





































164    AMWA Journal / V36 N4 / 2021 / amwa.org        

Abstract 

The American Medical Writers Association (AMWA)  

currently bestows 3 awards in honor of 3 of its members: 

Harold Swanberg, MD, the founder of the Association; 

Walter Alvarez, MD, in retirement, a nationally syndicated 

health columnist;; and John McGovern, MD, a philanthro-

pist who supported initiatives in biomedical communi-

cations. However, the details of the lives of these men are 

unknown to most AMWA members. Accordingly, this biog-

raphy describes the life and accomplishments of Walter 

Alvarez to recognize his achievements and to contribute to 

the history of the profession and of the Association.

Introduction
Walter Alvarez was an accomplished researcher and physi-

cian. As a gastroenterologist, he was the first to identify what 

is now called Alvarez syndrome, a medical disorder of unex-

plained neurotic abdominal bloating, and Alvarez-waves, or 

painless uterine contractions that occur throughout preg-

nancy.1 He was among the first to call attention to food aller-

gies,2 brought worldwide attention to what would be called 

psychosomatic medicine,2,3 and was an early supporter of 

LGBTQ+ rights.2 Despite these achievements, however, what 

he did in retirement is what caught AMWA’s attention. 

The Alvarez Family
Walter Alvarez was a remarkable man with a remark-

able lineage. His father, Luis F. Alvarez, was born in Spain, 

orphaned early, and taken by a relative to Cuba at age 13, 

where he completed high school. He next went to San 

Francisco where he learned English, graduated from  

medical school, and started a family.4 He eventually became 

a government physician in rural Hawaii and was later 

appointed to run a new hospital for patients with Hansen 

disease (leprosy),5 where he developed an early diagnostic 

test for the disease. He also became the personal physician 

to Queen Lili’uokalani of Hawaii.6

 Walter’s sister, Mable, was a renowned artist whose 

paintings were exhibited nationwide and are held in private 

collections around the world.7 His brother, Milton, became 

a businessman in the southern Philippines, in a Sultanate 

of the Islamic Moro people. He was so well liked that when 

the Sultan died, he was offered the position of Sultan (he 

declined).3 His brother, Harold, became a Professor of Dental 

Surgery at the University of California Medical Center in San 

Francisco and had a successful private practice.3

  Walter’s son, Luis, was one of the most notable nuclear 

physicists of the 20th century. He made the first pre-

cise measurements of neutrons; invented the cyclotron, 

ground-controlled radar (which allows planes to land in 

poor visibility), the transponders that identify airplanes in 

flight, and a stabilizing optical system for cameras; ana-

lyzed the Zapruder film of the Kennedy assassination; 

received the Nobel Prize in physics; and—probably most 

importantly—invented the stroboscopic golf-trainer that 

helped President Eisenhower improve his golf swing.8

 Walter’s grandson (Luis’s son, also a Walter) was a geol-

ogist and professor in the Earth and Planetary Science 

Department at the University of California, Berkeley. He 

studied the phenomenon of “geomagnetic reversals,” which 

occur when magnetic poles trade places, and was able to 

estimate the dates of these reversals—over the past 100 mil-

lion years.9 In 1980, he and his father proposed the “Alvarez 

hypothesis,” which postulated that an asteroid hitting the 

earth ended the age of dinosaurs 66 million years ago.10  

Their hypothesis was confirmed in 2010.11

Growing Up in Hawaii
Walter Clement Alvarez was born in San Francisco in 1884, 

Thomas A. Lang, MA / Principal, Tom Lang Communications and Training, Kirkland, WA  

Walter Clement Alvarez:  
Physician • Researcher • Columnist

BIOGRAPHY



      AMWA Journal / V36 N4 / 2021 / amwa.org    165

the son of Luis F. Alvarez, MD, and Clementina Alvarez. An 

older brother had died of diphtheria at the age of 4, making 

Walter the oldest of his 4 siblings: Milton, Florence, Mabel, and 

Harold.3 When he was 3, the family moved to Hawaii, where 

his father was a government physician in rural Oahu caring for 

migrant workers in the sugar cane plantations.3,4

 Walter and his siblings grew up in relative isolation. His 

mother taught him to read, and he remained a voracious reader 

throughout life. He often accompanied his father on medi-

cal rounds in the countryside. On these trips, he encountered 

the kahunas, the shamans who could put spells on people that 

actually resulted in death.3 He would remember this phenom-

enon when he began to investigate why his patients had symp-

toms for which he could find no medical cause.

