84 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) ISSN (Print) 2313-4410, ISSN (Online) 2313-4402 © Global Society of Scientific Research and Researchers http://asrjetsjournal.org/ Quantum Heat Flow Model for Heat Flow in Some Nanotubes Muhanad Elfadil Mohamed a *, Mubarak Dirar A. Allah b , Asim Ahmed Mohamed Fadol c , Mohammed Margani Rashed d , Hassaballa M . A . Mahmoud e , Lutfi Mohammed AbdAlgadir f , Zoaloon Ahmed g , Abd Elazeem Mohamed h a,h Alzaiem Alazhari University, Department of Physics, Khartoum - Sudan b Sudan University of Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Khartoum –Sudan c University of Bahri, College of Applied and Industrial Science, Department of Physics & Comboni College of Science & Technology, Khartoum-Sudan d,f Shaqra University, College of Science Humanities at Hurrymila , Department of Physics, KSA e,g Physics, College of Art& Science, Dhahran Aljanoub / King Khalid, Saudi Arabia d Email: mohammedrashed204@gmail.com f Email: lutfinon@gmail.com Abstract Using Schrodinger equation in a fractional medium a useful expression for heat flow through Nano tubes has been found. Fortunately, this equation resembles that obtained by Moran Wang etal, and Hai- Dong Wang teal. the ordinary thermal conductivity is constant. The effective thermal conductivity temperature dependent resembles that obtained for carbon Nano tubes and Boron Nitride Nano tubes. It is also finite at low temperature which also conforms with experimental data for carbon and Boron. Since Nano materials are described by quantum lows, this new model is thus more suitable for Nano tubes, as for as it is derived using quantum laws. Keywords: Schrodinger equation; effective thermal conductivity; carbon Nano tubes; Boron Nitride Nano tubes; Alzaim Alazhari. 1. Introduction Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat by collisions of atomic and subatomic particles within a body. The microscopically colliding particles, that include molecules, atoms and electrons, transfer kinetic and potential energy, jointly known as internal energy. Conduction takes place in solids, liquids, gases [1]. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Corresponding author American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2019) Volume 62, No 1, pp 84-90 85 The rate at which energy is conducted as heat between two bodies is a function of the temperature difference between the two bodies and the properties of the conductive medium through which the heat is transferred. Thermal conduction was originally called diffusion. Conduction: transfer of heat via direct contact. The thermal properties of matter need to controlled to satisfy industrial requirements and needs. One of the most efficient tools used is nanotechnology [2]. Nanotechnology is defined as the study and use of structures of isolated tiny particles that have sizes in the range1 nanometer and 100 nanometers in size. To give you an idea of how small that is, it would take eight hundred 100 nanometer particles side by side to match the width of a human hair. This is the most common definition of nanotechnology. Applications of nanotechnology is in solar cells, electronics, energy, environment, medicine and so, on [3,4] one of the properties of Nano materials that can be controlled by the Nano technology are thermal properties [5,6]. All nanotubes are expected to be good conductors of heat along the tube, showing property known as ballistic conductivity, but at the same time they act as good insulators in a normal direction to the its [7]. Experiment have shown that single-walled carbon nanotubes have the ability to deliver room temperature along its axis up to3500W.m-1. K-1. This is compared with copper, a metal known to be a good conductor of heat, 385W.m-1. K-1. Since single-walled carbon Nanotubes have the ability transfer or deliver room temperature across their axis to approximately 1.52W.m- 1.K-1,which is almost thermally conductive as soil [8,9].the temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated at up to 2800 C in vacuum and up to7500 C in air. This work is concerned with using quantum model for frictional resistive medium. The derivation of this model is exhibited in section 2. sections 3and 4 are devoted for discussion and conclusion. 