





































       V37 N4 / 2022 

©2022 American Medical Writers Association. All rights reserved.  
ISSN 2163-5315

AMWAJournal.org     46

ABSTRACT
The American Medical Writers Association (AMWA)  

currently bestows 3 awards in honor of 3 of its members: 

Harold Swanberg, MD, the founder of the Association; 

Walter Alvarez, MD, in retirement, a nationally syndicated 

health columnist; and John McGovern, MD, a philanthropist 

who supported initiatives in biomedical communications. 

However, the details of the lives of these men are unknown 

to most AMWA members. Accordingly, this biography 

describes the life and accomplishments of AMWA’s founder, 

Harold Swanberg, to recognize his achievements and to con-

tribute to the history of the profession and of  

the Association. 

Most AMWA members have heard of Harold Swanberg, the 

Association’s founder, but the details of his life are not  

commonly known. As are those of so many early AMWA 

members, Harold’s life is notable 

for several reasons.1 He contrib-

uted to the fields of radiology, 

scientific publications, medi-

cal writing—and chiropractic. 

He started several organizations 

in addition to AMWA, some of 

which were charitable founda-

tions supporting college-bound 

high school students, and 

founded 3 journals, each of which 

lasted 50 years. In fact, he was 

an innovator throughout his life 

(Figure 1).

PERSONAL LIFE
William Harold Swanberg, BSc, MD, FACP, was born in 

Philadelphia in 1891.2 Details on his early life are scant, but 

we do know that he was married twice. In 1919, he married 

Zoe Johnson (1885? -?), his office assistant at the time,2 with 

whom he had a son, William H. Swanberg, Jr (1921-1987). 

William was likely present when AMWA was formed and 

may have been a member the rest of his life,1 although prob-

ably in name only (Lillian Sablack, former executive director 

of AMWA, telephone conversation, July 24, 2020).

 His second wife was Mildred W. Chapman (1901-1987). 

Mildred had 2 daughters, JoAnn Spiva Kimball (1923-

2021) and Mary Louise Spiva Burnham (1926-1999), and 

she and Harold had a daughter, Nancy G. Bradshaw (1935-

2016). Nancy attended Francis Shimer junior college—at 

age 15—and, after studying at the Sorbonne, received a 

degree in English from the University of Missouri in 1955.3 

In the 1960s, she taught medical writing at Baylor College of 

Medicine. She became an AMWA Fellow in 1963.3

EARLY YEARS
At age 19, Harold was working his way through medical 

school as an assistant in a histological laboratory when he 

became interested in “the claims of some of the cults of 

that period.”4 The laboratory appears to have been that of 

Oakley G. Smith, the founder of naprapathy and the Chicago 

Naprapathy College.5 (Other sources describe Harold as 

being a student of Smith,6,7 which may be more self-serving 

than accurate.) Smith himself was a protégé of Daniel David 

Palmer, the founder of chiropractic. For whatever chiroprac-

tic has become, it originated from Palmer’s pseudoscientific 

beliefs about healing. Smith eventually split from Palmer in 

1907 and founded naprapathy, which focuses on diet and on 

manipulating connective tissue rather than the spine.7

 In 1914, after 4 years of work and at age 23, Harold pub-

lished The Intervertebral Foramen: An Atlas and Histological 

Description of an Intervertebral Foramen and its Adjacent 

Parts (Chicago Scientific Publishing; 1914). This book pre-

sented the first photomicrographs and scientific descriptions 

of the intervertebral foramen (in cats).7 A year later, he pub-

lished The Intervertebral Foramina in Man (Chicago Scientific 

Publishing; 1915). These books definitively disproved the 

“stepping-on-the-hose” theory of chiropractic, which was 

the metaphor for vertebral pressure impinging on nerve cells 

as the cause of disease.7,8 Several legitimate medical journals 

gave the books good reviews and, despite the books’ conclu-

sions, they were standard works in chiropractic for decades8 

and are still sold on alternative medicine websites.9 

Tom Lang / Principal, Tom Lang Communications and Training International, Kirkland, WA

William Harold Swanberg: Radiologist, Organizer, and Philanthropist

BIOGRAPHY

Figure 1. William Harold 
Swanberg BSc, MD, FACP 
(1891-1970), founder of the 
American Medical Writers 
Association.

http://www.amwajournal.org


AMWAJournal.org     47William Harold Swanberg: Radiologist, Organizer, and Philanthropist

