







































American Research Journal of Economics, Finance and Management   

Volume 13 Issue 4, October-December 2025  

ISSN: 2836-9416  

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MODERN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND FRAUD 

MITIGATION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: THE NIGERIAN 

EXPERIENCE 

 
Obarisiagbon Maureen Iroghama, FCA and Eke Robert Ike PhD, FCA. 

Department of Accounting and Finance, College of Social and Management Sciences, Wellspring 

University Benin City, Edo State. 

Email: mobarisiagbon2080@gmail.com; and robbyeke19@yahoo.com; 

Phone Number: 08035569223, 08034712733 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17911755 

 

ABSTRACT: This study examined the impact of modern financial management practices on fraud 

mitigation in the Nigerian public sector, focusing on federal government parastatals operating in Edo 

State. The study specifically assessed the effectiveness of the Treasury Single Account (TSA), 

Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS), and Government Integrated Financial 

Management Information System (GIFMIS) in reducing fraudulent activities and improving 

financial transparency. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, and structured 

questionnaires were administered to staff in the accounting, audit, and budget departments of 

selected federal MDAs. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple 

regression analysis. The findings revealed that all three financial management reforms—TSA, IPPIS, 

and GIFMIS—have significant positive effects on fraud mitigation, with IPPIS exhibiting the strongest 

influence. The regression model showed an R value of 0.899 and an R² of 0.808, indicating that 80.8% 

of the variation in fraud mitigation is explained by the combined effect of the independent variables. 

The study concludes that modern financial management practices play a crucial role in enhancing 

accountability and reducing fraud in Nigeria’s public sector. It recommends strengthening 

compliance with TSA, expanding IPPIS coverage, enhancing GIFMIS functionality, and investing in 

capacity building and digital infrastructure to sustain improvements in public financial integrity. 

Keywords: Treasury Single Account (TSA), IPPIS, GIFMIS, fraud mitigation, public sector financial 

management. 

 

1.0 INTRODUCTION 

The Nigerian public sector continues to grapple with entrenched issues of financial mismanagement, 

systemic corruption, and pervasive fraud, which have collectively hindered sustainable development 

mailto:mobarisiagbon2080@gmail.com;%20and
mailto:robbyeke19@yahoo.com


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and the effective delivery of public services. Practical evidence reveals how these issues have not only 

strained the fiscal capacity of the government but have also significantly eroded public trust and 

institutional credibility (Akinyemi & Adegbite, 2023). Given the huge efforts by successive anti-

corruption campaigns and institutional reforms, fraudulent practices—ranging from embezzlement 

and misappropriation of public funds to procurement-related malfeasance—remain deeply 

institutionalized within the bureaucracy (Oni & Salisu, 2022). 

The persistence of these malpractices underscores the structural weaknesses within Nigeria’s public 

financial management architecture. Scholars argue that the lack of robust internal control systems, 

deficient audit practices, and the politicization of oversight bodies have created an enabling 

environment for fraud to flourish (Obiora et al., 2023). Moreover, the inadequacy of digital financial 

tracking systems and the continued reliance on manual processes have compounded issues of poor 

record-keeping and financial opacity (Ezeani, 2024). These systemic inefficiencies not only weaken 

resource mobilization and allocation but also fuel a culture of impunity among public officials, 

particularly in ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs) with minimal external scrutiny 

(Ogundipe & Uche, 2023). 

The policy environment has often been reactive rather than preventive, lacking in the strategic foresight 

needed to address governance gaps. While frameworks such as the Integrated Financial Management 

Information System (IFMIS) and the Treasury Single Account (TSA) have shown promise, their uneven 

implementation and circumvention by vested interests limit their efficacy (Nwokedi, 2024). 

Consequently, fraud in the Nigerian public sector persists not merely as an isolated set of criminal acts 

but as a symptom of deeper governance and accountability crises. Addressing these challenges demands 

a rethinking of institutional design, political will, and the integration of real-time digital monitoring 

systems capable of detecting and deterring financial irregularities in public administration. 

In response to the persistent inefficiencies, fraud and systemic corruption that have historically plagued 

Nigeria's public financial management, the federal government has implemented a series of reformative 

measures aimed at institutional modernization, transparency, and accountability. These reforms, 

deeply embedded in Nigeria’s broader public sector transformation strategy, points out a shift from 

manual, opaque bureaucracies to technology-driven governance (World Bank, 2023). A flagship 

initiative in this regard is employment of modern financial management practices such as the 

integrated payroll and personnel information system (IPPIS), which seeks to eliminate the entrenched 

problem of “ghost workers”—a phenomenon that has long facilitated payroll fraud and fiscal leakages. 

Through digital centralization of staff records and payroll processes across Ministries, Departments, 

and Agencies (MDAs), the integrated payroll and personnel information system has led to the discovery 

and removal of thousands of fictitious employees, saving the government billions of naira (Olaniyan & 



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Adetoro, 2023). However, critics argue that while the integrated payroll and personnel information 

system (IPPIS) has made strides in personnel management, it remains vulnerable to manipulation by 

internal actors, reflecting broader concerns about technological reforms outpacing institutional 

capacity (Akinwale & Eze, 2024). 

Complementing this is the treasury single account (TSA), launched in 2015, which consolidates 

government revenue inflows into a singular account maintained by the Central Bank of Nigeria. This 

reform aims to curtail the proliferation of fragmented bank accounts held by MDAs—a practice that 

previously enabled opaque transactions and illicit financial diversions. Recent evaluations suggest that 

the treasury single account has improved fiscal discipline and enhanced the government’s cash 

management framework (IMF, 2024). Nonetheless, its implementation has not been without 

challenges, including resistance from powerful political and institutional actors who benefited from the 

status quo ante (Ajayi & Okechukwu, 2023). While these reforms mark significant steps toward more 

transparent governance, they also reveal the tension between digital innovation and entrenched 

institutional inertia. A key concern remains the lack of robust enforcement mechanisms and the 

absence of citizen engagement in monitoring government expenditures. As such, experts contend that 

technological reforms like IPPIS and TSA must be embedded within a broader framework of public 

accountability, civil society oversight, and institutional reform to yield sustained impact (OECD, 2023). 

