id sid tid token lemma pos bracis-33589 1 1 improving improve VERB bracis-33589 1 2 short short ADJ bracis-33589 1 3 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 1 4 content content NOUN bracis-33589 1 5 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 1 6 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 1 7 using use VERB bracis-33589 1 8 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 1 9 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 1 10 trajectories trajectorie VERB bracis-33589 1 11 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 1 12 techniques technique NOUN bracis-33589 1 13 | | ADV bracis-33589 1 14 springer springer NOUN bracis-33589 1 15 nature nature PROPN bracis-33589 1 16 link link PROPN bracis-33589 1 17 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 1 18 formerly formerly ADV bracis-33589 1 19 springerlink springerlink NOUN bracis-33589 1 20 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 1 21 skip skip VERB bracis-33589 1 22 to to ADP bracis-33589 1 23 main main ADJ bracis-33589 1 24 content content NOUN bracis-33589 1 25 advertisement advertisement NOUN bracis-33589 1 26 log log NOUN bracis-33589 1 27 in in ADP bracis-33589 1 28 menu menu NOUN bracis-33589 1 29 find find VERB bracis-33589 1 30 a a DET bracis-33589 1 31 journal journal NOUN bracis-33589 1 32 publish publish VERB bracis-33589 1 33 with with ADP bracis-33589 1 34 us we PRON bracis-33589 1 35 track track VERB bracis-33589 1 36 your your PRON bracis-33589 1 37 research research NOUN bracis-33589 1 38 search search NOUN bracis-33589 1 39 cart cart NOUN bracis-33589 1 40 home home NOUN bracis-33589 1 41 intelligent intelligent ADJ bracis-33589 1 42 systems system NOUN bracis-33589 1 43 conference conference NOUN bracis-33589 1 44 paper paper NOUN bracis-33589 1 45 improving improve VERB bracis-33589 1 46 short short ADJ bracis-33589 1 47 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 1 48 content content NOUN bracis-33589 1 49 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 1 50 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 1 51 using use VERB bracis-33589 1 52 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 1 53 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 1 54 trajectories trajectorie VERB bracis-33589 1 55 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 1 56 techniques technique NOUN bracis-33589 1 57 conference conference NOUN bracis-33589 1 58 paper paper NOUN bracis-33589 1 59 first first ADV bracis-33589 1 60 online online ADV bracis-33589 1 61 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 1 62 30 30 NUM bracis-33589 1 63 january january NOUN bracis-33589 1 64 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33589 1 65 pp pp PRON bracis-33589 1 66 125–139 125–139 NUM bracis-33589 1 67 cite cite VERB bracis-33589 1 68 this this DET bracis-33589 1 69 conference conference NOUN bracis-33589 1 70 paper paper NOUN bracis-33589 1 71 access access NOUN bracis-33589 1 72 provided provide VERB bracis-33589 1 73 by by ADP bracis-33589 1 74 university university PROPN bracis-33589 1 75 of of ADP bracis-33589 1 76 notre notre PROPN bracis-33589 1 77 dame dame PROPN bracis-33589 1 78 hesburgh hesburgh PROPN bracis-33589 1 79 library library PROPN bracis-33589 1 80 download download PROPN bracis-33589 1 81 book book NOUN bracis-33589 1 82 pdf pdf PROPN bracis-33589 1 83 download download NOUN bracis-33589 1 84 book book NOUN bracis-33589 1 85 epub epub PROPN bracis-33589 1 86 intelligent intelligent ADJ bracis-33589 1 87 systems system NOUN bracis-33589 1 88 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 1 89 bracis bracis NOUN bracis-33589 1 90 2024 2024 NUM bracis-33589 1 91 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 1 92 improving improve VERB bracis-33589 1 93 short short ADJ bracis-33589 1 94 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 1 95 content content NOUN bracis-33589 1 96 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 1 97 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 1 98 using use VERB bracis-33589 1 99 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 1 100 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 1 101 trajectories trajectorie VERB bracis-33589 1 102 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 1 103 techniques technique NOUN bracis-33589 1 104 download download NOUN bracis-33589 1 105 book book NOUN bracis-33589 1 106 pdf pdf PROPN bracis-33589 1 107 download download NOUN bracis-33589 1 108 book book PROPN bracis-33589 1 109 epub epub PROPN bracis-33589 1 110 juan juan PROPN bracis-33589 1 111 pablo pablo PROPN bracis-33589 1 112 chavarro chavarro PROPN bracis-33589 1 113 sanchez sanchez PROPN bracis-33589 1 114     SPACE bracis-33589 1 115 orcid orcid PROPN bracis-33589 1 116 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 2 1 orcid.org/0009-0003-5059-28769 orcid.org/0009-0003-5059-28769 NOUN bracis-33589 2 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 2 3 tarlis tarlis PROPN bracis-33589 2 4 tortelli tortelli PROPN bracis-33589 2 5 portela portela PROPN bracis-33589 2 6     SPACE bracis-33589 2 7 orcid orcid NOUN bracis-33589 2 8 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 2 9 orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-333010 orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-333010 PROPN bracis-33589 2 10 & & CCONJ bracis-33589 2 11 jônata jônata PROPN bracis-33589 2 12 tyska tyska PROPN bracis-33589 2 13 carvalho carvalho PROPN bracis-33589 2 14     SPACE bracis-33589 2 15 orcid orcid NOUN bracis-33589 2 16 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 2 17 orcid.org/0000-0001-9020-20769 orcid.org/0000-0001-9020-20769 NOUN bracis-33589 2 18     SPACE bracis-33589 2 19 part part NOUN bracis-33589 2 20 of of ADP bracis-33589 2 21 the the DET bracis-33589 2 22 book book NOUN bracis-33589 2 23 series series NOUN bracis-33589 2 24 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 2 25 lecture lecture NOUN bracis-33589 2 26 notes note NOUN bracis-33589 2 27 in in ADP bracis-33589 2 28 computer computer NOUN bracis-33589 2 29 science science NOUN bracis-33589 2 30 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 2 31 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 2 32 lnai lnai ADJ bracis-33589 2 33 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 2 34 volume volume NOUN bracis-33589 2 35 15413 15413 NUM bracis-33589 2 36 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 2 37 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 2 38 included include VERB bracis-33589 2 39 in in ADP bracis-33589 2 40 the the DET bracis-33589 2 41 following follow VERB bracis-33589 2 42 conference conference NOUN bracis-33589 2 43 series series NOUN bracis-33589 2 44 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 2 45 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33589 2 46 conference conference NOUN bracis-33589 2 47 on on ADP bracis-33589 2 48 intelligent intelligent ADJ bracis-33589 2 49 systems system NOUN bracis-33589 2 50 381 381 NUM bracis-33589 2 51 accesses access NOUN bracis-33589 2 52 abstract abstract VERB bracis-33589 2 53 the the DET bracis-33589 2 54 proliferation proliferation NOUN bracis-33589 2 55 of of ADP bracis-33589 2 56 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 2 57 news news NOUN bracis-33589 2 58 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 2 59 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 2 60 on on ADP bracis-33589 2 61 social social ADJ bracis-33589 2 62 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 2 63 poses pose VERB bracis-33589 2 64 a a DET bracis-33589 2 65 significant significant ADJ bracis-33589 2 66 threat threat NOUN bracis-33589 2 67 to to ADP bracis-33589 2 68 social social ADJ bracis-33589 2 69 integrity integrity NOUN bracis-33589 2 70 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 3 1 while while SCONJ bracis-33589 3 2 there there PRON bracis-33589 3 3 are be VERB bracis-33589 3 4 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 3 5 such such ADJ bracis-33589 3 6 as as ADP bracis-33589 3 7 automatic automatic ADJ bracis-33589 3 8 content content NOUN bracis-33589 3 9 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33589 3 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 3 11 artificial artificial ADJ bracis-33589 3 12 intelligence intelligence NOUN bracis-33589 3 13 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 3 14 to to PART bracis-33589 3 15 mitigate mitigate VERB bracis-33589 3 16 this this DET bracis-33589 3 17 problem problem NOUN bracis-33589 3 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 3 19 these these DET bracis-33589 3 20 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 3 21 face face VERB bracis-33589 3 22 challenges challenge NOUN bracis-33589 3 23 in in ADP bracis-33589 3 24 classifying classify VERB bracis-33589 3 25 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 3 26 in in ADP bracis-33589 3 27 short short ADJ bracis-33589 3 28 content content NOUN bracis-33589 3 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 3 30 like like ADP bracis-33589 3 31 that that PRON bracis-33589 3 32 posted post VERB bracis-33589 3 33 on on ADP bracis-33589 3 34 microblogging microblogge VERB bracis-33589 3 35 platforms platform NOUN bracis-33589 3 36 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 3 37 instant instant NOUN bracis-33589 3 38 messaging messaging NOUN bracis-33589 3 39 services service NOUN bracis-33589 3 40 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 4 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 4 2 this this DET bracis-33589 4 3 study study NOUN bracis-33589 4 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 4 5 we we PRON bracis-33589 4 6 present present VERB bracis-33589 4 7 an an DET bracis-33589 4 8 innovative innovative ADJ bracis-33589 4 9 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 4 10 to to ADP bracis-33589 4 11 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 4 12 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 4 13 that that PRON bracis-33589 4 14 combines combine VERB bracis-33589 4 15 content content NOUN bracis-33589 4 16 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 4 17 based base VERB bracis-33589 4 18 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 4 19 with with ADP bracis-33589 4 20 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 4 21 - - ADJ bracis-33589 4 22 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 4 23 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 4 24 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 4 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 5 1 this this DET bracis-33589 5 2 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 5 3 models model VERB bracis-33589 5 4 information information NOUN bracis-33589 5 5 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 5 6 by by ADP bracis-33589 5 7 considering consider VERB bracis-33589 5 8 each each DET bracis-33589 5 9 shared share VERB bracis-33589 5 10 message message NOUN bracis-33589 5 11 as as ADP bracis-33589 5 12 a a DET bracis-33589 5 13 moving move VERB bracis-33589 5 14 object object NOUN bracis-33589 5 15 within within ADP bracis-33589 5 16 the the DET bracis-33589 5 17 network network NOUN bracis-33589 5 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 5 19 enriching enrich VERB bracis-33589 5 20 the the DET bracis-33589 5 21 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 5 22 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 5 23 with with ADP bracis-33589 5 24 different different ADJ bracis-33589 5 25 semantic semantic ADJ bracis-33589 5 26 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 5 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 6 1 we we PRON bracis-33589 6 2 implemented implement VERB bracis-33589 6 3 this this DET bracis-33589 6 4 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 6 5 on on ADP bracis-33589 6 6 a a DET bracis-33589 6 7 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 6 8 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 6 9 collected collect VERB bracis-33589 6 10 from from ADP bracis-33589 6 11 whatsapp whatsapp NOUN bracis-33589 6 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 6 13 compared compare VERB bracis-33589 6 14 it it PRON bracis-33589 6 15 with with ADP bracis-33589 6 16 traditional traditional ADJ bracis-33589 6 17 content content NOUN bracis-33589 6 18 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 6 19 based base VERB bracis-33589 6 20 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 6 21 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 6 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 6 23 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 6 24 we we PRON bracis-33589 6 25 combined combine VERB bracis-33589 6 26 these these DET bracis-33589 6 27 two two NUM bracis-33589 6 28 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 6 29 orientations orientation NOUN bracis-33589 6 30 into into ADP bracis-33589 6 31 a a DET bracis-33589 6 32 hybrid hybrid ADJ bracis-33589 6 33 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 6 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 7 1 our our PRON bracis-33589 7 2 findings finding NOUN bracis-33589 7 3 indicate indicate VERB bracis-33589 7 4 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 7 5 the the DET bracis-33589 7 6 proposed propose VERB bracis-33589 7 7 hybrid hybrid NOUN bracis-33589 7 8 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 7 9 achieves achieve VERB bracis-33589 7 10 an an DET bracis-33589 7 11 f1 f1 NOUN bracis-33589 7 12 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 7 13 score score NOUN bracis-33589 7 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 7 15 0.89 0.89 NUM bracis-33589 7 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 7 17 surpassing surpass VERB bracis-33589 7 18 baseline baseline NOUN bracis-33589 7 19 models model NOUN bracis-33589 7 20 by by ADP bracis-33589 7 21 8 8 NUM bracis-33589 7 22 % % NOUN bracis-33589 7 23 in in ADP bracis-33589 7 24 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 7 25 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 7 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 7 27 even even ADV bracis-33589 7 28 in in ADP bracis-33589 7 29 short short ADJ bracis-33589 7 30 content content NOUN bracis-33589 7 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 8 1 these these DET bracis-33589 8 2 results result NOUN bracis-33589 8 3 suggest suggest VERB bracis-33589 8 4 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 8 5 combining combine VERB bracis-33589 8 6 content content NOUN bracis-33589 8 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 8 8 based base VERB bracis-33589 8 9 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 8 10 with with ADP bracis-33589 8 11 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 8 12 - - ADJ bracis-33589 8 13 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 8 14 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 8 15 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 8 16 is be AUX bracis-33589 8 17 a a DET bracis-33589 8 18 novel novel NOUN bracis-33589 8 19 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 8 20 promising promising ADJ bracis-33589 8 21 strategy strategy NOUN bracis-33589 8 22 for for ADP bracis-33589 8 23 addressing address VERB bracis-33589 8 24 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 8 25 on on ADP bracis-33589 8 26 social social ADJ bracis-33589 8 27 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 8 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 9 1 access access NOUN bracis-33589 9 2 provided provide VERB bracis-33589 9 3 by by ADP bracis-33589 9 4 university university PROPN bracis-33589 9 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 9 6 notre notre PROPN bracis-33589 9 7 dame dame PROPN bracis-33589 9 8 hesburgh hesburgh PROPN bracis-33589 9 9 library library PROPN bracis-33589 9 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 10 1 download download PROPN bracis-33589 10 2 conference conference NOUN bracis-33589 10 3 paper paper NOUN bracis-33589 10 4 pdf pdf NOUN bracis-33589 10 5 similar similar ADJ bracis-33589 10 6 content content NOUN bracis-33589 10 7 being be AUX bracis-33589 10 8 viewed view VERB bracis-33589 10 9 by by ADP bracis-33589 10 10 others other NOUN bracis-33589 10 11 how how SCONJ bracis-33589 10 12 early early ADV bracis-33589 10 13 can can AUX bracis-33589 10 14 we we PRON bracis-33589 10 15 detect detect VERB bracis-33589 10 16 ? ? PUNCT bracis-33589 11 1 detecting detect VERB bracis-33589 11 2 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 11 3 on on ADP bracis-33589 11 4     SPACE bracis-33589 11 5 social social ADJ bracis-33589 11 6 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 11 7 using use VERB bracis-33589 11 8 user user NOUN bracis-33589 11 9 profiling profiling NOUN bracis-33589 11 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 11 11     SPACE bracis-33589 11 12 network network NOUN bracis-33589 11 13 characteristics characteristic NOUN bracis-33589 11 14 chapter chapter NOUN bracis-33589 11 15 © © PROPN bracis-33589 11 16 2023 2023 NUM bracis-33589 11 17 efficient efficient ADJ bracis-33589 11 18 multivariate multivariate NOUN bracis-33589 11 19 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 11 20 fusion fusion NOUN bracis-33589 11 21 for for ADP bracis-33589 11 22     SPACE bracis-33589 11 23 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 11 24 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 11 25 during during ADP bracis-33589 11 26 high high ADJ bracis-33589 11 27 impact impact NOUN bracis-33589 11 28 events event NOUN bracis-33589 11 29 chapter chapter NOUN bracis-33589 11 30 © © ADP bracis-33589 11 31 2022 2022 NUM bracis-33589 11 32 near near ADP bracis-33589 11 33 real real ADJ bracis-33589 11 34 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 11 35 time time NOUN bracis-33589 11 36 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 11 37 of of ADP bracis-33589 11 38 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 11 39 on on ADP bracis-33589 11 40 online online ADJ bracis-33589 11 41 social social ADJ bracis-33589 11 42 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 11 43 chapter chapter NOUN bracis-33589 11 44 © © NOUN bracis-33589 11 45 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 11 46 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 11 47 introduction introduction NOUN bracis-33589 11 48 in in ADP bracis-33589 11 49 today today NOUN bracis-33589 11 50 ’s ’s PART bracis-33589 11 51 digital digital ADJ bracis-33589 11 52 era era NOUN bracis-33589 11 53 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 11 54 social social ADJ bracis-33589 11 55 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 11 56 has have AUX bracis-33589 11 57 taken take VERB bracis-33589 11 58 a a DET bracis-33589 11 59 pivotal pivotal ADJ bracis-33589 11 60 role role NOUN bracis-33589 11 61 in in ADP bracis-33589 11 62 people people NOUN bracis-33589 11 63 ’s ’s PART bracis-33589 11 64 daily daily ADJ bracis-33589 11 65 lives life NOUN bracis-33589 11 66 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 12 1 these these DET bracis-33589 12 2 platforms platform NOUN bracis-33589 12 3 provide provide VERB bracis-33589 12 4 users user NOUN bracis-33589 12 5 from from ADP bracis-33589 12 6 around around ADP bracis-33589 12 7 the the DET bracis-33589 12 8 world world NOUN bracis-33589 12 9 with with ADP bracis-33589 12 10 the the DET bracis-33589 12 11 ability ability NOUN bracis-33589 12 12 to to PART bracis-33589 12 13 communicate communicate VERB bracis-33589 12 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 12 15 share share VERB bracis-33589 12 16 information information NOUN bracis-33589 12 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 12 18 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 12 19 express express VERB bracis-33589 12 20 opinions opinion NOUN bracis-33589 12 21 quickly quickly ADV bracis-33589 12 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 12 23 affordably affordably ADV bracis-33589 12 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 12 25 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 12 26 accessibly accessibly ADV bracis-33589 12 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 13 1 according accord VERB bracis-33589 13 2 to to ADP bracis-33589 13 3 statistica statistica PROPN bracis-33589 13 4 ’s ’s PART bracis-33589 13 5 statistics statistic NOUN bracis-33589 13 6 [ [ X bracis-33589 13 7 30 30 NUM bracis-33589 13 8 ] ] X bracis-33589 13 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 13 10 over over ADP bracis-33589 13 11 50 50 NUM bracis-33589 13 12 % % NOUN bracis-33589 13 13 of of ADP bracis-33589 13 14 the the DET bracis-33589 13 15 world world NOUN bracis-33589 13 16 ’s ’s PART bracis-33589 13 17 population population NOUN bracis-33589 13 18 is be AUX bracis-33589 13 19 active active ADJ bracis-33589 13 20 on on ADP bracis-33589 13 21 social social ADJ bracis-33589 13 22 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 13 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 13 24 emphasizing emphasize VERB bracis-33589 13 25 its its PRON bracis-33589 13 26 significance significance NOUN bracis-33589 13 27 as as ADP bracis-33589 13 28 a a DET bracis-33589 13 29 tool tool NOUN bracis-33589 13 30 for for ADP bracis-33589 13 31 communication communication NOUN bracis-33589 13 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 13 33 information information NOUN bracis-33589 13 34 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 13 35 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 13 36 opinion opinion NOUN bracis-33589 13 37 sharing sharing NOUN bracis-33589 13 38 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 14 1 the the DET bracis-33589 14 2 growing grow VERB bracis-33589 14 3 reliance reliance NOUN bracis-33589 14 4 on on ADP bracis-33589 14 5 social social ADJ bracis-33589 14 6 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 14 7 for for ADP bracis-33589 14 8 real real ADJ bracis-33589 14 9 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 14 10 time time NOUN bracis-33589 14 11 news news NOUN bracis-33589 14 12 has have AUX bracis-33589 14 13 increased increase VERB bracis-33589 14 14 the the DET bracis-33589 14 15 risk risk NOUN bracis-33589 14 16 of of ADP bracis-33589 14 17 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 14 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 14 19 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 14 20 malicious malicious ADJ bracis-33589 14 21 actors actor NOUN bracis-33589 14 22 exploit exploit VERB bracis-33589 14 23 these these DET bracis-33589 14 24 platforms platform NOUN bracis-33589 15 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 15 2 23 23 NUM bracis-33589 15 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 15 4 34 34 NUM bracis-33589 15 5 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 15 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 16 1 technological technological ADJ bracis-33589 16 2 advancements advancement NOUN bracis-33589 16 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 16 4 such such ADJ bracis-33589 16 5 as as ADP bracis-33589 16 6 large large ADJ bracis-33589 16 7 language language NOUN bracis-33589 16 8 models model NOUN bracis-33589 16 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 16 10 further far ADV bracis-33589 16 11 enable enable VERB bracis-33589 16 12 the the DET bracis-33589 16 13 rapid rapid ADJ bracis-33589 16 14 spread spread NOUN bracis-33589 16 15 of of ADP bracis-33589 16 16 false false ADJ bracis-33589 16 17 information information NOUN bracis-33589 16 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 16 19 reinforcing reinforce VERB bracis-33589 16 20 echo echo NOUN bracis-33589 16 21 chambers chamber NOUN bracis-33589 16 22 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 16 23 filter filter NOUN bracis-33589 16 24 bubbles bubble NOUN bracis-33589 16 25 [ [ X bracis-33589 16 26 3 3 NUM bracis-33589 16 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 16 28 21 21 NUM bracis-33589 16 29 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 16 30 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 17 1 additionally additionally ADV bracis-33589 17 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 17 3 the the DET bracis-33589 17 4 structure structure NOUN bracis-33589 17 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 17 6 social social ADJ bracis-33589 17 7 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 17 8 promotes promote VERB bracis-33589 17 9 the the DET bracis-33589 17 10 dissemination dissemination NOUN bracis-33589 17 11 of of ADP bracis-33589 17 12 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 17 13     SPACE bracis-33589 18 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 18 2 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 18 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 18 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 18 5 creating create VERB bracis-33589 18 6 significant significant ADJ bracis-33589 18 7 challenges challenge NOUN bracis-33589 18 8 for for ADP bracis-33589 18 9 governments government NOUN bracis-33589 18 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 18 11 society society NOUN bracis-33589 18 12 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 19 1 the the DET bracis-33589 19 2 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 19 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 19 4 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 19 5 news news NOUN bracis-33589 19 6 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 19 7 online online ADJ bracis-33589 19 8 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 19 9 has have AUX bracis-33589 19 10 been be AUX bracis-33589 19 11 approached approach VERB bracis-33589 19 12 in in ADP bracis-33589 19 13 various various ADJ bracis-33589 19 14 ways way NOUN bracis-33589 19 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 19 16 including include VERB bracis-33589 19 17 two two NUM bracis-33589 19 18 main main ADJ bracis-33589 19 19 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 19 20 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 19 21 manual manual ADJ bracis-33589 19 22 fact fact NOUN bracis-33589 19 23 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 19 24 checking check VERB bracis-33589 19 25 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 19 26 automatic automatic ADJ bracis-33589 19 27 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 19 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 20 1 manual manual ADJ bracis-33589 20 2 verification verification NOUN bracis-33589 20 3 by by ADP bracis-33589 20 4 news news NOUN bracis-33589 20 5 agencies agency NOUN bracis-33589 20 6 faces face VERB bracis-33589 20 7 limitations limitation NOUN bracis-33589 20 8 due due ADP bracis-33589 20 9 to to ADP bracis-33589 20 10 the the DET bracis-33589 20 11 vast vast ADJ bracis-33589 20 12 volume volume NOUN bracis-33589 20 13 of of ADP bracis-33589 20 14 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 20 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 20 16 potential potential ADJ bracis-33589 20 17 human human ADJ bracis-33589 20 18 bias bias NOUN bracis-33589 20 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 20 20 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 20 21 impracticality impracticality NOUN bracis-33589 20 22 for for ADP bracis-33589 20 23 early early ADJ bracis-33589 20 24 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 20 25     SPACE bracis-33589 21 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 21 2 24 24 NUM bracis-33589 21 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 21 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 22 1 automatic automatic ADJ bracis-33589 22 2 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 22 3 can can AUX bracis-33589 22 4 overcome overcome VERB bracis-33589 22 5 most most ADJ bracis-33589 22 6 of of ADP bracis-33589 22 7 these these DET bracis-33589 22 8 limitations limitation NOUN bracis-33589 22 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 23 1 these these DET bracis-33589 23 2 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 23 3 can can AUX bracis-33589 23 4 be be AUX bracis-33589 23 5 based base VERB bracis-33589 23 6 on on ADP bracis-33589 23 7 the the DET bracis-33589 23 8 context context NOUN bracis-33589 23 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 23 10 source source NOUN bracis-33589 23 11 of of ADP bracis-33589 23 12 the the DET bracis-33589 23 13 information information NOUN bracis-33589 23 14 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 23 15 content content NOUN bracis-33589 23 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 24 1 source source NOUN bracis-33589 24 2 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 24 3 based base VERB bracis-33589 24 4 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 24 5 assesses assess VERB bracis-33589 24 6 the the DET bracis-33589 24 7 credibility credibility NOUN bracis-33589 24 8 of of ADP bracis-33589 24 9 the the DET bracis-33589 24 10 sources source NOUN bracis-33589 24 11 creating create VERB bracis-33589 24 12 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 24 13 sharing share VERB bracis-33589 24 14 the the DET bracis-33589 24 15 information information NOUN bracis-33589 24 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 24 17 while while SCONJ bracis-33589 24 18 context context NOUN bracis-33589 24 19 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 24 20 based base VERB bracis-33589 24 21 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 24 22 analyzes analyze VERB bracis-33589 24 23 user user NOUN bracis-33589 24 24 interaction interaction NOUN bracis-33589 24 25 patterns pattern NOUN bracis-33589 24 26 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 24 27 information information NOUN bracis-33589 24 28 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 24 29 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 25 1 content content NOUN bracis-33589 25 2 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 25 3 based base VERB bracis-33589 25 4 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 25 5 seeks seek VERB bracis-33589 25 6 patterns pattern NOUN bracis-33589 25 7 in in ADP bracis-33589 25 8 the the DET bracis-33589 25 9 text text NOUN bracis-33589 25 10 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 25 11 images image NOUN bracis-33589 25 12 to to PART bracis-33589 25 13 identify identify VERB bracis-33589 25 14 the the DET bracis-33589 25 15 news news NOUN bracis-33589 25 16 article article NOUN bracis-33589 25 17 ’s ’s PART bracis-33589 25 18 intent intent NOUN bracis-33589 25 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 26 1 despite despite SCONJ bracis-33589 26 2 its its PRON bracis-33589 26 3 effectiveness effectiveness NOUN bracis-33589 26 4 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 26 5 the the DET bracis-33589 26 6 fact fact NOUN bracis-33589 26 7 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 26 8 this this PRON bracis-33589 26 9 is be AUX bracis-33589 26 10 the the DET bracis-33589 26 11 most most ADV bracis-33589 26 12 studied studied ADJ bracis-33589 26 13 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33589 26 14 in in ADP bracis-33589 26 15 the the DET bracis-33589 26 16 state state NOUN bracis-33589 26 17 of of ADP bracis-33589 26 18 the the DET bracis-33589 26 19 art art NOUN bracis-33589 26 20 [ [ X bracis-33589 26 21 11 11 NUM bracis-33589 26 22 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 26 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 26 24 this this DET bracis-33589 26 25 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 26 26 is be AUX bracis-33589 26 27 vulnerable vulnerable ADJ bracis-33589 26 28 to to ADP bracis-33589 26 29 the the DET bracis-33589 26 30 manipulation manipulation NOUN bracis-33589 26 31 of of ADP bracis-33589 26 32 news news NOUN bracis-33589 26 33 style style NOUN bracis-33589 26 34 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 26 35 language language NOUN bracis-33589 26 36 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 26 37 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 26 38 adversarial adversarial ADJ bracis-33589 26 39 attacks attack NOUN bracis-33589 26 40 [ [ X bracis-33589 26 41 37 37 NUM bracis-33589 26 42 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 26 43 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 27 1 a a DET bracis-33589 27 2 significant significant ADJ bracis-33589 27 3 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 27 4 noteworthy noteworthy ADJ bracis-33589 27 5 challenge challenge NOUN bracis-33589 27 6 in in ADP bracis-33589 27 7 the the DET bracis-33589 27 8 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 27 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 27 10 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 27 11 is be AUX bracis-33589 27 12 the the DET bracis-33589 27 13 recognition recognition NOUN bracis-33589 27 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 27 15 short short ADJ bracis-33589 27 16 texts text NOUN bracis-33589 27 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 27 18 typical typical ADJ bracis-33589 27 19 on on ADP bracis-33589 27 20 microblogging microblogge VERB bracis-33589 27 21 platforms platform NOUN bracis-33589 27 22 such such ADJ bracis-33589 27 23 as as ADP bracis-33589 27 24 weibo weibo NOUN bracis-33589 27 25 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 27 26 twitter twitter NOUN bracis-33589 27 27 ; ; PUNCT bracis-33589 27 28 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 27 29 instant instant ADJ bracis-33589 27 30 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 27 31 services service NOUN bracis-33589 27 32 such such ADJ bracis-33589 27 33 as as ADP bracis-33589 27 34 whatsapp whatsapp NOUN bracis-33589 27 35 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 27 36 telegram telegram NOUN bracis-33589 27 37 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 28 1 this this DET bracis-33589 28 2 feature feature NOUN bracis-33589 28 3 is be AUX bracis-33589 28 4 particularly particularly ADV bracis-33589 28 5 relevant relevant ADJ bracis-33589 28 6 in in ADP bracis-33589 28 7 the the DET bracis-33589 28 8 context context NOUN bracis-33589 28 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 28 10 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 28 11 news news NOUN bracis-33589 28 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 28 13 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 28 14 the the DET bracis-33589 28 15 concise concise ADJ bracis-33589 28 16 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 28 17 on on ADP bracis-33589 28 18 these these DET bracis-33589 28 19 platforms platform NOUN bracis-33589 28 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 28 21 due due ADP bracis-33589 28 22 to to ADP bracis-33589 28 23 their their PRON bracis-33589 28 24 brevity brevity NOUN bracis-33589 28 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 28 26 can can AUX bracis-33589 28 27 be be AUX bracis-33589 28 28 more more ADV bracis-33589 28 29 complex complex ADJ bracis-33589 28 30 to to PART bracis-33589 28 31 evaluate evaluate VERB bracis-33589 28 32 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 28 33 verify verify VERB bracis-33589 28 34 accurately accurately ADV bracis-33589 28 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 29 1 given give VERB bracis-33589 29 2 the the DET bracis-33589 29 3 complexity complexity NOUN bracis-33589 29 4 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 29 5 heterogeneity heterogeneity NOUN bracis-33589 29 6 of of ADP bracis-33589 29 7 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 29 8 related relate VERB bracis-33589 29 9 to to ADP bracis-33589 29 10 information information NOUN bracis-33589 29 11 on on ADP bracis-33589 29 12 online online ADJ bracis-33589 29 13 social social ADJ bracis-33589 29 14 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 29 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 29 16 along along ADP bracis-33589 29 17 with with ADP bracis-33589 29 18 the the DET bracis-33589 29 19 limitations limitation NOUN bracis-33589 29 20 of of ADP bracis-33589 29 21 content content NOUN bracis-33589 29 22 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 29 23 based base VERB bracis-33589 29 24 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 29 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 29 26 we we PRON bracis-33589 29 27 propose propose VERB bracis-33589 29 28 two two NUM bracis-33589 29 29 novel novel ADJ bracis-33589 29 30 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 29 31 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 29 32 one one NUM bracis-33589 29 33 based base VERB bracis-33589 29 34 on on ADP bracis-33589 29 35 the the DET bracis-33589 29 36 context context NOUN bracis-33589 29 37 of of ADP bracis-33589 29 38 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 29 39 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 29 40 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 29 41 user user NOUN bracis-33589 29 42 interaction interaction NOUN bracis-33589 29 43 on on ADP bracis-33589 29 44 social social ADJ bracis-33589 29 45 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 29 46 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 29 47 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 29 48 another another DET bracis-33589 29 49 hybrid hybrid ADJ bracis-33589 29 50 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 29 51 that that PRON bracis-33589 29 52 combines combine VERB bracis-33589 29 53 content content NOUN bracis-33589 29 54 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 29 55 based base VERB bracis-33589 29 56 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 29 57 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 29 58 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 29 59 based base VERB bracis-33589 29 60 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 29 61 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 30 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 30 2 this this DET bracis-33589 30 3 paper paper NOUN bracis-33589 30 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 30 5 we we PRON bracis-33589 30 6 introduce introduce VERB bracis-33589 30 7 a a DET bracis-33589 30 8 model model NOUN bracis-33589 30 9 that that PRON bracis-33589 30 10 conceptualizes conceptualize VERB bracis-33589 30 11 the the DET bracis-33589 30 12 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 30 13 path path NOUN bracis-33589 30 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 30 15 a a DET bracis-33589 30 16 message message NOUN bracis-33589 30 17 on on ADP bracis-33589 30 18 an an DET bracis-33589 30 19 online online ADJ bracis-33589 30 20 social social ADJ bracis-33589 30 21 network network NOUN bracis-33589 30 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 30 23 specifically specifically ADV bracis-33589 30 24 an an DET bracis-33589 30 25 instant instant ADJ bracis-33589 30 26 messaging messaging NOUN bracis-33589 30 27 service service NOUN bracis-33589 30 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 30 29 as as ADP bracis-33589 30 30 a a DET bracis-33589 30 31 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 30 32 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 30 33 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 30 34 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 30 35 mat mat NOUN bracis-33589 30 36 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 31 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 31 2 18 18 NUM bracis-33589 31 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 31 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 32 1 this this DET bracis-33589 32 2 type type NOUN bracis-33589 32 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 32 4 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 32 5 provides provide VERB bracis-33589 32 6 an an DET bracis-33589 32 7 effective effective ADJ bracis-33589 32 8 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 32 9 expressive expressive ADJ bracis-33589 32 10 representation representation NOUN bracis-33589 32 11 of of ADP bracis-33589 32 12 the the DET bracis-33589 32 13 diversity diversity NOUN bracis-33589 32 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 32 15 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 32 16 dimensions dimension NOUN bracis-33589 32 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 32 18 namely namely ADV bracis-33589 32 19 the the DET bracis-33589 32 20 contexts context NOUN bracis-33589 32 21 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 32 22 with with ADP bracis-33589 32 23 online online ADJ bracis-33589 32 24 information information NOUN bracis-33589 32 25 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 32 26 its its PRON bracis-33589 32 27 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 32 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 33 1 to to PART bracis-33589 33 2 validate validate VERB bracis-33589 33 3 the the DET bracis-33589 33 4 feasibility feasibility NOUN bracis-33589 33 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 33 6 these these DET bracis-33589 33 7 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 33 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 33 9 we we PRON bracis-33589 33 10 turned turn VERB bracis-33589 33 11 to to ADP bracis-33589 33 12 a a DET bracis-33589 33 13 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 33 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 