




































American Research Journal of Economics, Finance and Management 

Volume 11 Issue 3, July-September 2023 

ISSN: 2836-9416 

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38 | P a g e  

EXPLORING THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON 
FARMING IN JOWHAR, SOMALIA 

 
 

1Abdirashid Hussein Ali and 2Farid Ahmed Khan 
1Somali National University, 

2Professor, Department of Economics, University of Rajshahi, 
 

Abstract: Drought is a recurring natural phenomenon with significant global impacts. Various 
regions around the world, including India, Israel, southern Africa, and parts of China, experience 
drought events at different intervals. In some cases, like the North China Plain, droughts have 
occurred frequently, with 35 reported instances over the past four decades. Both Australia and the 
United States have faced severe droughts in recent years, with California enduring prolonged periods 
of low precipitation from 1987 to 1992, and Australia experiencing only one drought-free year in a 
five-year span. 
Northeastern Brazil is particularly susceptible to droughts, occurring approximately every four years 
and often accompanied by flooding. Drought events have had severe consequences, resulting in loss 
of life and economic disruptions on densely populated continents. For instance, between 1985 and 
1988, an estimated 28 million people were affected by drought in India, although Africa has been 
arguably the most severely impacted region. 
Keywords: Drought, recurring phenomenon, global impact, India, Israel, southern Africa, North 
China Plain, Australia, United States, northeastern Brazil, consequences, Africa. 
  
1. Introduction   
Drought is an overall marvel. Dry grounds in India experience dry spell once at regular intervals, and a 
comparative recurrence is seen in Israel, southern Africa, and parts of China, albeit in the North China 
Plain there have been 35 announced dry seasons over the most recent forty years. Australia and the 
United States have both experienced significant dry seasons this century: California endured back-to-
back long stretches of low precipitation between 1987 and1992 and Australia was totally liberated from 
a dry spell for just a single year in a similar five-year time frame. In northeastern Brazil, dry spells 
happen eight out of at regular intervals, frequently joined by floods. Drought has been reprimanded for 
the demise and financial disturbance on totally occupied mainland’s; in 1985 – 1988, for instance, 28 
million individuals are accepted to have been influenced by the dry season in India in the time frame, 
Although Africa seems to have been the most exceedingly awful influenced.    
The dry spells of the mid-1980s made a large number of natural evacuees in Africa and colossal 
languishing over those abandoned. Three huge droughts occurred in the Sahel zone in the twenty-first 
century— during the 1910s, 1940s, and1970s. The last is of most worry since it appears to have 
broadcasted the start of usually drier conditions that have impacted 80% of the number of occupants 
in the Sahel (Lin, Deng, 2013) Water deficit during dry season spells is maybe the primary pressing 
factor factors in reap creation around the globe (Nagar, 2017) It can provoke basic yield decline or even 