 One day, his father had to operate on a field worker who 

had lost his hand. The operating theater was the front lawn 

of the Alvarez house, and the operating table came from the 

kitchen.3 Walter assisted in the surgery—at age 7. He credits 

those experiences with his decision to become a doctor.2

 After 8 years in Oahu, the family moved to Honolulu, where 

Walter’s father ran a new experimental hospital for treating  

leprosy.2,12 In Honolulu, Walter had access to better schools. 

Still, much of his education came from extensive reading on a 

wide variety of topics in the local library.3

  After graduating from high school in Hawaii in 1901, Walter 

returned to San Francisco, where he enrolled in Cooper Medical 

College (later to become the Stanford University School of 

Medicine).2,13 He was only 17, but at that time, medical schools 

required only a high school education to matriculate.3

Private Practice 
Walter began his internship and his research career in a San 

Francisco hospital in 1906 (he was there for the great earth-

quake). In his first published article, he confirmed the recent 

discovery of Treponema pallidum as the cause of syphilis.14 

Some 25 causes of syphilis had been proposed, so his diagnos-

tic confirmation of T. pallidum was important. The article was 

published in the Journal of the American Medical Association 

when he was just 22 years old. 

 In the early 1900s, patients were routinely “purged” with 

laxatives before surgery to clear their bowels, even though the 

process weakened and dehydrated them. When no one could 

tell him why purging was done, he spent weeks in the library 

researching the practice. He concluded that its origins were  

the cleansing rituals that many preliterate cultures used to pre-

pare someone for an ordeal, such as an initiation rite. He also 

found no evidence that it was effective. In one of his earliest 

publications, he made the case that purging was harmful and 

should be stopped.15 The article is credited with reducing the 

practice worldwide.2

 Walter married Harriet Skidmore Smythe in 1907.16 Later 

that year, their first daughter, Gladys, was born,17 and Walter 

took over his father’s medical practice, which was now in a 

remote mining camp in Cananea, Mexico (Figure).18 As in 

Hawaii, he was again living 

among indigenous people 

who held different beliefs 

about health, sickness, and 

healing. When he noticed 

that many of his patients 

expressed strong emotional 

reactions and exaggerated 

symptoms that seemed 

unrelated to organic causes, 

he made a point to spend 

time with the local curan-

deros, or traditional healers, 

learning how they under-

stood and treated their 

patients. With this under-

standing, he could provide 

better medical care by helping patients suspend prescribed 

cultural reactions: “I can’t listen to your heartbeat if you con-

tinue to wail.” His patients could now stop the expected wail-

ing because “the doctor said so.”3

 After 2 years, however, he was ready to return to San 

Francisco and so accepted an offer to open a practice with  

his former teacher and mentor, a gastroenterologist named Dr 

Schmoll.2 Their practice soon became the most prestigious in 

the region (according to Walter, perhaps with understatement, 

because they were so successful in treating millionaires for gout 

and in diagnosing syphilis with the new Wassermann test).2

 During this period, he began taking notes on his patients 

who reported abdominal pain or discomfort but in whom he 

could find nothing physically wrong. Other physicians had 

given these patients an undefined diagnosis of “autointoxica-

tion” and often put them through one or more exploratory sur-

geries. Walter remembered the kahunas and the curanderos. 

He was also aware that “confession of a sin made to a physician 

can be just as effective…as a confession made to a priest,” and 

noticed that abdominal symptoms often disappeared when 

patients resolved some issues in their lives. In 1912, he gave his 

first lecture on what later would be called psychosomatic med-

icine, and he continued to investigate this mind-body relation-

ship throughout his career.2

 Walter was a gifted diagnostician. Without modern testing, 

physicians actually had to look at and listen to their patients, 

and the best physicians were masters of careful observation.  

