American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) ISSN (Print) 2313-4410, ISSN (Online) 2313-4402 © Global Society of Scientific Research and Researchers http://asrjetsjournal.org/ Decolorization of Textile Effluents Applying Sequential Operation of Prepared Activated Carbons Nagalakshmi, T. V.a*, Emmanuel, K. A.b, Suresh Babu, Ch.c, Chakrapani, Ch.d a Department of chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna nagar, Guntur-522510, A.P., India. b Department of Chemistry, Sir C R Reddy Autonomous College, Eluru-534 007, A.P., India. c Department of Science & Humanities, Eluru College of Engineering & Technology, Eluru-534004, A.P., India. d Department of Basic science & Humanities, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru-521356, A.P., India. aEmail: mannava_laxmi@yahoo.com Abstract Three activated carbons were prepared from bio-waste material and their adsorption efficiency in removal of textile effluents was tested. During sequential operation of these carbons, textile effluents were decolorized with better results like 7, 5 and 3 m-1 absorbance at wavelengths of 436, 525 and 620 nm respectively. 2 g of each adsorbent and at optimum contact time of 40 min removed 93% of color form collected textile effluents. Keywords: Textile effluents; Activated carbon. 1. Introduction Textile industries consume large volumes of water, dyes and auxiliary chemicals for processing of textiles. Due to incomplete exhaustion and washing operations, 10-20% of dyes were discharged into effluents [1]. Many of these dyes were toxic and carcinogenic thus affecting the aquatic biota and human health [2]. The world population was expected to be increased by 35% by 2050 [3]. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Corresponding author. 95 http://asrjetsjournal.org/ American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2015) Volume 14, No 3, pp 95-106 This population growth will increase the production of clothes, which in turn, increases fresh water use. So conserving water and reducing water pollution will become a challenging and essential task for textile industries. Dharmavaram region in Ananthapur is world famous for the handmade pure silk sarees. It is a major hub for Silk trade with end to end silk related industries situated in the region supporting a major portion of population. Weavers in and around Dharmavaram tend to work from home with all members of family giving in their bits at different levels of the weaving process. Textile effluents are collected from fabric dyeing place in Dharmavaram. The process of fabric dyeing and the discarded effluents were shown in Figure 1. Weaving of series on looms is the livelihood for many people in Dharmavaram. These weavers are using different dyes in dye bath for the requirement of color. These commercial dyes contain mixture of dyes and does not provide any scientific information regarding structure, chemical composition etc. Textile effluents sewage directly enters water streams without any treatment. The toxicity was not only caused by textile dyes but also by a large number of different textile chemicals. The effluents are collected from three different places of their disposal. The efficiency of prepared carbon adsorbents in decolorizing these textile effluents was studied. 