33 15 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 33 16 spread spread VERB bracis-33589 33 17 in in ADP bracis-33589 33 18 public public ADJ bracis-33589 33 19 whatsapp whatsapp NOUN bracis-33589 33 20 groups group NOUN bracis-33589 33 21 focused focus VERB bracis-33589 33 22 on on ADP bracis-33589 33 23 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33589 33 24 politics politic NOUN bracis-33589 33 25 [ [ X bracis-33589 33 26 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 33 27 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 33 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 34 1 using use VERB bracis-33589 34 2 the the DET bracis-33589 34 3 analogous analogous ADJ bracis-33589 34 4 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 34 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 34 6 information information NOUN bracis-33589 34 7 as as ADP bracis-33589 34 8 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 34 9 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 34 10 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 34 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 34 12 we we PRON bracis-33589 34 13 modeled model VERB bracis-33589 34 14 the the DET bracis-33589 34 15 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 34 16 paths path NOUN bracis-33589 34 17 of of ADP bracis-33589 34 18 these these DET bracis-33589 34 19 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 34 20 based base VERB bracis-33589 34 21 on on ADP bracis-33589 34 22 forwarding forward VERB bracis-33589 34 23 chains chain NOUN bracis-33589 34 24 as as ADP bracis-33589 34 25 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 34 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 35 1 this this DET bracis-33589 35 2 study study NOUN bracis-33589 35 3 proposes propose VERB bracis-33589 35 4 a a DET bracis-33589 35 5 novel novel ADJ bracis-33589 35 6 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 35 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 35 8 based base VERB bracis-33589 35 9 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 35 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 35 11 a a DET bracis-33589 35 12 hybrid hybrid ADJ bracis-33589 35 13 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 35 14 for for ADP bracis-33589 35 15 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 35 16 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 35 17 in in ADP bracis-33589 35 18 social social ADJ bracis-33589 35 19 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 35 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 35 21 combining combine VERB bracis-33589 35 22 content content NOUN bracis-33589 35 23 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 35 24 based base VERB bracis-33589 35 25 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 35 26 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 35 27 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 35 28 based base VERB bracis-33589 35 29 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 35 30 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 36 1 the the DET bracis-33589 36 2 results result NOUN bracis-33589 36 3 show show VERB bracis-33589 36 4 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 36 5 the the DET bracis-33589 36 6 hybrid hybrid ADJ bracis-33589 36 7 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 36 8 outperforms outperform VERB bracis-33589 36 9 the the DET bracis-33589 36 10 baseline baseline NOUN bracis-33589 36 11 method method NOUN bracis-33589 36 12 by by ADP bracis-33589 36 13 8 8 NUM bracis-33589 36 14 % % NOUN bracis-33589 36 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 36 16 achieving achieve VERB bracis-33589 36 17 an an DET bracis-33589 36 18 f1 f1 ADJ bracis-33589 36 19 score score NOUN bracis-33589 36 20 of of ADP bracis-33589 36 21 0.89 0.89 NUM bracis-33589 36 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 36 23 especially especially ADV bracis-33589 36 24 in in ADP bracis-33589 36 25 the the DET bracis-33589 36 26 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 36 27 of of ADP bracis-33589 36 28 short short ADJ bracis-33589 36 29 texts text NOUN bracis-33589 36 30 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 37 1 the the DET bracis-33589 37 2 main main ADJ bracis-33589 37 3 contributions contribution NOUN bracis-33589 37 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 37 5 this this DET bracis-33589 37 6 work work NOUN bracis-33589 37 7 are be AUX bracis-33589 37 8 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 37 9 a a DET bracis-33589 37 10 new new ADJ bracis-33589 37 11 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 37 12 of of ADP bracis-33589 37 13 information information NOUN bracis-33589 37 14 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 37 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 37 16 a a DET bracis-33589 37 17 new new ADJ bracis-33589 37 18 application application NOUN bracis-33589 37 19 domain domain NOUN bracis-33589 37 20 for for ADP bracis-33589 37 21 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 37 22 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 37 23 based base VERB bracis-33589 37 24 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 37 25 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 37 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 37 27 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 37 28 a a DET bracis-33589 37 29 new new ADJ bracis-33589 37 30 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 37 31 method method NOUN bracis-33589 37 32 with with ADP bracis-33589 37 33 great great ADJ bracis-33589 37 34 potential potential NOUN bracis-33589 37 35 for for ADP bracis-33589 37 36 detecting detect VERB bracis-33589 37 37 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 37 38 in in ADP bracis-33589 37 39 social social ADJ bracis-33589 37 40 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 37 41 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 38 1 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 38 2 related relate VERB bracis-33589 38 3 work work NOUN bracis-33589 38 4 in in ADP bracis-33589 38 5 this this DET bracis-33589 38 6 section section NOUN bracis-33589 38 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 38 8 we we PRON bracis-33589 38 9 will will AUX bracis-33589 38 10 analyze analyze VERB bracis-33589 38 11 the the DET bracis-33589 38 12 related relate VERB bracis-33589 38 13 works work NOUN bracis-33589 38 14 on on ADP bracis-33589 38 15 detecting detect VERB bracis-33589 38 16 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 38 17 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 38 18 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 38 19 news news NOUN bracis-33589 38 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 38 21 with with ADP bracis-33589 38 22 a a DET bracis-33589 38 23 primary primary ADJ bracis-33589 38 24 focus focus NOUN bracis-33589 38 25 on on ADP bracis-33589 38 26 those those PRON bracis-33589 38 27 employing employ VERB bracis-33589 38 28 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 38 29 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 38 30 based base VERB bracis-33589 38 31 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 38 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 39 1 these these DET bracis-33589 39 2 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 39 3 take take VERB bracis-33589 39 4 into into ADP bracis-33589 39 5 careful careful ADJ bracis-33589 39 6 consideration consideration NOUN bracis-33589 39 7 the the DET bracis-33589 39 8 social social ADJ bracis-33589 39 9 context context NOUN bracis-33589 39 10 in in ADP bracis-33589 39 11 which which PRON bracis-33589 39 12 such such ADJ bracis-33589 39 13 misleading misleading ADJ bracis-33589 39 14 information information NOUN bracis-33589 39 15 spreads spread NOUN bracis-33589 39 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 39 17 accounting account VERB bracis-33589 39 18 for for ADP bracis-33589 39 19 the the DET bracis-33589 39 20 ways way NOUN bracis-33589 39 21 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 39 22 disseminates disseminate NOUN bracis-33589 39 23 across across ADP bracis-33589 39 24 online online ADJ bracis-33589 39 25 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 39 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 40 1 researchers researcher NOUN bracis-33589 40 2 have have AUX bracis-33589 40 3 approached approach VERB bracis-33589 40 4 this this DET bracis-33589 40 5 challenge challenge NOUN bracis-33589 40 6 from from ADP bracis-33589 40 7 various various ADJ bracis-33589 40 8 angles angle NOUN bracis-33589 40 9 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 40 10 have have AUX bracis-33589 40 11 employed employ VERB bracis-33589 40 12 different different ADJ bracis-33589 40 13 input input NOUN bracis-33589 40 14 representations representation NOUN bracis-33589 40 15 in in ADP bracis-33589 40 16 their their PRON bracis-33589 40 17 models model NOUN bracis-33589 40 18 [ [ X bracis-33589 40 19 13 13 NUM bracis-33589 40 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 40 21 36 36 NUM bracis-33589 40 22 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 40 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 41 1 the the DET bracis-33589 41 2 models model NOUN bracis-33589 41 3 that that PRON bracis-33589 41 4 utilize utilize VERB bracis-33589 41 5 cascade cascade NOUN bracis-33589 41 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 41 7 tree tree NOUN bracis-33589 41 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 41 9 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 41 10 “ " PUNCT bracis-33589 41 11 tree tree NOUN bracis-33589 41 12 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 41 13 like like ADJ bracis-33589 41 14 ” " PUNCT bracis-33589 41 15 structures structure NOUN bracis-33589 41 16 directly directly ADV bracis-33589 41 17 represent represent VERB bracis-33589 41 18 the the DET bracis-33589 41 19 path path NOUN bracis-33589 41 20 of of ADP bracis-33589 41 21 information information NOUN bracis-33589 41 22 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 41 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 42 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 42 2 [ [ X bracis-33589 42 3 4 4 NUM bracis-33589 42 4 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 42 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 42 6 del del PROPN bracis-33589 42 7 et et PROPN bracis-33589 42 8 al al PROPN bracis-33589 42 9 . . PROPN bracis-33589 42 10 investigate investigate VERB bracis-33589 42 11 how how SCONJ bracis-33589 42 12 users user NOUN bracis-33589 42 13 in in ADP bracis-33589 42 14 facebook facebook NOUN bracis-33589 42 15 groups group NOUN bracis-33589 42 16 tend tend VERB bracis-33589 42 17 to to PART bracis-33589 42 18 share share VERB bracis-33589 42 19 homogeneous homogeneous ADJ bracis-33589 42 20 content content NOUN bracis-33589 42 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 42 22 leading lead VERB bracis-33589 42 23 to to ADP bracis-33589 42 24 the the DET bracis-33589 42 25 formation formation NOUN bracis-33589 42 26 of of ADP bracis-33589 42 27 echo echo NOUN bracis-33589 42 28 chambers chamber NOUN bracis-33589 42 29 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 43 1 within within ADP bracis-33589 43 2 these these DET bracis-33589 43 3 echo echo NOUN bracis-33589 43 4 chambers chamber NOUN bracis-33589 43 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 43 6 homogeneity homogeneity NOUN bracis-33589 43 7 drives drive VERB bracis-33589 43 8 the the DET bracis-33589 43 9 spread spread NOUN bracis-33589 43 10 of of ADP bracis-33589 43 11 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 43 12 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 44 1 additionally additionally ADV bracis-33589 44 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 44 3 relationships relationship NOUN bracis-33589 44 4 between between ADP bracis-33589 44 5 the the DET bracis-33589 44 6 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 44 7 size size NOUN bracis-33589 44 8 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 44 9 the the DET bracis-33589 44 10 lifecycle lifecycle NOUN bracis-33589 44 11 of of ADP bracis-33589 44 12 information information NOUN bracis-33589 44 13 are be AUX bracis-33589 44 14 established establish VERB bracis-33589 44 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 45 1 similarly similarly ADV bracis-33589 45 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 45 3 [ [ X bracis-33589 45 4 32 32 NUM bracis-33589 45 5 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 45 6 shows show VERB bracis-33589 45 7 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 45 8 false false ADJ bracis-33589 45 9 news news NOUN bracis-33589 45 10 spreads spread VERB bracis-33589 45 11 faster fast ADV bracis-33589 45 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 45 13 farther far ADV bracis-33589 45 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 45 15 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 45 16 to to ADP bracis-33589 45 17 a a DET bracis-33589 45 18 broader broad ADJ bracis-33589 45 19 audience audience NOUN bracis-33589 45 20 on on ADP bracis-33589 45 21 twitter twitter NOUN bracis-33589 45 22 compared compare VERB bracis-33589 45 23 to to ADP bracis-33589 45 24 true true ADJ bracis-33589 45 25 news news NOUN bracis-33589 45 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 45 27 analyzing analyze VERB bracis-33589 45 28 factors factor NOUN bracis-33589 45 29 such such ADJ bracis-33589 45 30 as as ADP bracis-33589 45 31 cascade cascade NOUN bracis-33589 45 32 depth depth NOUN bracis-33589 45 33 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 45 34 breadth breadth NOUN bracis-33589 45 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 46 1 additionally additionally ADV bracis-33589 46 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 46 3 [ [ X bracis-33589 46 4 5 5 X bracis-33589 46 5 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 46 6 ducci ducci PROPN bracis-33589 46 7 et et PROPN bracis-33589 46 8 al al PROPN bracis-33589 46 9 . . PROPN bracis-33589 46 10 introduces introduce VERB bracis-33589 46 11 the the DET bracis-33589 46 12 “ " PUNCT bracis-33589 46 13 cascade cascade NOUN bracis-33589 46 14 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 46 15 lstm lstm NOUN bracis-33589 46 16 ” " PUNCT bracis-33589 46 17 model model NOUN bracis-33589 46 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 46 19 which which PRON bracis-33589 46 20 detects detect VERB bracis-33589 46 21 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 46 22 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 46 23 analyzes analyze VERB bracis-33589 46 24 retweet retweet NOUN bracis-33589 46 25 behavior behavior NOUN bracis-33589 46 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 47 1 some some DET bracis-33589 47 2 other other ADJ bracis-33589 47 3 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 47 4 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 47 5 based base VERB bracis-33589 47 6 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 47 7 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 47 8 utilize utilize VERB bracis-33589 47 9 structural structural ADJ bracis-33589 47 10 network network NOUN bracis-33589 47 11 information information NOUN bracis-33589 47 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 47 13 such such ADJ bracis-33589 47 14 as as ADP bracis-33589 47 15 text text NOUN bracis-33589 47 16 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 47 17 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 47 18 the the DET bracis-33589 47 19 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 47 20 process process NOUN bracis-33589 47 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 47 22 to to PART bracis-33589 47 23 portray portray VERB bracis-33589 47 24 the the DET bracis-33589 47 25 behavior behavior NOUN bracis-33589 47 26 of of ADP bracis-33589 47 27 users user NOUN bracis-33589 47 28 involved involve VERB bracis-33589 47 29 in in ADP bracis-33589 47 30 the the DET bracis-33589 47 31 dissemination dissemination NOUN bracis-33589 47 32 of of ADP bracis-33589 47 33 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 47 34 [ [ X bracis-33589 47 35 13 13 NUM bracis-33589 47 36 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 47 37 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 48 1 often often ADV bracis-33589 48 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 48 3 these these DET bracis-33589 48 4 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 48 5 adopt adopt VERB bracis-33589 48 6 a a DET bracis-33589 48 7 graph graph NOUN bracis-33589 48 8 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 48 9 based base VERB bracis-33589 48 10 geometric geometric ADJ bracis-33589 48 11 orientation orientation NOUN bracis-33589 48 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 48 13 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 48 14 depending depend VERB bracis-33589 48 15 on on ADP bracis-33589 48 16 the the DET bracis-33589 48 17 interaction interaction NOUN bracis-33589 48 18 between between ADP bracis-33589 48 19 nodes node NOUN bracis-33589 48 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 48 21 they they PRON bracis-33589 48 22 can can AUX bracis-33589 48 23 be be AUX bracis-33589 48 24 classified classify VERB bracis-33589 48 25 as as ADP bracis-33589 48 26 homogeneous homogeneous ADJ bracis-33589 48 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 48 28 heterogeneous heterogeneous ADJ bracis-33589 48 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 48 30 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 48 31 hierarchical hierarchical ADJ bracis-33589 48 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 49 1 homogeneous homogeneous ADJ bracis-33589 49 2 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 49 3 involve involve VERB bracis-33589 49 4 a a DET bracis-33589 49 5 single single ADJ bracis-33589 49 6 type type NOUN bracis-33589 49 7 of of ADP bracis-33589 49 8 node node NOUN bracis-33589 49 9 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 49 10 a a DET bracis-33589 49 11 single single ADJ bracis-33589 49 12 type type NOUN bracis-33589 49 13 of of ADP bracis-33589 49 14 edge edge NOUN bracis-33589 49 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 50 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 50 2 [ [ X bracis-33589 50 3 16 16 NUM bracis-33589 50 4 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 50 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 50 6 ma ma PROPN bracis-33589 50 7 et et PROPN bracis-33589 50 8 al al PROPN bracis-33589 50 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 51 1 propose propose VERB bracis-33589 51 2 a a DET bracis-33589 51 3 model model NOUN bracis-33589 51 4 based base VERB bracis-33589 51 5 on on ADP bracis-33589 51 6 recursive recursive ADJ bracis-33589 51 7 neural neural ADJ bracis-33589 51 8 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 51 9 for for ADP bracis-33589 51 10 rumor rumor NOUN bracis-33589 51 11 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 51 12 based base VERB bracis-33589 51 13 on on ADP bracis-33589 51 14 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 51 15 trees tree NOUN bracis-33589 51 16 that that PRON bracis-33589 51 17 use use VERB bracis-33589 51 18 user user NOUN bracis-33589 51 19 characteristics characteristic NOUN bracis-33589 51 20 in in ADP bracis-33589 51 21 the the DET bracis-33589 51 22 twitter15 twitter15 NOUN bracis-33589 51 23 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 51 24 twitter16 twitter16 VERB bracis-33589 51 25 datasets dataset NOUN bracis-33589 51 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 52 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 52 2 [ [ X bracis-33589 52 3 10 10 NUM bracis-33589 52 4 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 52 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 52 6 han han PROPN bracis-33589 52 7 et et PROPN bracis-33589 52 8 al al PROPN bracis-33589 52 9 . . PROPN bracis-33589 52 10 use use VERB bracis-33589 52 11 a a DET bracis-33589 52 12 homogeneous homogeneous ADJ bracis-33589 52 13 network network NOUN bracis-33589 52 14 representation representation NOUN bracis-33589 52 15 to to PART bracis-33589 52 16 classify classify VERB bracis-33589 52 17 news news NOUN bracis-33589 52 18 using use VERB bracis-33589 52 19 graph graph NOUN bracis-33589 52 20 neural neural ADJ bracis-33589 52 21 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 52 22 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 52 23 gnns gnns NOUN bracis-33589 52 24 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 52 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 52 26 highlighting highlight VERB bracis-33589 52 27 the the DET bracis-33589 52 28 advantages advantage NOUN bracis-33589 52 29 of of ADP bracis-33589 52 30 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 52 31 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 52 32 based base VERB bracis-33589 52 33 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 52 34 in in ADP bracis-33589 52 35 terms term NOUN bracis-33589 52 36 of of ADP bracis-33589 52 37 news news NOUN bracis-33589 52 38 text text NOUN bracis-33589 52 39 independence independence NOUN bracis-33589 52 40 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 53 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 53 2 [ [ X bracis-33589 53 3 29 29 NUM bracis-33589 53 4 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 53 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 53 6 a a DET bracis-33589 53 7 model model NOUN bracis-33589 53 8 is be AUX bracis-33589 53 9 proposed propose VERB bracis-33589 53 10 to to PART bracis-33589 53 11 capture capture VERB bracis-33589 53 12 temporal temporal ADJ bracis-33589 53 13 evolution evolution NOUN bracis-33589 53 14 patterns pattern NOUN bracis-33589 53 15 of of ADP bracis-33589 53 16 news news NOUN bracis-33589 53 17 from from ADP bracis-33589 53 18 twitter15 twitter15 NOUN bracis-33589 53 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 53 20 twitter16 twitter16 NOUN bracis-33589 53 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 53 22 fakenewssetgen fakenewssetgen NOUN bracis-33589 53 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 53 24 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 53 25 weibo weibo NOUN bracis-33589 53 26 using use VERB bracis-33589 53 27 homogeneous homogeneous ADJ bracis-33589 53 28 dynamic dynamic ADJ bracis-33589 53 29 graph graph NOUN bracis-33589 53 30 neural neural ADJ bracis-33589 53 31 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 53 32 for for ADP bracis-33589 53 33 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 53 34 news news NOUN bracis-33589 53 35 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 53 36 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 54 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 54 2 [ [ X bracis-33589 54 3 19 19 NUM bracis-33589 54 4 ] ] X bracis-33589 54 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 54 6 a a DET bracis-33589 54 7 homogeneous homogeneous ADJ bracis-33589 54 8 graph graph NOUN bracis-33589 54 9 is be AUX bracis-33589 54 10 created create VERB bracis-33589 54 11 without without ADP bracis-33589 54 12 considering consider VERB bracis-33589 54 13 the the DET bracis-33589 54 14 textual textual ADJ bracis-33589 54 15 content content NOUN bracis-33589 54 16 of of ADP bracis-33589 54 17 each each DET bracis-33589 54 18 tweet tweet NOUN bracis-33589 54 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 55 1 instead instead ADV bracis-33589 55 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 55 3 a a DET bracis-33589 55 4 tree tree NOUN bracis-33589 55 5 structure structure NOUN bracis-33589 55 6 is be AUX bracis-33589 55 7 generated generate VERB bracis-33589 55 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 55 9 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 55 10 graph graph VERB bracis-33589 55 11 convolutional convolutional ADJ bracis-33589 55 12 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 55 13 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 55 14 gcns gcns PROPN bracis-33589 55 15 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 55 16 are be AUX bracis-33589 55 17 employed employ VERB bracis-33589 55 18 for for ADP bracis-33589 55 19 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 55 20 news news NOUN bracis-33589 55 21 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 55 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 56 1 heterogeneous heterogeneous ADJ bracis-33589 56 2 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 56 3 involve involve VERB bracis-33589 56 4 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 56 5 types type NOUN bracis-33589 56 6 of of ADP bracis-33589 56 7 nodes node NOUN bracis-33589 56 8 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 56 9 edges edge NOUN bracis-33589 56 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 57 1 for for ADP bracis-33589 57 2 instance instance NOUN bracis-33589 57 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 57 4 in in ADP bracis-33589 57 5 [ [ X bracis-33589 57 6 27 27 NUM bracis-33589 57 7 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 57 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 57 9 relationships relationship NOUN bracis-33589 57 10 between between ADP bracis-33589 57 11 authors author NOUN bracis-33589 57 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 57 13 users user NOUN bracis-33589 57 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 57 15 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 57 16 news news NOUN bracis-33589 57 17 in in ADP bracis-33589 57 18 a a DET bracis-33589 57 19 network network NOUN bracis-33589 57 20 called call VERB bracis-33589 57 21 trifn trifn NOUN bracis-33589 57 22 are be AUX bracis-33589 57 23 proposed propose VERB bracis-33589 57 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 57 25 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 57 26 a a DET bracis-33589 57 27 classifier classifier NOUN bracis-33589 57 28 is be AUX bracis-33589 57 29 employed employ VERB bracis-33589 57 30 to to PART bracis-33589 57 31 detect detect VERB bracis-33589 57 32 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 57 33 news news NOUN bracis-33589 57 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 58 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 58 2 the the DET bracis-33589 58 3 work work NOUN bracis-33589 58 4 monti monti PROPN bracis-33589 58 5 et et PROPN bracis-33589 58 6 al al PROPN bracis-33589 58 7 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 59 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 59 2 20 20 NUM bracis-33589 59 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 59 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 59 5 which which PRON bracis-33589 59 6 employs employ VERB bracis-33589 59 7 similar similar ADJ bracis-33589 59 8 dimensions dimension NOUN bracis-33589 59 9 to to ADP bracis-33589 59 10 the the DET bracis-33589 59 11 previous previous ADJ bracis-33589 59 12 studies study NOUN bracis-33589 59 13 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 59 14 cnns cnn NOUN bracis-33589 59 15 for for ADP bracis-33589 59 16 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 59 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 59 18 the the DET bracis-33589 59 19 model model NOUN bracis-33589 59 20 is be AUX bracis-33589 59 21 found find VERB bracis-33589 59 22 to to PART bracis-33589 59 23 be be AUX bracis-33589 59 24 potentially potentially ADV bracis-33589 59 25 independent independent ADJ bracis-33589 59 26 of of ADP bracis-33589 59 27 the the DET bracis-33589 59 28 text text NOUN bracis-33589 59 29 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 59 30 geographic geographic ADJ bracis-33589 59 31 location location NOUN bracis-33589 59 32 of of ADP bracis-33589 59 33 the the DET bracis-33589 59 34 users user NOUN bracis-33589 59 35 involved involve VERB bracis-33589 59 36 in in ADP bracis-33589 59 37 the the DET bracis-33589 59 38 network network NOUN bracis-33589 59 39 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 60 1 additionally additionally ADV bracis-33589 60 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 60 3 the the DET bracis-33589 60 4 advantages advantage NOUN bracis-33589 60 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 60 6 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 60 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 60 8 based base VERB bracis-33589 60 9 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 60 10 in in ADP bracis-33589 60 11 terms term NOUN bracis-33589 60 12 of of ADP bracis-33589 60 13 adversarial adversarial ADJ bracis-33589 60 14 attacks attack NOUN bracis-33589 60 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 60 16 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 60 17 these these PRON bracis-33589 60 18 would would AUX bracis-33589 60 19 require require VERB bracis-33589 60 20 manipulating manipulate VERB bracis-33589 60 21 the the DET bracis-33589 60 22 social social ADJ bracis-33589 60 23 network network NOUN bracis-33589 60 24 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 61 1 hierarchical hierarchical ADJ bracis-33589 61 2 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 61 3 involve involve VERB bracis-33589 61 4 various various ADJ bracis-33589 61 5 types type NOUN bracis-33589 61 6 of of ADP bracis-33589 61 7 nodes node NOUN bracis-33589 61 8 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 61 9 edges edge NOUN bracis-33589 61 10 forming form VERB bracis-33589 61 11 hierarchical hierarchical ADJ bracis-33589 61 12 relationships relationship NOUN bracis-33589 61 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 62 1 this this PRON bracis-33589 62 2 is be AUX bracis-33589 62 3 exemplified exemplify VERB bracis-33589 62 4 in in ADP bracis-33589 62 5 the the DET bracis-33589 62 6 work work NOUN bracis-33589 62 7 developed develop VERB bracis-33589 62 8 by by ADP bracis-33589 62 9 shu shu PROPN bracis-33589 62 10 et et PROPN bracis-33589 62 11 al al PROPN bracis-33589 62 12 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 63 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 63 2 26 26 NUM bracis-33589 63 3 ] ] X bracis-33589 63 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 63 5 where where SCONJ bracis-33589 63 6 a a DET bracis-33589 63 7 hierarchical hierarchical ADJ bracis-33589 63 8 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 63 9 network network NOUN bracis-33589 63 10 is be AUX bracis-33589 63 11 constructed construct VERB bracis-33589 63 12 by by ADP bracis-33589 63 13 evaluating evaluate VERB bracis-33589 63 14 different different ADJ bracis-33589 63 15 granularities granularity NOUN bracis-33589 63 16 to to PART bracis-33589 63 17 extract extract VERB bracis-33589 63 18 temporal temporal ADJ bracis-33589 63 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 63 20 structural structural ADJ bracis-33589 63 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 63 22 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 63 23 linguistic linguistic ADJ bracis-33589 63 24 features feature NOUN bracis-33589 63 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 64 1 an an DET bracis-33589 64 2 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 64 3 for for ADP bracis-33589 64 4 representing represent VERB bracis-33589 64 5 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 64 6 can can AUX bracis-33589 64 7 be be AUX bracis-33589 64 8 based base VERB bracis-33589 64 9 on on ADP bracis-33589 64 10 time time NOUN bracis-33589 64 11 series series NOUN bracis-33589 64 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 64 13 more more ADV bracis-33589 64 14 specifically specifically ADV bracis-33589 64 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 64 16 multivariate multivariate NOUN bracis-33589 64 17 time time NOUN bracis-33589 64 18 series series NOUN bracis-33589 64 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 65 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 65 2 the the DET bracis-33589 65 3 work work NOUN bracis-33589 65 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 65 5 preveti preveti NOUN bracis-33589 65 6 et et PROPN bracis-33589 65 7 al al PROPN bracis-33589 65 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 66 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 66 2 22 22 NUM bracis-33589 66 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 66 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 66 5 rumor rumor ADJ bracis-33589 66 6 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 66 7 is be AUX bracis-33589 66 8 represented represent VERB bracis-33589 66 9 as as ADP bracis-33589 66 10 the the DET bracis-33589 66 11 time time NOUN bracis-33589 66 12 series series NOUN bracis-33589 66 13 of of ADP bracis-33589 66 14 a a DET bracis-33589 66 15 cascade cascade NOUN bracis-33589 66 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 66 17 incorporating incorporate VERB bracis-33589 66 18 user user NOUN bracis-33589 66 19 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 66 20 related relate VERB bracis-33589 66 21 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 66 22 temporal temporal ADJ bracis-33589 66 23 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 66 24 for for ADP bracis-33589 66 25 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 66 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 67 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 67 2 the the DET bracis-33589 67 3 work work NOUN bracis-33589 67 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 67 5 liu liu PROPN bracis-33589 67 6 et et PROPN bracis-33589 67 7 al al PROPN bracis-33589 67 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 68 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 68 2 15 15 NUM bracis-33589 68 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 68 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 68 5 the the DET bracis-33589 68 6 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 68 7 path path NOUN bracis-33589 68 8 is be AUX bracis-33589 68 9 represented represent VERB bracis-33589 68 10 as as ADP bracis-33589 68 11 a a DET bracis-33589 68 12 multivariate multivariate NOUN bracis-33589 68 13 time time NOUN bracis-33589 68 14 series series NOUN bracis-33589 68 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 68 16 with with ADP bracis-33589 68 17 points point NOUN bracis-33589 68 18 based base VERB bracis-33589 68 19 on on ADP bracis-33589 68 20 user user NOUN bracis-33589 68 21 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 68 22 time time NOUN bracis-33589 68 23 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 68 24 related relate VERB bracis-33589 68 25 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 68 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 69 1 these these DET bracis-33589 69 2 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 69 3 are be AUX bracis-33589 69 4 primarily primarily ADV bracis-33589 69 5 numeric numeric ADJ bracis-33589 69 6 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 69 7 binary binary ADJ bracis-33589 69 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 69 9 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 69 10 convolutional convolutional ADJ bracis-33589 69 11 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 69 12 recurrent recurrent ADJ bracis-33589 69 13 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 69 14 are be AUX bracis-33589 69 15 applied apply VERB bracis-33589 69 16 to to PART bracis-33589 69 17 detect detect VERB bracis-33589 69 18 time time NOUN bracis-33589 69 19 series series NOUN bracis-33589 69 20 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 69 21 with with ADP bracis-33589 69 22 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 69 23 news news NOUN bracis-33589 69 24 in in ADP bracis-33589 69 25 the the DET bracis-33589 69 26 twitter15 twitter15 NOUN bracis-33589 69 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 69 28 twitter16 twitter16 ADJ bracis-33589 69 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 69 30 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 69 31 weibo weibo NOUN bracis-33589 69 32 datasets dataset NOUN bracis-33589 69 33 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 70 1 3 3 NUM bracis-33589 70 2 dissemination dissemination NOUN bracis-33589 70 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 70 4     SPACE bracis-33589 70 5 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 70 6 as as ADP bracis-33589 70 7     SPACE bracis-33589 70 8 mat mat NOUN bracis-33589 70 9 this this DET bracis-33589 70 10 section section NOUN bracis-33589 70 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 70 12 divided divide VERB bracis-33589 70 13 into into ADP bracis-33589 70 14 two two NUM bracis-33589 70 15 parts part NOUN bracis-33589 70 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 70 17 explores explore NOUN bracis-33589 70 18 addressing address VERB bracis-33589 70 19 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 70 20 in in ADP bracis-33589 70 21 online online ADJ bracis-33589 70 22 social social ADJ bracis-33589 70 23 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 70 24 through through ADP bracis-33589 70 25 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 70 26 - - ADJ bracis-33589 70 27 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 70 28 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 70 29 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 71 1 the the DET bracis-33589 71 2 first first ADJ bracis-33589 71 3 part part NOUN bracis-33589 71 4 covers cover VERB bracis-33589 71 5 the the DET bracis-33589 71 6 theoretical theoretical ADJ bracis-33589 71 7 foundations foundation NOUN bracis-33589 71 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 71 9 while while SCONJ bracis-33589 71 10 the the DET bracis-33589 71 11 second second NOUN bracis-33589 71 12 focuses focus VERB bracis-33589 71 13 on on ADP bracis-33589 71 14 applying apply VERB bracis-33589 71 15 these these DET bracis-33589 71 16 principles principle NOUN bracis-33589 71 17 by by ADP bracis-33589 71 18 converting convert VERB bracis-33589 71 19 a a DET bracis-33589 71 20 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 71 21 into into ADP bracis-33589 71 22 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 71 23 - - ADJ bracis-33589 71 24 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 71 25 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 71 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 72 1 3.1 3.1 NUM bracis-33589 72 2 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 72 3 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 72 4     SPACE bracis-33589 72 5 mat mat NOUN bracis-33589 72 6 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 72 7 discussed discuss VERB bracis-33589 72 8 in in ADP bracis-33589 72 9 sect sect NOUN bracis-33589 72 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 72 11     SPACE bracis-33589 72 12 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 72 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 72 14 existing exist VERB bracis-33589 72 15 representations representation NOUN bracis-33589 72 16 of of ADP bracis-33589 72 17 news news NOUN bracis-33589 72 18 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 72 19 information information NOUN bracis-33589 72 20 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 72 21 paths path NOUN bracis-33589 72 22 generally generally ADV bracis-33589 72 23 use use VERB bracis-33589 72 24 cascade cascade NOUN bracis-33589 72 25 structures structure NOUN bracis-33589 72 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 72 27 graphs graph NOUN bracis-33589 72 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 72 29 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 72 30 time time NOUN bracis-33589 72 31 series series NOUN bracis-33589 72 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 72 33 incorporating incorporate VERB bracis-33589 72 34 mainly mainly ADV bracis-33589 72 35 numeric numeric ADJ bracis-33589 72 36 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 72 37 textual textual ADJ bracis-33589 72 38 features feature NOUN bracis-33589 72 39 related relate VERB bracis-33589 72 40 to to ADP bracis-33589 72 41 users user NOUN bracis-33589 72 42 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 72 43 news news NOUN bracis-33589 72 44 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 72 45 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 72 46 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 72 47 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 72 48 time time NOUN bracis-33589 72 49 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 73 1 however however ADV bracis-33589 73 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 73 3 these these DET bracis-33589 73 4 representations representation NOUN bracis-33589 73 5 lack lack VERB bracis-33589 73 6 semantic semantic ADJ bracis-33589 73 7 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 73 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 74 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 74 2 this this DET bracis-33589 74 3 section section NOUN bracis-33589 74 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 74 5 we we PRON bracis-33589 74 6 introduce introduce VERB bracis-33589 74 7 the the DET bracis-33589 74 8 essential essential ADJ bracis-33589 74 9 definitions definition