The deployment of the government integrated financial management information system (GIFMIS) in 

Nigeria represents a significant stride toward modernizing public financial administration. As a 

comprehensive digital platform, government integrated financial management information system is 

designed to automate and integrate essential fiscal operations, including budgeting, treasury 

management, accounting, and financial reporting (World Bank, 2023). Its real-time data processing 

capabilities allow for enhanced oversight by enabling government institutions to track expenditures, 

reconcile accounts, and generate accurate reports efficiently. However, while such digitization 

ostensibly promises improvements in transparency and accountability, its practical effectiveness has 

been mixed. Contemporary evaluations reveal that although GIFMIS has contributed to reducing some 

forms of manual errors and limiting certain avenues for financial mismanagement, systemic challenges 

persist. For example, high-profile cases of procurement fraud, budget padding, and unauthorized 

virements continue to surface, highlighting the adaptive nature of corruption in the public sector 

(Ibrahim & Udeh, 2023). Moreover, entrenched bureaucratic resistance to technological reforms, 

coupled with inadequate digital literacy among civil servants, significantly impedes the full potential of 

government integrated financial management information system (Adewole et al., 2022). Crucially the 

issue is not merely technical but institutional. Weak enforcement mechanisms, limited political will, 

and compromised oversight bodies often undermine the integrity of public financial systems, regardless 



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of the technological tools in place (Okonkwo & Ekong, 2024). The Nigerian experience thus exemplifies 

that while digital financial platforms like government integrated financial management information 

system can serve as catalysts for reform, they are not panaceas. Effective implementation must be 

supported by robust institutional frameworks, continuous capacity building, and unwavering political 

commitment to transparency and accountability. 

The adoption of technology-driven public financial management systems—such as the integrated 

payroll and personnel information system (IPPIS), treasury single account (TSA), and government 

integrated financial management information system (GIFMIS) has enhanced transaction visibility and 

traceability in Nigeria. However, systemic issues such as institutional inertia, inadequate technical 

expertise, and entrenched corruption continue to hinder their effectiveness (Adegbite & Olayiwola, 

2023). While these systems are designed to curb payroll fraud, eliminate ghost workers, and consolidate 

government revenues, their success remains contingent upon rigorous enforcement, independent 

audits, and institutional accountability (Ezeani et al., 2022). Despite incremental gains, study 

conducted by Okonkwo and Ahmed (2024) reveal that the sustainability of these reforms is undermined 

by weak political will and a persistent culture of impunity in the public sector. This research critically 

evaluates the extent to which these systems have contributed to fraud reduction. Moreover, it addresses 

broader structural and cultural barriers to reform implementation, offering policy-relevant insights for 

enhancing transparency and accountability in Nigeria’s public financial landscape. 

Thus, the motivation for this study therefore, lies in addressing these compelling teething issues in the 

Nigerian clime. There is a compelling need to re-examine the efficacy of modern financial management 

tools not merely as technological innovations, but as instruments embedded within a broader socio-

political and institutional context. A critical understanding of these dynamics is essential to inform 

policy realignment, improve financial accountability, and restore public sector credibility (Ezenwa & 

Mohammed, 2024). The study is also motivated by the paucity of conceptual frameworks that integrate 

governance theory, institutional capacity, and digital infrastructure in explaining the outcomes of 

financial reforms. By bridging this gap, the paper aims to contribute to both theory and praxis—offering 

insights that are academically rigorous and practically relevant to stakeholders involved in public 

financial governance in Nigeria. To this end, the following research questions are raised for the purpose 

of investigation of this study: 

1.2 Research Question  

i. What is the impact of integrated payroll and personnel information system (IPPIS) on fraud 

mitigation in the Nigerian public sector?  

ii. What is the relationship treasury single account (TSA) and fraud mitigation in the Nigerian 

public sector?  



American Research Journal of Economics, Finance and Management   

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iii. What is the implication of government integrated financial management information system 

(GIFMIS) on fraud mitigation in the Nigerian public sector? 

1.3 Objective of the Study 

The general objective of this study is to investigate the impact of modern fraud management 

instruments on fraud reduction in the Nigerian public sector. However, the specific objectives are to: 

i. Examine the impact of integrated payroll and personnel information system (IPPIS) on fraud 

mitigation in the Nigerian public sector; 

ii. Ascertain the relationship between treasury single account (TSA) and fraud mitigation in the 

Nigerian public sector; and 

iii. Assess the implication of government integrated financial management information system 

(GIFMIS) and fraud mitigation in the Nigerian public sector. 

1.4 Scope 

This study focuses on examining the impact of modern financial management practices on fraud 

mitigation in the Nigerian public sector, with particular emphasis on federal government parastatals 

operating within Edo State. Geographically, the study is limited to selected federal parastatals in the 

state, as they represent key public institutions where modern financial reforms such as digital payment 

platforms and integrated accounting systems have been actively implemented. 

The study specifically investigates three major financial management practices introduced by the 

Federal Government of Nigeria—Treasury Single Account (TSA), Integrated Personnel and Payroll 

Information System (IPPIS), and the Government Integrated Financial Management Information 

System (GIFMIS). These constitute the independent variables. The research assesses how each of these 

reforms has contributed to enhancing transparency, tightening internal controls, and reducing 

opportunities for fraudulent practices in public financial transactions. 

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 

2.1 Conceptual Review 

2.1.0 Modern Financial Management Practices 

2.1.1 Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS) 

Modern financial management practices encompass the adoption of contemporary tools, technologies, 

and methodologies aimed at enhancing transparency, accountability, and efficiency in financial 

operations. In the public sector, especially in countries like Nigeria, these practices are pivotal in 

combating financial mismanagement and fraud (Ojo & Adesina, 2022). Modern financial management 

practices involve the integration of advanced technologies, standardized procedures, and strategic 

frameworks to enhance transparency, accountability, and efficiency in financial operations. In Nigeria's 

public sector, these practices are pivotal germane in tackling issues related to financial mismanagement 



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and fraud. Effective financial management is pivotal for the efficient operation of the public sector, 

particularly in developing economies like Nigeria. Over the years, Nigeria has embarked on various 

reforms to enhance transparency, accountability, and efficiency in public financial management (PFM) 

(Okwu, & Etekpe, 2022) The integration of digital technologies into Nigeria's public financial 

management has been a significant step toward enhancing efficiency, reducing fraud and corruption. 