To show interns how important this skill was, Walter interpreted 

a chest radiograph picked at random. His observations: the 

BIOGRAPHY

Figure. Walter Clement Alvarez, 
age 23. Used with permission  
of Mayo Foundation for Medical  
Education and Research



166    AMWA Journal / V36 N4 / 2021 / amwa.org        

radiograph was of a woman about 50 years old, who was tall, 

slender, and frail. She was Catholic and had had several children. 

She had had tuberculosis and possibly a mild case of polio as 

a child and, at some point, pneumonia. She probably had high 

blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, and arthritis. Finally, she quite 

likely hunted pheasants with her husband or brother and had 

been thrown from a horse. (His explanations for each observa-

tion are in his autobiography.2 Sherlock Holmes, move over.) 

 During this time, he learned one of his little “diagnostic 

tricks”: “When you can’t identify the cause of a patient’s dis-

comfort, ask the spouse.” (!) 

 After 3 years, Dr Schmoll’s mental health began to decline 

(he was eventually institutionalized), and Walter left the prac-

tice. In 1912, he accepted a position at Harvard University, 

working with Dr Cannon, a renowned gastroenterologist, 

researching the anatomy and physiology of the bowel (OK, he 

studied flatulence in rabbits. But the research was far more 

important than the subject implies).12 During this period, 

Walter also introduced the term “irritable bowel syndrome.”19

 While in Boston, Walter decided he needed access to a 

broader range of the scientific literature. Already fluent in 

English, Spanish, and French, he could also understand Italian 

from his study of Latin, but he could not read German. So, for 

the next 4 years, he studied until he could easily read techni-

cal articles in German.2 (This period coincided with WWI, but 

his studies were unrelated to the War. Walter does not mention 

either WWI or WWII in his biographies.) Walter explained his 

enthusiasm for learning by citing the Greek origins of the word: 

en-theos, the “God within.”3 This drive to expand his knowl-

edge was lifelong. When insulin was discovered, he visited the 

Canadian scientists, Drs Banting and Best, who had discovered 

it. He made a point to meet Sir Alexander Fleming, the dis-

coverer of penicillin, and when he became frustrated at how 

to care for his gay and trans patients, he sought out Dr Alfred 

Kinsey, the pioneer in research on sexuality and gender issues.3

 When the family returned to San Francisco in 1915, in addi-

tion to Gladys, they had 3 more children: Luis (1911), Robert 

(1913), and Bernice (1915).20

  Back in San Francisco, Walter ran a highly successful medi-

cal practice from 1915 to 1925, spending a half day at his office 

and the other half conducting research at the University of 

California, Berkeley.2,18 Although he was primarily a clinician, 

by 1919, his reputation as a basic researcher led to his elec-

tion to membership in the American Physiological Society, the 

Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, the American 

Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, the 

American Society for Clinical Investigation, and the American 

Roentgen Ray Society.13

 Also, in 1919, he turned his full attention to statistics,21 

which he regarded as essential for doing research. Later, he 

was instrumental in establishing the statistics department at 

Mayo Clinic.2 

 Walter eventually parted ways with other physicians in the 

San Francisco County Medical Association over their opposi-

tion to “much-needed workman’s compensation laws” and 

was looking for a new opportunity. As luck would have it, at a 

conference, he sat next to a member of the board of directors 

of Mayo Clinic, who immediately offered him a position at the 

Clinic, which he took in 1926.2

His Career at Mayo Clinic
At Mayo Clinic, Walter got his wish: he could continue his 

research, see patients, and support his family. Eventually, 

his worldwide reputation as both a researcher and a clini-

cian in gastroenterology led to his presidency of the American 

Gastroenterological Association in 1928.2 From 1937 until he 

retired from Mayo Clinic in 1951, he was also editor-in-chief of 

the American Journal of Digestive Diseases, which later became 

Gastroenterology.22 

 Walter was an early advocate of health education.21 In 1932, 

he proposed that the Clinic create a museum of medicine to 

help patients and the public understand the human body and 

its ailments and treatments. The museum continues today as 

Mayo Clinic Heritage Hall. 

