1 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) ISSN (Print) 2313-4410, ISSN (Online) 2313-4402 © Global Society of Scientific Research and Researchers http://asrjetsjournal.org/ Extraction of Dye from Natural Source (LAC) & its Application on Leather Md. Tushar Uddina, Md. Abdur Razzaqb, Ariful Hai Quaderyc*, Murshid Jaman Chowdhuryd, Al-Mizane, Md. Moshrur Raihanf, Farid Ahmadg a,b,c,d,e,fLeather Research Institute, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka-1205 gInstitute of Appropriate Technology, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000 Abstract The aspect of dyeing leather without hampering the environment and human health is a burning issue since the last century. This study was an endeavor to introduce a convenient natural dye from the insect of Cocus Lacca for dyeing leather in an eco-friendly way. The effect of process parameters of dyeing viz. pH, temperature, time duration, exhaustion of color, shade brightness, color fastness etc. had been studied. Result showed that the optimum extraction was 4% at 90°C. The pH of the developed dye was 6.5 and optimum time of dye exhaustion was 80 minutes. The extracted dye was applied on split leather with and without mordant. It was found that mordant has a significant effect on the color of leather. Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4) mordant showed more excellence. Future research on the same field using different extraction methods, different mordants, and mordanting methods will optimize the results of the current study. Keywords: Mordant; Dyeing; Cocus Lacca; Natural dye; Leather; Eco-friendly. 1. Introduction Leather is an incredibly wonderful natural fabric which has been used for thousands of years in making garments, gloves, shoes, wallets, suitcases, upholstery, sporting goods, book covers & much more. Synthetic dyes are generally used for the dyeing of leather in industries. Synthetic dyes are harmful to human beings & to the environment as most of these dyes are carcinogenic and allergic [1]. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Corresponding author. http://asrjetsjournal.org/ American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 1-7 2 Western country’s consumers have become more concerned about the health issues and the environmental impact of synthetic dyes [2]. Thus, there is a growing demand of products that use Natural dyes. In the beginning of the twenty first century, the market for natural dyes in the fashion industry is experiencing resurgence [3]. Natural dyes are dyes or colorants derived from plants, invertebrates, or minerals [4]. The majority of natural dyes are vegetable dyes from plant sources i.e. roots, berries, barks, leaves, wood and other biological sources such as fungi & lichens [5]. Better bio-degradability, non-toxic and eco-friendly properties of these dyes make them popular among nature loving and health conscious people around the world [6]. The other benefits of using natural dyes are that it significantly cuts down the amount of toxic effluent resulting from the synthetic dye processes. As against synthetic dyes derived from non-renewable resources, natural dye is from an excellent renewable resource if proper cultivation of such vegetable kingdom is executed [7]. Lac is a potential source of extracting natural dye, obtained from an insect Cocus Lacca (Lacciferlacca Kerr). The insect produces a resin known as stick lac. Lac dye or laccaic acid represents approximately 0.5-0.75% by weight of stick lac [8-11]. Figure 1 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Sample Collection Lac dye is red in color and obtained from female insects Cocus Laccae. It is abundantly found northern part of Bangladesh particularly Nachole Upozilla in Chapai Nawabganj district. The raw material was collected from that area which is available in the local market. It can also be collected easily by contacting with the farmers who are engaged in cultivation of Lac (locally known as Lakkha). 2.2 Sample Preparation For the extraction of dyestuff Lac was immersed in a water solution for 8 hours and heated at 90oC for 45 minutes. Then the solution was filtrated using a whattman filter paper (grade 1). The filtrate was transferred to a beaker and stored into a glass bottle under 4oC temperature. The optimum extraction was 4% for applying in the dyeing experiment. After extraction, the dye was applied on leather. The application of dye does not require any change in the normal dying operation of leather. The volume of the dye solution in the leather dyeing experiment was American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 1-7 3 calculated to a fixed concentration of 6% dye for all of the dyeing experiment (based on the leather weight).Three different types of mordants viz. Ferrous Sulphate, Magnesium Sulphate, Aluminium Sulphate were used for various shades. 3. Results and Discussion Different physical parameters of the extracted dye were determined cautiously. Lac dye possesses approximately the same properties like other natural dyes. The PH of lac dye is acidic in nature which is very suitable for leather dyeing. Table 1: The pH and Ash content of the developed dye The name of the dye pH Total Ash (%) Color with Ferric Chloride Lac dye 6.5 5 Light blue The process of transfer of dyestuff from the dye bath on to the fiber or material is known as exhaustion. The exhaustion of dye was also tested to assess the actual rate of exhaustion whose data has been illustrated below. Figure 2: Color exhaustion of Lac dye In the vertical line % of exhaustion & in the horizontal line time are shown (four segments of one hour) - Lac dye. After 15 minutes of applying the dye on leather the absorption was 54 % (as shown in the red colored line on the above figure). The result was checked during the dyeing period. The dye absorption was 30%, 10% and 6% in a time interval 30, 45 and 60 minutes respectively. The visual assessment of the dyed leather was very fantastic. The leather samples were tested by X-rites color tester following the CIA system. Here L* denotes lightness, a* & b* represents red/green coordinates & yellow/blue coordinates respectably. Whereas, c* denotes the Chroma and h* denotes the Hue angle. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 2 3 4 5 6 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 1-7 4 Mo Mordant Ferrous Sulphate Aluminum Sulphate Magnesium Sulphate Figure 3: Application of lac dye with and without mordant on leather. Table 2: X-rite color test report after applying the dye on split leather. Mordant types k/s Color strength % Color co-ordinate L*` a* b* c* h* No mordant 1.2145 88 60.12 4.96 9.89 11.05 61.62 Ferrous Sulphate 1.1589 83 47.18 4.16 9.00 9.91 65.16 Aluminum Sulphate 1.1589 91 54.78 5.76 9.87 11.43 59.71 Magnesium Sulphate 0.8596 89 50.55 4.02 5.93 10.15 61.62 Figure 4: Image obtained in X-rite color test American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 1-7 5 The color rub fastness test is one of the important criteria for assessing leather dyeing quality [12]. So, the samples were tested according to SATRA PM 08 (norm) [13]. The wash fastness test and light fastness test were also performed following the standard procedure. Table 3: Different fastness properties report of dyed split leather Strength property and percentage(%) of Elongation were also determined by following the IUP-06 [14]. Table 4: Strength property of the dyed leather. Varieties of Leather Tensile Strength ( Kg/cm2) % of Elongation No Mordant 84.71 45.46 Ferrous Sulphate 70.99 42.31 Aluminum Sulphate 94.63 35.32 Magnesium Sulphate 73.51 36.24 FT-IR spectrum was done of the extracted lac dye for identification of functional groups. The spectra region 3600-3200 cm-1, 3100-2800 cm-1, 1740-1640 cm-1,1650-1600 cm-1, 1480-1300 cm-1, 1300-900 cm-1 show the presence of O-H, C-H, C-O, C-C stretching band, C-H bending band and C-O stretching band respectively. Figure 5: Spectral analysis FTIR (Lac dye) Varieties of Leather Rub fastness test Wash fastness test Light fastness test No Mordant 4/5 4 4 Ferrous Sulphate 4 4/5 4 Aluminum Sulphate 4 4/5 4/5 Magnesium Sulphate 4 4/5 4 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 1-7 6 Figure 6: Developed products by using Lac dye 4. Conclusion Leather is a precious material posing high value addition both in national and international perspectives [15]. It can successfully be dyed with lac dye using different mordant to obtain range of shades which are reasonably fast on leather. The lac dye is obtained from a pure cultivable product which is available in abundance. Color strength of leather sample dyed with lac dye showed brilliancy in color fastness. So, the lac dye can be one of the convenient sources of eco-friendly dye in leather processing operation. References [1] Gulrajani, M.L.1993 Introduction to Natural dyes and mordants. Compendium of Inter Regional workshop on Natural dyes. Lucknow ,NHDC Ltd. 10-17 [2] Gupta, K.C. and Sehgal, S. 2001. Dyeing of Leather with Natural dyes. In. convention on natural dyes. 17 December 2001. Department of Textile Technology. IIT. Delhi.pp 39-46 [3] Bienkiewicz, K and Krieger, E.1983. Physical chemistry of Leather making. USA ,Florida, Krienger Publishing Company .pp 445-462 [4] Swati Pant, Manisha Gahlot-Natural Dyeing of Leather Going green, LAP Lambert Academic Publication. June 2015, page 1-10 [5] Saha, P. and Dutta, S.2008. Dyeing of Textile fiber using Marigold flowers as floral dye. Colourage. 55(5):472 [6] Khanna , R.K. and Chandra ,S.1996Forest/ Domestic waste as a source of Natural dyes. Journal of Economics & Taxonomic Botany.20(2):497 [7] Vanker, P.S.2000. Chemistry of Natural dyes. Journal of science Education. Retrieved American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 1-7 7 [8] Mapari, S.A.S., Nielsen, T. O., Frisvad. J.C., Meyer, A.S., & Thrane, U. (2005). Exploring fungal biodiversity for the production of water-soluble pigments as potential natural food colorants. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 16,231-238. [9] Rai, H., Battacharyya, M. S., Singh, J., Bansal, T. K., Vats, P., & Banerjee, U. C. (2005).Removal of dyes from the effluent of textile and dyestuff manufacturing-industry – A review of emerging techniques with reference to biological treatment. Critical Reviews in Environment science and Technology, 35, 219–238. [10] Cofrancesco AJ (1995) Dyes, Natural. In: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 4th ed, Vol 8, pp 784-809, John Wiley &Sons, New York. [11] Burwood R, Read G, Schofield K, and Wright DE (1965) The pigments of stick lac, part 1, isolation and preliminary examination. J Chem Soc(C), 6067-73 [12] Pandhare ED, Rama Rao AV, Shaikh IN, and Venkataraman K (1967) the constitution of laccaic acid B. Tetrahedron Letters 26, 2437-40. [13] Pravin Kumar. D. Patil, C.R. Rao, A. I. Wasif, J.R. Nagla Taguchi optimization for efficient extraction of a natural dye from Bougain Villea Glebra Bracts, ISSS-2321-730 4, Volume 03 ISSUE: 4 [14] Tiwari M.S.; Current Science; Vol. 88, No. 9, 10 May 2005; 1474 – 1480 [15] Gulrajani M L.; Gupta D.; Natural dyes and application to textiles, Department of textile technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, (1992).