 Oakley Smith had been dissecting spines since 1905, in 

the interest of chiropractic theory, and Harold’s work was 

related to Smith’s investigations.7

 A year later, at age 25, Harold graduated from the 

Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery, which is now part 

of Loyola University.2,10

PROFESSIONAL YEARS
William Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895, 4 years after 

Harold was born.2 Thus, this new field of Roentgenology 

was only 20 years old when Harold became a physician. He 

might have been attracted to the field earlier, but in 1917, he 

enlisted in the Army Medical Corps, received a commission 

as First Lieutenant, and studied at the School of Military 

Roentgenology in Chicago before being sent to Fort Riley, 

Kansas. He remained in the Army reserves until 1924.2,4

 After leaving the military, he moved to Quincy, Illinois, 

a small city on the Mississippi River. In 1919, he opened the 

Quincy X-Ray and Radium Laboratories.2 Soon thereafter, 

he married his assistant, Zoe Johnson, and their son William 

was born.2

 As a new radiologist, Harold was instrumental in found-

ing the Physicians and Surgeons Radium Association of 

Quincy in 1921. The purpose of the Association was “to  

disseminate a knowledge of the use of radium and to main-

tain hospitals.”2

 A short 2 years later, he organized and was elected sec-

retary of the Adams County Medical Society and was the 

Society’s librarian for 30 years. He also suggested that the 

Society publish a monthly bulletin.2 The first issue of the 

Adams County Medical Society Bulletin was published in 

1923. Eventually, the name was changed to The Quincy 

Medical Bulletin to “help build Quincy into a larger and 

better medical center.” The Bulletin was published until 

1970, and at its peak, was sent to hundreds of physicians.2

 A year later, in 1924, Harold started another journal, The 

Radiologic Review, which became the Mississippi Valley 

Medical Journal in 1939. It became Clinical Medicine in 1960 

and was published until 1978.2

 Harold was also a charter member of the Quincy 

Physicians Club, a medical study club whose members met 

twice a month to present and discuss cases.2 The Club held 

an all-day conference every year until the Great Depression. 

Out of the Club would come the Mississippi Valley Medical 

Society.2

 Over the next several years, Harold invented and mar-

keted an applicator for treating gynecological cancers with 

radiotherapy,11 maintained a private practice, worked as 

a radiologist at both Quincy hospitals and at some of the 

smaller area hospitals, took a graduate course at Harvard, 

and spent 6 months in graduate studies in Vienna (Box 1).2 

 In 1932, he published his third book, Radiologic Maxims, 

a collection of sayings and platitudes about radiology 

Box 1. Odds and Ends of Harold Swanberg’s Life 

In 1939, as president of the Kiwanis Club, he sug-

gested Quincy High School develop a rifle range 

and coordinated its development. It was used by 

both the girls’ and the boys’ rifle teams, the Young 

Men’s Christian Association, the National Guard, the 

Catholic Youth Association, and the Quincy Kiwanis 

Rifle Team.14 (Gun clubs were common in high 

schools at the time, as well as for many years after 

World War II.)

 He created what might have been the first registry  

of freelance medical writers and editors, eventually  

expanded so that it could also include “salaried 

people.”4

 He was instrumental in establishing the first voca-

tional guidance program and a guidance counselor 

position at his local high school in Quincy, Illinois.1

 In the McCarthy era of the 1950s, Harold was suc-

cessful in amending the AMWA Constitution to 

exclude anyone in the Communist or Fascist parties 

from becoming members. The rationale was “Having 

witnessed the infiltration of other vehicles of com-

munication by subversive forces, it is our duty to  

safeguard the association against such influences.”  

The announcement was titled “Communists and 

Fascists Beware!”4

 He served on the board of directors of the 

Unitarian Church for many years (a photograph 

of one of his adopted or to be adopted daughters 

appears in the same booklet).