NOUN bracis-33589 74 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 74 11 concepts concept NOUN bracis-33589 74 12 for for ADP bracis-33589 74 13 our our PRON bracis-33589 74 14 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 74 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 75 1 we we PRON bracis-33589 75 2 begin begin VERB bracis-33589 75 3 by by ADP bracis-33589 75 4 presenting present VERB bracis-33589 75 5 the the DET bracis-33589 75 6 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 75 7 of of ADP bracis-33589 75 8 “ " PUNCT bracis-33589 75 9 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 75 10 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 75 11 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 75 12 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 75 13 ” " PUNCT bracis-33589 75 14 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 75 15 suggested suggest VERB bracis-33589 75 16 in in ADP bracis-33589 75 17 [ [ X bracis-33589 75 18 17 17 NUM bracis-33589 75 19 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 75 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 75 21 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 75 22 then then ADV bracis-33589 75 23 define define VERB bracis-33589 75 24 what what PRON bracis-33589 75 25 a a DET bracis-33589 75 26 “ " PUNCT bracis-33589 75 27 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 75 28 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 75 29 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 75 30 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 75 31 ” " PUNCT bracis-33589 75 32 is be AUX bracis-33589 75 33 in in ADP bracis-33589 75 34 the the DET bracis-33589 75 35 context context NOUN bracis-33589 75 36 of of ADP bracis-33589 75 37 information information NOUN bracis-33589 75 38 in in ADP bracis-33589 75 39 online online ADJ bracis-33589 75 40 social social ADJ bracis-33589 75 41 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 75 42 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 75 43 osn osn NOUN bracis-33589 75 44 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 75 45 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 75 46 capable capable ADJ bracis-33589 75 47 of of ADP bracis-33589 75 48 capturing capture VERB bracis-33589 75 49 semantic semantic ADJ bracis-33589 75 50 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 75 51 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 76 1 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 76 2 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 76 3 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 76 4 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 76 5 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 76 6 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 76 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 76 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 77 1 a a DET bracis-33589 77 2 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 77 3 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 77 4 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 77 5 is be AUX bracis-33589 77 6 an an DET bracis-33589 77 7 ordered order VERB bracis-33589 77 8 sequence sequence NOUN bracis-33589 77 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 77 10 points point NOUN bracis-33589 77 11 \(t\;=\ \(t\;=\ NOUN bracis-33589 77 12 ; ; PUNCT bracis-33589 77 13 \left\langle \left\langle VERB bracis-33589 77 14 d_1,\;d_2,\ d_1,\;d_2,\ ADV bracis-33589 77 15 ; ; PUNCT bracis-33589 77 16 \dots \dot NOUN bracis-33589 77 17 \;,d_n\right\rangle \;,d_n\right\rangle PUNCT bracis-33589 77 18 \ \ PROPN bracis-33589 77 19 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 77 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 77 21 with with ADP bracis-33589 77 22 \(d_i=(x \(d_i=(x NUM bracis-33589 77 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 77 24 y y PROPN bracis-33589 77 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 77 26 t t PROPN bracis-33589 77 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 77 28 \mathcal \mathcal PROPN bracis-33589 77 29 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 77 30 a})\ a})\ PROPN bracis-33589 77 31 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 77 32 being be AUX bracis-33589 77 33 the the DET bracis-33589 77 34 \(i-\)th \(i-\)th NOUN bracis-33589 77 35 point point NOUN bracis-33589 77 36 of of ADP bracis-33589 77 37 the the DET bracis-33589 77 38 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 77 39 at at ADP bracis-33589 77 40 location location NOUN bracis-33589 77 41 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 77 42 x x NOUN bracis-33589 77 43 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 77 44     SPACE bracis-33589 77 45 y y NOUN bracis-33589 77 46 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 77 47 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 77 48 timestamp timestamp PROPN bracis-33589 77 49 t t PROPN bracis-33589 77 50 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 77 51 described describe VERB bracis-33589 77 52 by by ADP bracis-33589 77 53 the the DET bracis-33589 77 54 set set NOUN bracis-33589 77 55 \(\mathcal \(\mathcal ADJ bracis-33589 77 56 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 77 57 a}=\left\ a}=\left\ PROPN bracis-33589 77 58 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 77 59 a_1,\;a_2,\ a_1,\;a_2,\ NUM bracis-33589 77 60 ; ; PUNCT bracis-33589 77 61 \dots \dot NOUN bracis-33589 77 62 \;,a_r \;,a_r PUNCT bracis-33589 77 63 \right\ \right\ ADJ bracis-33589 77 64 } } PUNCT bracis-33589 77 65 \ \ NOUN bracis-33589 77 66 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 77 67 of of ADP bracis-33589 77 68 r r NOUN bracis-33589 77 69 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 77 70 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 78 1 this this DET bracis-33589 78 2 type type NOUN bracis-33589 78 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 78 4 sequential sequential ADJ bracis-33589 78 5 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 78 6 allows allow VERB bracis-33589 78 7 for for ADP bracis-33589 78 8 the the DET bracis-33589 78 9 inclusion inclusion NOUN bracis-33589 78 10 of of ADP bracis-33589 78 11 heterogeneous heterogeneous ADJ bracis-33589 78 12 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 78 13 of of ADP bracis-33589 78 14 diverse diverse ADJ bracis-33589 78 15 nature nature NOUN bracis-33589 78 16 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 78 17 types type NOUN bracis-33589 78 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 79 1 these these DET bracis-33589 79 2 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 79 3 can can AUX bracis-33589 79 4 be be AUX bracis-33589 79 5 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 79 6 - - VERB bracis-33589 79 7 labeled label VERB bracis-33589 79 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 79 9 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 79 10 for for ADP bracis-33589 79 11 the the DET bracis-33589 79 12 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 79 13 task task NOUN bracis-33589 79 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 80 1 according accord VERB bracis-33589 80 2 to to ADP bracis-33589 80 3 the the DET bracis-33589 80 4 work work NOUN bracis-33589 80 5 by by ADP bracis-33589 80 6 petry petry PROPN bracis-33589 80 7 et et PROPN bracis-33589 80 8 al al PROPN bracis-33589 80 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 80 10     SPACE bracis-33589 81 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 81 2 17 17 NUM bracis-33589 81 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 81 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 81 5 the the DET bracis-33589 81 6 concept concept NOUN bracis-33589 81 7 of of ADP bracis-33589 81 8 a a DET bracis-33589 81 9 “ " PUNCT bracis-33589 81 10 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 81 11 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 81 12 ” " PUNCT bracis-33589 81 13 is be AUX bracis-33589 81 14 defined define VERB bracis-33589 81 15 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 81 16 follows follow VERB bracis-33589 81 17 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 81 18 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 81 19 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 81 20 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 81 21 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 81 22 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 81 23 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 81 24 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 82 1 given give VERB bracis-33589 82 2 a a DET bracis-33589 82 3 set set NOUN bracis-33589 82 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 82 5 labels label NOUN bracis-33589 82 6 \(\mathcal \(\mathcal ADJ bracis-33589 82 7 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 82 8 l}\ l}\ PROPN bracis-33589 82 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 82 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 82 11 a a DET bracis-33589 82 12 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 82 13 set set NOUN bracis-33589 82 14 defined define VERB bracis-33589 82 15 by by ADP bracis-33589 82 16 a a DET bracis-33589 82 17 set set NOUN bracis-33589 82 18 of of ADP bracis-33589 82 19 pairs pair NOUN bracis-33589 82 20 \(\mathcal \(\mathcal ADJ bracis-33589 82 21 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 82 22 t t NOUN bracis-33589 82 23 } } PUNCT bracis-33589 82 24 = = SYM bracis-33589 82 25 \{(t_1 \{(t_1 PROPN bracis-33589 82 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 82 27 \text \text ADP bracis-33589 82 28 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 82 29 label}(t_1)),\ldots label}(t_1)),\ldot NOUN bracis-33589 82 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 82 31 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 82 32 t_{|\mathcal t_{|\mathcal NOUN bracis-33589 82 33 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 82 34 t}| t}| NOUN bracis-33589 82 35 } } PUNCT bracis-33589 82 36 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 82 37 \text \text PROPN bracis-33589 82 38 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 82 39 label}(t_{|\mathcal label}(t_{|\mathcal ADJ bracis-33589 82 40 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 82 41 t}|}))\}\ t}|}))\}\ NOUN bracis-33589 82 42 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 82 43 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 82 44 where where SCONJ bracis-33589 82 45 each each DET bracis-33589 82 46 pair pair NOUN bracis-33589 82 47 contains contain VERB bracis-33589 82 48 a a DET bracis-33589 82 49 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 82 50 \(t_i\ \(t_i\ NOUN bracis-33589 82 51 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 82 52 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 82 53 its its PRON bracis-33589 82 54 class class NOUN bracis-33589 82 55 label label NOUN bracis-33589 82 56 label\((t_i)\in label\((t_i)\in PROPN bracis-33589 82 57 \mathcal \mathcal PROPN bracis-33589 82 58 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 82 59 l}\ l}\ PROPN bracis-33589 82 60 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 82 61 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 83 1 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 83 2 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 83 3 involves involve VERB bracis-33589 83 4 learning learn VERB bracis-33589 83 5 a a DET bracis-33589 83 6 prediction prediction NOUN bracis-33589 83 7 function function NOUN bracis-33589 83 8 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 83 9 i.e. i.e. X bracis-33589 83 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 83 11 a a DET bracis-33589 83 12 model model NOUN bracis-33589 83 13 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 83 14 f f NOUN bracis-33589 83 15 that that PRON bracis-33589 83 16 assigns assign VERB bracis-33589 83 17 each each DET bracis-33589 83 18 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 83 19 \(t_i\ \(t_i\ NOUN bracis-33589 83 20 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 83 21 in in ADP bracis-33589 83 22 the the DET bracis-33589 83 23 set set NOUN bracis-33589 83 24 \(\mathcal \(\mathcal ADJ bracis-33589 83 25 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 83 26 t}\ t}\ NOUN bracis-33589 83 27 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 83 28 to to ADP bracis-33589 83 29 one one NUM bracis-33589 83 30 of of ADP bracis-33589 83 31 the the DET bracis-33589 83 32 class class NOUN bracis-33589 83 33 labels label NOUN bracis-33589 83 34 in in ADP bracis-33589 83 35 \(\mathcal \(\mathcal ADJ bracis-33589 83 36 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 83 37 l}\ l}\ PROPN bracis-33589 83 38 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 83 39 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 84 1 kumar kumar PROPN bracis-33589 84 2 et et PROPN bracis-33589 84 3 al al PROPN bracis-33589 84 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 85 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 85 2 14 14 NUM bracis-33589 85 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 85 4 differentiate differentiate NOUN bracis-33589 85 5 between between ADP bracis-33589 85 6 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 85 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 85 8 which which PRON bracis-33589 85 9 is be AUX bracis-33589 85 10 false false ADJ bracis-33589 85 11 information information NOUN bracis-33589 85 12 without without ADP bracis-33589 85 13 intent intent NOUN bracis-33589 85 14 to to PART bracis-33589 85 15 deceive deceive VERB bracis-33589 85 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 85 17 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 85 18 disinformation disinformation NOUN bracis-33589 85 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 85 20 which which PRON bracis-33589 85 21 involves involve VERB bracis-33589 85 22 deceptive deceptive ADJ bracis-33589 85 23 intent intent NOUN bracis-33589 85 24 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 86 1 this this DET bracis-33589 86 2 distinction distinction NOUN bracis-33589 86 3 is be AUX bracis-33589 86 4 supported support VERB bracis-33589 86 5 by by ADP bracis-33589 86 6 other other ADJ bracis-33589 86 7 researchers researcher NOUN bracis-33589 86 8 [ [ X bracis-33589 86 9 12 12 NUM bracis-33589 86 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 86 11 33 33 NUM bracis-33589 86 12 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 86 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 86 14 though though SCONJ bracis-33589 86 15 some some DET bracis-33589 86 16 studies study NOUN bracis-33589 86 17 use use VERB bracis-33589 86 18 a a DET bracis-33589 86 19 broader broad ADJ bracis-33589 86 20 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 86 21 of of ADP bracis-33589 86 22 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 86 23 to to PART bracis-33589 86 24 encompass encompass VERB bracis-33589 86 25 all all DET bracis-33589 86 26 false false ADJ bracis-33589 86 27 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 86 28 inaccurate inaccurate ADJ bracis-33589 86 29 information information NOUN bracis-33589 86 30 spread spread VERB bracis-33589 86 31 on on ADP bracis-33589 86 32 social social ADJ bracis-33589 86 33 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 86 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 87 1 this this PRON bracis-33589 87 2 includes include VERB bracis-33589 87 3 rumors rumor NOUN bracis-33589 87 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 87 5 disinformation disinformation NOUN bracis-33589 87 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 87 7 intentional intentional ADJ bracis-33589 87 8 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 87 9 unintentional unintentional ADJ bracis-33589 87 10 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 87 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 87 12 urban urban ADJ bracis-33589 87 13 legends legend NOUN bracis-33589 87 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 87 15 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 87 16 news news NOUN bracis-33589 87 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 87 18 spam spam NOUN bracis-33589 87 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 87 20 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 87 21 hate hate VERB bracis-33589 87 22 speech speech NOUN bracis-33589 87 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 88 1 these these DET bracis-33589 88 2 phenomena phenomenon NOUN bracis-33589 88 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 88 4 given give VERB bracis-33589 88 5 their their PRON bracis-33589 88 6 temporal temporal ADJ bracis-33589 88 7 evolution evolution NOUN bracis-33589 88 8 in in ADP bracis-33589 88 9 a a DET bracis-33589 88 10 social social ADJ bracis-33589 88 11 network network NOUN bracis-33589 88 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 88 13 can can AUX bracis-33589 88 14 be be AUX bracis-33589 88 15 represented represent VERB bracis-33589 88 16 as as ADP bracis-33589 88 17 a a DET bracis-33589 88 18 sequence sequence NOUN bracis-33589 88 19 of of ADP bracis-33589 88 20 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 88 21 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 88 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 89 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 89 2 line line NOUN bracis-33589 89 3 with with ADP bracis-33589 89 4 our our PRON bracis-33589 89 5 objective objective NOUN bracis-33589 89 6 to to PART bracis-33589 89 7 analyze analyze VERB bracis-33589 89 8 the the DET bracis-33589 89 9 behavior behavior NOUN bracis-33589 89 10 of of ADP bracis-33589 89 11 information information NOUN bracis-33589 89 12 in in ADP bracis-33589 89 13 a a DET bracis-33589 89 14 social social ADJ bracis-33589 89 15 network network NOUN bracis-33589 89 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 89 17 it it PRON bracis-33589 89 18 is be AUX bracis-33589 89 19 essential essential ADJ bracis-33589 89 20 to to PART bracis-33589 89 21 have have VERB bracis-33589 89 22 a a DET bracis-33589 89 23 general general ADJ bracis-33589 89 24 concept concept NOUN bracis-33589 89 25 that that PRON bracis-33589 89 26 represents represent VERB bracis-33589 89 27 the the DET bracis-33589 89 28 dissemination dissemination NOUN bracis-33589 89 29 of of ADP bracis-33589 89 30 information information NOUN bracis-33589 89 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 90 1 following follow VERB bracis-33589 90 2 guo guo PROPN bracis-33589 90 3 et et PROPN bracis-33589 90 4 al al PROPN bracis-33589 90 5 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 91 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 91 2 9 9 NUM bracis-33589 91 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 91 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 91 5 we we PRON bracis-33589 91 6 define define VERB bracis-33589 91 7 information information NOUN bracis-33589 91 8 dissemination dissemination NOUN bracis-33589 91 9 in in ADP bracis-33589 91 10 social social ADJ bracis-33589 91 11 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 91 12 by by ADP bracis-33589 91 13 considering consider VERB bracis-33589 91 14 the the DET bracis-33589 91 15 content content NOUN bracis-33589 91 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 91 17 social social ADJ bracis-33589 91 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 91 19 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 91 20 temporal temporal ADJ bracis-33589 91 21 dimensions dimension NOUN bracis-33589 91 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 91 23 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 91 24 outlined outline VERB bracis-33589 91 25 by by ADP bracis-33589 91 26 shu shu PROPN bracis-33589 91 27 et et PROPN bracis-33589 91 28 al al PROPN bracis-33589 91 29 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 92 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 92 2 25 25 NUM bracis-33589 92 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 92 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 93 1 let let VERB bracis-33589 93 2 s s PRON bracis-33589 93 3 be be AUX bracis-33589 93 4 information information NOUN bracis-33589 93 5 disseminated disseminate VERB bracis-33589 93 6 in in ADP bracis-33589 93 7 a a DET bracis-33589 93 8 social social ADJ bracis-33589 93 9 network network NOUN bracis-33589 93 10 n n CCONJ bracis-33589 93 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 93 12 which which PRON bracis-33589 93 13 consists consist VERB bracis-33589 93 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 93 15 two two NUM bracis-33589 93 16 main main ADJ bracis-33589 93 17 sets set NOUN bracis-33589 93 18 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 93 19 publisher publisher NOUN bracis-33589 93 20 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 93 21 content content NOUN bracis-33589 93 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 94 1 publisher publisher NOUN bracis-33589 94 2 \(p_{s}\ \(p_{s}\ NOUN bracis-33589 94 3 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 94 4 includes include VERB bracis-33589 94 5 a a DET bracis-33589 94 6 set set NOUN bracis-33589 94 7 of of ADP bracis-33589 94 8 profile profile NOUN bracis-33589 94 9 features feature NOUN bracis-33589 94 10 to to PART bracis-33589 94 11 describe describe VERB bracis-33589 94 12 the the DET bracis-33589 94 13 original original ADJ bracis-33589 94 14 author author NOUN bracis-33589 94 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 94 16 such such ADJ bracis-33589 94 17 as as ADP bracis-33589 94 18 name name NOUN bracis-33589 94 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 94 20 domain domain NOUN bracis-33589 94 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 94 22 age age NOUN bracis-33589 94 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 94 24 among among ADP bracis-33589 94 25 other other ADJ bracis-33589 94 26 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 94 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 95 1 content content NOUN bracis-33589 95 2 \(c_{s}\ \(c_{s}\ PROPN bracis-33589 95 3 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 95 4 consists consist VERB bracis-33589 95 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 95 6 a a DET bracis-33589 95 7 set set NOUN bracis-33589 95 8 of of ADP bracis-33589 95 9 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 95 10 that that PRON bracis-33589 95 11 represent represent VERB bracis-33589 95 12 the the DET bracis-33589 95 13 news news NOUN bracis-33589 95 14 article article NOUN bracis-33589 95 15 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 95 16 includes include VERB bracis-33589 95 17 headline headline NOUN bracis-33589 95 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 95 19 text text NOUN bracis-33589 95 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 95 21 image image NOUN bracis-33589 95 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 95 23 etc etc X bracis-33589 95 24 . . X bracis-33589 96 1 let let VERB bracis-33589 96 2 \(e=\{e_{it}\}\ \(e=\{e_{it}\}\ PRON bracis-33589 96 3 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 96 4 be be AUX bracis-33589 96 5 the the DET bracis-33589 96 6 set set NOUN bracis-33589 96 7 of of ADP bracis-33589 96 8 tuples tuple NOUN bracis-33589 96 9 to to PART bracis-33589 96 10 represent represent VERB bracis-33589 96 11 the the DET bracis-33589 96 12 process process NOUN bracis-33589 96 13 of of ADP bracis-33589 96 14 how how SCONJ bracis-33589 96 15 information information NOUN bracis-33589 96 16 spread spread VERB bracis-33589 96 17 over over ADP bracis-33589 96 18 the the DET bracis-33589 96 19 time time NOUN bracis-33589 96 20 among among ADP bracis-33589 96 21 n n PRON bracis-33589 96 22 users user NOUN bracis-33589 96 23 \(u=\{u_1,u_2,\dots \(u=\{u_1,u_2,\dot NOUN bracis-33589 96 24 u_n\ u_n\ ADP bracis-33589 96 25 } } PUNCT bracis-33589 96 26 \ \ NOUN bracis-33589 96 27 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 96 28 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 96 29 their their PRON bracis-33589 96 30 corresponding correspond VERB bracis-33589 96 31 posts post NOUN bracis-33589 96 32 \(p=\{p_1,p_2,\dots \(p=\{p_1,p_2,\dot NOUN bracis-33589 96 33 p_n\}\ p_n\}\ NOUN bracis-33589 96 34 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 96 35 on on ADP bracis-33589 96 36 social social ADJ bracis-33589 96 37 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 96 38 regarding regard VERB bracis-33589 96 39 information information NOUN bracis-33589 96 40 s. s. PROPN bracis-33589 96 41 each each DET bracis-33589 96 42 element element NOUN bracis-33589 96 43 \(e_{it}\ \(e_{it}\ NOUN bracis-33589 96 44 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 96 45 is be AUX bracis-33589 96 46 described describe VERB bracis-33589 96 47 as as ADP bracis-33589 96 48 \(\{p_i \(\{p_i PROPN bracis-33589 96 49 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 96 50 u_i u_i ADJ bracis-33589 96 51 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 96 52 t\}\ t\}\ NOUN bracis-33589 96 53 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 96 54 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 96 55 indicating indicate VERB bracis-33589 96 56 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 96 57 a a DET bracis-33589 96 58 user user NOUN bracis-33589 96 59 \(u_i\ \(u_i\ NOUN bracis-33589 96 60 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 96 61 spreads spread VERB bracis-33589 96 62 a a DET bracis-33589 96 63 post post NOUN bracis-33589 96 64 s s AUX bracis-33589 96 65 using use VERB bracis-33589 96 66 \(p_i\ \(p_i\ NOUN bracis-33589 96 67 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 96 68 at at ADP bracis-33589 96 69 time time NOUN bracis-33589 96 70 t. t. PROPN bracis-33589 96 71 therefore therefore ADV bracis-33589 96 72 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 96 73 to to PART bracis-33589 96 74 consider consider VERB bracis-33589 96 75 information information NOUN bracis-33589 96 76 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 96 77 news news NOUN bracis-33589 96 78 s s PRON bracis-33589 96 79 as as ADP bracis-33589 96 80 a a DET bracis-33589 96 81 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 96 82 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 96 83 we we PRON bracis-33589 96 84 must must AUX bracis-33589 96 85 treat treat VERB bracis-33589 96 86 it it PRON bracis-33589 96 87 as as ADP bracis-33589 96 88 a a DET bracis-33589 96 89 sequence sequence NOUN bracis-33589 96 90 that that PRON bracis-33589 96 91 passes pass VERB bracis-33589 96 92 through through ADP bracis-33589 96 93 points point NOUN bracis-33589 96 94 of of ADP bracis-33589 96 95 interest interest NOUN bracis-33589 96 96 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 96 97 pois pois NOUN bracis-33589 96 98 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 96 99 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 97 1 due due ADP bracis-33589 97 2 to to ADP bracis-33589 97 3 privacy privacy NOUN bracis-33589 97 4 concerns concern NOUN bracis-33589 97 5 in in ADP bracis-33589 97 6 social social ADJ bracis-33589 97 7 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 97 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 97 9 it it PRON bracis-33589 97 10 is be AUX bracis-33589 97 11 not not PART bracis-33589 97 12 always always ADV bracis-33589 97 13 possible possible ADJ bracis-33589 97 14 to to PART bracis-33589 97 15 obtain obtain VERB bracis-33589 97 16 a a DET bracis-33589 97 17 user user NOUN bracis-33589 97 18 ’s ’s PART bracis-33589 97 19 location location NOUN bracis-33589 97 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 98 1 thus thus ADV bracis-33589 98 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 98 3 we we PRON bracis-33589 98 4 initially initially ADV bracis-33589 98 5 need need VERB bracis-33589 98 6 to to PART bracis-33589 98 7 define define VERB bracis-33589 98 8 a a DET bracis-33589 98 9 temporal temporal ADJ bracis-33589 98 10 sequence sequence NOUN bracis-33589 98 11 of of ADP bracis-33589 98 12 points point NOUN bracis-33589 98 13 along along ADP bracis-33589 98 14 the the DET bracis-33589 98 15 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 98 16 it it PRON bracis-33589 98 17 follows follow VERB bracis-33589 98 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 99 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 99 2 this this DET bracis-33589 99 3 case case NOUN bracis-33589 99 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 99 5 each each DET bracis-33589 99 6 point point NOUN bracis-33589 99 7 corresponds correspond VERB bracis-33589 99 8 to to ADP bracis-33589 99 9 an an DET bracis-33589 99 10 interaction interaction NOUN bracis-33589 99 11 \(e_i\ \(e_i\ NOUN bracis-33589 99 12 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 99 13 at at ADP bracis-33589 99 14 a a DET bracis-33589 99 15 time time NOUN bracis-33589 99 16 t t NOUN bracis-33589 99 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 99 18 where where SCONJ bracis-33589 99 19 a a DET bracis-33589 99 20 user user NOUN bracis-33589 99 21 \(u_i\ \(u_i\ NOUN bracis-33589 99 22 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 99 23 interacts interact VERB bracis-33589 99 24 with with ADP bracis-33589 99 25 the the DET bracis-33589 99 26 post post PROPN bracis-33589 99 27 \(p_i\ \(p_i\ NOUN bracis-33589 99 28 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 99 29 corresponding correspond VERB bracis-33589 99 30 to to ADP bracis-33589 99 31 the the DET bracis-33589 99 32 poi poi PROPN bracis-33589 99 33 at at ADP bracis-33589 99 34 a a DET bracis-33589 99 35 specific specific ADJ bracis-33589 99 36 time time NOUN bracis-33589 99 37 t. t. NOUN bracis-33589 99 38 this this DET bracis-33589 99 39 i i PROPN bracis-33589 99 40 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 99 41 th th VERB bracis-33589 99 42 point point NOUN bracis-33589 99 43 in in ADP bracis-33589 99 44 the the DET bracis-33589 99 45 temporal temporal ADJ bracis-33589 99 46 sequence sequence NOUN bracis-33589 99 47 is be AUX bracis-33589 99 48 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 99 49 with with ADP bracis-33589 99 50 content content NOUN bracis-33589 99 51 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 99 52 context context NOUN bracis-33589 99 53 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 99 54 provided provide VERB bracis-33589 99 55 by by ADP bracis-33589 99 56 \(u_i\ \(u_i\ NOUN bracis-33589 99 57 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 99 58 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 99 59 \(p_i\ \(p_i\ NOUN bracis-33589 99 60 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 99 61 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 100 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 100 2 this this DET bracis-33589 100 3 regard regard NOUN bracis-33589 100 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 100 5 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 100 6 considering consider VERB bracis-33589 100 7 the the DET bracis-33589 100 8 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 100 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 100 10 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 100 11 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 100 12 in in ADP bracis-33589 100 13 a a DET bracis-33589 100 14 social social ADJ bracis-33589 100 15 network network NOUN bracis-33589 100 16 adapted adapt VERB bracis-33589 100 17 to to ADP bracis-33589 100 18 the the DET bracis-33589 100 19 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 100 20 of of ADP bracis-33589 100 21 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 100 22 - - ADJ bracis-33589 100 23 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 100 24 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 100 25 given give VERB bracis-33589 100 26 in in ADP bracis-33589 100 27 the the DET bracis-33589 100 28 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 100 29 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 100 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 100 31 we we PRON bracis-33589 100 32 present present VERB bracis-33589 100 33 the the DET bracis-33589 100 34 following follow VERB bracis-33589 100 35 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 100 36 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 101 1 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 101 2 3 3 NUM bracis-33589 101 3 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 101 4 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 101 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 101 6 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 101 7 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 101 8 of of ADP bracis-33589 101 9 information information NOUN bracis-33589 101 10 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 101 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 102 1 a a DET bracis-33589 102 2 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 102 3 - - ADJ bracis-33589 102 4 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 102 5 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 102 6 of of ADP bracis-33589 102 7 information information NOUN bracis-33589 102 8 propagated propagate VERB bracis-33589 102 9 in in ADP bracis-33589 102 10 an an DET bracis-33589 102 11 online online ADJ bracis-33589 102 12 social social ADJ bracis-33589 102 13 network network NOUN bracis-33589 102 14 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 102 15 osn osn NOUN bracis-33589 102 16 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 102 17 is be AUX bracis-33589 102 18 an an DET bracis-33589 102 19 ordered order VERB bracis-33589 102 20 sequence sequence NOUN bracis-33589 102 21 of of ADP bracis-33589 102 22 points point NOUN bracis-33589 102 23 \(e= \(e= NOUN bracis-33589 102 24 \left\langle \left\langle PROPN bracis-33589 102 25 e_1,\ e_1,\ NOUN bracis-33589 102 26 ; ; PUNCT bracis-33589 102 27 e_2,\;\dots e_2,\;\dot NOUN bracis-33589 102 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 102 29 \;e_{n}\right\rangle \;e_{n}\right\rangle ADJ bracis-33589 102 30 \ \ NOUN bracis-33589 102 31 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 102 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 102 33 where where SCONJ bracis-33589 102 34 \(e_i=(u_i \(e_i=(u_i PROPN bracis-33589 102 35 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 102 36 t,\mathcal t,\mathcal ADJ bracis-33589 102 37 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 102 38 a})\ a})\ PROPN bracis-33589 102 39 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 102 40 represents represent VERB bracis-33589 102 41 the the DET bracis-33589 102 42 \(i-\)th \(i-\)th PROPN bracis-33589 102 43 point point NOUN bracis-33589 102 44 of of ADP bracis-33589 102 45 the the DET bracis-33589 102 46 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 102 47 located locate VERB bracis-33589 102 48 at at ADP bracis-33589 102 49 \(p_i\ \(p_i\ NOUN bracis-33589 102 50 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 102 51 at at ADP bracis-33589 102 52 a a DET bracis-33589 102 53 timestamp timestamp NOUN bracis-33589 102 54 t t PROPN bracis-33589 102 55 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 102 56 described describe VERB bracis-33589 102 57 by by ADP bracis-33589 102 58 a a DET bracis-33589 102 59 set set NOUN bracis-33589 102 60 of of ADP bracis-33589 102 61 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 102 62 \(\mathcal \(\mathcal ADJ bracis-33589 102 63 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 102 64 a}=c_{s_{i}}\cup a}=c_{s_{i}}\cup PROPN bracis-33589 102 65 p_{s_{i}}\ p_{s_{i}}\ NOUN bracis-33589 102 66 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 102 67 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 102 68 where where SCONJ bracis-33589 102 69 \(c_{s_i}\ \(c_{s_i}\ X bracis-33589 102 70 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 102 71 is be AUX bracis-33589 102 72 the the DET bracis-33589 102 73 set set NOUN bracis-33589 102 74 of of ADP bracis-33589 102 75 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 102 76 related relate VERB bracis-33589 102 77 to to ADP bracis-33589 102 78 the the DET bracis-33589 102 79 content content NOUN bracis-33589 102 80 of of ADP bracis-33589 102 81 s s PROPN bracis-33589 102 82 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 102 83 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 102 84 \(p_{s_{i}}\ \(p_{s_{i}}\ PUNCT bracis-33589 102 85 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 102 86 is be AUX bracis-33589 102 87 the the DET bracis-33589 102 88 set set NOUN bracis-33589 102 89 of of ADP bracis-33589 102 90 context context NOUN bracis-33589 102 91 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 102 92 related relate VERB bracis-33589 102 93 to to ADP bracis-33589 102 94 s. s. PROPN bracis-33589 102 95 this this DET bracis-33589 102 96 study study NOUN bracis-33589 102 97 addresses address VERB bracis-33589 102 98 the the DET bracis-33589 102 99 problem problem NOUN bracis-33589 102 100 of of ADP bracis-33589 102 101 binary binary ADJ bracis-33589 102 102 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 102 103 of of ADP bracis-33589 102 104 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 102 105 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 102 106 using use VERB bracis-33589 102 107 \(\mathcal \(\mathcal ADJ bracis-33589 102 108 { { PUNCT bracis-33589 102 109 l}=\{0,1\}\ l}=\{0,1\}\ NOUN bracis-33589 102 110 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 102 111 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 102 112 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 102 113 specified specify VERB bracis-33589 102 114 in in ADP bracis-33589 102 115 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 102 116 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 102 117 . . NOUN bracis-33589 102 118 3.2 3.2 NUM bracis-33589 102 119 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 102 120 in in ADP bracis-33589 102 121 this this DET bracis-33589 102 122 section section NOUN bracis-33589 102 123 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 102 124 we we PRON bracis-33589 102 125 start start VERB bracis-33589 102 126 from from ADP bracis-33589 102 127 the the DET bracis-33589 102 128 original original ADJ bracis-33589 102 129 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 102 130 “ " PUNCT bracis-33589 102 131 fakewhatsapp.br fakewhatsapp.br PROPN bracis-33589 102 132 ” " PUNCT bracis-33589 102 133 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 102 134 which which PRON bracis-33589 102 135 contains contain VERB bracis-33589 102 136 whatsapp whatsapp NOUN bracis-33589 102 137 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 102 138 labeled label VERB bracis-33589 102 139 as as ADP bracis-33589 102 140 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 102 141 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 102 142 not not PART bracis-33589 102 143 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 103 1 from from ADP bracis-33589 103 2 these these DET bracis-33589 103 3 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 103 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 103 5 we we PRON bracis-33589 103 6 generate generate VERB bracis-33589 103 7 the the DET bracis-33589 103 8 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 103 9 “ " PUNCT bracis-33589 103 10 mat mat NOUN bracis-33589 103 11 fakewhatsapp.br fakewhatsapp.br PROPN bracis-33589 103 12 ” " PUNCT bracis-33589 103 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 103 14 which which PRON bracis-33589 103 15 contains contain VERB bracis-33589 103 16 the the DET bracis-33589 103 17 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 103 18 - - ADJ bracis-33589 103 19 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 103 20 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 103 21 of of ADP bracis-33589 103 22 the the DET bracis-33589 103 23 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 103 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 103 25 according accord VERB bracis-33589 103 26 to to ADP bracis-33589 103 27 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 103 28 3 3 NUM bracis-33589 103 29 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 103 30 fakewhatsapp.br fakewhatsapp.br X bracis-33589 103 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 104 1 the the DET bracis-33589 104 2 original original ADJ bracis-33589 104 3 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 104 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 104 5 proposed propose VERB bracis-33589 104 6 in in ADP bracis-33589 104 7 [ [ X bracis-33589 104 8 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 104 9 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 104 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 104 11 consists consist VERB bracis-33589 104 12 of of ADP bracis-33589 104 13 news news NOUN bracis-33589 104 14 collected collect VERB bracis-33589 104 15 from from ADP bracis-33589 104 16 59 59 NUM bracis-33589 104 17 public public ADJ bracis-33589 104 18 whatsapp whatsapp NOUN bracis-33589 104 19 groups group NOUN bracis-33589 104 20 that that PRON bracis-33589 104 21 were be AUX bracis-33589 104 22 used use VERB bracis-33589 104 23 during during ADP bracis-33589 104 24 the the DET bracis-33589 104 25 political political ADJ bracis-33589 104 26 