2. Material and Method of preparation: Jack fruit-Pichiparai-1 variety was collected from state horticulture mission, Paderu, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India. The rind and pulp waste of fruit was used as precursor for preparation of activated carbon. The waste was washed with hot distilled water dehydrated at 105oC. This dried waste was then cut into small pieces. It was mixed with K2CO3 solution in 1:1 ratio and was carbonized in uniform nitrogen flow at 600oC. The heating was provided at rate of 10oC min-1. The prepared activated carbons were cooled to room temperature and washed with hot distilled water to remove remaining chemical and filtered. The washing and filtration steps were repeated until the filtrate showed neutral pH and finally dried. It was named as JC600. In order to introduce different functional groups, JC600 was divided into two parts. One part was subjected to liquid phase oxidation with 0.1N HNO3 and the other part was soaked in 0.1N KOH for 3 hr and evaporated at 110oC. Both carbons were washed with distilled water until filtrate showed neutral pH. These carbons were dehydrated in an oven overnight at 105oC and named as ‘JCHNO3 ’ and ‘JCKOH’, indicating the chemical activating agent. 3. Experimental method: All the experiments were carried out in 250 ml conical flasks with 100 ml textile effluent at room temperature (25±2oC). Textile effluents were directly taken without prior filtration. The flasks, along with test solution and 1 g of the adsorbent were shaken in horizontal shaker at 120 rpm for 60 min and filtered. For this 100 ml of textile effluent was first treated with JC600 and the solution was filtered, the filtrate was treated with JCHNO3 adsorbent for 1 hr. It was then filtered and finally similar process was also followed with JCKOH activated carbon under similar experimental conditions. Applying German standard method DIN 38 404 [4, 5, 6], measurement of color absorbance (in m-1) was done at the standard wavelengths of 436, 525 and 620 nm at each stage [7]. 96 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2015) Volume 14, No 3, pp 95-106 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Figure 1: (a) Commercial dyes & other chemicals for dyeing fabric (b) Dyeing fabric in hot bath (c) Washing dyed fabric (d) Effluent ready to discard (shown with arrow) (e) Effluents from different dye processes (f) 97 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2015) Volume 14, No 3, pp 95-106 4. Results and discussions 4.1 Characteristics of textile effluents before treating with carbons The effluents were highly colored with offence odor. They contain few suspended particles. Samples 1 and 2 were in red color and reaming sample 3 is in blue color and the color absorbance values were given in Table 1. High values of COD and BOD observed for all the three samples. Table 1: Textile effluents characteristics before treating with carbons. Sa m pl es pH C O D (m g l-1 ) B O D (m g l-1 ) T ur bi di ty (N TU ) C on du ct iv ity (m S cm -1 ) Su sp en de d so lid (m g l-1 ) (m g l-1 ) Color absorbance (absorbance m-1) 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm Sample 1 7 353 45 8.2 3.1 10 2.1 95 121 114 Sample 2 8 256 71 9.6 2.5 21 1.9 41 85 56 Sample 3 6 410 26 12.1 1.9 17 1.4 105 93 69 Figure 2: Testing the efficiency of prepared adsorbents in color removal from textile effluents. Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 436 nm 525 nm 620 nm % re m ov al Wave length 98 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2015) Volume 14, No 3, pp 95-106 4.2 Characteristics of textile effluents after treating with carbons After treating with JC600, JCHNO3 and JCKOH activated carbons the changes in characteristics of textile effluents were compiled in Table 2 and the corresponding graph was shown in Figure 2. After treating with activated carbons, great reduction in COD and BOD values was also observed. Table 2: Testing the efficiency of prepared adsorbents in color removal from textile effluents. Sam ples p H COD (mg l-1) BOD (mg l-1) Color absorbance (absorbance m-1) % Color removal JC 60 0 JC H N O 3 JC K O H JC 60 0 JC H N O 3 JC K O H JC600 JCHNO3 JCKOH 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm Sam ple 1 6. 