364 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) ISSN (Print) 2313-4410, ISSN (Online) 2313-4402 Β© Global Society of Scientific Research and Researchers http://asrjetsjournal.org/ Cost Effective Way to Control the Speed and Direction of Dc Motor for Driving the Conveyor Muhammad Ali* Hamdard University, Karachi 75300, Pakistan Email: engr.ali93@gmail.com Abstract conveyor system is widely used in industries which make work easier and faster. Controlling conveyor is an important and essential task. This paper suggest the prototype design of controlling the conveyor as mostly conveyors are running through DC motor and the most appropriate technique to control DC motor is through PWM. Many controllers have built-in PWM feature which is very helpful and user friendly to use. In this paper simulation and experimental work is used to demonstrate the DC motor controlling through arduino Uno (atmega 328) and it also includes the comparison with published results. Keywords: PWM; DC motors; H-bridge; Conveyor; Arduino Uno (Atmega 328). 1. Introduction DC motor which is widely used to drive conveyor belt because of its characteristic DC Motor are used in various applications such as robotics, electric vehicles, steel rolling mills and etc [1]. Controlling conveyor is an important task in any industry because now a days majority of work in done with the help of conveyor system. The most appropriate method to control the rpm of the conveyor belt (Dc motor) is through PWM under which the speed of motor varies depending on the variation in duty cycle [2]. And the second most important thing in controlling conveyor belt is to control its direction which is done through H-bridge. Many work in done to control DC motor through different microcontrollers [3,4]. The purpose to use microcontroller is to makethings easier as microcontroller have built-in PWM function so it saves the cost to build any other addition circuit for PWM . This paper proposed the method to control the DC motor presented in 2015 which includes unnecessary component which made circuit slightly costly [5]. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Corresponding author. http://asrjetsjournal.org/ American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 27, No 1, pp 364-371 365 This paper shows the simulated and experimental result and comparison with published result [5]. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Speed controlling of dc motor using PWM PWM is used to control the speed of conveyor (DC motor). It is the simple relation between 𝑑𝑑𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 and 𝑑𝑑𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 which generates square wave through switching , this switching pattern makes voltages full ON (5 volt) and full OFF (0 volt) to achieve the required rpm of the motor switching can be varies by changing the 𝑑𝑑𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 and 𝑑𝑑𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 . Formula to derive the duty cycle:- DUTY CYLE = 𝑑𝑑𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑑𝑑𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂+𝑑𝑑𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 π‘₯π‘₯ 100 (I) Suppose: If 𝑑𝑑𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 2 ms & 𝑑𝑑𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂= 2 ms DUTY CYLE = 2βˆ—10βˆ’3 2π‘₯π‘₯10βˆ’3 π‘₯π‘₯ 2π‘₯π‘₯10βˆ’3 π‘₯π‘₯ 100 = 50% Figure 1: Graph of different Duty Cycle Above figure 1 shows that as duty cycle increase 𝑑𝑑𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 also increases and 𝑑𝑑𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 decreases and amplitude remain same. Follow this order when typing manuscripts: Title, Authors, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords, introduction, materials and methods, results, conclusion, Acknowledgements, References, Appendix. Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article and do not include them on the title page. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 27, No 1, pp 364-371 366 Bulleted lists may be included and should look like this: β€’ First point β€’ Second point β€’ And so on Please do not alter the formatting and style layouts which have been set up in this template document. As indicated in the template, papers should be prepared in single column format suitable for direct printing onto A4 paper (8.3in x 11.7in/210mm x 297mm). Leave a line clear between paragraphs. 