Njoku et al. (2023) highlight the adoption of digital tools such as forensic accounting, e-governance 

platforms, and ICTs in financial management processes. Their study indicates that approximately 63% 

of surveyed public sector employees reported the use of digital technologies in tasks like tax compliance 

and reporting. The benefits identified include improved transparency, enhanced decision-making, and 

increased efficiency. However, challenges such as resistance to change and high implementation costs 

persist.  

The connection between financial management and fraud in Nigeria's public sector is evident through 

systemic weaknesses, the role of professionals in facilitating fraud, and the challenges in implementing 

technological and forensic solutions (Olagunju & Olufemi, 2021). Effective financial management is 

crucial for ensuring transparency, accountability, and the efficient use of public resources. In Nigeria, 

however, weaknesses in financial management systems have been closely linked to the prevalence of 

fraud within the public sector. Recent investigations and reports highlight how lapses in financial 

controls, procurement processes, and oversight mechanisms have facilitated fraudulent activities 

across various government ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs). The Office of the Auditor-

General for the Federation uncovered irregular payments totaling over ₦197.72 billion across multiple 

MDAs between 2020 and 2021. These included payments for contracts that were either partially 

executed or not executed at all, as well as violations of procurement laws and financial regulations. Such 

systemic weaknesses in financial management create opportunities for fraud and misappropriation of 

public funds (Olagunju & Olufemi, 2021). 

2.1.2 Treasury Single Account (TSA) 

The Treasury Single Account (TSA) is a financial policy implemented by the Nigerian government to 

consolidate all inflows from various ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs) into a single account 

at the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). This system aimed to enhance transparency, reduce financial 

mismanagement, and improve fiscal discipline within the public sector (. ). Introduced in 2012 under 

President Goodluck Jonathan and fully implemented during President Muhammadu Buhari's 

administration, the TSA was designed to centralize government revenue and payments, thereby 

minimizing the risk of corruption and inefficiency. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) supports 

such systems, noting that they can reduce borrowing costs and improve fiscal policy outcomes. 



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In recent years, the Nigerian government has made notable adjustments to the TSA policy:  In October 

2023, President Bola Tinubu approved the removal of the FCT Administration from the TSA (Ekperi, 

& Anokwu, 2023). This decision was made to allow the FCT easier access to its Internally Generated 

Revenue (IGR) for infrastructural development, as the TSA's centralized nature had previously 

hindered timely funding for projects. In September 2024, the federal government directed that third-

party research grant funds for federal universities and research institutions be excluded from the TSA 

(Wikipedia, 2025). This move aimed to enhance the financial autonomy of these institutions and 

promote innovation by allowing them direct access to research funds. In January 2024, the government 

announced the shutdown of the TSA for revenue collection, directing all MDAs to remit revenues into 

a Sub-Recurrent Account, a component of the CRF (Emetaram & Ofor (2025). This change was 

intended to improve revenue generation and fiscal discipline. On the overall, The TSA has been credited 

with improving fiscal responsibility by providing the government with a consolidated view of its cash 

resources, thereby facilitating better planning and allocation (Olanrewaju, & Afolabi, 2022). By 

centralizing government revenues, the TSA has helped in curbing mismanagement and embezzlement 

of public funds (Muhammad, 2023).  

2.1.3 Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS) 

Enakirerhi and Temile (2017) see IPPIS as an IT-enabled facility being put in place to establish a reliable 

and comprehensive database for the public service, facilitate manpower planning, eliminate record and 

payroll fraud, facilitate easy storage, update and retrieval of personnel records for administrative and 

pension processes and staff remuneration payment with minimal wastages and leakages. According to 

them, since the inception of the project. IPPIS has saved the Federal Government of Nigeria billons of 

Naira by eliminating thousands of ghost workers via personnel verification exercise and salary payment 

process. While Enakirerhi and Temile (2017) conceptualized IPPIS from IT-enabled facility which has 

assisted the government in saving billions of Naira, Ugada and Eze (2024) noted that proper 

implementation of IPPIS can eliminate payroll fraud in Nigeria civil service. Farajimakin and Anichebe 

(2019) view IPPIS as intervention scheme and reform when they observed that, Integrated Personnel 

and Payroll Information System (IPPIS): is a world BankAssisted project under the Economic Reform 

and Government Project (ERGP) which was aimed at establishing a reliable and comprehensive 

database for the public service, facilitate manpower planning, assist in providing information for 

decision making, eliminate double dipping and credentials falsification, facilitate easy storage, update 

and retrieval of personnel record for administrative and pension process, and to facilitate staff 

remuneration payment. To them, IPPIS programme enable the MDAs to fish out the ghost workers for 

the attainment of public probity in governance (Farajimakin & Anichebe, 2019).  

 



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2.1.4 Government Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS) 

An Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) refers to the application of 

technology in managing financial activities to enhance fiscal decision-making, ensure fiduciary 

accountability, and streamline the preparation of financial reports and statements. In the public sector 

context, IFMIS represents the digital transformation of public financial management (PFM) processes 

(USAID, 2008). It is a comprehensive, IT-based budgeting and accounting system that integrates all 

financial management functions within government institutions into a unified platform. This system 

supports the formulation and execution of annual budgets, tracking of expenditures, financial 

reporting, and delivery of efficient and cost-effective public services. By operating on a standardized 

framework, IFMIS promotes consistency and interoperability of fiscal data across agencies, thereby 

reducing the need for fragmented and expensive standalone accounting systems in individual 

government entities (Oyinlola et al., 2017). In 2011, during the initial implementation of the 

Government Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS), the Office of the 

Accountant-General of the Federation uncovered that Nigeria's Ministries, Departments, and Agencies 

(MDAs) maintained approximately 12,622 bank accounts across various commercial banks. This 

fragmented banking structure hindered the government's ability to ascertain its consolidated cash 

position, leading to inefficiencies in cash management and necessitating additional borrowing, which 

adversely affected the national budget. GIFMIS was introduced to address these challenges by 

centralizing and automating public financial management processes (Ibrahim & Dauda, 2014) 

The system integrates budget preparation and execution, treasury management, financial reporting, 

procurement, and revenue management into a unified platform; this integration enhances real-time 

monitoring of government expenditures and revenues, thereby improving transparency and 

accountability (Clement, 2023). Recent initiatives underscore the government's commitment to 

leveraging GIFMIS for improved fiscal discipline. In preparation for the 2024 budget, the Budget Office 

of the Federation commenced training for MDA personnel on the use of the GIFMIS Budget Preparation 

Sub-System (BPS) (Mathew, 2024). This training aimed to equip budget officers with the necessary 

skills to efficiently utilize the system, ensuring accurate budget preparation and execution.  