campaigns campaign NOUN bracis-33589 104 27 for for ADP bracis-33589 104 28 the the DET bracis-33589 104 29 2018 2018 NUM bracis-33589 104 30 presidential presidential ADJ bracis-33589 104 31 elections election NOUN bracis-33589 104 32 in in ADP bracis-33589 104 33 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33589 104 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 105 1 this this DET bracis-33589 105 2 data data NOUN bracis-33589 105 3 collection collection NOUN bracis-33589 105 4 took take VERB bracis-33589 105 5 place place NOUN bracis-33589 105 6 from from ADP bracis-33589 105 7 july july PROPN bracis-33589 105 8 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 105 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 105 10 2018 2018 NUM bracis-33589 105 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 105 12 to to ADP bracis-33589 105 13 october october PROPN bracis-33589 105 14 29 29 NUM bracis-33589 105 15 of of ADP bracis-33589 105 16 the the DET bracis-33589 105 17 same same ADJ bracis-33589 105 18 year year NOUN bracis-33589 105 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 105 20 resulting result VERB bracis-33589 105 21 in in ADP bracis-33589 105 22 a a DET bracis-33589 105 23 total total NOUN bracis-33589 105 24 of of ADP bracis-33589 105 25 282,601 282,601 NUM bracis-33589 105 26 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 105 27 labeled label VERB bracis-33589 105 28 in in ADP bracis-33589 105 29 two two NUM bracis-33589 105 30 classes class NOUN bracis-33589 105 31 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 105 32 the the DET bracis-33589 105 33 positive positive ADJ bracis-33589 105 34 class class NOUN bracis-33589 105 35 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 105 36 represented represent VERB bracis-33589 105 37 as as ADP bracis-33589 105 38 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 105 39 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 105 40 corresponds correspond VERB bracis-33589 105 41 to to ADP bracis-33589 105 42 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 105 43 with with ADP bracis-33589 105 44 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 105 45 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 105 46 while while SCONJ bracis-33589 105 47 the the DET bracis-33589 105 48 negative negative ADJ bracis-33589 105 49 class class NOUN bracis-33589 105 50 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 105 51 represented represent VERB bracis-33589 105 52 as as ADP bracis-33589 105 53 0 0 NUM bracis-33589 105 54 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 105 55 corresponds correspond VERB bracis-33589 105 56 to to ADP bracis-33589 105 57 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 105 58 without without ADP bracis-33589 105 59 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 105 60 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 106 1 to to PART bracis-33589 106 2 effectively effectively ADV bracis-33589 106 3 label label VERB bracis-33589 106 4 the the DET bracis-33589 106 5 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 106 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 106 7 the the DET bracis-33589 106 8 findings finding NOUN bracis-33589 106 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 106 10 vosoughi vosoughi PROPN bracis-33589 106 11 et et PROPN bracis-33589 106 12 al al PROPN bracis-33589 106 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 107 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 107 2 32 32 NUM bracis-33589 107 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 107 4 were be AUX bracis-33589 107 5 considered consider VERB bracis-33589 107 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 107 7 demonstrating demonstrate VERB bracis-33589 107 8 that that DET bracis-33589 107 9 false false ADJ bracis-33589 107 10 information information NOUN bracis-33589 107 11 spreads spread VERB bracis-33589 107 12 faster fast ADV bracis-33589 107 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 107 14 wider wide ADJ bracis-33589 107 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 107 16 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 107 17 deeper deep ADJ bracis-33589 107 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 108 1 a a DET bracis-33589 108 2 subset subset NOUN bracis-33589 108 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 108 4 5,284 5,284 NUM bracis-33589 108 5 unique unique ADJ bracis-33589 108 6 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 108 7 was be AUX bracis-33589 108 8 selected select VERB bracis-33589 108 9 based base VERB bracis-33589 108 10 on on ADP bracis-33589 108 11 their their PRON bracis-33589 108 12 virality virality NOUN bracis-33589 108 13 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 108 14 manually manually ADV bracis-33589 108 15 labeled label VERB bracis-33589 108 16 following follow VERB bracis-33589 108 17 a a DET bracis-33589 108 18 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 108 19 protocol protocol NOUN bracis-33589 108 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 109 1 the the DET bracis-33589 109 2 labeled label VERB bracis-33589 109 3 subset subset NOUN bracis-33589 109 4 comprises comprise NOUN bracis-33589 109 5 mostly mostly ADV bracis-33589 109 6 brief brief ADJ bracis-33589 109 7 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 109 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 109 9 averaging average VERB bracis-33589 109 10 20 20 NUM bracis-33589 109 11 tokens token NOUN bracis-33589 109 12 for for ADP bracis-33589 109 13 non non ADJ bracis-33589 109 14 - - ADJ bracis-33589 109 15 misinformative misinformative ADJ bracis-33589 109 16 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 109 17 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 109 18 34 34 NUM bracis-33589 109 19 for for ADP bracis-33589 109 20 misinformative misinformative ADJ bracis-33589 109 21 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 109 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 110 1 to to PART bracis-33589 110 2 automatically automatically ADV bracis-33589 110 3 expand expand VERB bracis-33589 110 4 the the DET bracis-33589 110 5 categories category NOUN bracis-33589 110 6 assigned assign VERB bracis-33589 110 7 to to ADP bracis-33589 110 8 the the DET bracis-33589 110 9 subset subset NOUN bracis-33589 110 10 of of ADP bracis-33589 110 11 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 110 12 to to ADP bracis-33589 110 13 the the DET bracis-33589 110 14 entire entire ADJ bracis-33589 110 15 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 110 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 110 17 an an DET bracis-33589 110 18 algorithm algorithm NOUN bracis-33589 110 19 generated generate VERB bracis-33589 110 20 the the DET bracis-33589 110 21 tf tf PROPN bracis-33589 110 22 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 110 23 idf idf PROPN bracis-33589 110 24 matrix matrix NOUN bracis-33589 110 25 from from ADP bracis-33589 110 26 both both CCONJ bracis-33589 110 27 the the DET bracis-33589 110 28 labeled label VERB bracis-33589 110 29 subset subset NOUN bracis-33589 110 30 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 110 31 the the DET bracis-33589 110 32 complete complete ADJ bracis-33589 110 33 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33589 110 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 111 1 it it PRON bracis-33589 111 2 calculated calculate VERB bracis-33589 111 3 the the DET bracis-33589 111 4 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33589 111 5 between between ADP bracis-33589 111 6 unlabeled unlabeled ADJ bracis-33589 111 7 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 111 8 labeled label VERB bracis-33589 111 9 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 111 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 111 11 assigning assign VERB bracis-33589 111 12 labels label NOUN bracis-33589 111 13 to to ADP bracis-33589 111 14 unlabeled unlabele VERB bracis-33589 111 15 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 111 16 when when SCONJ bracis-33589 111 17 the the DET bracis-33589 111 18 cosine cosine NOUN bracis-33589 111 19 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33589 111 20 exceeded exceed VERB bracis-33589 111 21 0.9 0.9 NUM bracis-33589 111 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 112 1 this this DET bracis-33589 112 2 process process NOUN bracis-33589 112 3 labeled label VERB bracis-33589 112 4 21,289 21,289 NUM bracis-33589 112 5 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 112 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 112 7 with with ADP bracis-33589 112 8 6,926 6,926 NUM bracis-33589 112 9 being be AUX bracis-33589 112 10 unique unique ADJ bracis-33589 112 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 113 1 cabral cabral ADJ bracis-33589 113 2 [ [ X bracis-33589 113 3 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 113 4 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 113 5 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33589 113 6 this this DET bracis-33589 113 7 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 113 8 using use VERB bracis-33589 113 9 classic classic ADJ bracis-33589 113 10 natural natural ADJ bracis-33589 113 11 language language NOUN bracis-33589 113 12 processing processing NOUN bracis-33589 113 13 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 113 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 113 15 including include VERB bracis-33589 113 16 bag bag NOUN bracis-33589 113 17 of of ADP bracis-33589 113 18 words word NOUN bracis-33589 113 19 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 113 20 bow bow NOUN bracis-33589 113 21 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 113 22 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 113 23 tf tf PROPN bracis-33589 113 24 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 113 25 idf idf PROPN bracis-33589 113 26 features feature VERB bracis-33589 113 27 with with ADP bracis-33589 113 28 n n CCONJ bracis-33589 113 29 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 113 30 gram gram NOUN bracis-33589 113 31 variations variation NOUN bracis-33589 113 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 114 1 the the DET bracis-33589 114 2 best good ADJ bracis-33589 114 3 results result NOUN bracis-33589 114 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 114 5 with with ADP bracis-33589 114 6 an an DET bracis-33589 114 7 f1 f1 ADJ bracis-33589 114 8 score score NOUN bracis-33589 114 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 114 10 0.73 0.73 NUM bracis-33589 114 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 114 12 were be AUX bracis-33589 114 13 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33589 114 14 using use VERB bracis-33589 114 15 mlp mlp PROPN bracis-33589 114 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 114 17 lsvm lsvm ADJ bracis-33589 114 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 114 19 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 114 20 sgd sgd PROPN bracis-33589 114 21 algorithms algorithm NOUN bracis-33589 114 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 115 1 excluding exclude VERB bracis-33589 115 2 short short ADJ bracis-33589 115 3 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 115 4 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 115 5 focusing focus VERB bracis-33589 115 6 on on ADP bracis-33589 115 7 those those PRON bracis-33589 115 8 with with ADP bracis-33589 115 9 over over ADP bracis-33589 115 10 50 50 NUM bracis-33589 115 11 words word NOUN bracis-33589 115 12 increased increase VERB bracis-33589 115 13 the the DET bracis-33589 115 14 f1 f1 NOUN bracis-33589 115 15 score score NOUN bracis-33589 115 16 to to ADP bracis-33589 115 17 0.87 0.87 NUM bracis-33589 115 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 116 1 mat mat NOUN bracis-33589 116 2 fakewhatsapp.br fakewhatsapp.br ADJ bracis-33589 116 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 117 1 taking take VERB bracis-33589 117 2 into into ADP bracis-33589 117 3 account account NOUN bracis-33589 117 4 the the DET bracis-33589 117 5 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 117 6 3 3 NUM bracis-33589 117 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 117 8 we we PRON bracis-33589 117 9 proceed proceed VERB bracis-33589 117 10 to to PART bracis-33589 117 11 generate generate VERB bracis-33589 117 12 the the DET bracis-33589 117 13 set set NOUN bracis-33589 117 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 117 15 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 117 16 - - ADJ bracis-33589 117 17 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 117 18 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 117 19 using use VERB bracis-33589 117 20 the the DET bracis-33589 117 21 aforementioned aforementioned ADJ bracis-33589 117 22 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 117 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 118 1 this this DET bracis-33589 118 2 set set NOUN bracis-33589 118 3 can can AUX bracis-33589 118 4 be be AUX bracis-33589 118 5 seen see VERB bracis-33589 118 6 as as ADP bracis-33589 118 7 a a DET bracis-33589 118 8 collection collection NOUN bracis-33589 118 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 118 10 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 118 11 passing pass VERB bracis-33589 118 12 through through ADP bracis-33589 118 13 points point NOUN bracis-33589 118 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 118 15 interest interest NOUN bracis-33589 118 16 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 118 17 pois pois NOUN bracis-33589 118 18 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 118 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 119 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 119 2 the the DET bracis-33589 119 3 context context NOUN bracis-33589 119 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 119 5 whatsapp whatsapp NOUN bracis-33589 119 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 119 7 each each DET bracis-33589 119 8 poi poi PROPN bracis-33589 119 9 represents represent VERB bracis-33589 119 10 a a DET bracis-33589 119 11 user user NOUN bracis-33589 119 12 who who PRON bracis-33589 119 13 shares share VERB bracis-33589 119 14 a a DET bracis-33589 119 15 message message NOUN bracis-33589 119 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 119 17 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 119 18 the the DET bracis-33589 119 19 moving move VERB bracis-33589 119 20 object object NOUN bracis-33589 119 21 is be AUX bracis-33589 119 22 the the DET bracis-33589 119 23 message message NOUN bracis-33589 119 24 being be AUX bracis-33589 119 25 shared share VERB bracis-33589 119 26 from from ADP bracis-33589 119 27 one one NUM bracis-33589 119 28 user user NOUN bracis-33589 119 29 to to ADP bracis-33589 119 30 another another PRON bracis-33589 119 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 120 1 the the DET bracis-33589 120 2 semantic semantic ADJ bracis-33589 120 3 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 120 4 are be AUX bracis-33589 120 5 derived derive VERB bracis-33589 120 6 from from ADP bracis-33589 120 7 the the DET bracis-33589 120 8 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 120 9 obtained obtain VERB bracis-33589 120 10 from from ADP bracis-33589 120 11 the the DET bracis-33589 120 12 social social ADJ bracis-33589 120 13 network network NOUN bracis-33589 120 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 121 1 if if SCONJ bracis-33589 121 2 we we PRON bracis-33589 121 3 were be AUX bracis-33589 121 4 to to PART bracis-33589 121 5 construct construct VERB bracis-33589 121 6 the the DET bracis-33589 121 7 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 121 8 as as ADP bracis-33589 121 9 temporal temporal ADJ bracis-33589 121 10 sequences sequence NOUN bracis-33589 121 11 of of ADP bracis-33589 121 12 message message NOUN bracis-33589 121 13 repetitions repetition NOUN bracis-33589 121 14 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 121 15 forwards forwards ADV bracis-33589 121 16 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 121 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 121 18 we we PRON bracis-33589 121 19 would would AUX bracis-33589 121 20 obtain obtain VERB bracis-33589 121 21 the the DET bracis-33589 121 22 6,926 6,926 NUM bracis-33589 121 23 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 121 24 corresponding correspond VERB bracis-33589 121 25 to to ADP bracis-33589 121 26 the the DET bracis-33589 121 27 unique unique ADJ bracis-33589 121 28 labeled label VERB bracis-33589 121 29 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 121 30 in in ADP bracis-33589 121 31 the the DET bracis-33589 121 32 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 121 33 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 121 34 composed compose VERB bracis-33589 121 35 of of ADP bracis-33589 121 36 21,289 21,289 NUM bracis-33589 121 37 points point NOUN bracis-33589 121 38 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 122 1 however however ADV bracis-33589 122 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 122 3 a a DET bracis-33589 122 4 more more ADV bracis-33589 122 5 detailed detailed ADJ bracis-33589 122 6 examination examination NOUN bracis-33589 122 7 of of ADP bracis-33589 122 8 the the DET bracis-33589 122 9 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 122 10 reveals reveal VERB bracis-33589 122 11 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 122 12 the the DET bracis-33589 122 13 vector vector NOUN bracis-33589 122 14 representation representation NOUN bracis-33589 122 15 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 122 16 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33589 122 17 calculation calculation NOUN bracis-33589 122 18 fail fail VERB bracis-33589 122 19 to to PART bracis-33589 122 20 fully fully ADV bracis-33589 122 21 capture capture VERB bracis-33589 122 22 similar similar ADJ bracis-33589 122 23 records record NOUN bracis-33589 122 24 that that PRON bracis-33589 122 25 exhibit exhibit VERB bracis-33589 122 26 variations variation NOUN bracis-33589 122 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 123 1 to to PART bracis-33589 123 2 address address VERB bracis-33589 123 3 this this DET bracis-33589 123 4 limitation limitation NOUN bracis-33589 123 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 123 6 we we PRON bracis-33589 123 7 will will AUX bracis-33589 123 8 use use VERB bracis-33589 123 9 a a DET bracis-33589 123 10 representation representation NOUN bracis-33589 123 11 capable capable ADJ bracis-33589 123 12 of of ADP bracis-33589 123 13 capturing capture VERB bracis-33589 123 14 the the DET bracis-33589 123 15 context context NOUN bracis-33589 123 16 of of ADP bracis-33589 123 17 the the DET bracis-33589 123 18 text text NOUN bracis-33589 123 19 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 123 20 generating generate VERB bracis-33589 123 21 a a DET bracis-33589 123 22 better well ADJ bracis-33589 123 23 representation representation NOUN bracis-33589 123 24 through through ADP bracis-33589 123 25 word word NOUN bracis-33589 123 26 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33589 123 27 generated generate VERB bracis-33589 123 28 by by ADP bracis-33589 123 29 bert bert PROPN bracis-33589 123 30 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 124 1 the the DET bracis-33589 124 2 process process NOUN bracis-33589 124 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 124 4 creating create VERB bracis-33589 124 5 these these DET bracis-33589 124 6 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 124 7 unfolds unfold VERB bracis-33589 124 8 following follow VERB bracis-33589 124 9 the the DET bracis-33589 124 10 detailed detailed ADJ bracis-33589 124 11 steps step NOUN bracis-33589 124 12 below below ADV bracis-33589 124 13 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 124 14 can can AUX bracis-33589 124 15 be be AUX bracis-33589 124 16 followed follow VERB bracis-33589 124 17 in in ADP bracis-33589 124 18 the the DET bracis-33589 124 19 fig fig NOUN bracis-33589 124 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 124 21     SPACE bracis-33589 125 1 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 125 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 125 3 fig fig NOUN bracis-33589 125 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 126 1 1 1 X bracis-33589 126 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 126 3 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 126 4 creation creation NOUN bracis-33589 126 5 process process NOUN bracis-33589 126 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 127 1 full full ADJ bracis-33589 127 2 size size NOUN bracis-33589 127 3 image image NOUN bracis-33589 127 4 i i PRON bracis-33589 127 5 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 127 6 extraction extraction NOUN bracis-33589 127 7 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 127 8 grouping grouping NOUN bracis-33589 127 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 127 10 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 127 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 128 1 identification identification NOUN bracis-33589 128 2 of of ADP bracis-33589 128 3 forwards forward NOUN bracis-33589 128 4 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 128 5 all all PRON bracis-33589 128 6 forwarded forward VERB bracis-33589 128 7 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 128 8 in in ADP bracis-33589 128 9 the the DET bracis-33589 128 10 conversation conversation NOUN bracis-33589 128 11 are be AUX bracis-33589 128 12 identified identify VERB bracis-33589 128 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 128 14 thus thus ADV bracis-33589 128 15 establishing establish VERB bracis-33589 128 16 the the DET bracis-33589 128 17 beginning beginning NOUN bracis-33589 128 18 of of ADP bracis-33589 128 19 a a DET bracis-33589 128 20 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 128 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 129 1 temporal temporal ADJ bracis-33589 129 2 grouping grouping NOUN bracis-33589 129 3 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 129 4 forwarded forward VERB bracis-33589 129 5 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 129 6 are be AUX bracis-33589 129 7 grouped group VERB bracis-33589 129 8 into into ADP bracis-33589 129 9 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 129 10 ordered order VERB bracis-33589 129 11 by by ADP bracis-33589 129 12 time time NOUN bracis-33589 129 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 129 14 allowing allow VERB bracis-33589 129 15 us we PRON bracis-33589 129 16 to to PART bracis-33589 129 17 capture capture VERB bracis-33589 129 18 the the DET bracis-33589 129 19 sequence sequence NOUN bracis-33589 129 20 of of ADP bracis-33589 129 21 forwards forward NOUN bracis-33589 129 22 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 129 23 the the DET bracis-33589 129 24 spread spread NOUN bracis-33589 129 25 of of ADP bracis-33589 129 26 information information NOUN bracis-33589 129 27 in in ADP bracis-33589 129 28 the the DET bracis-33589 129 29 chat chat PROPN bracis-33589 129 30 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 130 1 ii ii PROPN bracis-33589 130 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 131 1 representation representation NOUN bracis-33589 131 2 of of ADP bracis-33589 131 3 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 131 4 with with ADP bracis-33589 131 5 sentence sentence NOUN bracis-33589 131 6 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33589 131 7 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 132 1 generation generation NOUN bracis-33589 132 2 of of ADP bracis-33589 132 3 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33589 132 4 each each DET bracis-33589 132 5 message message NOUN bracis-33589 132 6 in in ADP bracis-33589 132 7 a a DET bracis-33589 132 8 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 132 9 is be AUX bracis-33589 132 10 represented represent VERB bracis-33589 132 11 by by ADP bracis-33589 132 12 a a DET bracis-33589 132 13 multilingual multilingual ADJ bracis-33589 132 14 bert bert NOUN bracis-33589 132 15 sentence sentence NOUN bracis-33589 132 16 embedding embed VERB bracis-33589 132 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 133 1 this this PRON bracis-33589 133 2 captures capture VERB bracis-33589 133 3 the the DET bracis-33589 133 4 semantic semantic ADJ bracis-33589 133 5 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 133 6 lexical lexical ADJ bracis-33589 133 7 context context NOUN bracis-33589 133 8 of of ADP bracis-33589 133 9 each each DET bracis-33589 133 10 message message NOUN bracis-33589 133 11 in in ADP bracis-33589 133 12 a a DET bracis-33589 133 13 vector vector NOUN bracis-33589 133 14 space space NOUN bracis-33589 133 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 134 1 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33589 134 2 calculation calculation NOUN bracis-33589 134 3 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 134 4 we we PRON bracis-33589 134 5 calculate calculate VERB bracis-33589 134 6 cosine cosine NOUN bracis-33589 134 7 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33589 134 8 between between ADP bracis-33589 134 9 the the DET bracis-33589 134 10 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33589 134 11 of of ADP bracis-33589 134 12 all all DET bracis-33589 134 13 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 134 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 135 1 those those PRON bracis-33589 135 2 that that PRON bracis-33589 135 3 exceed exceed VERB bracis-33589 135 4 a a DET bracis-33589 135 5 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33589 135 6 threshold threshold NOUN bracis-33589 135 7 of of ADP bracis-33589 135 8 0.9 0.9 NUM bracis-33589 135 9 are be AUX bracis-33589 135 10 considered consider VERB bracis-33589 135 11 candidates candidate NOUN bracis-33589 135 12 for for ADP bracis-33589 135 13 merging merge VERB bracis-33589 135 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 136 1 merging merge VERB bracis-33589 136 2 similar similar ADJ bracis-33589 136 3 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 136 4 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 136 5 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 136 6 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 136 7 records record NOUN bracis-33589 136 8 with with ADP bracis-33589 136 9 high high ADJ bracis-33589 136 10 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33589 136 11 are be AUX bracis-33589 136 12 candidates candidate NOUN bracis-33589 136 13 for for ADP bracis-33589 136 14 merging merge VERB bracis-33589 136 15 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 136 16 are be AUX bracis-33589 136 17 combined combine VERB bracis-33589 136 18 into into ADP bracis-33589 136 19 a a DET bracis-33589 136 20 single single ADJ bracis-33589 136 21 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 136 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 137 1 this this PRON bracis-33589 137 2 reflects reflect VERB bracis-33589 137 3 the the DET bracis-33589 137 4 relationship relationship NOUN bracis-33589 137 5 between between ADP bracis-33589 137 6 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 137 7 that that PRON bracis-33589 137 8 share share VERB bracis-33589 137 9 similar similar ADJ bracis-33589 137 10 content content NOUN bracis-33589 137 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 138 1 iii iii X bracis-33589 138 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 138 3 assignment assignment NOUN bracis-33589 138 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 138 5 unique unique ADJ bracis-33589 138 6 identifiers identifier NOUN bracis-33589 138 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 138 8 tid tid NOUN bracis-33589 138 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 138 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 139 1 temporal temporal ADJ bracis-33589 139 2 sorting sorting NOUN bracis-33589 139 3 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 139 4 the the DET bracis-33589 139 5 forwards forward NOUN bracis-33589 139 6 of of ADP bracis-33589 139 7 each each DET bracis-33589 139 8 message message NOUN bracis-33589 139 9 representing represent VERB bracis-33589 139 10 a a DET bracis-33589 139 11 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 139 12 are be AUX bracis-33589 139 13 sorted sort VERB bracis-33589 139 14 chronologically chronologically ADV bracis-33589 139 15 to to PART bracis-33589 139 16 establish establish VERB bracis-33589 139 17 their their PRON bracis-33589 139 18 temporal temporal ADJ bracis-33589 139 19 sequence sequence NOUN bracis-33589 139 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 140 1 tid tid PROPN bracis-33589 140 2 assignment assignment NOUN bracis-33589 140 3 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 140 4 a a DET bracis-33589 140 5 unique unique ADJ bracis-33589 140 6 tid tid NOUN bracis-33589 140 7 is be AUX bracis-33589 140 8 assigned assign VERB bracis-33589 140 9 to to ADP bracis-33589 140 10 each each DET bracis-33589 140 11 message message NOUN bracis-33589 140 12 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 140 13 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 140 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 140 15 ensuring ensure VERB bracis-33589 140 16 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 140 17 each each DET bracis-33589 140 18 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 140 19 in in ADP bracis-33589 140 20 the the DET bracis-33589 140 21 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 140 22 corresponds correspond NOUN bracis-33589 140 23 to to ADP bracis-33589 140 24 a a DET bracis-33589 140 25 unique unique ADJ bracis-33589 140 26 representative representative ADJ bracis-33589 140 27 message message NOUN bracis-33589 140 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 141 1 the the DET bracis-33589 141 2 process process NOUN bracis-33589 141 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 141 4 creating create VERB bracis-33589 141 5 the the DET bracis-33589 141 6 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 141 7 involved involve VERB bracis-33589 141 8 selecting select VERB bracis-33589 141 9 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 141 10 that that PRON bracis-33589 141 11 were be AUX bracis-33589 141 12 shared share VERB bracis-33589 141 13 at at ADP bracis-33589 141 14 least least ADV bracis-33589 141 15 10 10 NUM bracis-33589 141 16 times time NOUN bracis-33589 141 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 141 18 thus thus ADV bracis-33589 141 19 representing represent VERB bracis-33589 141 20 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 141 21 with with ADP bracis-33589 141 22 10 10 NUM bracis-33589 141 23 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 141 24 more more ADJ bracis-33589 141 25 points point NOUN bracis-33589 141 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 142 1 this this DET bracis-33589 142 2 criterion criterion NOUN bracis-33589 142 3 reduced reduce VERB bracis-33589 142 4 the the DET bracis-33589 142 5 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 142 6 to to ADP bracis-33589 142 7 469 469 NUM bracis-33589 142 8 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 142 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 142 10 composed compose VERB bracis-33589 142 11 of of ADP bracis-33589 142 12 177 177 NUM bracis-33589 142 13 labeled label VERB bracis-33589 142 14 as as ADP bracis-33589 142 15 non non ADJ bracis-33589 142 16 - - NOUN bracis-33589 142 17 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 142 18 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 142 19 292 292 NUM bracis-33589 142 20 as as ADP bracis-33589 142 21 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 142 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 142 23 reflecting reflect VERB bracis-33589 142 24 the the DET bracis-33589 142 25 higher high ADJ bracis-33589 142 26 frequency frequency NOUN bracis-33589 142 27 of of ADP bracis-33589 142 28 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 142 29 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 142 30 in in ADP bracis-33589 142 31 the the DET bracis-33589 142 32 original original ADJ bracis-33589 142 33 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33589 142 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 143 1 these these DET bracis-33589 143 2 469 469 NUM bracis-33589 143 3 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 143 4 span span VERB bracis-33589 143 5 10 10 NUM bracis-33589 143 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 143 7     SPACE bracis-33589 143 8 251 251 NUM bracis-33589 143 9 points point NOUN bracis-33589 143 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 143 11 are be AUX bracis-33589 143 12 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 143 13 with with ADP bracis-33589 143 14 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 143 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 143 16     SPACE bracis-33589 143 17 408 408 NUM bracis-33589 143 18 unique unique ADJ bracis-33589 143 19 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 143 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 144 1 the the DET bracis-33589 144 2 selected select VERB bracis-33589 144 3 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 144 4 for for ADP bracis-33589 144 5 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33589 144 6 are be AUX bracis-33589 144 7 presented present VERB bracis-33589 144 8 in in ADP bracis-33589 144 9 table table NOUN bracis-33589 144 10     SPACE bracis-33589 144 11 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 144 12 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 145 1 the the DET bracis-33589 145 2 selection selection NOUN bracis-33589 145 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 145 4 these these DET bracis-33589 145 5 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 145 6 was be AUX bracis-33589 145 7 guided guide VERB bracis-33589 145 8 by by ADP bracis-33589 145 9 the the DET bracis-33589 145 10 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 145 11 commonly commonly ADV bracis-33589 145 12 used use VERB bracis-33589 145 13 in in ADP bracis-33589 145 14 location location NOUN bracis-33589 145 15 check check NOUN bracis-33589 145 16 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 145 17 in in ADP bracis-33589 145 18 datasets dataset NOUN bracis-33589 145 19 such such ADJ bracis-33589 145 20 as as ADP bracis-33589 145 21 foursquare foursquare NOUN bracis-33589 145 22 [ [ X bracis-33589 145 23 17 17 NUM bracis-33589 145 24 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 145 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 146 1 the the DET bracis-33589 146 2 process process NOUN bracis-33589 146 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 146 4 construction construction NOUN bracis-33589 146 5 can can AUX bracis-33589 146 6 be be AUX bracis-33589 146 7 replicated replicate VERB bracis-33589 146 8 using use VERB bracis-33589 146 9 datasets dataset NOUN bracis-33589 146 10 from from ADP bracis-33589 146 11 different different ADJ bracis-33589 146 12 messaging messaging NOUN bracis-33589 146 13 platforms platform NOUN bracis-33589 146 14 such such ADJ bracis-33589 146 15 as as ADP bracis-33589 146 16 telegram telegram NOUN bracis-33589 146 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 146 18 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 146 19 it it PRON bracis-33589 146 20 can can AUX bracis-33589 146 21 be be AUX bracis-33589 146 22 modified modify VERB bracis-33589 146 23 for for ADP bracis-33589 146 24 use use NOUN bracis-33589 146 25 on on ADP bracis-33589 146 26 other other ADJ bracis-33589 146 27 social social ADJ bracis-33589 146 28 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 146 29 like like ADP bracis-33589 146 30 twitter twitter NOUN bracis-33589 146 31 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 146 32 where where SCONJ bracis-33589 146 33 information information NOUN bracis-33589 146 34 is be AUX bracis-33589 146 35 disseminated disseminate VERB bracis-33589 146 36 in in ADP bracis-33589 146 37 brief brief ADJ bracis-33589 146 38 texts text NOUN bracis-33589 146 39 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 147 1 this this DET bracis-33589 147 2 representation representation NOUN bracis-33589 147 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 147 4 the the DET bracis-33589 147 5 spread spread NOUN bracis-33589 147 6 of of ADP bracis-33589 147 7 information information NOUN bracis-33589 147 8 on on ADP bracis-33589 147 9 online online ADJ bracis-33589 147 10 social social ADJ bracis-33589 147 11 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 147 12 as as ADP bracis-33589 147 13 a a DET bracis-33589 147 14 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 147 15 of of ADP bracis-33589 147 16 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 147 17 aspects aspect NOUN bracis-33589 147 18 is be AUX bracis-33589 147 19 agnostic agnostic ADJ bracis-33589 147 20 to to ADP bracis-33589 147 21 the the DET bracis-33589 147 22 text text NOUN bracis-33589 147 23 itself itself PRON bracis-33589 147 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 147 25 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 147 26 it it PRON bracis-33589 147 27 leverages leverage VERB bracis-33589 147 28 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 147 29 from from ADP bracis-33589 147 30 the the DET bracis-33589 147 31 context context NOUN bracis-33589 147 32 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 147 33 the the DET bracis-33589 147 34 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 147 35 of of ADP bracis-33589 147 36 information information NOUN bracis-33589 147 37 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 148 1 table table NOUN bracis-33589 148 2 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 148 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 148 4 description description NOUN bracis-33589 148 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 148 6 dataset dataset VERB bracis-33589 148 7 attributes.full attributes.full NOUN bracis-33589 148 8 size size NOUN bracis-33589 148 9 table table NOUN bracis-33589 148 10 4 4 NUM bracis-33589 148 11 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 148 12 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 148 13 models model NOUN bracis-33589 148 14 in in ADP bracis-33589 148 15 the the DET bracis-33589 148 16 field field NOUN bracis-33589 148 17 of of ADP bracis-33589 148 18 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 148 19 - - ADJ bracis-33589 148 20 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 148 21 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 148 22 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33589 148 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 148 24 various various ADJ bracis-33589 148 25 techniques technique NOUN bracis-33589 148 26 have have AUX bracis-33589 148 27 been be AUX bracis-33589 148 28 developed develop VERB bracis-33589 148 29 to to PART bracis-33589 148 30 discover discover VERB bracis-33589 148 31 patterns pattern NOUN bracis-33589 148 32 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 148 33 knowledge knowledge NOUN bracis-33589 148 34 in in ADP bracis-33589 148 35 this this DET bracis-33589 148 36 data data NOUN bracis-33589 148 37 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 148 38 ranging range VERB bracis-33589 148 39 from from ADP bracis-33589 148 40 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33589 148 41 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33589 148 42 to to ADP bracis-33589 148 43 clustering clustering NOUN bracis-33589 148 44 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 148 45 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 148 46 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 148 47 among among ADP bracis-33589 148 48 others other NOUN bracis-33589 148 49 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 149 1 initially initially ADV bracis-33589 149 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 149 3 the the DET bracis-33589 149 4 focus focus NOUN bracis-33589 149 5 was be AUX bracis-33589 149 6 on on ADP bracis-33589 149 7 the the DET bracis-33589 149 8 raw raw ADJ bracis-33589 149 9 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 149 10 of of ADP bracis-33589 149 11 moving move VERB bracis-33589 149 12 objects object NOUN bracis-33589 149 13 over over ADP bracis-33589 149 14 time time NOUN bracis-33589 149 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 149 16 limited limit VERB bracis-33589 149 17 to to ADP bracis-33589 149 18 extractable extractable ADJ bracis-33589 149 19 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 149 20 from from ADP bracis-33589 149 21 space space NOUN bracis-33589 149 22 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 149 23 time time NOUN bracis-33589 149 24 dimensions dimension NOUN bracis-33589 149 25 [ [ X bracis-33589 149 26 28 28 NUM bracis-33589 149 27 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 149 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 150 1 with with ADP bracis-33589 150 2 the the DET bracis-33589 150 3 advent advent NOUN bracis-33589 150 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 150 5 semantic semantic ADJ bracis-33589 