 In his second autobiography, he recalls that “Two of my 

most grateful patients were notorious gangsters, who, strange 

to say, I came to like.” One, “a well-known citizen of Chicago” 

from whom Walter removed a painful gallstone, begged  

Walter to “commit some crime so that through his friends he 

could ‘get me off.’” The other kept asking if there wasn’t some-

one Walter wanted “bumped off,” which would be done with-

out charge!

 In his 25 years at Mayo Clinic, Walter published nearly 350 

scientific articles.21 Several times, he ran afoul of the young  

editors in the Division of Publications run by the legendary 

Maud Mellish. He tells about how they tried to make his  

writing more scientific by using more technical terms, such as 

replacing “hiccup” with “singultus,” and adhering to arcane 

rules of grammar when he wanted to write less formally. They 

also wanted to soften some of his more challenging conclu-

sions. “Fortunately for me…the Editors-in-Chief Maud Mellish 

and later Richard Hewitt  always came to my rescue; they 

chased away the young ladies with the blue pencils…”2  

(Dr Hewitt was President of AMWA in 1955.) 

Retirement, Sort Of
In 1950, Walter turned 65, retired from Mayo Clinic, and moved 

to Chicago. Within 6 months, however, he agreed to be the 

editor-in-chief of Geriatrics and Modern Medicine and would 

remain so until he retired again, 25 years later, at age 90. 

BIOGRAPHY



      AMWA Journal / V36 N4 / 2021 / amwa.org    167

 Walter continued to write after he retired. As a journal 

editor, he had written hundreds of editorials. In Chicago, he 

continued this practice as a newspaper columnist, gaining 

fame as “America's Family Doctor” for his practical and under-

standable columns on personal health.23 His columns were 

soon syndicated in hundreds of daily and weekly newspapers 

throughout North America and in several countries.17,24 These 

columns, the 17 books he published during this period, and 

his “reassuring clinical wisdom and compassion” made him a 

beloved and world-famous physician.25

 In his editorial office in Chicago, Walter hired a young 

woman just out of college to become his editorial assistant. 

Kelley Williams would spend the next 14 years editing his 

writings, producing weekly syndicated television and radio 

programs, and helping to coordinate his many professional 

activities and lectures at scientific conferences. She even sug-

gested the wonderful title for his first autobiography, The 

Incurable Physician. Walter, in turn, mentored her in medical 

writing and broadened her understanding of medicine and 

of life. In 1987, Kelley became President of AMWA, where she 

helped develop the core curriculum that was the backbone of 

the Association for many years (Kelley Williams, personal com-

munication, June 28, 2020). 

 Walter wrote on a wide range of topics, among them, the 

use of a psychological evaluation when diagnosing illness, the 

use and misuse of tranquilizers, the use of hypnosis in treating 

asthma, the activity of obese girls, the effects of glue-sniffing 

in children, office treatment of behavior disorders, depression, 

psychotherapy, sleep disturbances, and suicide. During this 

period, he became the most widely read and respected physi-

cian of the 20th century. At the peak of his activities, he had  

12 million readers24 and received more than 100,000 letters 

a year asking for medical advice.2 His books and editorials in 

Modern Medicine and Geriatrics were enjoyed by thousands  

of physicians. 

 Throughout his professional life, Walter was interested 

in the genetic determinants of disease, especially psychiatric 

disorders (Box 1). In part, his interest stemmed from his col-

leagues who did not routinely take thorough family histories 

of their patients and so missed many diagnoses. Also, in the 

early 1900s, the “nature vs nurture” debate was in full swing, 

and “nurture” was more popular among some physicians, 

who were quick to blame parents for the mental health issues 

of their children. (One section of Walter’s essay on heredity is 

titled “The Taboo Against Even Mentioning Heredity.”2)

 Walter believed he never adequately understood his 

patients who had questions or concerns about their sexual 

lives or gender identity. Medical schools seldom addressed the 

topic, which was considered taboo and was accompanied by 

much incorrect information. Walter did what he always did in 

such cases: he sought the best information he could find. He 

became good friends with Dr Alfred Kinsey, who had just  

completed his landmark surveys, Sexual Behavior in the 

Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. 