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39 | P a g e  

reap disillusionment. Near the negative effects of water weight on the yield sum, the quality can 
similarly be influenced (W. Paper and Issues, 2011). The Horn of Africa is experiencing the most 
genuine food crisis on earth today Over 12 million people are truly impacted in Djibouti, Ethiopia, 
Kenya, and Somalia which is the point of convergence of the crisis. The circumstance has extended 
when contrasted with what acquired a half year back, undoubtedly there is an expansion of about 38% 
in the dry season circumstance to the degree that starvation was authoritatively announced by the 
United Nations on the twentieth of July 2011 in the center of Southern Somalia (Wilhite, 2000). In 1974 
was given the name of Abartidabadeer (“long-tailed”) by people throughout the Ogden and Somalia, 
because it was triggered by a drought that lasted for two years. There is a widespread perception in 
Somali Region that droughts occur more frequently than in the past. ‘I remember when I was a child, 
the droughts didn’t happen so often.  
Somali Region has truth be told endured a progression of dry seasons since 1999/2000 and a few zones 
have confronted three years or a greater amount of sub-optimal precipitation. Despite the way that 
droughts impact occupations in rural zones most direct and rapidly, since trained creatures and yield 
creation depend clearly upon precipitation, dealers and expert centers whose business depends upon 
country compensation are moreover unfavorably affected, as they face declining interest for their 
product and ventures. Retail stores in country settlements lost compensation, and a couple of stores 
needed to close down. ('Most associations are engaging to find enough customers'; 'The families who 
were our customers are buying only one quarter what they used to take (W. Paper and Issues, 2011). In 
hypothetically, Drought by implication affects rural exercises. The immediate effect incorporates 
diminished harvest yield, rangeland, and wood productivities. The outcome of these effects brings 
about a decrease in the pay of ranchers and agro-based businesses, it includes food deficiency and 
movement to metropolitan zones. This makes dry spell transients increment tension on the social 
foundation of the metropolitan territories and prompts expanded destitution (Cafer, 2011).   
Agriculture usually plays a vital role in the economy of every nation that exists. Not only for the reason 
that it tends to feed the entire population of a country but also in the respect that agriculture correlates 
and interacts with all the related industries of that country. (“Agricultural Production and Productivity,” 
2014). A country is generally viewed as a social and politically stable country on the off chance that it 
has a truly steady agrarian premise. A stable horticultural industry guarantees a Country of food 
security. Food security is viewed as one of the necessities of any country. No country can viably develop 
with a stable farming base while holding a country of "hungry individuals", as these hunger individuals 
can do nothing what-so-ever towards building up their country. Food security forestalls starvation 
which has customarily been viewed as perhaps the biggest issue being capable by the little agricultural 
countries. Most nations rely on farming items and related enterprises for their significant kind of 
revenue.   
Indeed, even the recently non-industrial nations will find that they rely on and can profit enormously 
from their farming industry (Lin et al, 2013). Drought is a current problem that results from harmful 
agriculture production of Somalia that cause came from less rain or unearned expected water that 
generally has not rained in most Somali regions. However, reduction of agriculture production can 
create a decrease of income of the farmers, increase in poverty level, enhancing the rate of 

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unemployment, less of gross domestic production, so the researcher requires to investigate this 
problem whether exist or not. (S. Paper, 2010).   
After the Somali government imploded in 1991, the nation crushed by the common war, and tribe 
partition assumes a significant part in the troublesome circumstance that exists in our local country. 
Sadly, it is made uncountable relocation from rustic metropolitan for purpose of endurance because a 
large portion of the ranchers rely on essential of horticultural creation so they moved at the spot that 
appropriates for life yet the low pay of the rancher is a significant angle that has it is own difficult which 
makes inaccessibility of fundamental requirements of the ranchers if there is an absence of water there 
is no farming creation so the two elements are the establishment of each general public on the planet 
(Africana, 2011). This study has fulfilled the improvement of water that farmers get from the rivers and 
promote farmers to enhance their productivity of agriculture to reduce poverty and increase their 
standard of living. The primary target of this investigation is to look at the significant part of drought 
in agriculture in Somalia between the time frames 1970 and 2018, applying the with the help of SPSS 
software using frequency, percentage, and means to accomplish this wide level headed, this paper is 
explicitly planned. This is to identify the impact of farming in Jowhar Somalia, to focus the relationship 
between drought and on livestock in Jowhar Somalia to identify the effect of drought on socioeconomic    
1.2: conceptual framework Figure 1: Conceptual Framework  

 
Drought can reduce livestock and socioeconomic and necessary productive farm, resulting negative 
significance direct and indirect impact of livestock and socio-economic agriculture sector. Drought can 
also contribute insect outbreak increase in wildfire and altered rates of carbon, nutrient and water 
cycling. The direct impact of socioeconomic impact of drought is crop failure and pasture losses. These 
costs are often passed on to consumers through increased prices.   
If plant growth is stopped by drought forage quality may decline rapidly because livestock selectively 
graze the highest quality forage first. The rate of decline in forage quality and during drought is much 
more pronounced than in an average growing season but the high risk of socioeconomic droughts 
remains as climate change prediction presage a warmer climate with possibility worsening reduction of 
socio economic, farming and livestock. economic impacts to the agricultural sector. Drought can also 
contribute to insect outbreaks, increases in wildfire and altered  

FARMING   

LIVESTOCK   

DROUGHT 
  

SOCIOECONOMY   

The relationship between these variables.   