150 6 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 150 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 150 8 defined define VERB bracis-33589 150 9 as as ADP bracis-33589 150 10 sequences sequence NOUN bracis-33589 150 11 of of ADP bracis-33589 150 12 points point NOUN bracis-33589 150 13 of of ADP bracis-33589 150 14 interest interest NOUN bracis-33589 150 15 visited visit VERB bracis-33589 150 16 by by ADP bracis-33589 150 17 a a DET bracis-33589 150 18 user user NOUN bracis-33589 150 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 150 20 the the DET bracis-33589 150 21 problem problem NOUN bracis-33589 150 22 of of ADP bracis-33589 150 23 “ " PUNCT bracis-33589 150 24 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 150 25 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 150 26 user user NOUN bracis-33589 150 27 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 150 28 linking linking NOUN bracis-33589 150 29 ” " PUNCT bracis-33589 150 30 emerged emerge VERB bracis-33589 150 31 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 150 32 which which PRON bracis-33589 150 33 aims aim VERB bracis-33589 150 34 to to PART bracis-33589 150 35 predict predict VERB bracis-33589 150 36 which which DET bracis-33589 150 37 user user NOUN bracis-33589 150 38 generated generate VERB bracis-33589 150 39 a a DET bracis-33589 150 40 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 150 41 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 151 1 despite despite SCONJ bracis-33589 151 2 advances advance NOUN bracis-33589 151 3 such such ADJ bracis-33589 151 4 as as ADP bracis-33589 151 5 tulvae tulvae NOUN bracis-33589 151 6     SPACE bracis-33589 151 7 [ [ X bracis-33589 151 8 35 35 NUM bracis-33589 151 9 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 151 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 151 11 tuler tuler NOUN bracis-33589 151 12     SPACE bracis-33589 151 13 [ [ X bracis-33589 151 14 8 8 NUM bracis-33589 151 15 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 151 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 151 17 which which PRON bracis-33589 151 18 have have AUX bracis-33589 151 19 addressed address VERB bracis-33589 151 20 these these DET bracis-33589 151 21 semantic semantic ADJ bracis-33589 151 22 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 151 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 151 24 they they PRON bracis-33589 151 25 still still ADV bracis-33589 151 26 face face VERB bracis-33589 151 27 limitations limitation NOUN bracis-33589 151 28 in in ADP bracis-33589 151 29 other other ADJ bracis-33589 151 30 dimensions dimension NOUN bracis-33589 151 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 152 1 finally finally ADV bracis-33589 152 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 152 3 with with ADP bracis-33589 152 4 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 152 5 - - ADJ bracis-33589 152 6 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 152 7 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 152 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 152 9 models model NOUN bracis-33589 152 10 capable capable ADJ bracis-33589 152 11 of of ADP bracis-33589 152 12 encompassing encompass VERB bracis-33589 152 13 all all DET bracis-33589 152 14 dimensions dimension NOUN bracis-33589 152 15 have have AUX bracis-33589 152 16 emerged emerge VERB bracis-33589 152 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 153 1 the the DET bracis-33589 153 2 movelets movelet NOUN bracis-33589 153 3 method method VERB bracis-33589 153 4 [ [ X bracis-33589 153 5 6 6 NUM bracis-33589 153 6 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 153 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 153 8 a a DET bracis-33589 153 9 pioneer pioneer NOUN bracis-33589 153 10 in in ADP bracis-33589 153 11 this this DET bracis-33589 153 12 field field NOUN bracis-33589 153 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 153 14 extracts extract NOUN bracis-33589 153 15 representative representative ADJ bracis-33589 153 16 subtrajectories subtrajectorie NOUN bracis-33589 153 17 of of ADP bracis-33589 153 18 classes class NOUN bracis-33589 153 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 153 20 continually continually ADV bracis-33589 153 21 improving improve VERB bracis-33589 153 22 the the DET bracis-33589 153 23 quality quality NOUN bracis-33589 153 24 of of ADP bracis-33589 153 25 the the DET bracis-33589 153 26 extracted extract VERB bracis-33589 153 27 movelets movelet NOUN bracis-33589 153 28 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 153 29 reducing reduce VERB bracis-33589 153 30 computational computational ADJ bracis-33589 153 31 costs cost NOUN bracis-33589 153 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 154 1 additionally additionally ADV bracis-33589 154 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 154 3 the the DET bracis-33589 154 4 marc marc PROPN bracis-33589 154 5 [ [ X bracis-33589 154 6 17 17 NUM bracis-33589 154 7 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 154 8 model model NOUN bracis-33589 154 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 154 10 a a DET bracis-33589 154 11 recurrent recurrent ADJ bracis-33589 154 12 neural neural ADJ bracis-33589 154 13 network network NOUN bracis-33589 154 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 154 15 can can AUX bracis-33589 154 16 effectively effectively ADV bracis-33589 154 17 handle handle VERB bracis-33589 154 18 all all DET bracis-33589 154 19 these these DET bracis-33589 154 20 dimensions dimension NOUN bracis-33589 154 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 155 1 these these DET bracis-33589 155 2 models model NOUN bracis-33589 155 3 have have AUX bracis-33589 155 4 found find VERB bracis-33589 155 5 applications application NOUN bracis-33589 155 6 in in ADP bracis-33589 155 7 a a DET bracis-33589 155 8 variety variety NOUN bracis-33589 155 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 155 10 datasets dataset NOUN bracis-33589 155 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 155 12 including include VERB bracis-33589 155 13 human human ADJ bracis-33589 155 14 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 155 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 155 16 animal animal NOUN bracis-33589 155 17 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 155 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 155 19 transportation transportation NOUN bracis-33589 155 20 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 155 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 155 22 hurricane hurricane NOUN bracis-33589 155 23 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 155 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 155 25 vessel vessel NOUN bracis-33589 155 26 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 155 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 155 28 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 155 29 storm storm NOUN bracis-33589 155 30 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 155 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 156 1 below below ADV bracis-33589 156 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 156 3 we we PRON bracis-33589 156 4 explore explore VERB bracis-33589 156 5 in in ADP bracis-33589 156 6 detail detail NOUN bracis-33589 156 7 how how SCONJ bracis-33589 156 8 these these DET bracis-33589 156 9 models model NOUN bracis-33589 156 10 are be AUX bracis-33589 156 11 capable capable ADJ bracis-33589 156 12 of of ADP bracis-33589 156 13 addressing address VERB bracis-33589 156 14 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 156 15 - - ADJ bracis-33589 156 16 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 156 17 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 156 18 [ [ X bracis-33589 156 19 28 28 NUM bracis-33589 156 20 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 156 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 157 1 4.1 4.1 NUM bracis-33589 157 2 marc marc PROPN bracis-33589 157 3 model model NOUN bracis-33589 157 4 one one NUM bracis-33589 157 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 157 6 the the DET bracis-33589 157 7 standout standout NOUN bracis-33589 157 8 models model NOUN bracis-33589 157 9 in in ADP bracis-33589 157 10 this this DET bracis-33589 157 11 context context NOUN bracis-33589 157 12 is be AUX bracis-33589 157 13 the the DET bracis-33589 157 14 marc marc PROPN bracis-33589 157 15 model model PROPN bracis-33589 157 16     SPACE bracis-33589 158 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 158 2 17 17 NUM bracis-33589 158 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 158 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 158 5 which which PRON bracis-33589 158 6 relies rely VERB bracis-33589 158 7 on on ADP bracis-33589 158 8 attribute attribute NOUN bracis-33589 158 9 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33589 158 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 158 11 recurrent recurrent ADJ bracis-33589 158 12 neural neural ADJ bracis-33589 158 13 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 158 14 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 158 15 rnns rnns PROPN bracis-33589 158 16 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 158 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 159 1 this this DET bracis-33589 159 2 model model NOUN bracis-33589 159 3 excels excel VERB bracis-33589 159 4 in in ADP bracis-33589 159 5 processing processing NOUN bracis-33589 159 6 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 159 7 defined define VERB bracis-33589 159 8 by by ADP bracis-33589 159 9 categorical categorical ADJ bracis-33589 159 10 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 159 11 textual textual ADJ bracis-33589 159 12 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 159 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 160 1 its its PRON bracis-33589 160 2 architecture architecture NOUN bracis-33589 160 3 comprises comprise VERB bracis-33589 160 4 several several ADJ bracis-33589 160 5 key key ADJ bracis-33589 160 6 components component NOUN bracis-33589 160 7 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 160 8 encoding encode VERB bracis-33589 160 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 160 10 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 160 11 points point NOUN bracis-33589 160 12 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 160 13 initially initially ADV bracis-33589 160 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 160 15 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 160 16 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 160 17 are be AUX bracis-33589 160 18 encoded encode VERB bracis-33589 160 19 using use VERB bracis-33589 160 20 one one NUM bracis-33589 160 21 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 160 22 hot hot ADJ bracis-33589 160 23 encoding encoding NOUN bracis-33589 160 24 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 161 1 this this DET bracis-33589 161 2 encoded encode VERB bracis-33589 161 3 representation representation NOUN bracis-33589 161 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 161 5 our our PRON bracis-33589 161 6 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 161 7 is be AUX bracis-33589 161 8 then then ADV bracis-33589 161 9 multiplied multiply VERB bracis-33589 161 10 by by ADP bracis-33589 161 11 an an DET bracis-33589 161 12 embedding embed VERB bracis-33589 161 13 matrix matrix NOUN bracis-33589 161 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 161 15 which which PRON bracis-33589 161 16 has have VERB bracis-33589 161 17 as as ADV bracis-33589 161 18 many many ADJ bracis-33589 161 19 rows row NOUN bracis-33589 161 20 as as ADP bracis-33589 161 21 possible possible ADJ bracis-33589 161 22 values value NOUN bracis-33589 161 23 of of ADP bracis-33589 161 24 the the DET bracis-33589 161 25 attribute attribute NOUN bracis-33589 161 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 162 1 the the DET bracis-33589 162 2 rows row NOUN bracis-33589 162 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 162 4 this this DET bracis-33589 162 5 embedding embed VERB bracis-33589 162 6 matrix matrix NOUN bracis-33589 162 7 represent represent VERB bracis-33589 162 8 the the DET bracis-33589 162 9 embedding embedding NOUN bracis-33589 162 10 of of ADP bracis-33589 162 11 each each PRON bracis-33589 162 12 of of ADP bracis-33589 162 13 the the DET bracis-33589 162 14 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 162 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 163 1 finally finally ADV bracis-33589 163 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 163 3 an an DET bracis-33589 163 4 aggregation aggregation NOUN bracis-33589 163 5 function function NOUN bracis-33589 163 6 is be AUX bracis-33589 163 7 applied apply VERB bracis-33589 163 8 to to ADP bracis-33589 163 9 these these DET bracis-33589 163 10 embedded embed VERB bracis-33589 163 11 attribute attribute NOUN bracis-33589 163 12 points point NOUN bracis-33589 163 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 164 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 164 2 the the DET bracis-33589 164 3 marc marc PROPN bracis-33589 164 4 model model PROPN bracis-33589 164 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 164 6 three three NUM bracis-33589 164 7 different different ADJ bracis-33589 164 8 aggregation aggregation NOUN bracis-33589 164 9 functions function NOUN bracis-33589 164 10 can can AUX bracis-33589 164 11 be be AUX bracis-33589 164 12 used use VERB bracis-33589 164 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 164 14 which which PRON bracis-33589 164 15 can can AUX bracis-33589 164 16 be be AUX bracis-33589 164 17 sum sum NOUN bracis-33589 164 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 164 19 average average ADJ bracis-33589 164 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 164 21 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 164 22 concatenation concatenation NOUN bracis-33589 164 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 165 1 recurrent recurrent ADJ bracis-33589 165 2 component component NOUN bracis-33589 165 3 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 165 4 the the DET bracis-33589 165 5 encoded encode VERB bracis-33589 165 6 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 165 7 points point NOUN bracis-33589 165 8 move move VERB bracis-33589 165 9 on on ADP bracis-33589 165 10 to to ADP bracis-33589 165 11 a a DET bracis-33589 165 12 recurrent recurrent ADJ bracis-33589 165 13 component component NOUN bracis-33589 165 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 165 15 utilizing utilize VERB bracis-33589 165 16 long long ADJ bracis-33589 165 17 short short ADJ bracis-33589 165 18 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 165 19 term term NOUN bracis-33589 165 20 memory memory NOUN bracis-33589 165 21 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 165 22 lstm lstm ADJ bracis-33589 165 23 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 165 24 cells cell NOUN bracis-33589 165 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 166 1 this this DET bracis-33589 166 2 neural neural ADJ bracis-33589 166 3 network network NOUN bracis-33589 166 4 structure structure NOUN bracis-33589 166 5 with with ADP bracis-33589 166 6 lstm lstm ADJ bracis-33589 166 7 units unit NOUN bracis-33589 166 8 is be AUX bracis-33589 166 9 fundamental fundamental ADJ bracis-33589 166 10 for for ADP bracis-33589 166 11 handling handle VERB bracis-33589 166 12 sequential sequential ADJ bracis-33589 166 13 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 166 14 like like ADP bracis-33589 166 15 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 166 16 points point NOUN bracis-33589 166 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 167 1 lstm lstm ADJ bracis-33589 167 2 units unit NOUN bracis-33589 167 3 can can AUX bracis-33589 167 4 capture capture VERB bracis-33589 167 5 relationships relationship NOUN bracis-33589 167 6 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 167 7 patterns pattern NOUN bracis-33589 167 8 among among ADP bracis-33589 167 9 different different ADJ bracis-33589 167 10 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 167 11 points point NOUN bracis-33589 167 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 167 13 their their PRON bracis-33589 167 14 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 167 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 168 1 fully fully ADV bracis-33589 168 2 connected connect VERB bracis-33589 168 3 layer layer NOUN bracis-33589 168 4 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 168 5 sigmoid sigmoid NOUN bracis-33589 168 6 function function NOUN bracis-33589 168 7 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 168 8 the the DET bracis-33589 168 9 final final ADJ bracis-33589 168 10 component component NOUN bracis-33589 168 11 is be AUX bracis-33589 168 12 a a DET bracis-33589 168 13 fully fully ADV bracis-33589 168 14 connected connect VERB bracis-33589 168 15 layer layer NOUN bracis-33589 168 16 that that PRON bracis-33589 168 17 receives receive VERB bracis-33589 168 18 information information NOUN bracis-33589 168 19 from from ADP bracis-33589 168 20 the the DET bracis-33589 168 21 recurrent recurrent ADJ bracis-33589 168 22 component component NOUN bracis-33589 168 23 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 168 24 subsequently subsequently ADV bracis-33589 168 25 passes pass VERB bracis-33589 168 26 through through ADP bracis-33589 168 27 a a DET bracis-33589 168 28 sigmoid sigmoid NOUN bracis-33589 168 29 function function NOUN bracis-33589 168 30 to to PART bracis-33589 168 31 calculate calculate VERB bracis-33589 168 32 probabilities probability NOUN bracis-33589 168 33 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 169 1 4.2 4.2 NUM bracis-33589 169 2 movelet movelet NOUN bracis-33589 169 3 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 169 4 based base VERB bracis-33589 169 5 models model NOUN bracis-33589 169 6 another another DET bracis-33589 169 7 category category NOUN bracis-33589 169 8 of of ADP bracis-33589 169 9 models model NOUN bracis-33589 169 10 aims aim VERB bracis-33589 169 11 to to PART bracis-33589 169 12 identify identify VERB bracis-33589 169 13 the the DET bracis-33589 169 14 best good ADJ bracis-33589 169 15 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 169 16 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 169 17 subtrajectory subtrajectory NOUN bracis-33589 169 18 features feature NOUN bracis-33589 169 19 for for ADP bracis-33589 169 20 input input NOUN bracis-33589 169 21 into into ADP bracis-33589 169 22 a a DET bracis-33589 169 23 classifier classifier NOUN bracis-33589 169 24 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 170 1 various various ADJ bracis-33589 170 2 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 170 3 have have AUX bracis-33589 170 4 been be AUX bracis-33589 170 5 proposed propose VERB bracis-33589 170 6 for for ADP bracis-33589 170 7 this this DET bracis-33589 170 8 task task NOUN bracis-33589 170 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 171 1 these these DET bracis-33589 171 2 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 171 3 extract extract VERB bracis-33589 171 4 movelets movelet NOUN bracis-33589 171 5 [ [ X bracis-33589 171 6 6 6 NUM bracis-33589 171 7 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 171 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 171 9 that that PRON bracis-33589 171 10 are be AUX bracis-33589 171 11 subsequences subsequence NOUN bracis-33589 171 12 of of ADP bracis-33589 171 13 the the DET bracis-33589 171 14 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 171 15 of of ADP bracis-33589 171 16 any any DET bracis-33589 171 17 size size NOUN bracis-33589 171 18 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 171 19 any any DET bracis-33589 171 20 combination combination NOUN bracis-33589 171 21 of of ADP bracis-33589 171 22 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 171 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 172 1 the the DET bracis-33589 172 2 movelets movelet NOUN bracis-33589 172 3 are be AUX bracis-33589 172 4 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33589 172 5 by by ADP bracis-33589 172 6 a a DET bracis-33589 172 7 quality quality NOUN bracis-33589 172 8 score score NOUN bracis-33589 172 9 based base VERB bracis-33589 172 10 on on ADP bracis-33589 172 11 its its PRON bracis-33589 172 12 discriminative discriminative NOUN bracis-33589 172 13 power power NOUN bracis-33589 172 14 for for ADP bracis-33589 172 15 each each DET bracis-33589 172 16 class class NOUN bracis-33589 172 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 172 18 find find VERB bracis-33589 172 19 the the DET bracis-33589 172 20 optimal optimal ADJ bracis-33589 172 21 alignment alignment NOUN bracis-33589 172 22 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 172 23 division division NOUN bracis-33589 172 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 172 25 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 172 26 then then ADV bracis-33589 172 27 assess assess VERB bracis-33589 172 28 its its PRON bracis-33589 172 29 f f NOUN bracis-33589 172 30 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 172 31 score score NOUN bracis-33589 172 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 172 33 which which PRON bracis-33589 172 34 determines determine VERB bracis-33589 172 35 its its PRON bracis-33589 172 36 importance importance NOUN bracis-33589 172 37 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 173 1 the the DET bracis-33589 173 2 internal internal ADJ bracis-33589 173 3 architecture architecture NOUN bracis-33589 173 4 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 173 5 the the DET bracis-33589 173 6 way way NOUN bracis-33589 173 7 the the DET bracis-33589 173 8 candidate candidate NOUN bracis-33589 173 9 movelet movelet NOUN bracis-33589 173 10 is be AUX bracis-33589 173 11 calculated calculate VERB bracis-33589 173 12 differ differ VERB bracis-33589 173 13 for for ADP bracis-33589 173 14 each each DET bracis-33589 173 15 model model NOUN bracis-33589 173 16 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 173 17 mastermovelets mastermovelet NOUN bracis-33589 173 18     SPACE bracis-33589 174 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 174 2 7 7 NUM bracis-33589 174 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 174 4 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 174 5 calculates calculate VERB bracis-33589 174 6 the the DET bracis-33589 174 7 distance distance NOUN bracis-33589 174 8 from from ADP bracis-33589 174 9 each each DET bracis-33589 174 10 candidate candidate NOUN bracis-33589 174 11 to to ADP bracis-33589 174 12 all all DET bracis-33589 174 13 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 174 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 174 15 making make VERB bracis-33589 174 16 it it PRON bracis-33589 174 17 the the DET bracis-33589 174 18 most most ADV bracis-33589 174 19 computationally computationally ADV bracis-33589 174 20 expensive expensive ADJ bracis-33589 174 21 method method NOUN bracis-33589 174 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 175 1 hipermovelets hipermovelet VERB bracis-33589 175 2     SPACE bracis-33589 176 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 176 2 31 31 NUM bracis-33589 176 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 176 4 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 176 5 extracts extract VERB bracis-33589 176 6 limited limited ADJ bracis-33589 176 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 176 8 size size NOUN bracis-33589 176 9 subtrajectories subtrajectorie NOUN bracis-33589 176 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 176 11 generates generate VERB bracis-33589 176 12 movelet movelet NOUN bracis-33589 176 13 candidates candidate NOUN bracis-33589 176 14 based base VERB bracis-33589 176 15 on on ADP bracis-33589 176 16 their their PRON bracis-33589 176 17 in in ADP bracis-33589 176 18 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 176 19 class class NOUN bracis-33589 176 20 frequency frequency NOUN bracis-33589 176 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 176 22 currently currently ADV bracis-33589 176 23 being be AUX bracis-33589 176 24 the the DET bracis-33589 176 25 fastest fast ADJ bracis-33589 176 26 model model NOUN bracis-33589 176 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 177 1 5 5 NUM bracis-33589 177 2 experimental experimental ADJ bracis-33589 177 3 evaluation evaluation NOUN bracis-33589 177 4 in in ADP bracis-33589 177 5 this this DET bracis-33589 177 6 section section NOUN bracis-33589 177 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 177 8 we we PRON bracis-33589 177 9 describe describe VERB bracis-33589 177 10 the the DET bracis-33589 177 11 methodology methodology NOUN bracis-33589 177 12 used use VERB bracis-33589 177 13 to to PART bracis-33589 177 14 evaluate evaluate VERB bracis-33589 177 15 our our PRON bracis-33589 177 16 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 177 17 for for ADP bracis-33589 177 18 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 177 19 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 177 20 using use VERB bracis-33589 177 21 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 177 22 - - ADJ bracis-33589 177 23 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 177 24 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 177 25 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 177 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 178 1 we we PRON bracis-33589 178 2 compare compare VERB bracis-33589 178 3 it it PRON bracis-33589 178 4 with with ADP bracis-33589 178 5 a a DET bracis-33589 178 6 content content NOUN bracis-33589 178 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 178 8 based base VERB bracis-33589 178 9 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 178 10 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 178 11 similar similar ADJ bracis-33589 178 12 to to ADP bracis-33589 178 13 cabral cabral PROPN bracis-33589 178 14 et et PROPN bracis-33589 178 15 al al PROPN bracis-33589 178 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 178 17     SPACE bracis-33589 179 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 179 2 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 179 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 179 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 179 5 which which PRON bracis-33589 179 6 serves serve VERB bracis-33589 179 7 as as ADP bracis-33589 179 8 the the DET bracis-33589 179 9 baseline baseline NOUN bracis-33589 179 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 180 1 all all DET bracis-33589 180 2 experiments experiment NOUN bracis-33589 180 3 will will AUX bracis-33589 180 4 emphasize emphasize VERB bracis-33589 180 5 hyperparameter hyperparameter NOUN bracis-33589 180 6 optimization optimization NOUN bracis-33589 180 7 through through ADP bracis-33589 180 8 5 5 NUM bracis-33589 180 9 - - ADJ bracis-33589 180 10 fold fold ADJ bracis-33589 180 11 stratified stratified ADJ bracis-33589 180 12 cross cross NOUN bracis-33589 180 13 - - NOUN bracis-33589 180 14 validation validation ADJ bracis-33589 180 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 180 16 with with ADP bracis-33589 180 17 the the DET bracis-33589 180 18 f1 f1 NOUN bracis-33589 180 19 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 180 20 score score NOUN bracis-33589 180 21 as as ADP bracis-33589 180 22 the the DET bracis-33589 180 23 primary primary ADJ bracis-33589 180 24 evaluation evaluation NOUN bracis-33589 180 25 metric metric NOUN bracis-33589 180 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 181 1 5.1 5.1 NUM bracis-33589 181 2 content content NOUN bracis-33589 181 3 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 181 4 based base VERB bracis-33589 181 5 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 181 6 in in ADP bracis-33589 181 7 order order NOUN bracis-33589 181 8 to to PART bracis-33589 181 9 provide provide VERB bracis-33589 181 10 a a DET bracis-33589 181 11 comparative comparative ADJ bracis-33589 181 12 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33589 181 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 181 14 a a DET bracis-33589 181 15 classic classic ADJ bracis-33589 181 16 content content NOUN bracis-33589 181 17 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 181 18 based base VERB bracis-33589 181 19 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 181 20 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 181 21 was be AUX bracis-33589 181 22 established establish VERB bracis-33589 181 23 employing employ VERB bracis-33589 181 24 conventional conventional ADJ bracis-33589 181 25 natural natural ADJ bracis-33589 181 26 language language NOUN bracis-33589 181 27 processing processing NOUN bracis-33589 181 28 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 181 29 machine machine NOUN bracis-33589 181 30 learning learning NOUN bracis-33589 181 31 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 181 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 182 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 182 2 this this DET bracis-33589 182 3 experiment experiment NOUN bracis-33589 182 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 182 5 different different ADJ bracis-33589 182 6 textual textual ADJ bracis-33589 182 7 content content NOUN bracis-33589 182 8 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 182 9 with with ADP bracis-33589 182 10 each each DET bracis-33589 182 11 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 182 12 was be AUX bracis-33589 182 13 utilized utilize VERB bracis-33589 182 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 182 15 meaning mean VERB bracis-33589 182 16 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 182 17 if if SCONJ bracis-33589 182 18 a a DET bracis-33589 182 19 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 182 20 represents represent VERB bracis-33589 182 21 the the DET bracis-33589 182 22 dissemination dissemination NOUN bracis-33589 182 23 of of ADP bracis-33589 182 24 certain certain ADJ bracis-33589 182 25 information information NOUN bracis-33589 182 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 182 27 all all DET bracis-33589 182 28 textual textual ADJ bracis-33589 182 29 variants variant NOUN bracis-33589 182 30 of of ADP bracis-33589 182 31 that that DET bracis-33589 182 32 information information NOUN bracis-33589 182 33 are be AUX bracis-33589 182 34 taken take VERB bracis-33589 182 35 into into ADP bracis-33589 182 36 account account NOUN bracis-33589 182 37 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 183 1 for for ADP bracis-33589 183 2 each each PRON bracis-33589 183 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 183 4 the the DET bracis-33589 183 5 2408 2408 NUM bracis-33589 183 6 different different ADJ bracis-33589 183 7 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 183 8 linked link VERB bracis-33589 183 9 to to ADP bracis-33589 183 10 the the DET bracis-33589 183 11 469 469 NUM bracis-33589 183 12 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 183 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 183 14 the the DET bracis-33589 183 15 same same ADJ bracis-33589 183 16 preprocessing preprocessing NOUN bracis-33589 183 17 employed employ VERB bracis-33589 183 18 by by ADP bracis-33589 183 19 cabral cabral PROPN bracis-33589 183 20 et et PROPN bracis-33589 183 21 al al PROPN bracis-33589 183 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 183 23     SPACE bracis-33589 184 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 184 2 1 1 X bracis-33589 184 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 184 4 was be AUX bracis-33589 184 5 employed employ VERB bracis-33589 184 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 184 7 included include VERB bracis-33589 184 8 removing remove VERB bracis-33589 184 9 stopwords stopword NOUN bracis-33589 184 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 184 11 normalization normalization NOUN bracis-33589 184 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 184 13 lemmatization lemmatization NOUN bracis-33589 184 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 184 15 retaining retain VERB bracis-33589 184 16 emojis emoji NOUN bracis-33589 184 17 as as ADP bracis-33589 184 18 tokens token NOUN bracis-33589 184 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 184 20 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 184 21 normalizing normalize VERB bracis-33589 184 22 urls url NOUN bracis-33589 184 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 185 1 given give VERB bracis-33589 185 2 their their PRON bracis-33589 185 3 success success NOUN bracis-33589 185 4 with with ADP bracis-33589 185 5 text text NOUN bracis-33589 185 6 vector vector NOUN bracis-33589 185 7 representation representation NOUN bracis-33589 185 8 using use VERB bracis-33589 185 9 tf tf PROPN bracis-33589 185 10 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 185 11 idf idf PROPN bracis-33589 185 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 185 13 various various ADJ bracis-33589 185 14 n n CCONJ bracis-33589 185 15 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 185 16 grams gram NOUN bracis-33589 185 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 185 18 the the DET bracis-33589 185 19 same same ADJ bracis-33589 185 20 vectorizer vectorizer NOUN bracis-33589 185 21 was be AUX bracis-33589 185 22 used use VERB bracis-33589 185 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 185 24 incorporating incorporate VERB bracis-33589 185 25 unigrams unigram NOUN bracis-33589 185 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 185 27 bigrams bigram NOUN bracis-33589 185 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 185 29 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 185 30 trigrams trigram NOUN bracis-33589 185 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 186 1 finally finally ADV bracis-33589 186 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 186 3 the the DET bracis-33589 186 4 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 186 5 algorithms algorithm NOUN bracis-33589 186 6 that that PRON bracis-33589 186 7 yielded yield VERB bracis-33589 186 8 the the DET bracis-33589 186 9 best good ADJ bracis-33589 186 10 results result NOUN bracis-33589 186 11 with with ADP bracis-33589 186 12 the the DET bracis-33589 186 13 aforementioned aforementioned ADJ bracis-33589 186 14 vector vector NOUN bracis-33589 186 15 representation representation NOUN bracis-33589 186 16 were be AUX bracis-33589 186 17 selected select VERB bracis-33589 186 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 186 19 including include VERB bracis-33589 186 20 logistic logistic ADJ bracis-33589 186 21 regression regression NOUN bracis-33589 186 22 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 186 23 lr lr NOUN bracis-33589 186 24 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 186 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 186 26 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 186 27 - - ADJ bracis-33589 186 28 layer layer ADJ bracis-33589 186 29 perceptron perceptron NOUN bracis-33589 186 30 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 186 31 mlp mlp PROPN bracis-33589 186 32 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 186 33 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 186 34 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 186 35 linear linear ADJ bracis-33589 186 36 support support NOUN bracis-33589 186 37 vector vector NOUN bracis-33589 186 38 machine machine NOUN bracis-33589 186 39 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 186 40 lsvm lsvm ADJ bracis-33589 186 41 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 186 42 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 187 1 5.2 5.2 NUM bracis-33589 187 2 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 187 3 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 187 4 based base VERB bracis-33589 187 5 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 187 6 in in ADP bracis-33589 187 7 evaluating evaluate VERB bracis-33589 187 8 the the DET bracis-33589 187 9 proposed propose VERB bracis-33589 187 10 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 187 11 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 187 12 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 187 13 based base VERB bracis-33589 187 14 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 187 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 187 16 the the DET bracis-33589 187 17 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 187 18 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 187 19 models model NOUN bracis-33589 187 20 discussed discuss VERB bracis-33589 187 21 in in ADP bracis-33589 187 22 the the DET bracis-33589 187 23 previous previous ADJ bracis-33589 187 24 section section NOUN bracis-33589 187 25 were be AUX bracis-33589 187 26 used use VERB bracis-33589 187 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 187 28 with with ADP bracis-33589 187 29 preprocessing preprocessing NOUN bracis-33589 187 30 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 187 31 transformation transformation NOUN bracis-33589 187 32 detailed detail VERB bracis-33589 187 33 in in ADP bracis-33589 187 34 sect sect NOUN bracis-33589 187 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 187 36     SPACE bracis-33589 188 1 3 3 X bracis-33589 188 2 . . X bracis-33589 188 3 for for ADP bracis-33589 188 4 the the DET bracis-33589 188 5 marc marc PROPN bracis-33589 188 6 model model PROPN bracis-33589 188 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 188 8 experiments experiment NOUN bracis-33589 188 9 varied vary VERB bracis-33589 188 10 the the DET bracis-33589 188 11 aggregation aggregation NOUN bracis-33589 188 12 method method NOUN bracis-33589 188 13 of of ADP bracis-33589 188 14 the the DET bracis-33589 188 15 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33589 188 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 188 17 testing test VERB bracis-33589 188 18 different different ADJ bracis-33589 188 19 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 188 20 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 188 21 add add VERB bracis-33589 188 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 188 23 average average ADJ bracis-33589 188 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 188 25 concatenate concatenate NOUN bracis-33589 188 26 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 188 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 189 1 for for ADP bracis-33589 189 2 the the DET bracis-33589 189 3 model model NOUN bracis-33589 189 4 based base VERB bracis-33589 189 5 on on ADP bracis-33589 189 6 movelets movelet NOUN bracis-33589 189 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 189 8 hipermovelets hipermovelet NOUN bracis-33589 189 9 was be AUX bracis-33589 189 10 chosen choose VERB bracis-33589 189 11 for for ADP bracis-33589 189 12 its its PRON bracis-33589 189 13 efficiency efficiency NOUN bracis-33589 189 14 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 189 15 quality quality NOUN bracis-33589 189 16 in in ADP bracis-33589 189 17 extracting extract VERB bracis-33589 189 18 the the DET bracis-33589 189 19 candidate candidate NOUN bracis-33589 189 20 movelets movelet NOUN bracis-33589 189 21 matrix matrix NOUN bracis-33589 189 22 representing represent VERB bracis-33589 189 23 each each DET bracis-33589 189 24 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 189 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 190 1 this this DET bracis-33589 190 2 matrix matrix NOUN bracis-33589 190 3 was be AUX bracis-33589 190 4 used use VERB bracis-33589 190 5 in in ADP bracis-33589 190 6 three three NUM bracis-33589 190 7 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 190 8 models model NOUN bracis-33589 190 9 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 190 10 random random ADJ bracis-33589 190 11 forest forest NOUN bracis-33589 190 12 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 190 13 rf rf NOUN bracis-33589 190 14 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 190 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 190 16 support support NOUN bracis-33589 190 17 vector vector NOUN bracis-33589 190 18 machine machine NOUN bracis-33589 190 19 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 190 20 svm svm PROPN bracis-33589 190 21 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 190 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 190 23 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 190 24 multilayer multilayer ADJ bracis-33589 190 25 perceptron perceptron PROPN bracis-33589 190 26 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 190 27 mlp mlp PROPN bracis-33589 190 28 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 190 29 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 191 1 5.3 5.3 NUM bracis-33589 191 2 hybrid hybrid NOUN bracis-33589 191 3 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 191 4 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 191 5 pointed point VERB bracis-33589 191 6 out out ADP bracis-33589 191 7 by by ADP bracis-33589 191 8 cabral cabral PROPN bracis-33589 191 9 et et PROPN bracis-33589 191 10 al al PROPN bracis-33589 191 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 192 1 [ [ X bracis-33589 192 2 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 