(Kinsey’s research was funded in part by the Rockefeller 

Foundation, where the research department was headed by  

Dr Alan Gregg, for many years a prominent member of 

AMWA.) Walter accepted the variety of gender identities as 

natural differences, not as moral failings to be punished or 

“cured,” and had great sympathy for his patients and the 

fear, guilt, anxiety, and discrimination they experienced.26 He 

sought to educate his colleagues and the public on the natural 

biological realities and on the unjust social consequences of 

sex and gender identity (Kelley Williams, personal communi-

cation, June 28, 2020). 

His Legacy
In 1975, Walter retired for the second time. His wife had died 

in 1973, and he eventually moved back to San Francisco to be 

with his children and grandchildren. He died there in 1978, but 

not before hiring yet another editorial assistant and writing 

until his death (Kelley Williams, personal communication, 

June 28, 2020).

 Walter kept a diary for most of his life. Before writing  

the Incurable Physician (published in 1963),2 he read all  

62 volumes of the diary to prepare. He published 2 autobiogra-

phies, in 19632 and 1976.3 The biographies include many of his 

editorials.27 His second autobiography is filled with stories and 

anecdotes from his practice of medicine, which makes it quite 

engaging (Box 2 on next page). The stories make it clear that 

although “many physicians treat diseases, Alvarez treats people 

who have diseases.”23

Box 1.  
Early in his career, Walter became interested in genetics and 

the effects of heredity on health. He relates a story told to 

him by an elderly doctor who had attended Walter’s lecture 

on the topic. A census taker had knocked on the door of a 

shack in the course of his duties, and the door was opened 

by a girl who appeared to have a developmental disability 

but was nevertheless able to communicate. When the man 

asked if her father was in, she replied, “Naw, he’s in the pen-

itentiary.” When he asked if her mother was in, she replied, 

“Naw, she’s in the state hospital.” Asked if she had a sister, 

she said, “Yeah, she works in the red-light district.” Did she 

have a brother? “Yeah, he’s at Harvard Medical School.” The 

man, stunned, said, “You mean your brother is a Harvard 

professor? “Naw,” she said. “He’s no professor. He has two 

heads; he’s in a bottle of alcohol.”

BIOGRAPHY



168 AMWA Journal / V36 N4 / 2021 / amwa.org 

BIOGRAPHY

 For his achievements in educating the public about health 

and disease, AMWA created the Walter C. Alvarez Memorial 

Award in 1982 to “honor excellence in communicating health 

care developments and concepts to the public.”28

 Walter’s last column, written 4 years before his death at age 

94, was titled “The folly of retirement at age 65.”29 He clearly 

knew of what he spoke.

Author declaration and disclosures: The author notes no commercial 
associations that may pose a conflict of interest in relation to this article.

Author contact: tomlangcom@aol.com 

References
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_C._Alvarez

2. Alvarez W. The Incurable Physician: An Autobiography of Dr. Walter C. 

Alvarez. Prentice Hall, Inc; 1963. 

3. Alvarez W. Alvarez on Alvarez. Strawberry Hill Press; 1977. 

4. Luis F. Alvarez - Biography, fact, career, net worth and life story. Accessed

August 22, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_F._Alvarez 

5. Alvarez L. A new method of bacteriological diagnosis of leprosy. Cited 

in Lew J, Chung M. The bacteriologic diagnosis of early leprosy by 

the trypsin digestion method. Int J Leprosy. 1959;27:360-365. PMID 

14416455 

6. Forbes D. Encounters with Paradise: Views of Hawaii and Its People, 

1778-1941. University of Hawaii Press; 1992. 

7. Mabel Alvarez Biography. The Annex Galleries website.  Accessed 

August 22, 2021. https://www.annexgalleries.com/artists/biography/ 

39/Alvarez/Mabel

8. Luis Walter Alvarez. Encyclopedia.com website. Accessed June 24, 2020. 

https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/

physics-biographies/luis-walter-alvarez

9. Walter Alvarez. Wikipedia website. Accessed June 22, 2020. https://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Alvarez

10. Pope K, D’Hondy S, Marshall C. Meteorite impact and the mass 

extinction of species at the cretaceous/tertiary boundary. Proc Natl 

Acad Sci USA. 1998;95(19):11028-11029. 