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  

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2. Literature review   
To explore the role of economic development on farming in Mogadishu, Somalia. To consider the 
relationship between livestock production and economic development in Mogadishu, Somalia. This 
study used Descriptive Design and explanatory data on the Agricultural production of livestock and 
Farming, and the Economic Development from March-28 to June 2017. The study analysis has these 
two independent variables such as farming and livestock production affects Economic development in 
Somalia. The study explored the role of farming and livestock in economic development in Mogadishu, 
Somalia. The researchers checked the regression hypothesis before taking place further analysis. The 
dependent variable economic development was normally allocated to all the actors’ independent 
variables. Two hypotheses were developed after reviewing the literature (Ahmed et al, 2017).   
This study struggles to solve the perplexity in the evaluation of the effects of drought on the price 
fluctuation of agricultural products by building a partial equilibrium model that describes the balancing 
process of supply and demand quantitatively. We formulated a database for the IAEEE model just like 
other computable equilibrium models such as The Enormous Regional Model (TERM), the Global 
Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, and the European car emissions (Hertel 1997; Denis and Koop 
man 1998; Horridge, Madden, and Wittwer 2005). Applying the IAEEE model for drought, we estimate 
the effects of drought in North China on national market prices of agricultural products under the three 
designated scenarios— mild drought, moderate drought, and severe drought. The results announced 
that the price fluctuations of agricultural products differ from scenario to scenario. (Lin et al., 2013).  
Studies focus on property break and less so on higher-order, and intangible (non-market, 
environmental, and social) impacts. The available literature on macroeconomic effects of natural 
disasters studied mainly on the rapid onset, typically geophysical hazards. Slow onset hazards such as 
drought requires a different methodology. In Europe, the only existing large-scale study bases on a 
survey conducted by the Directorate General (DG) Environment in 2006-2007. The economic impacts 
of droughts for the past 30 years have been predicted to top 100 billion Eur. In the most recent years, 
the annual costs escalated to over 6.2 billion euros (Markandya & Mysiak, 2010).  
This study, therefore, was arranged to reduce the information gap that exists on the impact of climate 
change on livestock production at the Mpolonjeni Area Development Program. The study was both 
qualitative and quantitative in that it used peoples’ perceptions and empirical data to create the impact 
of climate change on livestock production. Shows the number of households that own livestock. As 
shown by the results, 12.1% of the households own only cattle, 22.0% own goats only, and 32.2% own 
both cattle and goats. Thirty-four percent (33.7%) of the households had no livestock ( Nkondze et al., 
2013).  
3. Methodology  
The main purpose of the study was to check the relationship between the impact of drought and 
agriculture production in Jowhar farmers in Somalia. This study was organized quantitative design and 
correlation design. The correlation is research in which the researcher determined to an extent an 
association exists between two or paired variables (Oso&Onen, 2008). The researcher selected this 
design because he investigated the relationship between two variables.  
The target population of this study is Jowhar society, the accessible population is the society of 
agricultural production bases such as Jowhar where drought happened. After the end of the research, 

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we believe that this study applied to all other areas in which drought was enacted homogeneously. To 
assure the impact of drought on agricultural production, the target population of this study was 100 of 
Jowhar society, (Ahmed, 2014).  
 This study had drought victims who consist of the 100 and error can be 0.1 So, we used the following  
formula known as Slovene’s formula that has written as:  

  
  
120000  

 
1 + 120000(0.1)2                = 100  
Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was obtained (100) 
farmers. Secondary data was acquired through reviewing related literature such as published books, 
magazines, journals, and internet sources  
 3.1: Data Source and Analysis   
To get data from the respondents through the above instruments, the researcher visited the personally 
and administered the questionnaires to the sample larger farmers and small farmers. They were 
thoroughly briefed about the procedure of filling the questionnaire. The numbers of the sample large 
farmers were noted and the results of the small farmers were taken from the controller the owners of 
farmers. This study was applying quantitative methods for analyzing the data. Tables and percentages 
charts were used to present and analyze the data in an appropriate way. The data was made using 
Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) as a tool for analyzing the data.  
For determining the validity of questionnaires item analysis to total Person Product–Moment 
Coefficient of Correlation (r) was computed. The validity coefficients of the questionnaire the same 
package was used to analyze by computing relative frequencies, means, standard deviations, and other 
relevant statistics at the unit variety Level, and among others. 
Table 1: Data Interpretation  