192 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33589 192 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 192 5 detecting detect VERB bracis-33589 192 6 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 192 7 based base VERB bracis-33589 192 8 solely solely ADV bracis-33589 192 9 on on ADP bracis-33589 192 10 content content NOUN bracis-33589 192 11 has have VERB bracis-33589 192 12 limitations limitation NOUN bracis-33589 192 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 192 14 especially especially ADV bracis-33589 192 15 with with ADP bracis-33589 192 16 short short ADJ bracis-33589 192 17 texts text NOUN bracis-33589 192 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 193 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 193 2 addition addition NOUN bracis-33589 193 3 to to ADP bracis-33589 193 4 this this DET bracis-33589 193 5 limitation limitation NOUN bracis-33589 193 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 193 7 it it PRON bracis-33589 193 8 is be AUX bracis-33589 193 9 important important ADJ bracis-33589 193 10 to to PART bracis-33589 193 11 consider consider VERB bracis-33589 193 12 the the DET bracis-33589 193 13 quantity quantity NOUN bracis-33589 193 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 193 15 texts text NOUN bracis-33589 193 16 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 193 17 with with ADP bracis-33589 193 18 an an DET bracis-33589 193 19 information information NOUN bracis-33589 193 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 193 21 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 193 22 content content NOUN bracis-33589 193 23 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 193 24 based base VERB bracis-33589 193 25 models model NOUN bracis-33589 193 26 employ employ VERB bracis-33589 193 27 frequency frequency NOUN bracis-33589 193 28 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 193 29 based base VERB bracis-33589 193 30 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 193 31 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 193 32 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 193 33 this this PRON bracis-33589 193 34 can can AUX bracis-33589 193 35 affect affect VERB bracis-33589 193 36 their their PRON bracis-33589 193 37 performance performance NOUN bracis-33589 193 38 if if SCONJ bracis-33589 193 39 the the DET bracis-33589 193 40 frequency frequency NOUN bracis-33589 193 41 is be AUX bracis-33589 193 42 low low ADJ bracis-33589 193 43 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 194 1 that that PRON bracis-33589 194 2 ’s ’ VERB bracis-33589 194 3 why why SCONJ bracis-33589 194 4 the the DET bracis-33589 194 5 proposed propose VERB bracis-33589 194 6 hybrid hybrid NOUN bracis-33589 194 7 classifier classifier NOUN bracis-33589 194 8 generates generate VERB bracis-33589 194 9 a a DET bracis-33589 194 10 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 194 11 threshold threshold NOUN bracis-33589 194 12 regarding regard VERB bracis-33589 194 13 the the DET bracis-33589 194 14 amount amount NOUN bracis-33589 194 15 of of ADP bracis-33589 194 16 words word NOUN bracis-33589 194 17 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 194 18 texts text NOUN bracis-33589 194 19 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 194 20 with with ADP bracis-33589 194 21 an an DET bracis-33589 194 22 information information NOUN bracis-33589 194 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 195 1 if if SCONJ bracis-33589 195 2 the the DET bracis-33589 195 3 text text NOUN bracis-33589 195 4 has have VERB bracis-33589 195 5 fewer few ADJ bracis-33589 195 6 than than ADP bracis-33589 195 7 a a DET bracis-33589 195 8 certain certain ADJ bracis-33589 195 9 number number NOUN bracis-33589 195 10 of of ADP bracis-33589 195 11 words word NOUN bracis-33589 195 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 195 13 fewer few ADJ bracis-33589 195 14 than than ADP bracis-33589 195 15 a a DET bracis-33589 195 16 certain certain ADJ bracis-33589 195 17 number number NOUN bracis-33589 195 18 of of ADP bracis-33589 195 19 different different ADJ bracis-33589 195 20 associated associated ADJ bracis-33589 195 21 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 195 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 195 23 the the DET bracis-33589 195 24 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 195 25 of of ADP bracis-33589 195 26 this this DET bracis-33589 195 27 message message NOUN bracis-33589 195 28 will will AUX bracis-33589 195 29 be be AUX bracis-33589 195 30 determined determine VERB bracis-33589 195 31 by by ADP bracis-33589 195 32 the the DET bracis-33589 195 33 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 195 34 assigned assign VERB bracis-33589 195 35 by by ADP bracis-33589 195 36 the the DET bracis-33589 195 37 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 195 38 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 195 39 based base VERB bracis-33589 195 40 method method NOUN bracis-33589 195 41 to to ADP bracis-33589 195 42 the the DET bracis-33589 195 43 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 195 44 to to PART bracis-33589 195 45 which which PRON bracis-33589 195 46 that that DET bracis-33589 195 47 message message NOUN bracis-33589 195 48 belongs belong VERB bracis-33589 195 49 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 196 1 otherwise otherwise ADV bracis-33589 196 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 196 3 the the DET bracis-33589 196 4 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 196 5 will will AUX bracis-33589 196 6 be be AUX bracis-33589 196 7 made make VERB bracis-33589 196 8 by by ADP bracis-33589 196 9 a a DET bracis-33589 196 10 content content NOUN bracis-33589 196 11 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 196 12 based base VERB bracis-33589 196 13 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 196 14 model model NOUN bracis-33589 196 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 197 1 for for ADP bracis-33589 197 2 this this DET bracis-33589 197 3 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 197 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 197 5 we we PRON bracis-33589 197 6 evaluate evaluate VERB bracis-33589 197 7 the the DET bracis-33589 197 8 combination combination NOUN bracis-33589 197 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 197 10 all all DET bracis-33589 197 11 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 197 12 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 197 13 based base VERB bracis-33589 197 14 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 197 15 content content NOUN bracis-33589 197 16 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 197 17 based base VERB bracis-33589 197 18 models model NOUN bracis-33589 197 19 with with ADP bracis-33589 197 20 their their PRON bracis-33589 197 21 optimized optimize VERB bracis-33589 197 22 hyperparameters hyperparameter NOUN bracis-33589 197 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 198 1 furthermore furthermore ADV bracis-33589 198 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 198 3 for for ADP bracis-33589 198 4 the the DET bracis-33589 198 5 estimation estimation NOUN bracis-33589 198 6 of of ADP bracis-33589 198 7 this this DET bracis-33589 198 8 threshold threshold NOUN bracis-33589 198 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 198 10 we we PRON bracis-33589 198 11 consider consider VERB bracis-33589 198 12 the the DET bracis-33589 198 13 quantity quantity NOUN bracis-33589 198 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 198 15 words word NOUN bracis-33589 198 16 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 198 17 different different ADJ bracis-33589 198 18 texts text NOUN bracis-33589 198 19 as as ADP bracis-33589 198 20 hyperparameters hyperparameter NOUN bracis-33589 198 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 199 1 the the DET bracis-33589 199 2 models model NOUN bracis-33589 199 3 are be AUX bracis-33589 199 4 trained train VERB bracis-33589 199 5 using use VERB bracis-33589 199 6 cross cross NOUN bracis-33589 199 7 - - ADJ bracis-33589 199 8 validation validation ADJ bracis-33589 199 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 199 10 evaluating evaluate VERB bracis-33589 199 11 the the DET bracis-33589 199 12 hybrid hybrid ADJ bracis-33589 199 13 model model NOUN bracis-33589 199 14 on on ADP bracis-33589 199 15 the the DET bracis-33589 199 16 validation validation NOUN bracis-33589 199 17 fold fold NOUN bracis-33589 199 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 200 1 after after ADP bracis-33589 200 2 finding find VERB bracis-33589 200 3 the the DET bracis-33589 200 4 best good ADJ bracis-33589 200 5 hyperparameters hyperparameter NOUN bracis-33589 200 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 200 7 the the DET bracis-33589 200 8 hybrid hybrid NOUN bracis-33589 200 9 model model NOUN bracis-33589 200 10 is be AUX bracis-33589 200 11 trained train VERB bracis-33589 200 12 on on ADP bracis-33589 200 13 the the DET bracis-33589 200 14 complete complete ADJ bracis-33589 200 15 training training NOUN bracis-33589 200 16 set set NOUN bracis-33589 200 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 200 18 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 200 19 its its PRON bracis-33589 200 20 performance performance NOUN bracis-33589 200 21 is be AUX bracis-33589 200 22 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33589 200 23 on on ADP bracis-33589 200 24 the the DET bracis-33589 200 25 test test NOUN bracis-33589 200 26 set set VERB bracis-33589 200 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 201 1 6 6 NUM bracis-33589 201 2 results result VERB bracis-33589 201 3 a a DET bracis-33589 201 4 total total NOUN bracis-33589 201 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 201 6 69 69 NUM bracis-33589 201 7 experiments experiment NOUN bracis-33589 201 8 were be AUX bracis-33589 201 9 conducted conduct VERB bracis-33589 201 10 to to PART bracis-33589 201 11 evaluate evaluate VERB bracis-33589 201 12 different different ADJ bracis-33589 201 13 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 201 14 to to ADP bracis-33589 201 15 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 201 16 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 201 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 202 1 nine nine NUM bracis-33589 202 2 combinations combination NOUN bracis-33589 202 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 202 4 tf tf PROPN bracis-33589 202 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 202 6 idf idf PROPN bracis-33589 202 7 with with ADP bracis-33589 202 8 unigrams unigram NOUN bracis-33589 202 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 202 10 bigrams bigram NOUN bracis-33589 202 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 202 12 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 202 13 trigrams trigram NOUN bracis-33589 202 14 were be AUX bracis-33589 202 15 explored explore VERB bracis-33589 202 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 202 17 using use VERB bracis-33589 202 18 multilayer multilayer ADJ bracis-33589 202 19 perceptron perceptron PROPN bracis-33589 202 20 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 202 21 mlp mlp PROPN bracis-33589 202 22 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 202 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 202 24 logistic logistic ADJ bracis-33589 202 25 regression regression NOUN bracis-33589 202 26 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 202 27 lr lr NOUN bracis-33589 202 28 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 202 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 202 30 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 202 31 linear linear ADJ bracis-33589 202 32 support support NOUN bracis-33589 202 33 vector vector NOUN bracis-33589 202 34 machines machine NOUN bracis-33589 202 35 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 202 36 lsvm lsvm ADJ bracis-33589 202 37 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 202 38 classifiers classifier NOUN bracis-33589 202 39 for for ADP bracis-33589 202 40 content content NOUN bracis-33589 202 41 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 202 42 based base VERB bracis-33589 202 43 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 202 44 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 203 1 additionally additionally ADV bracis-33589 203 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 203 3 six six NUM bracis-33589 203 4 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 203 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 203 6 based base VERB bracis-33589 203 7 models model NOUN bracis-33589 203 8 were be AUX bracis-33589 203 9 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33589 203 10 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 203 11 three three NUM bracis-33589 203 12 variants variant NOUN bracis-33589 203 13 of of ADP bracis-33589 203 14 the the DET bracis-33589 203 15 marc marc PROPN bracis-33589 203 16 model model NOUN bracis-33589 203 17 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 203 18 three three NUM bracis-33589 203 19 models model NOUN bracis-33589 203 20 based base VERB bracis-33589 203 21 on on ADP bracis-33589 203 22 the the DET bracis-33589 203 23 creation creation NOUN bracis-33589 203 24 of of ADP bracis-33589 203 25 movelets movelet NOUN bracis-33589 203 26 with with ADP bracis-33589 203 27 hypermovelets hypermovelet NOUN bracis-33589 203 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 203 29 classified classify VERB bracis-33589 203 30 with with ADP bracis-33589 203 31 multilayer multilayer ADJ bracis-33589 203 32 perceptron perceptron PROPN bracis-33589 203 33 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 203 34 mlp mlp PROPN bracis-33589 203 35 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 203 36 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 203 37 support support VERB bracis-33589 203 38 vector vector NOUN bracis-33589 203 39 machines machine NOUN bracis-33589 203 40 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 203 41 svm svm PROPN bracis-33589 203 42 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 203 43 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 203 44 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 203 45 random random ADJ bracis-33589 203 46 forest forest NOUN bracis-33589 203 47 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 203 48 rf rf NOUN bracis-33589 203 49 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 203 50 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 204 1 finally finally ADV bracis-33589 204 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 204 3 54 54 NUM bracis-33589 204 4 experiments experiment NOUN bracis-33589 204 5 were be AUX bracis-33589 204 6 implemented implement VERB bracis-33589 204 7 with with ADP bracis-33589 204 8 the the DET bracis-33589 204 9 hybrid hybrid ADJ bracis-33589 204 10 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 204 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 204 12 combining combine VERB bracis-33589 204 13 tf tf PROPN bracis-33589 204 14 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 204 15 idf idf PROPN bracis-33589 204 16 with with ADP bracis-33589 204 17 unigrams unigram NOUN bracis-33589 204 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 204 19 bigrams bigram NOUN bracis-33589 204 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 204 21 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 204 22 trigrams trigram NOUN bracis-33589 204 23 along along ADP bracis-33589 204 24 with with ADP bracis-33589 204 25 the the DET bracis-33589 204 26 classifier classifier NOUN bracis-33589 204 27 for for ADP bracis-33589 204 28 content content NOUN bracis-33589 204 29 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 204 30 based base VERB bracis-33589 204 31 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 204 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 204 33 with with ADP bracis-33589 204 34 the the DET bracis-33589 204 35 six six NUM bracis-33589 204 36 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 204 37 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 204 38 models model NOUN bracis-33589 204 39 mentioned mention VERB bracis-33589 204 40 above above ADV bracis-33589 204 41 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 205 1 table table NOUN bracis-33589 205 2 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 205 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 205 4 results result NOUN bracis-33589 205 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 205 6 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 205 7 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 205 8 using use VERB bracis-33589 205 9 different different ADJ bracis-33589 205 10 approachesfull approachesfull ADJ bracis-33589 205 11 size size NOUN bracis-33589 205 12 table table NOUN bracis-33589 205 13 given give VERB bracis-33589 205 14 the the DET bracis-33589 205 15 number number NOUN bracis-33589 205 16 of of ADP bracis-33589 205 17 experiments experiment NOUN bracis-33589 205 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 205 19 table table NOUN bracis-33589 205 20     SPACE bracis-33589 205 21 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 205 22 presents present VERB bracis-33589 205 23 the the DET bracis-33589 205 24 top top ADJ bracis-33589 205 25 three three NUM bracis-33589 205 26 results result NOUN bracis-33589 205 27 per per ADP bracis-33589 205 28 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 205 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 205 30 indicating indicate VERB bracis-33589 205 31 their their PRON bracis-33589 205 32 f1 f1 ADJ bracis-33589 205 33 score score NOUN bracis-33589 205 34 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 205 35 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33589 205 36 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 206 1 it it PRON bracis-33589 206 2 is be AUX bracis-33589 206 3 noteworthy noteworthy ADJ bracis-33589 206 4 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 206 5 the the DET bracis-33589 206 6 best good ADJ bracis-33589 206 7 result result NOUN bracis-33589 206 8 is be AUX bracis-33589 206 9 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33589 206 10 when when SCONJ bracis-33589 206 11 employing employ VERB bracis-33589 206 12 the the DET bracis-33589 206 13 hybrid hybrid ADJ bracis-33589 206 14 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 206 15 that that PRON bracis-33589 206 16 combines combine VERB bracis-33589 206 17 bigram+mlp+hyper+rf bigram+mlp+hyper+rf NOUN bracis-33589 206 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 206 19 which which PRON bracis-33589 206 20 achieves achieve VERB bracis-33589 206 21 the the DET bracis-33589 206 22 highest high ADJ bracis-33589 206 23 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33589 206 24 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 206 25 0.85 0.85 NUM bracis-33589 206 26 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 206 27 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 206 28 f1 f1 NOUN bracis-33589 206 29 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 206 30 score score NOUN bracis-33589 206 31 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 206 32 0.89 0.89 NUM bracis-33589 206 33 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 206 34 among among ADP bracis-33589 206 35 all all DET bracis-33589 206 36 evaluated evaluated ADJ bracis-33589 206 37 models model NOUN bracis-33589 206 38 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 207 1 content content NOUN bracis-33589 207 2 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 207 3 based base VERB bracis-33589 207 4 models model NOUN bracis-33589 207 5 exhibit exhibit VERB bracis-33589 207 6 acceptable acceptable ADJ bracis-33589 207 7 performance performance NOUN bracis-33589 207 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 207 9 primarily primarily ADV bracis-33589 207 10 when when SCONJ bracis-33589 207 11 considering consider VERB bracis-33589 207 12 the the DET bracis-33589 207 13 use use NOUN bracis-33589 207 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 207 15 n n NOUN bracis-33589 207 16 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 207 17 grams gram NOUN bracis-33589 207 18 of of ADP bracis-33589 207 19 any any DET bracis-33589 207 20 order order NOUN bracis-33589 207 21 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 207 22 the the DET bracis-33589 207 23 mlp mlp NOUN bracis-33589 207 24 classifier classifier NOUN bracis-33589 207 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 208 1 however however ADV bracis-33589 208 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 208 3 these these DET bracis-33589 208 4 models model NOUN bracis-33589 208 5 achieve achieve VERB bracis-33589 208 6 the the DET bracis-33589 208 7 lowest low ADJ bracis-33589 208 8 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33589 208 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 209 1 on on ADP bracis-33589 209 2 the the DET bracis-33589 209 3 other other ADJ bracis-33589 209 4 hand hand NOUN bracis-33589 209 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 209 6 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 209 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 209 8 based base VERB bracis-33589 209 9 models model NOUN bracis-33589 209 10 are be AUX bracis-33589 209 11 led lead VERB bracis-33589 209 12 by by ADP bracis-33589 209 13 the the DET bracis-33589 209 14 marc marc PROPN bracis-33589 209 15 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 209 16 based base VERB bracis-33589 209 17 model model NOUN bracis-33589 209 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 209 19 which which PRON bracis-33589 209 20 in in ADP bracis-33589 209 21 its its PRON bracis-33589 209 22 three three NUM bracis-33589 209 23 variants variant NOUN bracis-33589 209 24 achieves achieve VERB bracis-33589 209 25 the the DET bracis-33589 209 26 best good ADJ bracis-33589 209 27 results result NOUN bracis-33589 209 28 for for ADP bracis-33589 209 29 this this DET bracis-33589 209 30 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 209 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 210 1 furthermore furthermore ADV bracis-33589 210 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 210 3 the the DET bracis-33589 210 4 best good ADJ bracis-33589 210 5 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 210 6 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 210 7 based base VERB bracis-33589 210 8 model model NOUN bracis-33589 210 9 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 210 10 marc marc PROPN bracis-33589 210 11 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 210 12 avg avg NOUN bracis-33589 210 13 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 210 14 slightly slightly ADV bracis-33589 210 15 outperforms outperform VERB bracis-33589 210 16 the the DET bracis-33589 210 17 best good ADJ bracis-33589 210 18 content content NOUN bracis-33589 210 19 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 210 20 based base VERB bracis-33589 210 21 model model NOUN bracis-33589 210 22 in in ADP bracis-33589 210 23 terms term NOUN bracis-33589 210 24 of of ADP bracis-33589 210 25 f1 f1 NOUN bracis-33589 210 26 score score NOUN bracis-33589 210 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 210 28 but but CCONJ bracis-33589 210 29 the the DET bracis-33589 210 30 difference difference NOUN bracis-33589 210 31 is be AUX bracis-33589 210 32 more more ADV bracis-33589 210 33 significant significant ADJ bracis-33589 210 34 when when SCONJ bracis-33589 210 35 observing observe VERB bracis-33589 210 36 the the DET bracis-33589 210 37 precisions precision NOUN bracis-33589 210 38 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33589 210 39 by by ADP bracis-33589 210 40 these these DET bracis-33589 210 41 three three NUM bracis-33589 210 42 models model NOUN bracis-33589 210 43 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 211 1 table table NOUN bracis-33589 211 2     SPACE bracis-33589 211 3 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 211 4 presents present VERB bracis-33589 211 5 the the DET bracis-33589 211 6 best good ADJ bracis-33589 211 7 results result NOUN bracis-33589 211 8 of of ADP bracis-33589 211 9 the the DET bracis-33589 211 10 hybrid hybrid ADJ bracis-33589 211 11 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 211 12 that that PRON bracis-33589 211 13 combines combine VERB bracis-33589 211 14 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 211 15 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 211 16 based base VERB bracis-33589 211 17 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 211 18 content content NOUN bracis-33589 211 19 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 211 20 based base VERB bracis-33589 211 21 models model NOUN bracis-33589 211 22 when when SCONJ bracis-33589 211 23 determining determine VERB bracis-33589 211 24 a a DET bracis-33589 211 25 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 211 26 threshold threshold NOUN bracis-33589 211 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 212 1 the the DET bracis-33589 212 2 hyperparameters hyperparameter NOUN bracis-33589 212 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 212 4 this this DET bracis-33589 212 5 threshold threshold NOUN bracis-33589 212 6 are be AUX bracis-33589 212 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 212 8 on on ADP bracis-33589 212 9 average average ADJ bracis-33589 212 10 across across ADP bracis-33589 212 11 all all DET bracis-33589 212 12 experiments experiment NOUN bracis-33589 212 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 212 14 fewer few ADJ bracis-33589 212 15 than than ADP bracis-33589 212 16 40 40 NUM bracis-33589 212 17 words word NOUN bracis-33589 212 18 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 212 19 fewer few ADJ bracis-33589 212 20 than than ADP bracis-33589 212 21 5 5 NUM bracis-33589 212 22 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 212 23 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 212 24 for for ADP bracis-33589 212 25 an an DET bracis-33589 212 26 information information NOUN bracis-33589 212 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 213 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 213 2 such such ADJ bracis-33589 213 3 cases case NOUN bracis-33589 213 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 213 5 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 213 6 is be AUX bracis-33589 213 7 done do VERB bracis-33589 213 8 by by ADP bracis-33589 213 9 a a DET bracis-33589 213 10 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 213 11 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 213 12 based base VERB bracis-33589 213 13 method method NOUN bracis-33589 213 14 ; ; PUNCT bracis-33589 213 15 otherwise otherwise ADV bracis-33589 213 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 213 17 it it PRON bracis-33589 213 18 is be AUX bracis-33589 213 19 done do VERB bracis-33589 213 20 by by ADP bracis-33589 213 21 a a DET bracis-33589 213 22 content content NOUN bracis-33589 213 23 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 213 24 based base VERB bracis-33589 213 25 method method NOUN bracis-33589 213 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 214 1 comparing compare VERB bracis-33589 214 2 the the DET bracis-33589 214 3 three three NUM bracis-33589 214 4 best good ADJ bracis-33589 214 5 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 214 6 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 214 7 based base VERB bracis-33589 214 8 classifiers classifier NOUN bracis-33589 214 9 presented present VERB bracis-33589 214 10 in in ADP bracis-33589 214 11 table table NOUN bracis-33589 214 12     SPACE bracis-33589 214 13 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 214 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 214 15 we we PRON bracis-33589 214 16 observe observe VERB bracis-33589 214 17 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 214 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 214 19 on on ADP bracis-33589 214 20 average average ADJ bracis-33589 214 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 214 22 they they PRON bracis-33589 214 23 correctly correctly ADV bracis-33589 214 24 classify classify VERB bracis-33589 214 25 77.5 77.5 NUM bracis-33589 214 26 % % NOUN bracis-33589 214 27 of of ADP bracis-33589 214 28 short short ADJ bracis-33589 214 29 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 214 30 with with ADP bracis-33589 214 31 few few ADJ bracis-33589 214 32 different different ADJ bracis-33589 214 33 texts text NOUN bracis-33589 214 34 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 214 35 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 214 36 while while SCONJ bracis-33589 214 37 the the DET bracis-33589 214 38 three three NUM bracis-33589 214 39 best good ADJ bracis-33589 214 40 content content NOUN bracis-33589 214 41 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 214 42 based base VERB bracis-33589 214 43 classifiers classifier NOUN bracis-33589 214 44 classify classify VERB bracis-33589 214 45 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 214 46 on on ADP bracis-33589 214 47 average average ADJ bracis-33589 214 48 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 214 49 62.1 62.1 NUM bracis-33589 214 50 % % NOUN bracis-33589 214 51 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 214 52 which which PRON bracis-33589 214 53 is be AUX bracis-33589 214 54 15 15 NUM bracis-33589 214 55 % % NOUN bracis-33589 214 56 less less ADJ bracis-33589 214 57 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 215 1 this this PRON bracis-33589 215 2 demonstrates demonstrate VERB bracis-33589 215 3 an an DET bracis-33589 215 4 advantage advantage NOUN bracis-33589 215 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 215 6 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 215 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 215 8 based base VERB bracis-33589 215 9 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 215 10 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 215 11 its its PRON bracis-33589 215 12 independence independence NOUN bracis-33589 215 13 from from ADP bracis-33589 215 14 the the DET bracis-33589 215 15 text text NOUN bracis-33589 215 16 of of ADP bracis-33589 215 17 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 215 18 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 215 19 with with ADP bracis-33589 215 20 an an DET bracis-33589 215 21 information information NOUN bracis-33589 215 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 215 23 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 215 24 this this DET bracis-33589 215 25 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 215 26 only only ADV bracis-33589 215 27 utilizes utilize VERB bracis-33589 215 28 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 215 29 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 215 30 to to PART bracis-33589 215 31 represent represent VERB bracis-33589 215 32 a a DET bracis-33589 215 33 set set NOUN bracis-33589 215 34 of of ADP bracis-33589 215 35 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 215 36 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 216 1 when when SCONJ bracis-33589 216 2 classifying classify VERB bracis-33589 216 3 a a DET bracis-33589 216 4 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 216 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 216 6 all all DET bracis-33589 216 7 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 216 8 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 216 9 with with ADP bracis-33589 216 10 it it PRON bracis-33589 216 11 are be AUX bracis-33589 216 12 classified classified ADJ bracis-33589 216 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 216 14 whereas whereas SCONJ bracis-33589 216 15 in in ADP bracis-33589 216 16 a a DET bracis-33589 216 17 content content NOUN bracis-33589 216 18 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 216 19 based base VERB bracis-33589 216 20 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 216 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 216 22 only only ADV bracis-33589 216 23 the the DET bracis-33589 216 24 unique unique ADJ bracis-33589 216 25 text text NOUN bracis-33589 216 26 associated associate VERB bracis-33589 216 27 with with ADP bracis-33589 216 28 an an DET bracis-33589 216 29 information information NOUN bracis-33589 216 30 is be AUX bracis-33589 216 31 classified classified ADJ bracis-33589 216 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 217 1 this this DET bracis-33589 217 2 characteristic characteristic NOUN bracis-33589 217 3 makes make VERB bracis-33589 217 4 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 217 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 217 6 based base VERB bracis-33589 217 7 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 217 8 particularly particularly ADV bracis-33589 217 9 suitable suitable ADJ bracis-33589 217 10 for for ADP bracis-33589 217 11 short short ADJ bracis-33589 217 12 texts text NOUN bracis-33589 217 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 217 14 where where SCONJ bracis-33589 217 15 the the DET bracis-33589 217 16 information information NOUN bracis-33589 217 17 contained contain VERB bracis-33589 217 18 in in ADP bracis-33589 217 19 the the DET bracis-33589 217 20 text text NOUN bracis-33589 217 21 may may AUX bracis-33589 217 22 be be AUX bracis-33589 217 23 limited limit VERB bracis-33589 217 24 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 218 1 with with ADP bracis-33589 218 2 the the DET bracis-33589 218 3 thresholds threshold NOUN bracis-33589 218 4 determined determine VERB bracis-33589 218 5 for for ADP bracis-33589 218 6 each each DET bracis-33589 218 7 experiment experiment NOUN bracis-33589 218 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 218 9 the the DET bracis-33589 218 10 best good ADJ bracis-33589 218 11 results result NOUN bracis-33589 218 12 are be AUX bracis-33589 218 13 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33589 218 14 when when SCONJ bracis-33589 218 15 using use VERB bracis-33589 218 16 unigrams unigram NOUN bracis-33589 218 17 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 218 18 bigrams bigram NOUN bracis-33589 218 19 with with ADP bracis-33589 218 20 the the DET bracis-33589 218 21 mlp mlp NOUN bracis-33589 218 22 classifier classifier NOUN bracis-33589 218 23 if if SCONJ bracis-33589 218 24 the the DET bracis-33589 218 25 threshold threshold NOUN bracis-33589 218 26 condition condition NOUN bracis-33589 218 27 is be AUX bracis-33589 218 28 not not PART bracis-33589 218 29 satisfied satisfied ADJ bracis-33589 218 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 218 31 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 218 32 hyper+rf hyper+rf NOUN bracis-33589 218 33 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 218 34 marc marc PROPN bracis-33589 218 35 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 218 36 cct cct PROPN bracis-33589 218 37 otherwise otherwise ADV bracis-33589 218 38 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 219 1 the the DET bracis-33589 219 2 best good ADJ bracis-33589 219 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 219 4 these these DET bracis-33589 219 5 hybrid hybrid NOUN bracis-33589 219 6 models model NOUN bracis-33589 219 7 achieves achieve VERB bracis-33589 219 8 an an DET bracis-33589 219 9 f1 f1 NOUN bracis-33589 219 10 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 219 11 score score NOUN bracis-33589 219 12 of of ADP bracis-33589 219 13 0.89 0.89 NUM bracis-33589 219 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 219 15 which which PRON bracis-33589 219 16 surpasses surpass VERB bracis-33589 219 17 the the DET bracis-33589 219 18 best good ADJ bracis-33589 219 19 content content NOUN bracis-33589 219 20 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 219 21 based base VERB bracis-33589 219 22 method method NOUN bracis-33589 219 23 by by ADP bracis-33589 219 24 8 8 NUM bracis-33589 219 25 % % NOUN bracis-33589 219 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 220 1 these these DET bracis-33589 220 2 models model NOUN bracis-33589 220 3 also also ADV bracis-33589 220 4 achieve achieve VERB bracis-33589 220 5 superior superior ADJ bracis-33589 220 6 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33589 220 7 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 221 1 to to PART bracis-33589 221 2 better well ADV bracis-33589 221 3 observe observe VERB bracis-33589 221 4 this this PRON bracis-33589 221 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 221 6 fig fig NOUN bracis-33589 221 7 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 221 8     SPACE bracis-33589 222 1 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 222 2 presents present VERB bracis-33589 222 3 the the DET bracis-33589 222 4 average average ADJ bracis-33589 222 5 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33589 222 6 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 222 7 f1 f1 NOUN bracis-33589 222 8 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 222 9 score score NOUN bracis-33589 222 10 per per ADP bracis-33589 222 11 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 222 12 orientation orientation NOUN bracis-33589 222 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 223 1 fig fig NOUN bracis-33589 223 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 224 1 2 2 X bracis-33589 224 2 . . X bracis-33589 224 3 performance performance NOUN bracis-33589 224 4 comparison comparison NOUN bracis-33589 224 5 of of ADP bracis-33589 224 6 different different ADJ bracis-33589 224 7 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 224 8 full full ADJ bracis-33589 224 9 size size NOUN bracis-33589 224 10 image image NOUN bracis-33589 224 11 as as SCONJ bracis-33589 224 12 shown show VERB bracis-33589 224 13 in in ADP bracis-33589 224 14 fig fig NOUN bracis-33589 224 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 224 16     SPACE bracis-33589 225 1 2 2 NUM bracis-33589 225 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 225 3 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 225 4 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 225 5 based base VERB bracis-33589 225 6 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 225 7 content content NOUN bracis-33589 225 8 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 225 9 based base VERB bracis-33589 225 10 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 225 11 deliver deliver VERB bracis-33589 225 12 similar similar ADJ bracis-33589 225 13 performance performance NOUN bracis-33589 225 14 in in ADP bracis-33589 225 15 terms term NOUN bracis-33589 225 16 of of ADP bracis-33589 225 17 f1 f1 NOUN bracis-33589 225 18 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 225 19 score score NOUN bracis-33589 225 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 225 21 with with ADP bracis-33589 225 22 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 225 23 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 225 24 based base VERB bracis-33589 225 25 models model NOUN bracis-33589 225 26 achieving achieve VERB bracis-33589 225 27 slightly slightly ADV bracis-33589 225 28 higher high ADJ bracis-33589 225 29 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33589 225 30 but but CCONJ bracis-33589 225 31 with with ADP bracis-33589 225 32 greater great ADJ bracis-33589 225 33 variability variability NOUN bracis-33589 225 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 226 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 226 2 contrast contrast NOUN bracis-33589 226 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 226 4 the the DET bracis-33589 226 5 hybrid hybrid ADJ bracis-33589 226 6 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 226 7 significantly significantly ADV bracis-33589 226 8 outperforms outperform VERB bracis-33589 226 9 both both DET bracis-33589 226 10 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 226 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 226 12 demonstrating demonstrate VERB bracis-33589 226 13 higher high ADJ bracis-33589 226 14 mean mean NOUN bracis-33589 226 15 f1 f1 NOUN bracis-33589 226 16 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 226 17 score score NOUN bracis-33589 226 18 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 226 19 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33589 226 20 with with ADP bracis-33589 226 21 much much ADV bracis-33589 226 22 lower low ADJ bracis-33589 226 23 variance variance NOUN bracis-33589 226 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 226 25 highlighting highlight VERB bracis-33589 226 26 the the DET bracis-33589 226 27 advantage advantage NOUN bracis-33589 226 28 of of ADP bracis-33589 226 29 combining combine VERB bracis-33589 226 30 both both DET bracis-33589 226 31 strategies strategy NOUN bracis-33589 226 32 for for ADP bracis-33589 226 33 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 226 34 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 226 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 227 1 we we PRON bracis-33589 227 2 conducted conduct VERB bracis-33589 227 3 a a DET bracis-33589 227 4 statistical statistical ADJ bracis-33589 227 5 significance significance NOUN bracis-33589 227 6 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33589 227 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 