2. Quantum Heat Flow Model Phonon mass density is related phonon mass m and number density by using the relation The rate of mass flow is given by[Moran wang,wang, physical letter] = The phonon mass density is related to matter density and specific heat and temperature T through the relation Using Einsetin energy relation for kinetic energy K , one can write (4) n (5) American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2019) Volume 62, No 1, pp 84-90 86 Thus relation (3) is modified. According to equation (2), the heat flow rate (or heat flux) is defined by Where one assumes that phonon energy is equal to the thermal energy, Defining One gets Let the rate of heat flow be defined by (11) The Einstein energy relation (12) The linear Einstein energy- momentum relation is given by (13) ` Multiplying both sides by q, one gets. Eq= (14) Assuming u to be constant, the time and spatial differentiation of q, gives (15) (16) American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2019) Volume 62, No 1, pp 84-90 87 Consider now the expression for the wave function in a resistive medium thus the density of particle is given (17) Thus =| | (18) (19) q (20) Hence rearranging (20) yields (21) (23) Sub Eqs (21) and (23) in Eq(14) and setting is equal to zero ,one gets - (24) (25) Using (15) + (26) Using the fact that One gets [ ] American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2019) Volume 62, No 1, pp 84-90 88 (28) Thus [ ] + + (30) [ ] (31) Which can be compared with [Moran, physical letter, equation (11) after] [10] (32) 3. Discussion The use of Schrodinger equation for frictional resistive medium is justifiable as far as heat generated inside any medium is due to the collision of the micro particles with medium particles. According to the laws of electricity the heat generated Q, is given by (33) Where the heat generated vanishes, when no resistive and friction exist. The Schrodinger equation in a resistive medium takes the form (34) Thus the number of particles is given by | | (35) It is clear that equation (20) resembles that obtained by Moran Wang and Z eng-YuanGuo. [10] It is also important to note that our model is more advance than Moran Wang and Z eng-YuanGuo model since in our model is constant where its temperature dependent in Moran Wang and Z eng-YuanGuo model Since Equations (10) and (31) shows that (36) American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2019) Volume 62, No 1, pp 84-90 89 Thus it does not tend to infinity when (37) While that of Moran tends to as (T , since (38) Which is not physically acceptable as for as physical quantities are finite and since the empirical relations in Fig (1)and(2)shows that is finite as . Figure 1 Figure 2 However in the present model as , which conforms with Figers(1) and (2). This is different from Moran model where tends to as . It is also very interesting to note that the relation between and T in the present model shown in Fig(3)resembles the empirical relation found from the experimental. It is also very important to note that the present model is more advance than Moran and Hai Dong. This is since the former was derived using quantum laws, which are suitable to describe Nano materials, while the latter was derived from classical laws. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2019) Volume 62, No 1, pp 84-90 90 Figure 3: Thermal conductivity Vs Temperature) 4. Conculsion A quantum model for heat flow was derived using Schrodinger equation in frictional medium. This model is suitable to describe heat flows in Nano materials and tubes as for as they are suitably described by quantum laws. The relation between effective thermal conductivity and temperature is similar to the empirical one. the effective thermal conductivity is finite at law temperatures. References [1]. Applied Mechanics and Materials.^ Bergman, Theodore L.; Lavine, Adrienne S.; Incropera, Frank P.; Dewitt, David P. (2011). [2]. D.Y. Tzou, Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 9 (1995). [3]. Drexler; K.Eric Engines of creation :the coming Era of nanotechnology.Doubleday,(1986) [4]. Saini; Rajiv; Saini;Santosh;Sharma;Sugandha; nanotechnology:the future medicine(2010) [5]. Buzea; C; Pacheco;I.;Robbie;K. nanometer and nanoparticles(2007) [6]. Adams, W.W.; BaughmanR.H.Retrospctive(2005). [7]. Binnig.G.; Rohrer;H.scanning tunneling microscopy(1986) 11.molecular manufacturing: start planning in the journal of the federation of American scientists –originally published August (2003). [8]. Incropera, Frank P.; DeWitt, David P. Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer (4th ed.), Wiley, pp. 50– 51, ISBN 0-471-30460-(1996). [9]. Thermal Conductivity in W cm−1 K−1 of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature", in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 99th Edition John R. Rumble, ed., CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL. (Internet Version 018). [10]. Moran Wanga,b,∗, Zeng-Yuan Guo paper Physics Letters Awww.elsevier.com/locate/pla(2010). about:blank about:blank about:blank