7 17 5 86 37 21 20 20 84 11 5 98 65 70 79 53 55 62 44. 22 54. 55 45. 62 Sam ple 2 8. 2 15 4 78 26 45 35 34 35 63 52 29 58 31 22 44 23 46. 35 48. 24 58. 93 Sam ple 3 6. 4 21 1 10 8 59 15 11 11 98 75 51 62 42 36 49 35 31 53. 34 62. 37 55. 08 Moderate color removal was observed for all samples for all three sorbents. In order to fix dyes to the fiber strongly, different type of chemicals used as fixing agents, might be a cause of this moderate percent removal and not only that it could be due to the following factors, (i) interaction between the dyes and other components in the effluents, (ii) change of adsorbent surface due to adsorption and (iii) competition of other components of the effluent for active sites on the carbon surface where displacement effects replace the other components from the adsorption sites. 4.3 Decolorization of textile effluents with increasing adsorbent dosage To achieve better results like 7, 5 and 3 m-1 absorbance at wavelengths of 436, 525 and 620 nm respectively, the dose of adsorbents increased for treatment of three effluents at same contact time of 60 min and obtained values were presented in Table 3 and the corresponding graphs were shown in Figure 3 for three samples. In all cases, it was observed that as the adsorbent dosage increased, the percent removal of color of the effluents also increased. In sequential operation with JC600, JCHNO3 and JCKOH of sample 1, increase in percent removal from 44.22 to 100 99 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2015) Volume 14, No 3, pp 95-106 % at 436 nm, 54.55 to 97.53% at 525nm and 45.62 to 98.25 % at 620 nm was observed when the dose increased from 1 to 2 g. In case of sample 2, the percent removal increased from 46.35 to 95.13 % at 436 nm, 48.24 to 95.30 at 525 nm and 58.93 to 100 % at 620 nm. In case of sample 3, the percent removal increased from 53.34 to 97.15 % at 436 nm, 62.37 to 100 at 525 nm and 55.08 to 97.11 % at 620 nm observed. Good response was identified by increasing the adsorbent dosage in decolorization of textile effluents Table 3: Effect of adsorbents dose in color removal from textile effluents. D ose (g) Sam ples p H COD (mg l-1) BOD (mg l-1) Color absorbance (absorbance m-1) % Color removal JC 60 0 JC H N O 3 JC K O H JC 60 0 JC H N O 3 JC K O H JC600 JCHNO3 JCKOH 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm 1 Sam ple 1 6. 7 17 5 86 37 21 20 20 84 11 5 98 65 70 79 53 55 62 44. 22 54. 55 45. 62 Sam ple 2 8. 2 15 4 78 26 45 35 34 35 63 52 29 58 31 22 44 23 46. 35 48. 24 58. 93 Sam ple 3 6. 4 21 1 10 8 59 15 11 11 98 75 51 62 42 36 49 35 31 53. 34 62. 37 55. 08 1.2 Sam ple 1 6. 7 16 9 81 35 21 20 20 80 11 3 96 62 68 75 45 51 60 52. 64 57. 86 47. 37 Sam ple 2 8. 2 14 8 76 25 44 34 32 33 62 47 27 57 26 18 42 21 56. 10 50. 59 62. 50 Sam ple 3 6. 4 20 6 10 6 52 14 11 11 97 71 47 61 40 35 45 34 29 57. 15 63. 45 57. 98 100 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2015) Volume 14, No 3, pp 95-106 1.4 Sam ple 1 6. 7 14 2 75 31 21 20 18 78 11 3 93 62 67 75 43 51 60 54. 74 57. 86 47. 37 Sam ple 2 8. 2 11 5 70 24 44 32 32 32 62 46 27 57 26 17 41 21 58. 54 51. 77 62. 50 Sam ple 3 6. 4 18 6 98 49 14 11 11 96 70 45 61 40 34 45 34 28 57. 15 63. 45 59. 43 1.6 Sam ple 1 6. 7 13 6 71 25 17 16 14 74 11 1 89 58 65 71 35 48 58 63. 16 60. 34 49. 13 Sam ple 2 8. 2 11 4 65 23 29 27 25 31 58 41 25 55 24 16 38 20 60. 98 55. 30 64. 29 Sam ple 3 6. 4 17 6 95 45 14 11 11 95 67 44 58 35 32 41 30 27 60. 96 67. 75 60. 87 1.8 Sam ple 1 6. 7 98 39 18 12 9 7 40 85 83 35 56 65 25 45 41 73. 69 62. 81 64. 04 Sam ple 2 8. 2 75 52 19 17 15 14 25 42 25 12 36 19 11 25 17 73. 