Furthermore, the federal government has unveiled plans to deploy a Central Revenue System integrated 

with GIFMIS to enhance financial transparency and accountability. This system will monitor revenue 

generation and provide a consolidated dashboard of the revenue situation for all federal government-

owned enterprises, facilitating direct payments to beneficiaries and reducing opportunities for revenue 

leakage.  In a nutshell, the implementation of GIFMIS has been pivotal in reforming Nigeria's public 

financial management by centralizing financial operations, enhancing transparency, and improving 



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budgetary controls. These reforms contribute to more efficient public service delivery and bolster the 

government's efforts to combat financial mismanagement. 

2.1.5 Fraud and Fraud Mitigation 

Fraud is still a significant issue for all businesses, regardless of their size or complexity. It's a 

phenomenon that eats away at both growth and profit margins ((Larson,2016). People frequently 

question why there is so much fraud and why it is not identified sooner to prevent damages. Fraud is 

defined as a willful disdain for an organization’s structure and a concerted effort to circumvent it for 

personal gain. Fraud is commonly defined as intentional deception aimed at securing unlawful gain or 

depriving others of their rightful resources (Bello & Thomas, 2023). In the Nigerian public sector, one 

of the most pervasive forms of fraud is payroll fraud, particularly involving ghost workers—non-existent 

or unauthorized individuals listed on government payrolls. This malpractice results in significant 

financial losses, with estimates indicating that Nigeria loses over ₦100 billion annually due to ghost 

worker schemes. Ghost worker fraud encompasses various deceptive practices, including the inclusion 

of fictitious names, impersonation of former employees, and manipulation of employment records to 

illicitly obtain salaries (Stransact, 2024). These fraudulent activities are often facilitated by individuals 

with access to payroll systems, exploiting weaknesses in oversight and verification processes.   

2.2 Conceptual Framework 

Dependent Variable:      Independent Variables: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: Researcher’s Conceptual Framework Design, 2025 

 

 

 

2.3 Theoretical Framework 

This study employed fraud triangle theory to discuss the study. The Fraud Triangle Theory, developed 

by Donald Cressey in the 1950s, originally emerged from criminological studies of embezzlers, which 

 

 

FRAUD 

REDUCTION 

TSA 

IPPIS 

 

 GIFMIS 

 

 

E  

E 

Profit 

(Capital ) 

Appreciatio

n) 

 



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was termed “trust violators.” Cressey posited that three-elements, namely, pressure, opportunity, and 

rationalization—must coexist for occupational fraud to occur (Cressey, 1953). In financial management 

literature, the theory has become a foundational framework for understanding internal fraud, 

particularly in public sector institutions where weak controls create opportunities for misappropriation. 

In the Nigerian public sector, reforms such as the Treasury Single Account (TSA), Integrated Payroll 

and Personnel Information System (IPPIS), and Government Integrated Financial Management 

Information System (GIFMIS) are directly aligned with the fraud triangle framework by targeting the 

opportunity leg of the triangle. These systems introduce automation, centralization, and real-time 

monitoring, thereby closing loopholes that previously allowed for mismanagement and fraud (Omodero 

& Alege, 2023). For instance, TSA reduces opportunities for fund diversion by consolidating 

government accounts. IPPIS minimizes payroll fraud through biometric verification and centralized 

staff records, while GIFMIS ensures transparent budgeting and expenditure tracking. By mitigating 

opportunity and increasing transparency, these reforms make rationalization and concealment more 

difficult, thereby reducing fraud incidence (Nwaiwu & Adigwe, 2022). 

2.4 Empirical Review 

Several financial management practices have been introduced to reform and improve public sector 

performance in Nigeria. The Treasury Single Account (TSA), Government Integrated Financial 

Management Information System (GIFMIS), and Integrated Personnel and Payroll Information System 

(IPPIS) are notable examples of the modern financial management practices into the Nigerian public 

sector space.  

Bashir (2016) evaluated the effects of Treasury Single Account on Public Finance Management in 

Nigeria. The study examined the extent to which Treasury Single Account can block financial leakages, 

promotes transparency and accountability in the public financial management. Both primary and 

secondary data was employed. The populations of study were drawn from Ministries, Department and 

Agencies (MDAs) within Bauchi metropolis and a sample of 72 respondents were chosen through 

judgment sampling technique. Pearson Correlation technique was used to analyze using the Pearson 

Correlation techniques. The result of this research showed that adoption of a Treasury Single Account 

(TSA) is capable of plugging financial loopholes, promoting transparency and accountability in the 

public Financial System. The study recommends that for the success of this policy government should 

promulgate more legislation to make it mandatory for all the three tiers of government in Nigeria. 

Kanu (2016) assessed the positive effect of implementation of TSA on the Economy, the public 

accounting system and the undesired consequences on the liquidity base and presentation of banking 

sector in Nigeria. The populations of the study were drawn from 24 banks in Nigeria and the samples 

of ten banks were chosen through descriptive and inferential statistics. The data were analyzed using 



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Chi-square. The results obtained established that the implementation of TSA in the public accounting 

system impacted negatively on the liquidity base and the performance of banking sector in Nigeria. The 

study recommends that CBN and the Government should come up with an arrangement to address the 

issue of TSA considering the impact of the activities as the important factor for efficient management, 

control of government's cash resources as well as sustainability of banks.  

Badejo et al (2017) using exploratory study of the nexus of TSA policy in Nigeria: an exploratory 

discourse observed that the implementation of the policy is critical towards curbing financial leakages, 

excesses as in public finance, it eliminates financial indiscipline and ensure adequate fund flow that will 

be channeled to critical sectors of the economy. Thus, guiding government in its’ spending and receipts 

towards accelerating the rate of national growth and development. This is made in line with trajectory 

of the extant mismanagement of government resources. The study drew references from previous 

experiences of developed countries such as France, UK and other countries.  

Oyedokun (2016) using meta-analysis to study the imperative of TSA in Nigeria focusing on public 

federal institutions as the case study reported mixed results. He recommended TSA for the prevention 

of fraudulent activities and enable government to monitor its resources at a glance. He further noted 

that despite the legion of benefits of TSA, its challenges are abounded in Nigeria. Though, care must be 

taken in order not to allow the unenthusiastic effect of TSA to overpower the meaning of government. 

