186 American Academic Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences ISSN (Print) 2313-4410, ISSN (Online) 2313-4402 http://asrjetsjournal.org/ Influence of Socio-demographic Variables on Prevalence of Hypertension in Lahore Division, Pakistan Anam Javed a* , Sufyan Saleem b , Muniza Saeed c , Hamid Raza d , Bilal Shahid e , Kinza Islam f a Assistant Professor, School of Zoology, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan b,c,d’f BS Researcher, School of Zoology, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan e Lecturer, School of Zoology, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan a Email: dranam.zoology@mul.edu.pk, b Email: sufyanmsaleem1@gmail.com, c Email: munizasaeed004@gmail.com, d Email: hafizhamidraza377@gmail.com, e Email: bilal.zoology@mul.edu.pk, f Email: kinzaislam01@gmail.com Abstract Hypertension is a growing public health issue at global level and it is considered as a potent factor for cardiovascular ailments. But various socio-demographic factors are root causes to provoke this physiological disorder. In current study, through cross sectional survey, performa based data of 100 persons was collected from cities Lahore division, Pakistan. The results showed that males are more suffering than females and fall in age range of 20-40yrs. Most frequently reported initial symptoms are fatigue, irregular heartbeat and difficulty in breathing. Whereas district wise comparison indicated higher prevalence level in Lahore and Kasur than Shiekhupura and Nankana Sahib. Similarly, ANOVA results highlighted that economic status matters the most, parallel to the extent of awareness among masses, that’s why; mediocre is suffering more than upper or lower class. Thus cost effective treatments based findings should be our future goal to control this growing disease. Keywords: Hypertension; cardiovascular; socio-demographic; Lahore; cross section survey. 1. Introduction Hypertension is not only a leading public health issue but also considered as stimulator of cardiovascular complications [1]. A recent report of World Health Organization indicates that 40% adults are globally suffering hypertension [3]. Only raised systolic blood pressure was found responsible to cause worldwide 10.5 million mortalities and this trend is still continued [4]. Moreover, the same factor was also reported for 54.5% and 58.3% of deaths from ischemic heart diseases and from hemorrhagic stroke, respectively [5]. Around 75% population which belongs to third world countries is sufferer of hypertension [6, 10-12]. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Corresponding author. http://asrjetsjournal.org/ American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2021) Volume 81, No 1, pp 186-191 187 So far reported data indicates that variation in systolic and diastolic blood pressures from ideal ranges of 110– 115 mmHg and 70–75 mmHg, respectively [7] may result in double risk of cardiovascular complications [8]. That’s why; regular monitoring of blood pressure is important for in time diagnosis and treatment [9]. Similarly, reported data of Pakistan is so far much less of hypertension prevalence surveys which indicate rapidly rising prevalence over time and need of effective prevention and management programs implementation is required [14]. That is why; we conducted a hypertension prevalence survey in Lahore to evaluate influence of socio- demographic factors and level of awareness to avoid from this risk by maintaining a balanced BP. 2. Methodology This study was observational and cross-sectional descriptive survey [15, 17] of Lahore division, 100 persons of four districts (Lahore, Kasur, Sheikhopura and Nankana Sahab) 25 persons from each district were collected. A questionnaire on hypertension prevalence was used. The questionnaire included age range, gender, economic state and symptoms of hypertension [1] and for statistical analysis ANOVA was applied [2]. Following performa was filled by people in these cities (Table 1). Table 1: Survey Performa for estimation of hypertension prevalence in Lahore division, Pakistan. Name Age ≥20 yrs 21-30 yrs 31-40 yrs 41yrs ≤ Gender Female Male District Lahore Kasur Shiekhupura Nankana Sahab Economic status Upper Middle Lower Already on medication for other health issues Yes No Symptoms Yes No Severe frequent headache Nosebleed Fatigue Confused state of mind Blurred vision Chest pain Difficult breathing Irregular heartbeat Dizziness Nervousness Trouble sleeping Blood spots in eyes American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2021) Volume 81, No 1, pp 186-191 188 3. Results and Discussion The random cluster sampling was carried out in four districts (Lahore city, Kasur, Nankana Sahab and Shiekhupora) of Lahore division and total 100 persons data was collected. The mean ± SD (impact of economic status) of the sample (Table 2) was analyzed via ANOVA [13] and obtained significant results which highlighted, though population has considerable knowledge about hypertension but financial constraint develop a negative attitude and poor practices among masses [15]. Table 2: Impact of economic state on etiology of hypertension in Lahore Division, Pakistan. Economic class Mean ± SD Upper 2 ± 1.633 Middle 21.75 ± 0.9574 * Lower 1.25 ± 1.893 *Value was found significant on 0.1% level. Whereas data of whole division’s population showed that 46 males out of 59 and 34 females out of 41 are affected by this disease (Figure 1) with frequently reported symptoms severe recurring headache, fatigue and irregular heartbeat (Figure 2) but due to unawareness and financial crisis people tend to delay the in time diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, people of 20-40yrs age range were mainly found as hypertension patients. Another major reason might be the social gender differences because Pakistan still has male dominant society and usually financial burdens are on men and they are more prone to risk of hypertension. They also receive poor quality readymade diet as spend more duration from homes [15, 17, 18]. When data of medicine intake was examined (Figure 3), still 71.10% don’t take medicine and same pattern was noticed in district wise comparison (Figure 4) as Shiekhupura and Nankana Sahib are comparatively more backward than Lahore and Kasur which are mainly industrial and well established cities of Pakistan and possible reasons of this overall prevalence pattern are again either lack of awareness or financial restrictions and even may result into cardiovascular complications [17, 18]. Figure 1: Gender wise prevalence of hypertension in Lahore Division, Pakistan. 0 20 40 60 Males Females American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2021) Volume 81, No 1, pp 186-191 189 Figure 2: Commonly reported symptoms of hypertension in Lahore Division, Pakistan. Figure 3: Medicine intake ratio of hypertension patients in Lahore division, Pakistan. Figure 4: District wise comparison of hypertension prevalence in Lahore division, Pakistan. 4. Conclusion Thus current survey indicates that hypertension diagnosis and cure related strategies should be in focus of future researchers and public services providing government and private institutes [1]. Because high blood pressure based general public awareness generates potent effect for its control and management to avoid possible health complication of this growing global issue [15]. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Male Female 28.90% 71.10% Yes No 0 10 20 30 Lahore Kasur Sheikhupura Nankana Sahib American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2021) Volume 81, No 1, pp 186-191 190 Acknowledgements This collaborative survey was only performed by Dr. Anam Javed, Sufyan Saleem, Muniza Saeed , Hamid Raza, Bilal Shahid and Kinza Islam without financial assistance from any organization. References [1]. J. Wang, W. Sun, G. A. Wells, Z. Li, T. Li, J. Wu, Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, L. Li, Y. Yu and Y. Liu. “Differences in prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in urban and rural residents of the northeastern region of the People’s Republic of China.” A cross-sectional study. PLOS One, vol. 13(4), pp. 0195340. 2018. [2]. J. Wei, X. Yin, Q. Liu, L. 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