18 70. 59 69. 65 Sam ple 3 6. 4 11 2 74 22 11 8 6 47 67 31 31 40 19 28 28 18 73. 34 69. 90 73. 92 2 Sam ple 1 6. 7 75 35 12 9 7 6 15 52 41 11 16 18 0 3 2 100 .00 97. 53 98. 25 Sam ple 2 8. 2 52 26 8 12 11 9 10 25 12 8 11 9 2 4 0 95. 13 95. 30 100 .00 Sam ple 3 6. 4 45 31 11 11 7 4 31 45 16 4 12 8 3 0 2 97. 15 100 .00 97. 11 101 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2015) Volume 14, No 3, pp 95-106 Figure 3(a): Effect of adsorbents dose in color removal from sample 1. Figure 3(b): Effect of adsorbents dose in color removal from sample 2. Figure 3(c):Effect of adsorbents dose in color removal from sample 3. 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 % re m ov al Dose of adsorbents (g) 436 nm 525 nm 620 nm 3 (a) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 % re m ov al Dose of adsorbents (g) 436 nm 525 nm 620 nm 3 (b) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 % re m ov al Dose of adsorbents (g) 436 nm 525 nm 620 nm 3 (c) 102 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2015) Volume 14, No 3, pp 95-106 4.4 Decolorization of textile effluents with increasing adsorbent dosage To find the optimum contact time of adsorbents for removal of color from textile effluents to their permissible value, the same experiment was done by increasing the agitation time with fixed adsorbent dose (2 g). The observed values were tabulated in Table 4 and the corresponding graphs were shown in Figure 4 for three samples. Table 4: Effect of contact time of adsorbents in color removal from textile effluents. Tim e (m in) Sam ples p H COD (mg l-1) BOD (mg l-1) Color absorbance (absorbance m-1) % Color removal JC 60 0 JC H N O 3 JC K O H JC 60 0 JC H N O 3 JC K O H JC600 JCHNO3 JCKOH 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm 43 6 nm 52 5 nm 62 0 nm 5 Sam ple 1 6. 7 28 9 19 6 12 4 42 31 29 89 11 6 10 9 81 10 7 99 76 10 1 91 20. 00 16. 53 20. 18 Sam ple 2 8. 2 23 1 16 8 14 2 61 48 35 40 79 51 36 71 48 35 68 46 14. 64 20. 00 17. 86 Sam ple 3 6. 4 38 9 27 1 25 2 24 22 19 10 2 90 65 97 87 59 85 71 53 19. 05 23. 66 23. 19 10 Sam ple 1 6. 7 25 1 17 4 11 5 31 25 21 71 10 5 98 62 98 76 46 81 69 51. 58 33. 06 39. 48 Sam ple 2 8. 2 20 1 16 8 11 7 40 29 32 32 74 46 25 62 44 23 51 38 43. 91 40. 00 32. 15 Sam ple 3 6. 4 33 2 24 1 17 6 23 18 14 96 86 61 82 81 56 70 68 49 33. 34 26. 89 28. 99 103 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2015) Volume 14, No 3, pp 95-106 20 Sam ple 1 6. 7 17 6 10 2 93 28 18 12 56 96 89 41 78 68 32 41 35 66. 32 66. 12 69. 30 Sam ple 2 8. 2 16 3 15 6 98 38 21 16 28 70 41 21 55 39 18 36 28 56. 10 57. 65 50. 00 Sam ple 3 6. 4 21 0 16 8 11 1 21 16 11 82 81 52 59 70 48 46 51 35 56. 20 45. 17 49. 28 30 Sam ple 1 6. 7 12 4 85 71 26 18 11 41 79 87 35 62 65 22 31 29 76. 85 74. 39 74. 57 Sam ple 2 8. 2 13 1 12 3 86 34 21 16 21 64 32 18 46 25 11 26 18 73. 18 69. 42 67. 86 Sam ple 3 6. 4 18 2 11 4 86 19 14 11 58 76 43 41 68 31 34 44 26 67. 62 52. 69 62. 32 40 Sam ple 1 6. 7 81 38 14 9 8 8 18 61 51 15 25 21 3 4 3 96. 85 96. 70 97. 37 Sam ple 2 8. 2 56 27 11 13 11 8 15 32 18 11 19 15 4 5 2 90. 25 94. 12 96. 43 Sam ple 3 6. 4 51 35 15 14 12 9 36 48 22 21 26 14 7 2 3 93. 34 97. 85 95. 66 104 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 % re m ov al Contact time (min) 436 nm 525 nm 620 nm 4 (a) American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2015) Volume 14, No 3, pp 95-106 Figure 4(a): Effect of contact time of adsorbents in color removal from sample 1. Figure 4(b): Effect of contact time of adsorbents in color removal from sample 2. Figure 4(c): Effect of contact time of adsorbents in color removal from sample 3. It was noticed that in all adsorption systems the dye removal was increased with increase in agitation time and reached equilibrium within 40 min. The observed percent removal of sample1, 2, and 3 were 97.37, 96.43 and 95.66% respectively. 