Kankpan et al., (2022) examined the extents to which the implementation of the TSA policy has affected 

the minimization of corruption and other unwholesome fraudulent practices in the Nigerian public 

sector. The study was conducted as a conceptual study by reviewing the works of several other 

researchers regarding the effect of TSA. The study concluded that notwithstanding the various 

strategies put in place by successive administrations in Nigeria to combat corruption and public sector 

fraud, it has persisted because of the lack of political will to put a definite end to the monster. The study 

recommended that the government through appropriate agencies should strengthen the process of TSA 

compliance 

Ajao, et al., (2022) study examined the effect of government integrated management information 

system on fraud prevention in Nigerian. Survey design was adopted. One hundred and Thirty-Seven 

(137) copies of questionnaires were administered to government employees in the selected agencies and 

one hundred and thirty-three (133) were returned. Descriptive and inferential (Multiple regression) 

were used to analyse the data. The result of the finding shows that integrated financial management 

information has significant effect on fraud prevention in Nigerian public sector. Adj. R2= 0.64, F- 

statistics 35.862, P- value. The study concluded that integrated financial management information 

system has significant effect on fraud management. The study recommended that the federal 

government should maintain the integrated financial management system so that when power changes, 



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they will continue to use the system that is already in place to avoid stagnating economic growth and 

development. 

Izang et al., (2024) study looked at how integrated management information systems affected fraud 

monitoring and detection in the Nigerian public sector. A survey design was used. Government 

employees in the chosen agencies were given 137 questionnaires; 133 of them were returned. Both 

descriptive and inferential (multiple regression) methods were used to analyze the data. Integrated 

financial management information has a significant impact on fraud detection in the Nigerian public 

sector, according to the findings. Information from integrated financial management has a significant 

impact on Nigeria’s public sector’s ability to monitor fraud. The integrated financial management 

information system can monitor and detect fraud, according to the study’s findings, and it is 

recommended that the federal government’s GIFMIS officers make sure the system is upgraded to 

include new capabilities. Instances of fraud should not be kept secret; instead, they should be made 

known, and those responsible should be held accountable. 

Micah and Ngerobo-A (2025) examine the effect of the Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information 

System on wage fraud control in Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of Education. Specifically, it assessed the 

influence of biometric verification, payroll automation, real-time staff record updating, and compliance 

with audit protocols on reducing wage fraud. The research adopted a survey design, targeting 

administrative, finance, and human resource personnel from the Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of 

Education. A stratified random sample of respondents was selected, and data were collected through a 

structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were employed using 

SPSS. Findings revealed that biometric verification and payroll automation contributed significantly to 

wage fraud control. However, real-time staff record updating and compliance with audit protocols did 

not have statistically significant effects. The study concluded that while IPPIS has improved payroll 

integrity through biometric and automation mechanisms, its full potential is hindered by weak 

implementation of real-time updates and audit compliance. This study contributes to public 

administration literature by empirically validating key IPPIS mechanisms in a high-risk ministry. It is 

recommended that government agencies enhance biometric data updates, strengthen automation 

infrastructure, improve training for HR and payroll staff, and enforce strict audit compliance to 

maximize IPPIS effectiveness.  

Emetaram and Ofor (2025) examined the effect of Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information 

System (IPPIS) on the reduction of Payroll malpractices in Public Service. The independent variable 

used was Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS) while ghost workers and payroll 

fraud were dependent variables. To achieve this purpose, research questions were raised, hypotheses 

were formulated and review of related literature was made. The study used a well-structured 



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questionnaire designed in likert 5- point scale and was administered on the Federal Civil Servants from 

different MDAs at the Federal Secretariat Complex, Awka, Anumbra state. The stated hypotheses were 

tested with the t-test technique. Findings revealed that Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information 

System had a positive and significant effect on the reduction of ghost workers as well as payroll fraud 

in Nigerian public service. The research concluded that integrated payroll and personnel information 

system exerted a positive and significant effect on the reduction of payroll malpractices in Nigerian 

public Service.  

Okonkwo et. al., (2023) examined the effect of implementation of IPPIS on the payment of staff of 

Nigeria Universities. The specific objectives were to examine the influence of IPPIS implementation on 

the gains of staff of Nigerian Universities and assess the influence of IPPIS implementation on the pains 

of staff of Nigerian Universities. The study adopted survey research design because it had to sort the 

opinions of respondents as regard to the issue of IPPIS implementation in Nigeria. The study 

population was two hundred and seventy-eight (278) respondents. The entire population was adopted 

as the sample size. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, presented in tables and 

analyzed using simple percentages. Formulated null hypotheses were tested using one sample t-test 

statistical tool at 0.05 level of significance through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 

23). The study found that IPPIS implementation had both significant influence of on the gains of staff 

of Nigerian Universities [pvalue=0.004, at 0.05 level of significance] and on the pains of staff of 

Nigerian Universities [pvalue=0.000, at 0.05 level of significance]. The study concluded that there is 

influence of IPPIS implementation on the gains and pains of staff of Nigerian Universities. 

Recommendations were made among other things that the implementation of IPPIS should be fully 

emphasized to consolidate on its gains and that more attention been given to IPPIS implementation in 

tackling the aforementioned challenges (pains of staff of Nigerian universities). 

Idris et., al (2015) examined Integrated Personnel Payroll and Information System (IPPIS) Panacea for 

Ghost Workers Syndrome in Nigerian Public Service. The study used data from both primary and 

secondary sources. The data were analyzed using the simple percentage, frequency tables, mean score 

and spearman rank order correlation technique. The study found that ghost workers syndrome was 

rampant in the public service and that the integrated personnel payroll and information system (IPPIS) 

if properly adopted in the public service, it would ensure a virile economy through enhance 

productivity. Effiong etal., (2017) examined the effects of Treasury Single Account (TSA), Integrated 

Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS), and Integrated Financial Management Information 

System (IFMIS) on fraud management in the public sector in Nigeria. The study was conducted using 

descriptive research design with questionnaire administered on respondents randomly selected from 

the studied Ministries. The linear regression model was employed in establishing the relationship 



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between variables and the study finding showed that TSA, IPPIS, and IFMIS have positive and 

significant relationship with Fraud and fraud management as well as jointly impact the performances 

of Public Interest Entities. 