 His last official act appears to have been casting 

the only vote opposing nonphysicians from becom-

ing president of AMWA, an initiative the board felt 

necessary if the Association were to continue. Thus, 

his death also marked the passing of the era that he 

began 2 decades earlier.25 (The first nonphysician to 

be elected president was Eric Martin, PhC [pharma-

ceutical chemist], BsC [bachelor’s degree in pharma-

ceutical chemistry], MS, PhD, who had founded the 

Drug Information Agency a few years before. Hardly 

a step down from physician presidents.)

http://www.amwajournal.org


AMWAJournal.org     48William Harold Swanberg: Radiologist, Organizer, and Philanthropist

(Figure 2).13 The book was not 

well received.13,14 In the 1950s, 

he also published several arti-

cles in the Mississippi Valley 

Medical Journal on medical 

topics and several editorials 

on social policy (eg, fluorida-

tion of drinking water, Social 

Security) as well as with issues 

in medical writing.4 

 In 1935, he helped found 

the Mississippi Valley Medical 

Society. The 250 charter mem-

bers elected him secretary- 

treasurer. By 1945, it had 800 members.2

 In 1940, he started yet another organization, the 

Mississippi Valley Medical Editors Association (MVEA), 

whose purpose was to support the editors of state and local 

medical society bulletins and the physicians who were writ-

ing for these publications.The MVMEA was not the first edi-

tors’ association, however. To put the MVMEA and AMWA 

in context, we have to look at the growth of scientific pub-

lishing just after the Civil War.

THE AMERICAN MEDICAL EDITORS ASSOCIATION
With some notable exceptions (eg, The New England Journal 

of Medicine, 1812; The Journal of the American Medical 

Association [JAMA], 1883), for most of the 1800s, “medical 

journalism” consisted of a handful of serious, society- 

sponsored journals (including those from state and local 

medical societies that would eventually be recruited by 

the MVMEA); many non-society proprietary journals 

publishing more-or-less legitimate medical articles; and 

advertising-driven tabloids (today’s “throw-aways”). Out 

of this environment, shortly after the Civil War, a group 

of journal editors formed the American Medical Editors 

Association (AMEA) to promote journal editing as a 

“distinct medical speciality.”15  

 By the turn of the century, AMEA had hundreds of mem-

bers nationwide, many with international reputations,16-19 

and was important enough that several leading medical 

journals published reports on its annual meetings, key 

papers, and presidential addresses.15 During this period, 

for the first time, some journal editors became part- or full-

time, paid professionals.15

 The AMEA was formed at the 1869 meeting of the 

American Medical Association (AMA). One of the found-

ers—and its first president—was Dr Nathan S. Davis, the 

founder of the AMA.20 Over the years, however, the values 

of the AMEA and the AMA diverged (Box 2). The AMEA 

would eventually criticize the business practices of AMA 

presidents George Simmons and his hand-picked succes-

sor, Morris Fishbein, who between them directed (read: 

ruled) the Association from 1889 to 1950.21 (Both were even-

tually forced from office for ethics violations, including 

deceptive business practices.) Also, the AMA “opposed all 

health insurance on the grounds that ‘no third party must 

be permitted to come between the patient and his physi-

cian in any medical relation.’”22 In contrast, the AMEA had 

long advocated creating a national health department lead 

by a cabinet-level secretary “to protect the health of the 

public.”23,24 (The forerunner to the Department of Health 

and Human Services would be established in 1953.)

 Harold was good friends with Fishbein, who became 

an important AMWA member. But it is no accident that 

Fishbein disparages the AMEA as a predecessor to AMWA 

in the very first sentence of his foreword to Harold’s History 

of the American Medical Writers Association.4 That said, 

Fishbein was an ardent supporter of AMWA from the begin-

ning and used his influence as “the voice of American phy-

sicians” to advance the Association. He started the Chicago 

chapter, served as president of the Association in 1958, and 

received the Distinguished Service Award in 1962.25

 The AMEA survived World War I but not the Great 

Depression. A similar fate would befall the MVMEA, which, 

to survive, had to evolve into a new organization: AMWA.

Box 2. The American Medical Editors or Writers  
or Authors Association

In 1928, an organization similar to, or a continuation of 

(accounts conflict15,20), the AMEA was formed—the  

American Medical Editors and Authors Association—

which appears to have favored the for-profit and throw-

away journals who competed with society journals 

for advertising income. The AMA was critical of the 

new association because its members were publishing 

“proprietary preparations as have not been approved by 

the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry.”20 Not said was 

the fact that the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry 

was created and controlled by the AMA’s president, 

George Simmons, who awarded its approval to drugs 

not for their safety and efficacy but for how much the 

manufacturer advertised in the journal. In 1889, when 

Simmons came to power, the journal’s advertising 

income was $34,000; by 1909, it was $150,000.21

Figure 2. Radiologic Maxims by 
William Harold Swanberg.

http://www.amwajournal.org


AMWAJournal.org     49William Harold Swanberg: Radiologist, Organizer, and Philanthropist

THE AMERICAN MEDICAL WRITERS ASSOCIATION
The MVMEA did not survive World War II. The War pre-

vented meetings between 1942 and 1948, at which time 

interest was waning among the 42 remaining members. 