5. Conclusion: All the collected effluents were highly colored and prior treatment was always necessary before discharging. The prepared activated carbons successfully removed the color of the effluents. It was observed that besides removal of color, there was concurrent reduction of COD and BOD of the effluents. The effluents treated until the acceptable limit of 7, 5 and 3 m-1 absorbance reached at the standard wavelengths of 436, 525 and 620 nm respectively within 40 min and by using 2 g of each adsorbent. 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 % re m ov al Contact time (min) 436 nm 525 nm 620 nm 4 (b) 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 % re m ov al Contact time (min) 436 nm 525 nm 620 nm 4 (c) 105 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2015) Volume 14, No 3, pp 95-106 References [1]. Inbaraj, B.S., Chein, J.T., Ho, G.H., Yang, J. and Chen, B.H. Equilibrium and kinetic studies on sorption of basic dyes by a natural biopolymer poly (γ-glutamic acid), Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 31(3),pp. 204- 215, Oct. 2006. [2]. Kyzas, G.Z. and Kostoglou, M. Green adsorbents for wastewaters: a critical review, Materials, vol. 7(1), pp. 333-364, Jan.2014. [3]. United Nations, Department of Economics & Social affairs (UN/DESA), World population prospects: the 2012 revision, 2012. Available http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2012_HIGHLIGHTS.pdf. [4]. DIN 38 404. German Methods for the Examination of Water, Wastewater and Sludge, Physical and Physical–Chemical Para meters (group C), Determination of Colour, Deutsches Institut fur Normung e.v., Berlin, 1-7, 1991. [5]. Santhy, K. and Selvapathy, P. Removal of reactive dyes from wastewater by adsorption on coir pith activated carbon. Bioresource Technology, vol. 97,pp. 1329-1336, July 2006. [6]. Faria, P.C.C., Orfao, J.J.M. and Pereira, M.F.R. Activated carbon and ceria catalysts applied to the catalytic ozonation of dyes and textile effluents, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 88(3-4),pp. 341-350, May 2009. [7]. Allen, S.J., Khadher, K.Y.H. and Bino, M. Oxidation of dyestuffs in wastewaters. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, vol. 62,pp. 111-117, 1995. [8]. APHA–AWWA–WEF (APHA). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, method 220 E, 20th Ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1998. 106 http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2012_HIGHLIGHTS.pdf 2. Material and Method of preparation: Jack fruit-Pichiparai-1 variety was collected from state horticulture mission, Paderu, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India. The rind and pulp waste of fruit was used as precursor for preparation of activated carbon. The waste was washed with hot distilled wate... 3. Experimental method: All the experiments were carried out in 250 ml conical flasks with 100 ml textile effluent at room temperature (25±2oC). Textile effluents were directly taken without prior filtration. The flasks, along with test solution and 1 g of the adsorbent were... 4.1 Characteristics of textile effluents before treating with carbons The effluents were highly colored with offence odor. They contain few suspended particles. Samples 1 and 2 were in red color and reaming sample 3 is in blue color and the color absorbance values were given in Table 1. High values of COD and BOD observ... Figure 3(a): Effect of adsorbents dose in color removal from sample 1. Figure 3(b): Effect of adsorbents dose in color removal from sample 2. References