Mean Range  Respondents Mode  Interpretation  

1.00 up to 1.80  Strongly Agree  Excellence  

1.80 up to 2.60  Agree  Very good  

2.60 up to 3.40  Neutral  Normal  

3.40 up to 4.20  Disagree  Poor  

4.20 up to 5.00  Strongly disagree  Very poor  
4. Findings   
The first objective of this study was to identify the impact of Drought on farming in Jowhar farmers in 
Somalia. The respondents were required to indicate the extent of agreement with each of the items by 
writing the number that best describes their perceptions. To achieve that objective, the respondents 
were asked several statements related to drought on farming to know their views or opinion. The results 
are summarized in the following  

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Table 2: Impact of drought on farming in Jowhar Somalia 
Farming  Mean  Std. 

Deviation  
Farming in Somalia is a major employment activity and is the 
largest economic sector in the country.  

1.94  1.221  

There is a strong negative relation between farming Production and 
drought.  

2.11  1.043  

The result of farming production and livestock production shows 
an effect that 

    

they have a positive and significant effect on economic 
development in Somalia.  

2.19  1.293  

Farming is an important economic activity in Somalia not only in 
terms of 

    

meeting the food needs of the population but also in terms of 
generating income through crops.  

 2.16  1.245  

The quantities of goods produced on farms have, in contrast, Risen 
dramatically.   

2.95  1.344  

Total mean & Std. deviation  2.27  1.22  

Source Primary Data 2022  
The above table presented that to identify the impact of drought on farming in Jowhar farmers in 
Somalia. Was scored Average Mean 2.27overall, these results show to identify the impact of drought on 
farming in Jowhar farmers in Somalia.  
Is mostly very good and this is indicated by the total average Mean. Respondents were asked whether 
they know Farming in Somalia is a major employment activity and is the largest economic sector in the 
country. The mean score of 1.94 and standard deviation of 1.221, indicates that most of the farmers 
agree that crop production is an important part of their internal environment of the farmers. also, were 
asked whether there is a strong negative relation between farming Production and drought. The mean 
scored of 2.11 and the standard deviation was 1.043 this indicates that the respondents agree that 
drought affects farms. Respondents were also asked the result of farming production and livestock 
production shows an effect that they have a positive and significant effect on economic development in 
Somalia the mean score of 2.19 and standard deviation of. 1.293 So it tells us that respondents agree 
that economic development depends on farming. it asked Farming is an important economic activity in 
Somalia not only in terms of meeting the food needs of the population but also in terms of generating 
income through crops. The mean score of 2.16 and standard deviation of 1.245 indicates agree. if the 
quantities of goods produced on farms have, in contras Risen dramatically. The mean score is 2.95 and 
the standard deviation is 1.344. This indicates that Q5 is agreed.  
 
 
 
 

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Table 3: Impact of drought on livestock in Jowhar Somalia  
Livestock    

Mean  
Std.  
Deviation  

Livestock is a very important livelihood asset for the People in both 
rural and urban.  

1.79  1.122  

Literature is pointing to the fact that climate change Does Affect 
livestock production and livestock systems.  

2.43  1.075  

Livestock has also been affected by the critical shortage of water and 
pasture.  

2.26  1.228  

Estimation of livestock numbers and past growth rates, Somalia has 
about 3.69 

     

million camels, 0.80 million head of Cattle, 13.4 million goats, and 
11.75 million sheep.  

 2.75  1.274  

Livestock is the backbone of the country’s economy and supports the 
largest production community of the Somali People.  

2.20  1.371  

Total mean & Std. Deviation  2.28  1.21  
     Source Primary Data 2022  
The above table presented that the impact of drought on livestock in Jowhar Somalia Was scored 
Average mean 2.28overall, these results indicate that the employees of farmers in Jowhar so the result 
indicate to identify the impact of drought on livestock in Jowhar farmers in middle Shebelle Somalia.   
Respondents were asked Livestock is a very important livelihood asset for the People in both rural and 
Urban this question has different information according to the data; the mean value indicates 1.75 and 
Std.   
Deviation 1.122 they told us that respondents strongly agree that livestock is important. also, were asked 
that Literature is pointing to the fact that climate change does affect livestock Production and livestock 
systems. The mean score shows 2.43 and a standard deviation of 1.075 this indicates that they agree. 
Respondents were asked Livestock have also been affected by the critical shortage of Water and Pasture. 
The mean score of 2.26 and standard deviation of 1.228 indicate that respondents agree that livestock 
needs water. they were asked Estimation of livestock numbers and past growth rates, Somalia has about 
3.69 million Camels, 0.80 million head of Cattle, 13.4 million goats, and 11.75 million sheep. mean 
indicates 2.75 and ST. Deviation 1.274 shows us that they agree Somalia has a lot of livestock. they were 
asked Livestock is the backbone of the country’s economy and supports the largest Production 
community of the Somali People. The mean value is 2.20 and the Std deviation is 1.371 this identifies 
agree that Somali people depend on livestock. 
 