11. Harmon K. A theory set in stone: an asteroid killed the dinosaurs, after 

all. Scientific American website. Published March 10, 2010. Accessed 

June 15, 2020. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asteroid-

killed-dinosaurs/

12. Luis F. Álvarez. Wikipedia website. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_F._Alvarez

13. Fordtran J, Goyal R, Feldman M, et al. Gastroenterology’s editors-

in-chief: historical and personal perspectives of their editorships. 

Gastroenterology. 2013;145:16-31. 

14. Alvarez W. The spirochæta pallida (treponema pallidum) in syphilis. 

JAMA. 1906;XLVI(22):1687-1690. 

15. Alvarez WC. Is the purgation of patients before operation justifiable? 

Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1918;26:651-659.

16. Doctor Walter Alvarez, writer, dies. Santa Cruz Sentinel. June 20, 

1978:24. 

17. Walter Clement Alvarez (1884-1978). WikiTree website. Accessed May 

12, 2020. https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Alvarez-1582

18. Saxon W. Dr. Walter C. Alvarez, 93, dies; had been Mayo Clinic specialist. 

New York Times. June 20, 1978.

19. Camilleri M. Irritable bowel syndrome: how useful is the term and the 

‘diagnosis’? Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2012;5(6):381-386. 

20. Dr Walter Clement Alvarez. FamilySearch website. Accessed June 7, 

2020. https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LVF4-TT3/dr-walter-

clement-alvarez-1884-1978

21. Nelson CW. Early Mayo Medical illustrating. Mayo Clin Proc. 

1995;70(8):724. 

22. A brief history of the journal and its editors. Gastroenterology. 

1968;54(4):Suppl:693-696. 

23. Garwin R. Memorial tribute for Luis W. Alvarez. In Memorial Tributes, 

National Academy of Engineering, Volume 5. National Academy 

Press; 1992. 

24. Mehan M. Walter C. Alvarez: American man of medicine. JAMA. 

1997;237(18):1987-1988. 

25. A brief biography – Yousuf Karsh. Yousuf Karsh website. Accessed June 

2, 2020. https://karsh.org/a-brief-biography/

26. Alvarez W, Martin S. Homosexuality vs. Gay Liberation and Other Forms 

of Sexual Deviance. Pyramid Books; 1974. 

27. Alvarez W. Walter C. Alvarez: American Man of Medicine. Van Nostrand 

Reinhold Company; 1976.

28. Recognition. American Medical Writers Association website. Accessed 

May 2, 2020. https://www.amwa.org/Page/Recognition

29. Alvarez W. Editorial: The folly of retirement at age 65. Geriatrics. 

1974;29(10):153.

Box 2. 
Walter tells a story about why physicians shouldn’t jump 

to conclusions about their patients. One of his patients, a 

woman, was told by another doctor that her poor health 

was caused by not having children. “I know your type well. 

You doll yourself up in the morning, play cards in the after-

noon, and live a stupid, indoor existence.” Later, she told 

Walter that “I didn’t bother to tell him that my husband 

smuggles whisky across the Canadian border. Most nights 

I sit in the car with him, watching out for hijackers, with a 

submachine gun across my lap.” 

mailto:tomlangcom@aol.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_C._Alvarez
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_C._Alvarez
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_F._Alvarez
https://www.annexgalleries.com/artists/biography/39/Alvarez/Mabel
https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/physics-biographies/luis-walter-alvarez
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Alvarez
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Alvarez
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asteroid-killed-dinosaurs/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asteroid-killed-dinosaurs/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asteroid-killed-dinosaurs/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_F._Alvarez
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_F._Alvarez
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Alvarez-1582
https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LVF4-TT3/dr-walter-clement-alvarez-1884-1978
https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LVF4-TT3/dr-walter-clement-alvarez-1884-1978
https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LVF4-TT3/dr-walter-clement-alvarez-1884-1978
https://karsh.org/a-brief-biography/
https://www.amwa.org/Page/Recognition