Harold decided to create a national organization that 

would be open to everyone in medical publishing, not 

just to journal editors. To prime the pump, he persuaded 

his friend, Morris Fishbein, then editor-in-chief of the 

Journal of the American Medical Association, to offer a 

2-hour course on medical writing at the 1948 meeting. On 

September 29, 1948, the Mississippi Valley Medical Editors 

Association was renamed the American Medical Writers 

Association, “America’s only Association Devoted to 

Improvement of the Written Word of Medicine.”4 

 In founding AMWA, Harold had several goals, all but 

one of which were met admirably during his time and 

some of which continue to drive the Association’s activities 

today. All the successes described below were achieved  

by volunteers; AMWA had no paid staff until Lillian  

Sablack became the first Executive Director of AMWA in 

1973 (Lillian Sablack, telephone communication,  

July 24, 2020).

Goal 1: Publish a bulletin. When the Mississippi Valley 

Medical Editors Association was renamed AMWA in 

1948, it adopted the Mississippi Valley Medical Journal 

as its publication.4 In 1951, AMWA also began to publish 

the Quarterly Bulletin of the American Medical Writers 

Association, which was published until 1985, at which 

time its name was changed to the AMWA Journal. The 

Mississippi Valley Medical Journal was absorbed by Clinical 

Medicine in 1960. The AMWA Newsletter was published 

beginning in 1970 and Medical Communications in 1972.4 

In 1978, the newsletter was incorporated into Medical 

Communications, and in 1986, Medical Communications 

was incorporated into the AMWA Journal.25

Goal 2: Start regional chapters. AMWA began with 42 

members. By 1958, the number was 1,254, and by 1965, more 

than 1,800.4 By 1965, the Association had 9 chapters in the 

United States and 1 in Mexico City. Today, more than 4,000 

members are included in 16 North American chapters.26

Goal 3: Bestow awards. Early in its existence, AMWA 

established 3 awards. The Distinguished Service Award 

consisted of a gold medal and a certificate given for “distin-

guished contributions to the medical literature or rendered 

unusual and distinguished service to the medical profes-

sion.” The first recipient of the Distinguished Service Award 

was Harold himself, in 1952. (The gold medal was discon-

tinued in 1963.)4

 The Honor Award was also a gold medal and a certif-

icate given irregularly for “distinguished contributions to 

the medical literature.” (That gold medal was discontinued 

in 1963, too.)4

 Finally, the Honor Award for Distinguished Service in 

Medical Journalism was given to medical journals in 6 cat-

egories: general medical journals, specialist and research 

journals, state medical society journals, county or city med-

ical journals, controlled circulation journals, and “other.”4

Goal 4: Establish fellowships. The Association has 

awarded hundreds of fellowships over the years. Notable 

fellows include Morris Fishbein and George Simmons, edi-

tors of the Journal of the American Medical Association; 

Karl Menninger, founder of the Menninger Psychiatric 

Clinic; Alton Ochsner, founder of the Ochsner Clinic 

in New Orleans; Frances Kelsey, the Food and Drug 

Administration employee who prevented thalidomide from 

being marketed in the United States; Michael E. DeBakey, 

the heart surgeon, and his sisters, Lois and Selma DeBakey; 

and Joseph Garland, editor of the New England Journal of 

Medicine.4

Goal 5: Begin a manuscript editing service. Between 1952 

until at least 1965, AMWA ran a contract editing service 

for its members to “help maintain and advance high stan-

dards of medical literature.” Harold proposed the service 

(of course), which provided line-by-line critiques but did 

not do library research, compile bibliographies, or provide 

ghostwriting. The first editor was Theodore Peterson, a doc-

toral student at the University of Illinois, who, after almost 

6 years, had edited 600 manuscripts. The rate was $5 per 

1,000 words, and articles were limited to 5,000 words.