 
 

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Table 4: Impact of drought on Socio-economic in Jowhar Somalia   
Socio-economic    

Mean  
Std.  
Deviation  

When the shortage of water exists and agricultural production 
Was declines, it  

    

creates an imbalance between demand and supply.  1.77  .930  

The harm of agriculture production can increase the mortality 
rate of farmers because They depend upon their production.  

2.45  1.175  

If the agriculture production mitigates it may cause an increase in 
the unemployment rate of farmers.  

2.55  1.242  

Socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for water 
exceeds the Supply  

2.42  1.249  

Small businessman (retailer) who take the outcomes of the 
farmers they Also suffer a decrease in their business.  

2.62  1.324  

Total mean & std. Deviation  2.3  1.184  
   Source Primary Data 2022  
The above table examined the impact of socio-economic effects of drought in Jowhar Somalia was 
scored Average 2.3overall. Respondents were asked when the shortage of water exists and agriculture 
production was a decline, it creates an imbalance between demand and supply. The mean score of 1.77 
and the standard deviation of .930. This means the majority had strongly agreed with this idea. They 
were also asked that the Harm of agriculture production can increase the mortality rate of farmers 
because they depend upon their production. Mean score of 2.45 and standard deviation of 1.175. This 
indicates that they agree that agriculture production will cause high mortality of the farmers or their 
children. and were asked If agriculture production mitigate it may cause an increase in the 
unemployment rate of the farmers. they strongly agreed with a mean score of 2.55 and a standard 
deviation of 1.242 this shows agree because if agriculture production mitigates it may cause 
unemployment. Respondents were asked if whether a Socioeconomic drought occurs when the water 
demand exceeds the supply. The mean score of 2.42 and the standard deviation of 1.249. Q4 agrees that 
this occurs when there is a shortage of rain. Respondents were asked if that small businessman 
(retailers) who take the outcomes of the farmers they also suffer a decrease in their business. The mean 
score of 2.62 and the standard deviation of 1.324. The majority of respondents who Supported this idea 
are neutral. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Table 5: Impact of drought on Agricultural production in Jowhar Somalia.  

Drought    
Mean  

Std. 
Deviation  

Drought is Africa's principal type of natural disaster.  1.65  .626  

Definition of drought Is an unrealistic expectation.  1.99  .718  

The extent and intensity of Drought impacts are 
determined Prevailing economic conditions  

2.14  .888  

Drought can be classified under four broad categories 
Physical, social, economic, and Environmental.  

2.07  .879  

Drought affects agricultural production, livestock, and 
Socioeconomic.  