227 8 starting start VERB bracis-33589 227 9 with with ADP bracis-33589 227 10 the the DET bracis-33589 227 11 shapiro shapiro PROPN bracis-33589 227 12 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 227 13 wilk wilk NOUN bracis-33589 227 14 test test NOUN bracis-33589 227 15 to to PART bracis-33589 227 16 assess assess VERB bracis-33589 227 17 normality normality NOUN bracis-33589 227 18 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 227 19 w w NOUN bracis-33589 227 20 = = NOUN bracis-33589 227 21 0.95 0.95 NUM bracis-33589 227 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 227 23 p p X bracis-33589 227 24 = = NOUN bracis-33589 227 25 0.75 0.75 NUM bracis-33589 227 26 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 227 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 227 28 followed follow VERB bracis-33589 227 29 by by ADP bracis-33589 227 30 a a DET bracis-33589 227 31 paired pair VERB bracis-33589 227 32 t t NOUN bracis-33589 227 33 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 227 34 test test NOUN bracis-33589 227 35 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 227 36 t t NOUN bracis-33589 227 37 = = SYM bracis-33589 227 38 3.51 3.51 NUM bracis-33589 227 39 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 227 40 p p X bracis-33589 227 41 < < X bracis-33589 227 42 0.02 0.02 NUM bracis-33589 227 43 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 227 44 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 228 1 the the DET bracis-33589 228 2 results result NOUN bracis-33589 228 3 indicated indicate VERB bracis-33589 228 4 that that SCONJ bracis-33589 228 5 the the DET bracis-33589 228 6 hybrid hybrid NOUN bracis-33589 228 7 model model NOUN bracis-33589 228 8 significantly significantly ADV bracis-33589 228 9 outperformed outperform VERB bracis-33589 228 10 contentand contentand PROPN bracis-33589 228 11 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 228 12 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 228 13 based base VERB bracis-33589 228 14 models model NOUN bracis-33589 228 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 229 1 7 7 NUM bracis-33589 229 2 conclusion conclusion NOUN bracis-33589 229 3 in in ADP bracis-33589 229 4 this this DET bracis-33589 229 5 article article NOUN bracis-33589 229 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 229 7 we we PRON bracis-33589 229 8 have have AUX bracis-33589 229 9 introduced introduce VERB bracis-33589 229 10 an an DET bracis-33589 229 11 innovative innovative ADJ bracis-33589 229 12 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 229 13 of of ADP bracis-33589 229 14 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 229 15 - - ADJ bracis-33589 229 16 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 229 17 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 229 18 to to PART bracis-33589 229 19 address address VERB bracis-33589 229 20 the the DET bracis-33589 229 21 spread spread NOUN bracis-33589 229 22 of of ADP bracis-33589 229 23 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 229 24 in in ADP bracis-33589 229 25 social social ADJ bracis-33589 229 26 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 229 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 230 1 our our PRON bracis-33589 230 2 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 230 3 views view VERB bracis-33589 230 4 each each DET bracis-33589 230 5 shared share VERB bracis-33589 230 6 message message NOUN bracis-33589 230 7 as as ADP bracis-33589 230 8 a a DET bracis-33589 230 9 moving move VERB bracis-33589 230 10 object object NOUN bracis-33589 230 11 within within ADP bracis-33589 230 12 the the DET bracis-33589 230 13 social social ADJ bracis-33589 230 14 network network NOUN bracis-33589 230 15 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 230 16 applies apply VERB bracis-33589 230 17 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 230 18 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 230 19 techniques technique NOUN bracis-33589 230 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 230 21 commonly commonly ADV bracis-33589 230 22 used use VERB bracis-33589 230 23 for for ADP bracis-33589 230 24 classifying classify VERB bracis-33589 230 25 moving move VERB bracis-33589 230 26 entities entity NOUN bracis-33589 230 27 such such ADJ bracis-33589 230 28 as as ADP bracis-33589 230 29 humans human NOUN bracis-33589 230 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 230 31 animals animal NOUN bracis-33589 230 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 230 33 weather weather NOUN bracis-33589 230 34 phenomena phenomenon NOUN bracis-33589 230 35 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 230 36 among among ADP bracis-33589 230 37 others other NOUN bracis-33589 230 38 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 231 1 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 231 2 - - ADJ bracis-33589 231 3 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 231 4 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 231 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 231 6 based base VERB bracis-33589 231 7 models model NOUN bracis-33589 231 8 have have AUX bracis-33589 231 9 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33589 231 10 comparable comparable ADJ bracis-33589 231 11 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 231 12 even even ADV bracis-33589 231 13 superior superior ADJ bracis-33589 231 14 results result NOUN bracis-33589 231 15 to to ADP bracis-33589 231 16 conventional conventional ADJ bracis-33589 231 17 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 231 18 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 231 19 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 231 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 231 21 both both PRON bracis-33589 231 22 in in ADP bracis-33589 231 23 their their PRON bracis-33589 231 24 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 231 25 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 231 26 based base VERB bracis-33589 231 27 variant variant NOUN bracis-33589 231 28 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 231 29 in in ADP bracis-33589 231 30 combination combination NOUN bracis-33589 231 31 with with ADP bracis-33589 231 32 content content NOUN bracis-33589 231 33 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 231 34 based base VERB bracis-33589 231 35 models model NOUN bracis-33589 231 36 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 232 1 the the DET bracis-33589 232 2 hybridization hybridization NOUN bracis-33589 232 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 232 4 both both DET bracis-33589 232 5 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 232 6 has have AUX bracis-33589 232 7 shown show VERB bracis-33589 232 8 a a DET bracis-33589 232 9 significant significant ADJ bracis-33589 232 10 improvement improvement NOUN bracis-33589 232 11 in in ADP bracis-33589 232 12 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 232 13 capability capability NOUN bracis-33589 232 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 233 1 this this DET bracis-33589 233 2 research research NOUN bracis-33589 233 3 opens open VERB bracis-33589 233 4 a a DET bracis-33589 233 5 new new ADJ bracis-33589 233 6 horizon horizon NOUN bracis-33589 233 7 in in ADP bracis-33589 233 8 the the DET bracis-33589 233 9 fight fight NOUN bracis-33589 233 10 against against ADP bracis-33589 233 11 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 233 12 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 234 1 the the DET bracis-33589 234 2 application application NOUN bracis-33589 234 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 234 4 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 234 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 234 6 based base VERB bracis-33589 234 7 models model NOUN bracis-33589 234 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 234 9 particularly particularly ADV bracis-33589 234 10 those those PRON bracis-33589 234 11 based base VERB bracis-33589 234 12 on on ADP bracis-33589 234 13 movelets movelet NOUN bracis-33589 234 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 234 15 promises promise VERB bracis-33589 234 16 greater great ADJ bracis-33589 234 17 interpretability interpretability NOUN bracis-33589 234 18 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 234 19 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33589 234 20 in in ADP bracis-33589 234 21 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 234 22 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 234 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 235 1 references reference NOUN bracis-33589 235 2 cabral cabral PROPN bracis-33589 235 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 235 4 l. l. PROPN bracis-33589 235 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 235 6 monteiro monteiro PROPN bracis-33589 235 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 235 8 j.m j.m PROPN bracis-33589 235 9 . . PROPN bracis-33589 235 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 235 11 da da PROPN bracis-33589 235 12     SPACE bracis-33589 235 13 silva silva NOUN bracis-33589 235 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 235 15 j.w.f j.w.f PROPN bracis-33589 235 16 . . PROPN bracis-33589 235 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 235 18 mattos mattos PROPN bracis-33589 235 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 235 20 c.l.c c.l.c NOUN bracis-33589 235 21 . . PROPN bracis-33589 235 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 235 23 mourao mourao PROPN bracis-33589 235 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 235 25 p.j.c p.j.c NOUN bracis-33589 235 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 235 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 236 1 fakewhastapp fakewhastapp PROPN bracis-33589 236 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 237 1 br br NOUN bracis-33589 237 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 237 3 nlp nlp NOUN bracis-33589 237 4 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 237 5 machine machine NOUN bracis-33589 237 6 learning learn VERB bracis-33589 237 7 techniques technique NOUN bracis-33589 237 8 for for ADP bracis-33589 237 9 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 237 10 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 237 11 in in ADP bracis-33589 237 12 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33589 237 13 portuguese portuguese ADJ bracis-33589 237 14 whatsapp whatsapp NOUN bracis-33589 237 15 messages message NOUN bracis-33589 237 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 238 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 238 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 238 3 iceis iceis NOUN bracis-33589 238 4 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 238 5 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 238 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 238 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 238 8 pp pp ADP bracis-33589 238 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 239 1 63–74 63–74 NUM bracis-33589 239 2 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 239 3 2021 2021 NUM bracis-33589 239 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 239 5 google google NOUN bracis-33589 239 6 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 239 7     SPACE bracis-33589 239 8 ceylan ceylan NOUN bracis-33589 239 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 239 10 g. g. PROPN bracis-33589 239 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 239 12 anderson anderson PROPN bracis-33589 239 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 239 14 i.a i.a PROPN bracis-33589 239 15 . . PROPN bracis-33589 239 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 239 17 wood wood PROPN bracis-33589 239 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 239 19 w. w. NOUN bracis-33589 239 20 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 239 21 sharing share VERB bracis-33589 239 22 of of ADP bracis-33589 239 23 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 239 24 is be AUX bracis-33589 239 25 habitual habitual ADJ bracis-33589 239 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 239 27 not not PART bracis-33589 239 28 just just ADV bracis-33589 239 29 lazy lazy ADJ bracis-33589 239 30 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 239 31 biased biased ADJ bracis-33589 239 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 240 1 proc proc NOUN bracis-33589 240 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 241 1 natl natl PROPN bracis-33589 241 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 242 1 acad acad PROPN bracis-33589 242 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 243 1 sci sci PROPN bracis-33589 243 2 . . PROPN bracis-33589 243 3 120(4 120(4 NUM bracis-33589 243 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 243 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 243 6 e2216614120 e2216614120 X bracis-33589 243 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 243 8 2023 2023 NUM bracis-33589 243 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 243 10 article article NOUN bracis-33589 243 11     SPACE bracis-33589 243 12 math math NOUN bracis-33589 243 13     SPACE bracis-33589 243 14 google google PROPN bracis-33589 243 15 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 243 16     SPACE bracis-33589 243 17 choi choi NOUN bracis-33589 243 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 243 19 d. d. PROPN bracis-33589 243 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 243 21 chun chun PROPN bracis-33589 243 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 243 23 s. s. PROPN bracis-33589 243 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 243 25 oh oh INTJ bracis-33589 243 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 243 27 h. h. PROPN bracis-33589 243 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 243 29 han han PROPN bracis-33589 243 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 243 31 j. j. PROPN bracis-33589 243 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 243 33 kwon kwon PROPN bracis-33589 243 34 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 243 35 t.t t.t PROPN bracis-33589 243 36 . . PROPN bracis-33589 243 37 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 244 1 rumor rumor NOUN bracis-33589 244 2 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 244 3 is be AUX bracis-33589 244 4 amplified amplify VERB bracis-33589 244 5 by by ADP bracis-33589 244 6 echo echo NOUN bracis-33589 244 7 chambers chamber NOUN bracis-33589 244 8 in in ADP bracis-33589 244 9 social social ADJ bracis-33589 244 10 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 244 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 245 1 sci sci PROPN bracis-33589 245 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 245 3 rep rep PROPN bracis-33589 245 4 . . PROPN bracis-33589 245 5 10(1 10(1 NUM bracis-33589 245 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 245 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 245 8 310 310 NUM bracis-33589 245 9 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 245 10 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 245 11 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 245 12 article article NOUN bracis-33589 245 13     SPACE bracis-33589 245 14 google google PROPN bracis-33589 245 15 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 245 16     SPACE bracis-33589 245 17 del del PROPN bracis-33589 245 18 vicario vicario PROPN bracis-33589 245 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 245 20 m. m. NOUN bracis-33589 245 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 245 22 et et PROPN bracis-33589 245 23 al al PROPN bracis-33589 245 24 . . PROPN bracis-33589 245 25 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 246 1 the the DET bracis-33589 246 2 spreading spreading NOUN bracis-33589 246 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 246 4 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 246 5 online online ADV bracis-33589 246 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 247 1 proc proc PROPN bracis-33589 247 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 248 1 natl natl PROPN bracis-33589 248 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 249 1 acad acad PROPN bracis-33589 249 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 250 1 sci sci PROPN bracis-33589 250 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 250 3 113(3 113(3 NUM bracis-33589 250 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 250 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 250 6 554–559 554–559 NUM bracis-33589 250 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 250 8 2016 2016 NUM bracis-33589 250 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 250 10 article article NOUN bracis-33589 250 11     SPACE bracis-33589 250 12 math math NOUN bracis-33589 250 13     SPACE bracis-33589 250 14 google google PROPN bracis-33589 250 15 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 250 16     SPACE bracis-33589 250 17 ducci ducci PROPN bracis-33589 250 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 250 19 f. f. PROPN bracis-33589 250 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 250 21 kraus kraus PROPN bracis-33589 250 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 250 23 m. m. NOUN bracis-33589 250 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 250 25 feuerriegel feuerriegel NOUN bracis-33589 250 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 250 27 s. s. PROPN bracis-33589 250 28 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 250 29 cascade cascade NOUN bracis-33589 250 30 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 250 31 lstm lstm NOUN bracis-33589 250 32 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 250 33 a a DET bracis-33589 250 34 tree tree NOUN bracis-33589 250 35 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 250 36 structured structure VERB bracis-33589 250 37 neural neural ADJ bracis-33589 250 38 classifier classifier NOUN bracis-33589 250 39 for for ADP bracis-33589 250 40 detecting detect VERB bracis-33589 250 41 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 250 42 cascades cascade NOUN bracis-33589 250 43 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 251 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 251 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 251 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33589 251 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 251 5 the the DET bracis-33589 251 6 26th 26th ADJ bracis-33589 251 7 acm acm NOUN bracis-33589 251 8 sigkdd sigkdd NOUN bracis-33589 251 9 international international ADJ bracis-33589 251 10 conference conference NOUN bracis-33589 251 11 on on ADP bracis-33589 251 12 knowledge knowledge PROPN bracis-33589 251 13 discovery discovery PROPN bracis-33589 251 14 & & CCONJ bracis-33589 251 15 data data PROPN bracis-33589 251 16 mining mining NOUN bracis-33589 251 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 251 18 pp pp ADJ bracis-33589 251 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 252 1 2666–2676 2666–2676 NUM bracis-33589 252 2 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 252 3 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 252 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 252 5 google google PROPN bracis-33589 252 6 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 252 7     SPACE bracis-33589 252 8 ferrero ferrero PROPN bracis-33589 252 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 252 10 c.a c.a PROPN bracis-33589 252 11 . . PROPN bracis-33589 252 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 252 13 alvares alvares PROPN bracis-33589 252 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 252 15 l.o l.o PROPN bracis-33589 252 16 . . PROPN bracis-33589 252 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 252 18 zalewski zalewski NOUN bracis-33589 252 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 252 20 w. w. PROPN bracis-33589 252 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 252 22 bogorny bogorny ADJ bracis-33589 252 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 252 24 v. v. NOUN bracis-33589 252 25 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 252 26 movelets movelet NOUN bracis-33589 252 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 252 28 exploring explore VERB bracis-33589 252 29 relevant relevant ADJ bracis-33589 252 30 subtrajectories subtrajectorie NOUN bracis-33589 252 31 for for ADP bracis-33589 252 32 robust robust ADJ bracis-33589 252 33 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 252 34 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 252 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 253 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 253 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 253 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33589 253 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 253 5 the the DET bracis-33589 253 6 33rd 33rd ADJ bracis-33589 253 7 annual annual ADJ bracis-33589 253 8 acm acm NOUN bracis-33589 253 9 symposium symposium NOUN bracis-33589 253 10 on on ADP bracis-33589 253 11 applied apply VERB bracis-33589 253 12 computing computing NOUN bracis-33589 253 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 253 14 pp pp ADJ bracis-33589 253 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 254 1 849–856 849–856 NUM bracis-33589 254 2 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 254 3 2018 2018 NUM bracis-33589 254 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 254 5 google google PROPN bracis-33589 254 6 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 254 7     SPACE bracis-33589 254 8 ferrero ferrero PROPN bracis-33589 254 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 254 10 c.a c.a PROPN bracis-33589 254 11 . . PROPN bracis-33589 254 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 254 13 petry petry PROPN bracis-33589 254 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 254 15 l.m l.m PROPN bracis-33589 254 16 . . PROPN bracis-33589 254 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 254 18 alvares alvares PROPN bracis-33589 254 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 254 20 l.o l.o PROPN bracis-33589 254 21 . . PROPN bracis-33589 254 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 254 23 da da PROPN bracis-33589 254 24 silva silva PROPN bracis-33589 254 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 254 26 c.l c.l PROPN bracis-33589 254 27 . . PROPN bracis-33589 254 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 254 29 zalewski zalewski NOUN bracis-33589 254 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 254 31 w. w. PROPN bracis-33589 254 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 254 33 bogorny bogorny ADJ bracis-33589 254 34 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 254 35 v. v. NOUN bracis-33589 254 36 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 254 37 mastermovelets mastermovelet NOUN bracis-33589 254 38 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 254 39 discovering discover VERB bracis-33589 254 40 heterogeneous heterogeneous ADJ bracis-33589 254 41 movelets movelet NOUN bracis-33589 254 42 for for ADP bracis-33589 254 43 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 254 44 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 254 45 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 254 46 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 254 47 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 255 1 data data PROPN bracis-33589 255 2 min min PROPN bracis-33589 255 3 . . PROPN bracis-33589 255 4 knowl knowl PROPN bracis-33589 255 5 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 256 1 disc disc PROPN bracis-33589 256 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 257 1 34(3 34(3 NUM bracis-33589 257 2 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 257 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 4 652–680 652–680 NUM bracis-33589 257 5 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 257 6 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 257 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 257 8 article article NOUN bracis-33589 257 9     SPACE bracis-33589 257 10 mathscinet mathscinet NOUN bracis-33589 257 11     SPACE bracis-33589 257 12 math math NOUN bracis-33589 257 13     SPACE bracis-33589 257 14 google google PROPN bracis-33589 257 15 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 257 16     SPACE bracis-33589 257 17 gao gao PROPN bracis-33589 257 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 19 q. q. PROPN bracis-33589 257 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 21 zhou zhou PROPN bracis-33589 257 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 23 f. f. PROPN bracis-33589 257 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 25 zhang zhang PROPN bracis-33589 257 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 27 k. k. PROPN bracis-33589 257 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 29 trajcevski trajcevski NOUN bracis-33589 257 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 31 g. g. PROPN bracis-33589 257 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 33 luo luo PROPN bracis-33589 257 34 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 35 x. x. PROPN bracis-33589 257 36 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 37 zhang zhang PROPN bracis-33589 257 38 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 257 39 f. f. PROPN bracis-33589 257 40 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 257 41 identifying identify VERB bracis-33589 257 42 human human ADJ bracis-33589 257 43 mobility mobility NOUN bracis-33589 257 44 via via ADP bracis-33589 257 45 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 257 46 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33589 257 47 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 258 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 258 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 258 3 ijcai ijcai NOUN bracis-33589 258 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 258 5 vol vol NOUN bracis-33589 258 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 258 7     SPACE bracis-33589 258 8 17 17 NUM bracis-33589 258 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 258 10 pp pp ADJ bracis-33589 258 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 259 1 1689–1695 1689–1695 NUM bracis-33589 259 2 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 259 3 2017 2017 NUM bracis-33589 259 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 259 5 google google PROPN bracis-33589 259 6 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 259 7     SPACE bracis-33589 259 8 guo guo PROPN bracis-33589 259 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 259 10 b. b. PROPN bracis-33589 259 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 259 12 ding ding NOUN bracis-33589 259 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 259 14 y. y. PROPN bracis-33589 259 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 259 16 yao yao PROPN bracis-33589 259 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 259 18 l. l. PROPN bracis-33589 259 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 259 20 liang liang PROPN bracis-33589 259 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 259 22 y. y. PROPN bracis-33589 259 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 259 24 yu yu PROPN bracis-33589 259 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 259 26 z. z. PROPN bracis-33589 259 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 259 28 the the DET bracis-33589 259 29 future future NOUN bracis-33589 259 30 of of ADP bracis-33589 259 31 false false ADJ bracis-33589 259 32 information information NOUN bracis-33589 259 33 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 259 34 on on ADP bracis-33589 259 35 social social ADJ bracis-33589 259 36 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 259 37 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 259 38 new new ADJ bracis-33589 259 39 perspectives perspective NOUN bracis-33589 259 40 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 259 41 trends trend NOUN bracis-33589 259 42 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 260 1 acm acm PROPN bracis-33589 260 2 comput comput NOUN bracis-33589 260 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 261 1 surv surv NOUN bracis-33589 261 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 262 1 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 262 2 csur csur PROPN bracis-33589 262 3 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 262 4 53(4 53(4 NOUN bracis-33589 262 5 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 262 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 262 7 1–36 1–36 PROPN bracis-33589 262 8 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 262 9 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 262 10 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 262 11 math math NOUN bracis-33589 262 12     SPACE bracis-33589 262 13 google google PROPN bracis-33589 262 14 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 262 15     SPACE bracis-33589 262 16 han han PROPN bracis-33589 262 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 262 18 y. y. PROPN bracis-33589 262 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 262 20 karunasekera karunasekera PROPN bracis-33589 262 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 262 22 s. s. PROPN bracis-33589 262 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 262 24 leckie leckie PROPN bracis-33589 262 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 262 26 c. c. PROPN bracis-33589 262 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 262 28 graph graph NOUN bracis-33589 262 29 neural neural ADJ bracis-33589 262 30 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 262 31 with with ADP bracis-33589 262 32 continual continual ADJ bracis-33589 262 33 learning learning NOUN bracis-33589 262 34 for for ADP bracis-33589 262 35 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 262 36 news news NOUN bracis-33589 262 37 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 262 38 from from ADP bracis-33589 262 39 social social ADJ bracis-33589 262 40 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 262 41 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 263 1 arxiv arxiv PROPN bracis-33589 263 2 preprint preprint VERB bracis-33589 263 3 arxiv:2007.03316 arxiv:2007.03316 NUM bracis-33589 263 4 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 263 5 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 263 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 264 1 hoy hoy PROPN bracis-33589 264 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 264 3 n. n. PROPN bracis-33589 264 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 264 5 koulouri koulouri PROPN bracis-33589 264 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 264 7 t. t. PROPN bracis-33589 264 8 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 264 9 a a DET bracis-33589 264 10 systematic systematic ADJ bracis-33589 264 11 review review NOUN bracis-33589 264 12 on on ADP bracis-33589 264 13 the the DET bracis-33589 264 14 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 264 15 of of ADP bracis-33589 264 16 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 264 17 news news NOUN bracis-33589 264 18 articles article NOUN bracis-33589 264 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 265 1 arxiv arxiv PROPN bracis-33589 265 2 preprint preprint VERB bracis-33589 265 3 arxiv:2110.11240 arxiv:2110.11240 NOUN bracis-33589 265 4 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 265 5 2021 2021 NUM bracis-33589 265 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 266 1 islam islam PROPN bracis-33589 266 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 266 3 m.r m.r PROPN bracis-33589 266 4 . . PROPN bracis-33589 266 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 266 6 liu liu PROPN bracis-33589 266 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 266 8 s. s. PROPN bracis-33589 266 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 266 10 wang wang PROPN bracis-33589 266 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 266 12 x. x. PROPN bracis-33589 266 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 266 14 xu xu PROPN bracis-33589 266 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 266 16 g. g. PROPN bracis-33589 266 17 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 266 18 deep deep ADJ bracis-33589 266 19 learning learn VERB bracis-33589 266 20 for for ADP bracis-33589 266 21 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 266 22 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 266 23 on on ADP bracis-33589 266 24 online online ADJ bracis-33589 266 25 social social ADJ bracis-33589 266 26 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 266 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 266 28 a a DET bracis-33589 266 29 survey survey NOUN bracis-33589 266 30 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 266 31 new new ADJ bracis-33589 266 32 perspectives perspective NOUN bracis-33589 266 33 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 267 1 soc soc NOUN bracis-33589 267 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 268 1 netw netw NOUN bracis-33589 268 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 269 1 anal anal PROPN bracis-33589 269 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 270 1 min min PROPN bracis-33589 270 2 . . PROPN bracis-33589 270 3 10(1 10(1 NUM bracis-33589 270 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 270 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 270 6 1–20 1–20 PROPN bracis-33589 270 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 270 8 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 270 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 270 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 271 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-020-00696-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-020-00696-x PROPN bracis-33589 271 2 article article NOUN bracis-33589 271 3     SPACE bracis-33589 271 4 math math NOUN bracis-33589 271 5     SPACE bracis-33589 271 6 google google PROPN bracis-33589 271 7 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 271 8     SPACE bracis-33589 271 9 kondamudi kondamudi PROPN bracis-33589 271 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 271 11 m.r m.r PROPN bracis-33589 271 12 . . PROPN bracis-33589 271 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 271 14 sahoo sahoo PROPN bracis-33589 271 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 271 16 s.r s.r PROPN bracis-33589 271 17 . . PROPN bracis-33589 271 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 271 19 chouhan chouhan PROPN bracis-33589 271 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 271 21 l. l. PROPN bracis-33589 271 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 271 23 yadav yadav PROPN bracis-33589 271 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 271 25 n. n. NOUN bracis-33589 271 26 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 271 27 a a DET bracis-33589 271 28 comprehensive comprehensive ADJ bracis-33589 271 29 survey survey NOUN bracis-33589 271 30 of of ADP bracis-33589 271 31 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 271 32 news news NOUN bracis-33589 271 33 in in ADP bracis-33589 271 34 social social ADJ bracis-33589 271 35 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 271 36 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 271 37 attributes attribute NOUN bracis-33589 271 38 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 271 39 features feature NOUN bracis-33589 271 40 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 271 41 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 271 42 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 271 43 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33589 271 44 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 272 1 j. j. PROPN bracis-33589 272 2 king king PROPN bracis-33589 272 3 saud saud PROPN bracis-33589 272 4 univ.-comput univ.