3. Methodology 

The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. This design is appropriate because it enables 

the researcher to obtain quantitative data from respondents regarding the implementation of modern 

financial management practices—Treasury Single Account (TSA), Integrated Personnel and Payroll 

Information System (IPPIS), and Government Integrated Financial Management Information System 

(GIFMIS)—and their influence on fraud mitigation in federal government parastatals in Edo State. The 

design also allows for objective analysis through statistical tools. 

The population of this study comprises staff of federal Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) 

operating in Edo State, specifically those working in the Accounting, Audit, and Budget departments. 

These departments were selected because they are directly involved in the implementation and use of 

key modern financial management systems such as the Treasury Single Account (TSA), Integrated 

Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS), and Government Integrated Financial Management 

Information System (GIFMIS). 

For the purpose of this study, an estimated 12 federal MDAs were considered. Each MDA typically 

maintains an average of 10 relevant staff across the Accounting (4 staff), Audit (3 staff), and Budget (3 

staff) units. Based on this estimate, the total population for the study is: 

12 MDAs×10 staff per MDA=120 .Thus, the population size is 120 staff drawn from the three core 

financial management departments of the selected MDAs. 

The study utilized the Taro Yamane formula to determine an appropriate sample size.  

n=   N 

         1+N (e2) 

Where: 

N = 120 (population size) 

e = 0.05 (margin of error) 

Calculating: 

n =     120  =      120      =     120      =92. 

  1+120(0.052)        1+0.3               1.3 

Rounding up, the required sample size was approximately 92 respondents. Convenience sampling was 

employed to select participants who were readily available and willing to participate in the study. 

Primary data will be collected through a structured questionnaire designed in line with the research 

objectives. The questionnaire will consist of two sections: the first section will capture demographic 



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information of respondents, while the second section will measure the impact of integrated payroll and 

personnel information system, Treasury Single Account, Government Integrated Financial 

Management Information System of fraud mitigation in public sector using a Likert scale format. The 

Likert scale will be structured as follows: 1 - Strongly Disagree, 2 – Disagree, 3 – Neutral, 4 – Agree and 

5 - Strongly Agree 

To ensure the validity of the research instrument, the questionnaire will be reviewed by financial 

experts in public sector. A pilot study will be conducted with 10 staff to assess the clarity, relevance, and 

comprehensibility of the questionnaire items. The reliability of the instrument will be tested using 

Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, where a reliability coefficient of 0.7 or higher will indicate acceptable 

internal consistency. 

The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Descriptive 

statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and frequency distribution was used to summarize the data. 

Inferential statistical methods, including multiple regression analysis and Pearson correlation, was 

employed to determine the relationships between integrated payroll and personnel information system, 

Treasury Single Account, Government Integrated Financial Management Information System of fraud 

mitigation in public sector. Hypothesis testing will be conducted at a 0.05 significance level to ascertain 

the statistical impact of modern financial management practices on fraud mitigation in public sector. 

The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software will be utilized for data analysis. 

 Model Specification 

The study adopted a multiple regression model to examine the effect of modern financial management 

practices—Treasury Single Account (TSA), Integrated Personnel and Payroll Information System 

(IPPIS), and Government Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS)—on fraud 

mitigation in federal government parastatals in Edo State. 

The functional form of the model is expressed as: 

FM=f (TSA,IPPIS,GIFMIS)  

To transform the functional relationship into an econometric model, the following linear regression 

equation is specified: 

FMi=β0+β1TSAi+β2IPPISi+β3GIFMISi +μi  

Where: 

• FMi= Fraud Mitigation for respondent i (dependent variable) 

• TSAi = Treasury Single Account implementation for respondent i 

• IPPISi = Integrated Personnel and Payroll Information System for respondent i 

• GIFMISi  = Government Integrated Financial Management Information System for respondent  

• β0 = Intercept term (constant) 



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• β1,β2,β3 = Coefficients measuring the effect of TSA, IPPIS, and GIFMIS on fraud mitigation 

• μi = Error term capturing unobserved factors Apriori Expectation 

Based on theoretical and empirical literature, the expected signs of the coefficients are as follows: 

• β1>0 : Effective implementation of TSA is expected to improve fraud mitigation. 

• β2>0 : Adoption of IPPIS is expected to reduce payroll fraud, thereby improving fraud 

mitigation. 

• β3>0 : Use of GIFMIS is expected to enhance financial transparency and reduce financial 

irregularities. 

Thus, the general expectation is: β1, β2, β3>0  

4. ANALYSIS 

4.1 Descriptive Statistics 

Table 2: Descriptive Statistics 

Variable Mean Std. Deviation N 

FM (Dependent Variable) 19.1333 2.69343 92 

TSA 19.5556 2.4267 92 

IPPIS 19.2222 2.58394 92 

GFMIS 19.6889 2.09786 92 

Source: Author’s Computation, 2025 

The descriptive statistics summarize respondents’ perceptions of the dependent variable—fraud 

mitigation (FM)—and the independent variables: Treasury Single Account (TSA), Integrated Payroll 

and Personnel Information System (IPPIS), and Government Integrated Financial Management 

Information System (GIFMIS). 

The mean score for fraud mitigation is 19.13 with a standard deviation of 2.69 across 45 respondents. 

This relatively high mean indicates that respondents generally agree that fraud mitigation practices in 

their MDAs are moderately effective. The standard deviation suggests a moderate level of variation in 

responses, meaning that while many respondents share similar views, some variability in perceptions 

still exists. 

The TSA variable has a mean score of 19.56, which is slightly higher than the mean for fraud mitigation. 

This implies that respondents have a positive perception of the effectiveness of TSA in enhancing 

financial transparency and reducing financial leakages. The standard deviation of 2.43 indicates that 

responses are fairly consistent, with only modest variation among respondents regarding TSA’s 

effectiveness. 

IPPIS has a mean score of 19.22, suggesting that respondents generally agree that IPPIS positively 

contributes to reducing payroll-related fraud such as ghost workers and unauthorized payments. The 



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standard deviation of 2.58 shows moderate variability, indicating slight differences in how respondents 

perceive the implementation and impact of IPPIS across MDAs. 

GIFMIS recorded the highest mean score of 19.69 among all variables. This indicates that respondents 

strongly perceive GIFMIS as effective in improving financial reporting accuracy, expenditure control, 

and transparency in financial transactions. The relatively low standard deviation of 2.10 shows that 

responses are more consistent compared to the other variables, suggesting a strong collective 

agreement on the role of GIFMIS in supporting fraud mitigation. 