1.72  .642  

Total mean & std. deviation  1.9  3.753  
    Source Primary Data 2022 
The above table presented that to identify the impact of drought on agriculture production in Jowhar 
Somalia, was scored Average mean 1.9 overall, the result indicates to identify the impact of socio-
economic drought on agriculture production in Jowhar farmers in Somalia. This is indicated by the 
total average of 1.9. Respondents were asked that Drought is Africa's principal type of natural disaster. 
Respondents strongly agree with a mean score of 1.65 and a standard deviation of .626. they indicated 
that natural disaster affects economic development. They were asked that the Definition of drought Is 
an unrealistic expectation. Respondents agreed with a mean score of 1.99 and a standard deviation of 
.718 most of them had supported those farmers feel disappointed for their production when during 
drought. They were asked that the extent and intensity of Drought impacts are determined by prevailing 
economic conditions. They agreed with a mean score of 2.14 and a standard deviation of .888. Because 
agriculture usually plays a vital role in the economy of every nation that exists. They were asked Drought 
can be classified under four broad categories Physical, social, economic, and Environmental. They 
agreed with a mean score of 2.07 and a standard deviation of.879.   
Respondents were asked Drought affects agricultural production, livestock, and socio-economic. 
Respondents strongly agreed with a mean score of 1.72 and a standard deviation of .642   
4.1: Correlation Analysis   
The first objective of this study was to identify the relationship between drought and farming in Jowhar 
Somalia. The correlation between drought and farming as table 6 shows is 0.447 It tells us that a one-
level increase of drought leads to 0.447 lower farming. The probability of this correlation coefficient 
occurring by chance is .000. This coefficient shows that there is a statistically weak relationship between 
drought on farming (r = 0.447, p < .01). Thus, hypothesis 1 is accepted. The second objective of this 
study was to know the impact of drought on livestock in Jowhar Somalia. The correlation between 
drought and livestock as table 6 shows is 0.697. It tells us that a one-level increase of drought leads to 
0.358 lower livestock. The probability of this correlation coefficient occurring by chance is .000. This 
coefficient shows that there is a weak relationship between drought and livestock (r = 0.358, p < .01). 
Thus, hypothesis 2 is accepted. The third objective was to examine the relationship between drought 
and socio-economic in Jowhar, Somalia. The correlation between drought and socio-economic as table 

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6 shows is 0.352. The probability of this correlation coefficient occurring by chance is .000. This 
coefficient shows that there is a weak relationship between drought on socio-economic (r = 0.352, p < 
.01). Thus, hypothesis 3 is accepted.  
Table 6: Correlations between Drought, Farming, and Socioeconomic  

Correlations  Drought  Farming  Livestock  Socio-economy  

Pearson Correlation  1  .447**  .358**  .352**  

Sig. (2-tailed)    .000  .000  .000  

N  100  100  100  100  
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).   
4. Discussion and Conclusion   
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of drought on agricultural production by using 
the simple correlation analytical technique analysis and collecting data through questionnaire, with a 
sample size of 100 Jowhar residence. The problem that researchers wanted to realize is the impact of 
drought on agricultural production in Jowhar farmers in Somalia, as well as to examine the drought is 
applicable in Somalia. After analyzing the data collected from Jowhar residence the researcher reached 
the following results:    
the correlation between the relationship between drought on farming (r= .447, P<.01) indicated that 
there is a negative relationship between drought and farming however; also we found that there is a 
strong negative relationship between drought and livestock (r=.358, P<0.01); and finally there is a weak 
relationship between drought and agricultural production which was (r=.352<0.01) these findings 
supported by the previous study made by ((Nagar, 2017) which was examined the relationship between 
drought and agricultural production. Finally, the study revealed a weak relationship between drought 
and agricultural production.   
Drought is one problem that influences numerous parts like social, natural, and affordable, besides; 
horticulture creation can have an indispensable impact for each country particularly in the creating and 
under-creating region.  
Reference  

Wilhite, D. A. ,2014. Managing drought risk in a changing climate : The role of national drought policy. 
Weather and Climate Extremes, 3, 13.  

Dellal, I. ,2010. The economic impacts of drought on agriculture : The case of Turkey I – Introduction. 
174, 169.  

Ryan, G. ,2018. On-farm irrigated maize production in the Somali Gu season. African Journal of 
Agricultural Research, 13, 96.  

Zhou, S. ,2017. Drought risk assessment using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of Gujarat. 
International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 4, 38.  

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Paper, W. ,2011. Impact of Migration on Economic and Social Development A Review of Evidence and 
Emerging Issues.  

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Addis Ababa , Ethiopia overview of the drought situation in the horn of Africa.  

Devereux, S. ,2007. The impact of droughts and floods on food security and policy options to alleviate 
negative effects.  

Zhongzheng, L. ,2015. Status and Prospect of Agricultural Remote Sensing. 5.  

Wilhite, D. A. ,2000. Concepts and Definitions Drought as a Natural Hazard. Concepts and Definitions 
Drought as a Natural Hazard, 13.  

Cafer, A. M. ,2011. A Survey of Agricultural Productivity and Nutritional Status in Rural South Wollo , 
Ethiopia. 

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