogue

For more detail, about this study carrel, see the computed home page. For more detail about study carrels in general, see the read me file.

Created: 2025-12-22