2.2. Direction controlling using h-bridge TO change the direction of the DC motor h-bridge is generally used based on transistor, Mosfet , IGBT and many other switching device. As DC motor change its direct when the polarity is revert. It consist of four switching element and to change the direction, two switches put open and two switch put close depending on the condition required. To make DC motor rotate forward in fig 2A [6], switch S2 and S3 are switched ON (S1 and S4 are switched off) so motor is start rotating clockwise and when S1 and S4 are switched ON (and S2 and S3 are switched OFF) which make polarity reverse and make motor rotate anti-clockwise. Figure 2A: Forward Direction Figure 2B: Reverse Direction Table 1: H-Bridge working S1 S2 S3 S4 Motor Rotation 1 0 0 1 Anti-clockwise 0 1 1 0 clockwise 0 0 0 0 Motor Free Runs 1 1 0 0 Motor Stops 0 0 1 1 Motor Stops American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 27, No 1, pp 364-371 367 2.3. Suggested design Arduino Uno is used to operate the controlling of DC motor so that conveyor belt can run according to user need and requirement, as arduino can generate PWM signal which will be helpful to control the speed of conveyor belt, this signal will transmit to H-bridge which will make motor rotate according to user need. 12V source Arduino UNO (Atmega 328)5V source H Bridge (IC L298) DC MOTOR Figure 3: Block diagram of the circuit Figure 4: Circuit design to drive DC motor American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 27, No 1, pp 364-371 368 For the H-bridge, L298 IC is used as this IC as it is H-bridge IC and can drive two motor at a time and can able to drive up to 4amp motors, a switch is used to generate the logic β€œ0” or β€œ1” , at first motor will start rotating clockwise as logic is β€œ0” so arduino with make its pin8 HIGH which is connected with pin5 of IC but when switch is pressed so it will give logic 1 to the arduino controller and as per coding it will make pin7 HIGH of L298 IC and make motor rotate anti-clockwise. On the other hand 10K ohm potentiometer is used on the analog pin A0 of arduino Uno through which PWM signal pulse can be vary and by which speed of the motor can be control by user. To drive the heavy load, combination of power mosfet can be used to make H-bridge, or even Darlington pair transistor can also be used to make H-bridge (figure 2A). 3. Result The results are proved through simulation and experimental mean and output have been measured through DC voltmeter and oscilloscope , output voltage reading can be seen in table 2 with respect to duty cycle for coding arduino IDE software is used to burn the coding into arduino and logic is created so that direction can be triggered by using switch. Table 2: output voltage on the based on Duty cycle Figure 5: graph of output voltage according to PWM 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Vo lta ge s/ V Duty Cycle % Output Voltage Graphy American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 27, No 1, pp 364-371 369 a. b. c. d. e. Figure 6: Experimental Results of PWM measured through oscilloscope a. Duty cycle 0% b. Duty cycle 25% c. Duty cycle 50% d. Duty cycle 75% e. Duty cycle 100% American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 27, No 1, pp 364-371 370 Figure 7: simulation result of PWM Figure 9: Experimental setup Above experimental setup indicates dc motor attached with the belt connected with h-bridge circuit and that h- bridge circuit is attached through arduino and external power supply is used to get 12V Dc power to drive the motor through circuit and for arduino external 5V is taken from adapter. 4. Comparison In past arduino Uno is used to drive Dc motor for conveyor but it uses optocoupler [5], as optocoupler have slow speed and also there is a chance of signal coupling in a high power signals and as well as it increases the complexity of a circuit and also its cost whereas rest of the phenomena of using h-bridge and PWM through Oscilloscope Arduino Uno External Power Supply DC motor American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 27, No 1, pp 364-371 371 arduino Uno has been same as compared with this above mentioned design, but the cost and complexity is decreases as compared to previous work [5]. 5. Recommendation For vast expansion plc can be used to drive conveyor as it convert hard wire logic into soft wire logic and make system more accurately, method will remain same to drive conveyor, PWN and H-bridge can be used and we can use power mosfet to make H-bridge as output voltage of plc is 24V so power mosfet can be operated easily. 6. Conclusion This suggested design is helpful to drive Dc motor easily and cost effectively and can be implemented in various applications also such as line follow robot, rollers, and other robotics. It is also very useful to operate conveyor belt for any industries or even in grocery stores, only few changes is required to make it work according to the users need. References [1] Moleykutty George. β€œSpeed Control of Separately Excited DC Motor”. American Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (3): 227-233, 2008 .ISSN 1546-9239 [2] M. Arab, A. Zegaoui, H. Allouache, M. Kellal , P. Petit, M. Aillerie : Micro-controlled Pulse Width Modulator Inverter for Renewable Energy Generators, The International Conference on Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES14, Energy Procedia 50 ( 2014 ) 832 – 840 [3] Nandkishor P. Joshi,Member, Ajay P. Thakare. β€œSpeed Control Of DC Motor Using Analog PWM Technique”, IJECT, Vol. 1 Issue 9, November- 2012 [4] Shruti Shrivastava, Jageshwar Rawat, Amit Agrawal, β€œControlling DC Motor using Microcontroller (PIC16F72) with PWM”, IJECT, Volume No.1, Issue No.2, pp : 45-47 [5] Livinti Petrua , Ghandour Mazen, β€œPWM Control of a DC Motor Used to Drive a Conveyor Belt”, Procedia Engineering 100 ( 2015 ) 299 – 304, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.371 [6] http://blog.solutions-cubed.com/h-bridge-control-of-a-motor-low-side-switch/