Goal 6: Establish college degree programs in “medi-
cal journalism.” One of Harold’s most important projects 

was to establish degree programs in “medical journal-

ism.”4 (Today, however, “medical journalism” refers to “sci-

ence writing.”) In 1954, the University of Illinois and the 

University of Missouri (in conjunction with their respective 

medical schools) and later, the University of Oklahoma, 

began offering a Bachelor of Science degree in Medical 

Journalism and Writing. The University of Illinois program 

consisted of about an equal number of units in the human-

ities, social sciences, natural sciences, and journalism. To 

support these programs, AMWA established several “Harold 

Swanberg Medical Journalism Scholarships,” funded by 

http://www.amwajournal.org


AMWAJournal.org     50William Harold Swanberg: Radiologist, Organizer, and Philanthropist

donations (all from Harold, of course).4 Although Harold 

approached 7 grant-making foundations and sent promo-

tional materials to 250 pharmaceutical, medical publishing, 

and medical advertising companies, he obtained no  

outside funding.

 The programs did not do well. In his history of AMWA, 

Harold mentions only 11 students who enrolled in the pro-

grams, and only 2 who graduated.4 Today, however, several 

AMWA members are or have been closely involved with 

the medical writing and editing programs at the University 

of Chicago,27 the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia 

(although the program ended this year when the University 

merged with St John’s University), and the University of  

San Diego Extension.28

Goal 7: Offer a traveling lectureship program. From 1955 

to 1961, AMWA member Jacques Gray, MD, MPH, delivered 

37 lectures on behalf of AMWA at medical centers and phar-

maceutical companies on the East Coast. Gray, a former 

Dean of the Medical College of Virginia and the Medical 

School at the University of Oklahoma, was Director at the 

time of Special Medical Services for Park, Davis & Company, 

which funded the program. He continued to lecture on 

AMWA’s behalf until his death in 1961.4

Goal 8: Exhibit at professional meetings. In Harold’s 

History of the American Medical Writers Association is a 1956 

photo of him and a colleague recruiting at a booth at the 

World Medical Association conference in Havana, Cuba.4 

The exhibit, created by Harold (of course) was also shown at 

several conferences in the United States. In a related proj-

ect, after one of its own meetings, AMWA published a small 

book titled A Group of Papers on Medical Writing.29 The 11 

chapters were written by distinguished AMWA members. 

An astounding 20,000 copies were published in 2 editions. 

The book is still relevant and is available for less than $20.

Goal 9: Nurture sustaining memberships. In 1965, AMWA 

had 26 sustaining members paying an annual fee to sup-

port the Association. Almost all were major pharmaceutical 

companies, in which AMWA members tended to be division 

heads or vice presidents.4

PHILANTHROPIC ACTIVITIES
In 1942, Harold had founded the Swanberg Medical 

Foundation, a not-for-profit trust fund administered by 

the Adams County Medical Society, to “sponsor ... things 

of a charitable, scientific, literary or educational nature... 

which would bring public and professional honor and 

respect to the medical profession...”2 Eventually, the foun-

dation supported the Society for Academic Achievement 

(SAA), which was “dedicated to motivate youth to achieve 

academic excellence ... (and) to lead the academically tal-

ented to pursue the proper subjects so they can procure a 

college education and become future intellectual leaders.”2 

The foundation and the SAA continue to make awards, most 

recently to seniors at Quincy High School. In 1956, Harold 

also developed and launched the Quincy Major Learning 

Program, to help high school students enter and graduate 

from college.1

HIS LEGACY
A heart attack ended Harold’s medical career in 1959. He 

died in 1970, at age 79, but not before publishing volume 

I of a planned 2-volume history of the AMWA in 1965.2,4 

(Volume II was never written.) In 1962, the Association 

renamed the Distinguished Service Award The Harold 
Swanberg Distinguished Service Award. This award is 

presented “to any active member of AMWA who has made 

distinguished contributions to medical communication or 

rendered unusual and distinguished services to the medical 

profession.”

 In his professional life, Harold formed 5 organizations, 

started 3 journals, and established 3 educational founda-

tions. By founding AMWA, he created a structure that would 

advance the field of medical writing for decades to come.  

It is fitting that the Harold Swanberg Award is AMWA’s  

highest honor.

Author declaration and disclosures: The author reports no 
competing interests in relation to this article.

Author contact: tomlangcom@aol.com

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http://www.e-yearbook.com/yearbooks/Quincy_High_School_Shadow_Yearbook/1937/Page_58.html
http://www.e-yearbook.com/yearbooks/Quincy_High_School_Shadow_Yearbook/1937/Page_58.html
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