Overall, the descriptive statistics reveal that respondents have positive perceptions of all three modern 

financial management systems—TSA, IPPIS, and GIFMIS—and believe that these reforms significantly 

contribute to fraud mitigation in federal MDAs within Edo State. The relatively close mean values across 

variables indicate that the three systems are seen as mutually reinforcing tools for enhancing 

transparency, accountability, and integrity in public financial management. 

4.2 Regression Output 

Table 4.1: Regression Model Summary 

Model Summary 

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the 

Estimate 

1 .899a .808 .785 1.773 

a. Predictors: (Constant), integrated payroll and personnel information system, Treasury Single 

Account, Government Integrated Financial Management Information System. 

b. Dependent Variable: Fraud mitigation in public Sector 

Source: Author’s Computation, 2025 

Interpretation of Regression Model Summary 

The regression model summary shows an R value of 0.899, which indicates a very strong positive 

relationship between the independent variables; Treasury Single Account (TSA), Integrated Personnel 

and Payroll Information System (IPPIS), and Government Integrated Financial Management 

Information System (GIFMIS) and the dependent variable, fraud mitigation in the public sector. This 

means that improvements in the implementation of TSA, IPPIS, and GIFMIS are strongly associated 

with enhanced fraud mitigation in the Nigerian public sector. 

The R Square (R²) value is 0.808, meaning that 80.8% of the variation in fraud mitigation is explained 

by the combined effect of TSA, IPPIS, and GIFMIS. In practical terms, this shows that modern financial 

management practices play a significant role in reducing fraud within federal public institutions. The 

remaining 19.2% of the variation is attributed to other factors not included in the model, such as 



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internal audit capacity, organizational culture, management oversight, and other anti-corruption 

measures. 

The Adjusted R Square value is 0.785, which adjusts for the number of predictors in the model. It 

confirms that even when accounting for model complexity, 78.5% of the variations in fraud mitigation 

are still explained by the independent variables. This indicates that the model is robust and that the 

predictors contribute meaningfully to explaining fraud mitigation. 

Table 4.2: Model Fitness 

ANOVAa 

Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 

1 Regression 40.968 4 10.242 7.217 .007b 

Residual 978.887 212 4.617   

Total 1019.885 216    

a. Dependent Variable: Fraud mitigation in public Sector 

b. Predictors: (Constant), integrated payroll and personnel information system, Treasury Single 

Account, Government Integrated Financial Management Information System. 

Interpretation of ANOVA Table 

The ANOVA table assesses whether the regression model significantly predicts fraud mitigation in the 

public sector based on the combined effects of Treasury Single Account (TSA), Integrated Personnel 

and Payroll Information System (IPPIS), and Government Integrated Financial Management 

Information System (GIFMIS). 

The F-statistic is 7.217, with a corresponding significance (p-value) of 0.007. Since the p-value is less 

than 0.05, the result is statistically significant. This means that the regression model provides a good 

fit for the data, and the independent variables jointly have a significant effect on fraud mitigation in the 

Nigerian public sector. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



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Table 4.3: Regression Coefficient 

Interpretation of Regression Coefficients 

The regression coefficient table shows how each independent variable—IPPIS, TSA, and GIFMIS—

contributes to predicting fraud mitigation in the Nigerian public sector when the effects of the other 

variables are held constant. 

1. Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS) 

IPPIS has the strongest positive effect on fraud mitigation among all predictors. 

The coefficient (B = 4.094) indicates that a one-unit increase in IPPIS implementation leads to a 4.094-

unit increase in fraud mitigation, holding all other variables constant.The standardized coefficient (Beta 

= 0.803) confirms its strong relative influence. 

The significance value (p = 0.002, < 0.05) shows that IPPIS significantly contributes to reducing payroll 

fraud, ghost workers, and personnel-related financial irregularities. 

2. Treasury Single Account (TSA) 

TSA also has a positive and significant effect on fraud mitigation. A coefficient of 1.740 means that a 

one-unit increase in TSA effectiveness increases fraud mitigation by 1.740 units. Although its 

standardized coefficient (Beta = 0.109) is smaller than that of IPPIS, TSA remains statistically 

Model Unstandardized 

Coefficients 

Standardized 

Coefficients 

T Sig. 

B Std. Error Beta 

1 (Constant) 1.992 .302  3.074 .000 

integrated payroll 

and personnel 

information 

system 

4.094 .885 .803 5.098 .002 

Treasury Single 

Account 

1.740 .390 .109 4.192 .003 

Government 

Integrated 

Financial 

Management 

Information 

System. 

1.173 .805 .115 1.457 .029 

a.  b. Dependent Variable:  Fraud mitigation in public Sector 



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significant (p = 0.003). 

This suggests that TSA enhances accountability by reducing leakages, blocking multiple accounts, and 

centralizing revenue receipts. 

3. Government Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS) 

GIFMIS has a positive and statistically significant effect on fraud mitigation.The B-value (1.173) means 

that a one-unit improvement in GIFMIS leads to a 1.173-unit increase in fraud mitigation, holding other 

factors constant. The significance value (p = 0.029) shows that the effect is statistically meaningful, 

although weaker compared to IPPIS and TSA. GIFMIS contributes through improved expenditure 

control, automated financial reporting, and reduction of manual processing errors. 

4.3 Test of Hypotheses  

The study tested three null hypotheses to determine whether modern financial management practices 

significantly influence fraud mitigation in the Nigerian public sector.  

The first null hypothesis stated that the Treasury Single Account (TSA) has no significant effect on fraud 

mitigation. The regression result, however, showed a significance value of 0.003, which is less than the 

0.05 threshold. This indicates that the contribution of TSA to fraud mitigation is statistically 

meaningful. Therefore, the null hypothesis that TSA has no significant effect on fraud mitigation is 

rejected. 

The second null hypothesis proposed that the Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System 

(IPPIS) has no significant effect on fraud mitigation. The regression coefficient for IPPIS produced a p-

value of 0.002, which is also below the 0.05 level of significance. This implies that IPPIS significantly 

influences the extent to which fraud is mitigated in the public sector, particularly by addressing payroll-

related irregularities. Consequently, the null hypothesis that IPPIS has no significant effect on fraud 

mitigation is rejected. 

The third null hypothesis stated that the Government Integrated Financial Management Information 

System (GIFMIS) has no significant effect on fraud mitigation. The analysis yielded a p-value of 0.029, 

which is equally below the acceptable significance level of 0.05. This shows that GIFMIS contributes 

significantly to reducing fraudulent activities through improved financial recording and control 

mechanisms. Therefore, the null hypothesis that GIFMIS has no significant effect on fraud mitigation 

is also rejected. 

Overall, the results of the hypothesis testing demonstrate that all three components of modern financial 

management—TSA, IPPIS, and GIFMIS—play statistically significant roles in enhancing fraud 

mitigation in federal public sector institutions in Edo State. 



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4.4 Discussion of Findings 

The findings of this study reveal that modern financial management practices—Treasury Single 

Account (TSA), Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS), and Government 

Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS)—significantly enhance fraud 

mitigation in federal government parastatals in Edo State. This aligns with a growing body of literature 

that recognizes the role of digital public financial reforms in promoting accountability and reducing 

financial irregularities in developing economies. 

The study found that TSA has a significant positive effect on fraud mitigation. This outcome 

corresponds with the position of Agu and Okoli (2020), who argued that TSA strengthens expenditure 

control by consolidating government cash resources, thereby reducing opportunities for diversion and 

unauthorized spending. Similarly, Olowookere and Adegbite (2019) reported that TSA enhances 

transparency by limiting the operation of multiple government bank accounts, which were previously 

avenues for financial leakages. The evidence from this study reinforces these findings, suggesting that 

the implementation of TSA in Edo State MDAs has contributed to improved financial discipline and 

better monitoring of fund inflows and outflows. 

The study also showed that IPPIS significantly influences fraud mitigation and has the strongest effect 

among the three variables. This aligns with the assertions of Olojede and Ugochukwu (2021), who 

emphasized that IPPIS is instrumental in eliminating ghost workers, inflated payrolls, and 

unauthorized salary payments. The significant effect of IPPIS in this study confirms its effectiveness in 

addressing personnel-related fraud, which has historically plagued the Nigerian public sector. Olaoye 

and Adedeji (2020) also found that IPPIS promotes payroll integrity by automating human resource 

and salary processes, reducing human interference and manipulation. The strong predictive power of 

IPPIS in this study further validates its central role in improving accountability in the public workforce 

management system. 

Additionally, the study revealed that GIFMIS contributes significantly to fraud mitigation, though to a 

slightly lesser extent compared to TSA and IPPIS. This finding is consistent with Adegite (2019), who 

noted that GIFMIS enhances budget execution, improves financial reporting accuracy, and supports 

internal controls through real-time data processing. The study also corroborates the view of Ojo and 

Fapohunda (2020), who stated that GIFMIS minimizes manual processing errors, reduces record 

manipulation, and supports transparency in government financial transactions. The significance of 

GIFMIS in the present study suggests that its application in Edo State MDAs has improved monitoring, 

reconciliation, and reporting efficiency, thereby aiding fraud prevention. 

Overall, the combined significance of TSA, IPPIS, and GIFMIS confirms that modern financial 

management reforms are effective mechanisms for strengthening fraud mitigation in Nigeria’s public 



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sector. The findings support the broader theoretical argument advanced by Diamond and Khemani 

(2006) that integrated financial systems improve public financial governance, reduce corruption 

incentives, and promote accountability. The study reinforces the growing consensus that digital-based 

public financial reforms are critical to addressing fraud in public organizations, especially within 

developing countries like Nigeria. 

5. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 

5.1 Summary of Findings 

This study investigated the impact of modern financial management practices—Treasury Single 

Account (TSA), Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS), and Government 

Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS)—on fraud mitigation in federal 

government parastatals in Edo State. Using a survey research design and multiple regression analysis, 

the study found that all three financial management reforms significantly contribute to reducing 

fraudulent activities and improving transparency within the public sector. 

First, the study revealed that the implementation of the Treasury Single Account has a significant 

positive effect on fraud mitigation. TSA enhances expenditure control, consolidates public finances, 

and minimizes opportunities for diversion and mismanagement of funds. 

Second, the Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System emerged as the strongest predictor 

of fraud mitigation. The findings show that IPPIS effectively reduces payroll fraud through the 

elimination of ghost workers, improper salary payments, and manipulation of personnel records. 

Third, the Government Integrated Financial Management Information System was also found to have 

a meaningful effect on fraud mitigation. GIFMIS increases the accuracy of financial reporting, improves 

budget execution, and reduces manual processing errors which often serve as avenues for financial 

malfeasance. 

Overall, the study established that modern financial management systems play a critical role in 

strengthening public financial accountability and reducing fraud in the Nigerian public sector. 

5.2 Conclusion 

Based on the findings, the study concludes that modern financial management practices—TSA, IPPIS, 

and GIFMIS—are effective mechanisms for mitigating fraud in federal government parastatals in Edo 

State. These systems introduce automation, transparency, and improved financial controls that limit 

human interference and reduce opportunities for manipulation of financial data. The successful 

implementation of these reforms has enhanced accountability, improved revenue management, and 

strengthened public confidence in government financial operations. The study therefore affirms that 

continuous investment in digital financial reforms is essential for promoting integrity and minimizing 

corruption in Nigeria’s public sector. 



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5.3 Recommendations 

In light of the findings and conclusion, the following recommendations are made: 

1. The Federal Government should ensure full compliance with TSA policies across all MDAs in 

Edo State. Regular monitoring and sanctions for non-compliance will help to prevent loopholes that 

could be exploited for fraudulent activities. 

2. The government should continue updating IPPIS databases, conduct periodic staff verification 

exercises, and integrate more MDAs into the system. This will further reduce payroll irregularities and 

ensure that only legitimate employees receive salaries. 

3. Continuous upgrades of GIFMIS infrastructure and user training are essential to improve system 

efficiency. Staff involved in financial reporting should receive regular capacity-building programs to 

ensure accuracy and reduce technical errors. 

4. While modern financial systems are effective, they should be complemented by strong internal 

control systems such as internal audits, compliance units, and monitoring mechanisms to detect and 

prevent fraud early. 

5. The government should regularly review TSA, IPPIS, and GIFMIS policies to address emerging 

challenges, ensure system relevance, and sustain progress in fraud mitigation efforts. 

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