-comput PROPN bracis-33589 272 5 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 272 6 inf inf PROPN bracis-33589 272 7 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 273 1 sci sci PROPN bracis-33589 273 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 273 3 35(6 35(6 NUM bracis-33589 273 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 273 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 273 6 101571 101571 NUM bracis-33589 273 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 273 8 2023 2023 NUM bracis-33589 273 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 273 10 math math NOUN bracis-33589 273 11     SPACE bracis-33589 273 12 google google PROPN bracis-33589 273 13 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 273 14     SPACE bracis-33589 273 15 kumar kumar PROPN bracis-33589 273 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 273 17 s. s. PROPN bracis-33589 273 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 273 19 shah shah NOUN bracis-33589 273 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 273 21 n. n. NOUN bracis-33589 273 22 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 273 23 false false ADJ bracis-33589 273 24 information information NOUN bracis-33589 273 25 on on ADP bracis-33589 273 26 web web NOUN bracis-33589 273 27 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 273 28 social social ADJ bracis-33589 273 29 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 273 30 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 273 31 a a DET bracis-33589 273 32 survey survey NOUN bracis-33589 273 33 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 274 1 arxiv arxiv PROPN bracis-33589 274 2 preprint preprint NOUN bracis-33589 274 3 arxiv:1804.08559 arxiv:1804.08559 NOUN bracis-33589 274 4 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 274 5 2018 2018 NUM bracis-33589 274 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 275 1 liu liu PROPN bracis-33589 275 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 275 3 y. y. PROPN bracis-33589 275 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 275 5 wu wu PROPN bracis-33589 275 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 275 7 y.f y.f PROPN bracis-33589 275 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 275 9 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 276 1 early early ADJ bracis-33589 276 2 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 276 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 276 4 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 276 5 news news NOUN bracis-33589 276 6 on on ADP bracis-33589 276 7 social social ADJ bracis-33589 276 8 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 276 9 through through ADP bracis-33589 276 10 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 276 11 path path NOUN bracis-33589 276 12 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 276 13 with with ADP bracis-33589 276 14 recurrent recurrent ADJ bracis-33589 276 15 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 276 16 convolutional convolutional ADJ bracis-33589 276 17 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 276 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 277 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 277 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 277 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33589 277 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 277 5 the the DET bracis-33589 277 6 aaai aaai PROPN bracis-33589 277 7 conference conference NOUN bracis-33589 277 8 on on ADP bracis-33589 277 9 artificial artificial ADJ bracis-33589 277 10 intelligence intelligence NOUN bracis-33589 277 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 277 12 vol vol NOUN bracis-33589 277 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 277 14     SPACE bracis-33589 277 15 32 32 NUM bracis-33589 277 16 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 277 17 2018 2018 NUM bracis-33589 277 18 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 277 19 google google PROPN bracis-33589 277 20 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 277 21     SPACE bracis-33589 277 22 ma ma PROPN bracis-33589 277 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 277 24 j. j. PROPN bracis-33589 277 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 277 26 gao gao PROPN bracis-33589 277 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 277 28 w. w. PROPN bracis-33589 277 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 277 30 wong wong PROPN bracis-33589 277 31 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 277 32 k.f k.f PROPN bracis-33589 277 33 . . PROPN bracis-33589 277 34 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 278 1 rumor rumor NOUN bracis-33589 278 2 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 278 3 on on ADP bracis-33589 278 4 twitter twitter NOUN bracis-33589 278 5 with with ADP bracis-33589 278 6 tree tree NOUN bracis-33589 278 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 278 8 structured structure VERB bracis-33589 278 9 recursive recursive ADJ bracis-33589 278 10 neural neural ADJ bracis-33589 278 11 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 278 12 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 279 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 279 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 279 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33589 279 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 279 5 the the DET bracis-33589 279 6 56th 56th ADJ bracis-33589 279 7 annual annual ADJ bracis-33589 279 8 meeting meeting NOUN bracis-33589 279 9 of of ADP bracis-33589 279 10 the the DET bracis-33589 279 11 association association NOUN bracis-33589 279 12 for for ADP bracis-33589 279 13 computational computational ADJ bracis-33589 279 14 linguistics linguistic NOUN bracis-33589 279 15 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 279 16 volume volume NOUN bracis-33589 279 17 1 1 NUM bracis-33589 279 18 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 279 19 long long ADJ bracis-33589 279 20 papers paper NOUN bracis-33589 279 21 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 279 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 279 23 pp pp ADP bracis-33589 279 24 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 280 1 1980–1989 1980–1989 NUM bracis-33589 280 2 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 280 3 2018 2018 NUM bracis-33589 280 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 280 5 google google PROPN bracis-33589 280 6 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 280 7     SPACE bracis-33589 280 8 may may AUX bracis-33589 280 9     SPACE bracis-33589 280 10 petry petry PROPN bracis-33589 280 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 280 12 l. l. PROPN bracis-33589 280 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 280 14 leite leite PROPN bracis-33589 280 15 da da PROPN bracis-33589 280 16     SPACE bracis-33589 280 17 silva silva PROPN bracis-33589 280 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 280 19 c. c. PROPN bracis-33589 280 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 280 21 esuli esuli PROPN bracis-33589 280 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 280 23 a. a. PROPN bracis-33589 280 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 280 25 renso renso PROPN bracis-33589 280 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 280 27 c. c. NOUN bracis-33589 280 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 280 29 bogorny bogorny ADJ bracis-33589 280 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 280 31 v. v. NOUN bracis-33589 280 32 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 280 33 marc marc PROPN bracis-33589 280 34 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 280 35 a a DET bracis-33589 280 36 robust robust ADJ bracis-33589 280 37 method method NOUN bracis-33589 280 38 for for ADP bracis-33589 280 39 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 280 40 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 280 41 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 280 42 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 280 43 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 280 44 via via ADP bracis-33589 280 45 space space NOUN bracis-33589 280 46 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 280 47 time time NOUN bracis-33589 280 48 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 280 49 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 280 50 semantic semantic ADJ bracis-33589 280 51 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33589 280 52 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 281 1 int int NOUN bracis-33589 281 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 282 1 j. j. PROPN bracis-33589 282 2 geogr geogr PROPN bracis-33589 282 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 282 4 inf inf PROPN bracis-33589 282 5 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 283 1 sci sci PROPN bracis-33589 283 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 283 3 34(7 34(7 NUM bracis-33589 283 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 283 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 283 6 1428–1450 1428–1450 NUM bracis-33589 283 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 283 8 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 283 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 283 10 google google PROPN bracis-33589 283 11 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 283 12     SPACE bracis-33589 283 13 mello mello PROPN bracis-33589 283 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 283 15 r.d.s r.d.s PROPN bracis-33589 283 16 . . PROPN bracis-33589 283 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 283 18 et et PROPN bracis-33589 283 19 al al PROPN bracis-33589 283 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 283 21 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 284 1 master master NOUN bracis-33589 284 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 284 3 a a DET bracis-33589 284 4 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 284 5 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 284 6 view view NOUN bracis-33589 284 7 on on ADP bracis-33589 284 8 trajectories trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 284 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 285 1 trans trans PROPN bracis-33589 285 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 286 1 gis gis PROPN bracis-33589 286 2 23(4 23(4 NOUN bracis-33589 286 3 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 286 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 286 5 805–822 805–822 NUM bracis-33589 286 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 286 7 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33589 286 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 286 9 google google NOUN bracis-33589 286 10 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 286 11     SPACE bracis-33589 286 12 michail michail NOUN bracis-33589 286 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 286 14 d. d. PROPN bracis-33589 286 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 286 16 kanakaris kanakaris PROPN bracis-33589 286 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 286 18 n. n. NOUN bracis-33589 286 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 286 20 varlamis varlamis PROPN bracis-33589 286 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 286 22 i. i. NOUN bracis-33589 286 23 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 286 24 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 286 25 of of ADP bracis-33589 286 26 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 286 27 news news NOUN bracis-33589 286 28 campaigns campaign NOUN bracis-33589 286 29 using use VERB bracis-33589 286 30 graph graph NOUN bracis-33589 286 31 convolutional convolutional ADJ bracis-33589 286 32 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 286 33 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 287 1 int int NOUN bracis-33589 287 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 288 1 j. j. PROPN bracis-33589 288 2 inf inf PROPN bracis-33589 288 3 . . PROPN bracis-33589 288 4 manag manag PROPN bracis-33589 288 5 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 289 1 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 289 2 insights insight NOUN bracis-33589 289 3 2(2 2(2 NUM bracis-33589 289 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 289 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 289 6 100104 100104 NUM bracis-33589 289 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 289 8 2022 2022 NUM bracis-33589 289 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 289 10 google google PROPN bracis-33589 289 11 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 289 12     SPACE bracis-33589 289 13 monti monti PROPN bracis-33589 289 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 289 15 f. f. PROPN bracis-33589 289 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 289 17 frasca frasca PROPN bracis-33589 289 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 289 19 f. f. PROPN bracis-33589 289 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 289 21 eynard eynard ADJ bracis-33589 289 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 289 23 d. d. PROPN bracis-33589 289 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 289 25 mannion mannion PROPN bracis-33589 289 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 289 27 d. d. PROPN bracis-33589 289 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 289 29 bronstein bronstein PROPN bracis-33589 289 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 289 31 m.m m.m PROPN bracis-33589 289 32 . . PROPN bracis-33589 289 33 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 290 1 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 290 2 news news NOUN bracis-33589 290 3 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 290 4 on on ADP bracis-33589 290 5 social social ADJ bracis-33589 290 6 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 290 7 using use VERB bracis-33589 290 8 geometric geometric ADJ bracis-33589 290 9 deep deep ADJ bracis-33589 290 10 learning learning NOUN bracis-33589 290 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 291 1 arxiv arxiv PROPN bracis-33589 291 2 preprint preprint VERB bracis-33589 291 3 arxiv:1902.06673 arxiv:1902.06673 PROPN bracis-33589 291 4 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 291 5 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33589 291 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 291 7 newsguard newsguard ADJ bracis-33589 291 8 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 291 9 the the DET bracis-33589 291 10 next next ADJ bracis-33589 291 11 great great ADJ bracis-33589 291 12 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 291 13 superspreader superspreader NOUN bracis-33589 291 14 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 291 15 how how SCONJ bracis-33589 291 16 chatgpt chatgpt NOUN bracis-33589 291 17 could could AUX bracis-33589 291 18 spread spread VERB bracis-33589 291 19 toxic toxic ADJ bracis-33589 291 20 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 291 21 at at ADP bracis-33589 291 22 unprecedented unprecedented ADJ bracis-33589 291 23 scale scale NOUN bracis-33589 291 24 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 291 25 2023 2023 NUM bracis-33589 291 26 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 291 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 292 1 https://www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/jan-2023/ https://www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/jan-2023/ PROPN bracis-33589 292 2 previti previti PROPN bracis-33589 292 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 292 4 m. m. NOUN bracis-33589 292 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 292 6 rodriguez rodriguez NOUN bracis-33589 292 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 292 8 fernandez fernandez PROPN bracis-33589 292 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 292 10 v. v. PROPN bracis-33589 292 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 292 12 camacho camacho PROPN bracis-33589 292 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 292 14 d. d. PROPN bracis-33589 292 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 292 16 carchiolo carchiolo PROPN bracis-33589 292 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 292 18 v. v. PROPN bracis-33589 292 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 292 20 malgeri malgeri ADJ bracis-33589 292 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 292 22 m. m. NOUN bracis-33589 292 23 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 292 24 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 292 25 news news NOUN bracis-33589 292 26 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 292 27 using use VERB bracis-33589 292 28 time time NOUN bracis-33589 292 29 series series NOUN bracis-33589 292 30 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 292 31 user user NOUN bracis-33589 292 32 features feature VERB bracis-33589 292 33 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 292 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 293 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 293 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 293 3 castillo castillo PROPN bracis-33589 293 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 293 5 p.a p.a PROPN bracis-33589 293 6 . . PROPN bracis-33589 293 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 293 8 jiménez jiménez PROPN bracis-33589 293 9 laredo laredo PROPN bracis-33589 293 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 293 11 j.l j.l PROPN bracis-33589 293 12 . . PROPN bracis-33589 293 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 293 14 fernández fernández PROPN bracis-33589 293 15 de de PROPN bracis-33589 293 16 vega vega PROPN bracis-33589 293 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 293 18 f. f. PROPN bracis-33589 293 19 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 293 20 eds eds PROPN bracis-33589 293 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 293 22 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 293 23 evoapplications evoapplication NOUN bracis-33589 293 24 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 293 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 294 1 lncs lncs PROPN bracis-33589 294 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 294 3 vol vol NOUN bracis-33589 294 4 . . PROPN bracis-33589 294 5 12104 12104 NUM bracis-33589 294 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 294 7 pp pp ADJ bracis-33589 294 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 295 1 339–353 339–353 NUM bracis-33589 295 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 295 3 springer springer NOUN bracis-33589 295 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 295 5 cham cham PROPN bracis-33589 295 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 295 7 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 295 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 295 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 296 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43722-0_22 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43722-0_22 PROPN bracis-33589 296 2 chapter chapter NOUN bracis-33589 296 3     SPACE bracis-33589 296 4 math math NOUN bracis-33589 296 5     SPACE bracis-33589 296 6 google google PROPN bracis-33589 296 7 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 296 8     SPACE bracis-33589 296 9 reuters reuters PROPN bracis-33589 296 10 institute institute NOUN bracis-33589 296 11 for for ADP bracis-33589 296 12 the the DET bracis-33589 296 13 study study NOUN bracis-33589 296 14 of of ADP bracis-33589 296 15 journalism journalism NOUN bracis-33589 296 16 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 296 17 digital digital ADJ bracis-33589 296 18 news news NOUN bracis-33589 296 19 report report NOUN bracis-33589 296 20 2023 2023 NUM bracis-33589 296 21 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 296 22 2023 2023 NUM bracis-33589 296 23 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 296 24 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 297 1 https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2023 https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2023 X bracis-33589 297 2 saikh saikh NOUN bracis-33589 297 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 297 4 t. t. PROPN bracis-33589 297 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 297 6 de de PROPN bracis-33589 297 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 297 8 a. a. NOUN bracis-33589 297 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 297 10 ekbal ekbal PROPN bracis-33589 297 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 297 12 a. a. NOUN bracis-33589 297 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 297 14 bhattacharyya bhattacharyya ADJ bracis-33589 297 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 297 16 p. p. NOUN bracis-33589 297 17 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 297 18 a a DET bracis-33589 297 19 deep deep ADJ bracis-33589 297 20 learning learning NOUN bracis-33589 297 21 approach approach NOUN bracis-33589 297 22 for for ADP bracis-33589 297 23 automatic automatic ADJ bracis-33589 297 24 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 297 25 of of ADP bracis-33589 297 26 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 297 27 news news NOUN bracis-33589 297 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 298 1 arxiv arxiv PROPN bracis-33589 298 2 preprint preprint PROPN bracis-33589 298 3 arxiv:2005.04938 arxiv:2005.04938 PROPN bracis-33589 298 4 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 298 5 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 298 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 298 7 shu shu PROPN bracis-33589 298 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 298 9 k. k. PROPN bracis-33589 298 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 298 11 bernard bernard PROPN bracis-33589 298 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 298 13 h.r h.r PROPN bracis-33589 298 14 . . PROPN bracis-33589 298 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 298 16 liu liu PROPN bracis-33589 298 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 298 18 h. h. PROPN bracis-33589 298 19 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 298 20 studying study VERB bracis-33589 298 21 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 298 22 news news NOUN bracis-33589 298 23 via via ADP bracis-33589 298 24 network network NOUN bracis-33589 298 25 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33589 298 26 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 298 27 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 298 28 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 298 29 mitigation mitigation NOUN bracis-33589 298 30 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 299 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 299 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 299 3 emerging emerge VERB bracis-33589 299 4 research research NOUN bracis-33589 299 5 challenges challenge NOUN bracis-33589 299 6 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 299 7 opportunities opportunity NOUN bracis-33589 299 8 in in ADP bracis-33589 299 9 computational computational ADJ bracis-33589 299 10 social social ADJ bracis-33589 299 11 network network NOUN bracis-33589 299 12 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33589 299 13 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 299 14 mining mining NOUN bracis-33589 299 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 299 16 pp pp ADP bracis-33589 299 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 300 1 43–65 43–65 NUM bracis-33589 300 2 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 300 3 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33589 300 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 300 5 google google PROPN bracis-33589 300 6 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 300 7     SPACE bracis-33589 300 8 shu shu PROPN bracis-33589 300 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 300 10 k. k. PROPN bracis-33589 300 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 300 12 mahudeswaran mahudeswaran PROPN bracis-33589 300 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 300 14 d. d. PROPN bracis-33589 300 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 300 16 wang wang PROPN bracis-33589 300 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 300 18 s. s. PROPN bracis-33589 300 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 300 20 liu liu PROPN bracis-33589 300 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 300 22 h. h. PROPN bracis-33589 300 23 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 300 24 hierarchical hierarchical ADJ bracis-33589 300 25 propagation propagation NOUN bracis-33589 300 26 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 300 27 for for ADP bracis-33589 300 28 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 300 29 news news NOUN bracis-33589 300 30 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 300 31 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 300 32 investigation investigation NOUN bracis-33589 300 33 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 300 34 exploitation exploitation NOUN bracis-33589 300 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 301 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 301 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 301 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33589 301 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 301 5 the the DET bracis-33589 301 6 international international ADJ bracis-33589 301 7 aaai aaai PROPN bracis-33589 301 8 conference conference PROPN bracis-33589 301 9 on on ADP bracis-33589 301 10 web web NOUN bracis-33589 301 11 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 301 12 social social ADJ bracis-33589 301 13 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 301 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 301 15 vol vol NOUN bracis-33589 301 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 301 17     SPACE bracis-33589 301 18 14 14 NUM bracis-33589 301 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 301 20 pp pp ADJ bracis-33589 301 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 302 1 626–637 626–637 NUM bracis-33589 302 2 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 302 3 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 302 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 302 5 google google PROPN bracis-33589 302 6 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 302 7     SPACE bracis-33589 302 8 shu shu PROPN bracis-33589 302 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 302 10 k. k. PROPN bracis-33589 302 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 302 12 wang wang PROPN bracis-33589 302 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 302 14 s. s. PROPN bracis-33589 302 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 302 16 liu liu PROPN bracis-33589 302 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 302 18 h. h. PROPN bracis-33589 302 19 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 302 20 beyond beyond ADP bracis-33589 302 21 news news NOUN bracis-33589 302 22 contents content NOUN bracis-33589 302 23 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 302 24 the the DET bracis-33589 302 25 role role NOUN bracis-33589 302 26 of of ADP bracis-33589 302 27 social social ADJ bracis-33589 302 28 context context NOUN bracis-33589 302 29 for for ADP bracis-33589 302 30 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 302 31 news news NOUN bracis-33589 302 32 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 302 33 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 303 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 303 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 303 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33589 303 4 of of ADP bracis-33589 303 5 the the DET bracis-33589 303 6 twelfth twelfth ADJ bracis-33589 303 7 acm acm PROPN bracis-33589 303 8 international international PROPN bracis-33589 303 9 conference conference NOUN bracis-33589 303 10 on on ADP bracis-33589 303 11 web web NOUN bracis-33589 303 12 search search NOUN bracis-33589 303 13 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 303 14 data datum NOUN bracis-33589 303 15 mining mining NOUN bracis-33589 303 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 303 17 pp pp ADP bracis-33589 303 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 304 1 312–320 312–320 NUM bracis-33589 304 2 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 304 3 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33589 304 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 304 5 google google NOUN bracis-33589 304 6 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 304 7     SPACE bracis-33589 304 8 da da PROPN bracis-33589 304 9     SPACE bracis-33589 304 10 silva silva PROPN bracis-33589 304 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 304 12 c.l c.l PROPN bracis-33589 304 13 . . PROPN bracis-33589 304 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 304 15 petry petry PROPN bracis-33589 304 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 304 17 l.m l.m PROPN bracis-33589 304 18 . . PROPN bracis-33589 304 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 304 20 bogorny bogorny ADJ bracis-33589 304 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 304 22 v. v. ADV bracis-33589 304 23 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 304 24 a a DET bracis-33589 304 25 survey survey NOUN bracis-33589 304 26 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 304 27 comparison comparison NOUN bracis-33589 304 28 of of ADP bracis-33589 304 29 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 304 30 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 304 31 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 304 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 305 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 305 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 305 3 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33589 305 4 8th 8th ADJ bracis-33589 305 5 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33589 305 6 conference conference NOUN bracis-33589 305 7 on on ADP bracis-33589 305 8 intelligent intelligent ADJ bracis-33589 305 9 systems system NOUN bracis-33589 305 10 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 305 11 bracis bracis NOUN bracis-33589 305 12 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 305 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 305 14 pp pp ADP bracis-33589 305 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 306 1 788–793 788–793 NUM bracis-33589 306 2 . . X bracis-33589 306 3 ieee ieee NOUN bracis-33589 306 4 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 306 5 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33589 306 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 306 7 google google NOUN bracis-33589 306 8 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 306 9     SPACE bracis-33589 306 10 song song NOUN bracis-33589 306 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 306 12 c. c. PROPN bracis-33589 306 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 306 14 shu shu PROPN bracis-33589 306 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 306 16 k. k. PROPN bracis-33589 306 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 306 18 wu wu PROPN bracis-33589 306 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 306 20 b. b. PROPN bracis-33589 306 21 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 306 22 temporally temporally ADV bracis-33589 306 23 evolving evolve VERB bracis-33589 306 24 graph graph NOUN bracis-33589 306 25 neural neural ADJ bracis-33589 306 26 network network NOUN bracis-33589 306 27 for for ADP bracis-33589 306 28 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 306 29 news news NOUN bracis-33589 306 30 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 306 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 307 1 inf inf PROPN bracis-33589 307 2 . . PROPN bracis-33589 307 3 process process NOUN bracis-33589 307 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 308 1 manag manag PROPN bracis-33589 308 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 309 1 58(6 58(6 NUM bracis-33589 309 2 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 309 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 309 4 102712 102712 NUM bracis-33589 309 5 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 309 6 2021 2021 NUM bracis-33589 309 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 309 8 article article NOUN bracis-33589 309 9     SPACE bracis-33589 309 10 math math NOUN bracis-33589 309 11     SPACE bracis-33589 309 12 google google PROPN bracis-33589 309 13 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 309 14     SPACE bracis-33589 309 15 statista statista NOUN bracis-33589 309 16 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 310 1 number number NOUN bracis-33589 310 2 of of ADP bracis-33589 310 3 social social ADJ bracis-33589 310 4 network network NOUN bracis-33589 310 5 users user NOUN bracis-33589 310 6 worldwide worldwide ADV bracis-33589 310 7 from from ADP bracis-33589 310 8 2017 2017 NUM bracis-33589 310 9 to to ADP bracis-33589 310 10 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33589 310 11 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 310 12 2021 2021 NUM bracis-33589 310 13 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 310 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 311 1 https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/ https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/ PROPN bracis-33589 311 2 tortelli tortelli PROPN bracis-33589 311 3 portela portela PROPN bracis-33589 311 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 311 5 t. t. PROPN bracis-33589 311 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 311 7 tyska tyska PROPN bracis-33589 311 8 carvalho carvalho PROPN bracis-33589 311 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 311 10 j. j. PROPN bracis-33589 311 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 311 12 bogorny bogorny ADJ bracis-33589 311 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 311 14 v. v. NOUN bracis-33589 311 15 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 311 16 hipermovelets hipermovelet NOUN bracis-33589 311 17 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 311 18 high high ADJ bracis-33589 311 19 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 311 20 performance performance NOUN bracis-33589 311 21 movelet movelet NOUN bracis-33589 311 22 extraction extraction NOUN bracis-33589 311 23 for for ADP bracis-33589 311 24 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 311 25 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 311 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 312 1 int int NOUN bracis-33589 312 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 313 1 j. j. PROPN bracis-33589 313 2 geogr geogr PROPN bracis-33589 313 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 313 4 inf inf PROPN bracis-33589 313 5 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 314 1 sci sci PROPN bracis-33589 314 2 . . PROPN bracis-33589 314 3 36(5 36(5 NUM bracis-33589 314 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 314 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 314 6 1012–1036 1012–1036 NUM bracis-33589 314 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 314 8 2022 2022 NUM bracis-33589 314 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 314 10 article article NOUN bracis-33589 314 11     SPACE bracis-33589 314 12 google google PROPN bracis-33589 314 13 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 314 14     SPACE bracis-33589 314 15 vosoughi vosoughi PROPN bracis-33589 314 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 314 17 s. s. PROPN bracis-33589 314 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 314 19 roy roy PROPN bracis-33589 314 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 314 21 d. d. PROPN bracis-33589 314 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 314 23 aral aral PROPN bracis-33589 314 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 314 25 s. s. PROPN bracis-33589 314 26 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 314 27 the the DET bracis-33589 314 28 spread spread NOUN bracis-33589 314 29 of of ADP bracis-33589 314 30 true true ADJ bracis-33589 314 31 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 314 32 false false ADJ bracis-33589 314 33 news news NOUN bracis-33589 314 34 online online NOUN bracis-33589 314 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 315 1 science science NOUN bracis-33589 315 2 359(6380 359(6380 NUM bracis-33589 315 3 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 315 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 315 5 1146–1151 1146–1151 NUM bracis-33589 315 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 315 7 2018 2018 NUM bracis-33589 315 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 315 9 google google PROPN bracis-33589 315 10 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 315 11     SPACE bracis-33589 315 12 wu wu PROPN bracis-33589 315 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 315 14 l. l. PROPN bracis-33589 315 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 315 16 morstatter morstatter PROPN bracis-33589 315 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 315 18 f. f. PROPN bracis-33589 315 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 315 20 carley carley PROPN bracis-33589 315 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 315 22 k.m k.m PROPN bracis-33589 315 23 . . PROPN bracis-33589 315 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 315 25 liu liu PROPN bracis-33589 315 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 315 27 h. h. PROPN bracis-33589 315 28 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 315 29 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 315 30 in in ADP bracis-33589 315 31 social social ADJ bracis-33589 315 32 media medium NOUN bracis-33589 315 33 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 315 34 definition definition NOUN bracis-33589 315 35 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 315 36 manipulation manipulation NOUN bracis-33589 315 37 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 315 38 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 315 39 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 315 40 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 316 1 acm acm PROPN bracis-33589 316 2 sigkdd sigkdd NOUN bracis-33589 316 3 explor explor PROPN bracis-33589 316 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 317 1 newsl newsl PROPN bracis-33589 317 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 318 1 21(2 21(2 NUM bracis-33589 318 2 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 318 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 318 4 80–90 80–90 NUM bracis-33589 318 5 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 318 6 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33589 318 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 318 8 article article NOUN bracis-33589 318 9     SPACE bracis-33589 318 10 math math NOUN bracis-33589 318 11     SPACE bracis-33589 318 12 google google PROPN bracis-33589 318 13 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 318 14     SPACE bracis-33589 318 15 zhang zhang PROPN bracis-33589 318 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 318 17 x. x. NOUN bracis-33589 318 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 318 19 ghorbani ghorbani NOUN bracis-33589 318 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 318 21 a.a a.a PROPN bracis-33589 318 22 . . PROPN bracis-33589 318 23 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 319 1 an an DET bracis-33589 319 2 overview overview NOUN bracis-33589 319 3 of of ADP bracis-33589 319 4 online online ADJ bracis-33589 319 5 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 319 6 news news NOUN bracis-33589 319 7 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 319 8 characterization characterization NOUN bracis-33589 319 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 319 10 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 319 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 319 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 319 13 discussion discussion NOUN bracis-33589 319 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 320 1 inf inf PROPN bracis-33589 320 2 . . PROPN bracis-33589 320 3 process process NOUN bracis-33589 320 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 321 1 manag manag PROPN bracis-33589 321 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 322 1 57(2 57(2 NUM bracis-33589 322 2 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 322 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 4 102025 102025 NUM bracis-33589 322 5 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 322 6 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 322 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 322 8 article article NOUN bracis-33589 322 9     SPACE bracis-33589 322 10 math math NOUN bracis-33589 322 11     SPACE bracis-33589 322 12 google google PROPN bracis-33589 322 13 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 322 14     SPACE bracis-33589 322 15 zhou zhou PROPN bracis-33589 322 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 17 f. f. PROPN bracis-33589 322 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 19 gao gao PROPN bracis-33589 322 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 21 q. q. PROPN bracis-33589 322 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 23 trajcevski trajcevski NOUN bracis-33589 322 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 25 g. g. PROPN bracis-33589 322 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 27 zhang zhang PROPN bracis-33589 322 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 29 k. k. PROPN bracis-33589 322 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 31 zhong zhong PROPN bracis-33589 322 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 33 t. t. PROPN bracis-33589 322 34 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 35 zhang zhang PROPN bracis-33589 322 36 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 322 37 f. f. PROPN bracis-33589 322 38 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 322 39 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 322 40 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 322 41 user user NOUN bracis-33589 322 42 linking link VERB bracis-33589 322 43 via via ADP bracis-33589 322 44 variational variational ADJ bracis-33589 322 45 autoencoder autoencoder NOUN bracis-33589 322 46 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 323 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 323 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 323 3 ijcai ijcai NOUN bracis-33589 323 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 323 5 pp pp X bracis-33589 323 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 323 7 3212–3218 3212–3218 NUM bracis-33589 323 8 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 323 9 2018 2018 NUM bracis-33589 323 10 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 323 11 google google PROPN bracis-33589 323 12 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 323 13     SPACE bracis-33589 323 14 zhou zhou PROPN bracis-33589 323 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 323 16 x. x. NOUN bracis-33589 323 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 323 18 zafarani zafarani PROPN bracis-33589 323 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 323 20 r. r. PROPN bracis-33589 323 21 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 323 22 a a DET bracis-33589 323 23 survey survey NOUN bracis-33589 323 24 of of ADP bracis-33589 323 25 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 323 26 news news NOUN bracis-33589 323 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 323 28 fundamental fundamental ADJ bracis-33589 323 29 theories theory NOUN bracis-33589 323 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 323 31 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 323 32 methods method NOUN bracis-33589 323 33 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 323 34 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 323 35 opportunities opportunity NOUN bracis-33589 323 36 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 323 37 acm acm PROPN bracis-33589 323 38 comput comput NOUN bracis-33589 323 39 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 324 1 surv surv NOUN bracis-33589 324 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 325 1 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 325 2 csur csur NOUN bracis-33589 325 3 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 325 4 53(5 53(5 PROPN bracis-33589 325 5 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 325 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 325 7 1–40 1–40 NUM bracis-33589 325 8 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 325 9 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33589 325 10 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 325 11 article article NOUN bracis-33589 325 12     SPACE bracis-33589 325 13 math math NOUN bracis-33589 325 14     SPACE bracis-33589 325 15 google google PROPN bracis-33589 325 16 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 325 17     SPACE bracis-33589 325 18 zhou zhou PROPN bracis-33589 325 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 325 20 z. z. PROPN bracis-33589 325 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 325 22 guan guan PROPN bracis-33589 325 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 325 24 h. h. PROPN bracis-33589 325 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 325 26 bhat bhat PROPN bracis-33589 325 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 325 28 m.m m.m PROPN bracis-33589 325 29 . . PROPN bracis-33589 325 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 325 31 hsu hsu PROPN bracis-33589 325 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 325 33 j. j. PROPN bracis-33589 325 34 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 325 35 fake fake ADJ bracis-33589 325 36 news news NOUN bracis-33589 325 37 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 325 38 via via ADP bracis-33589 325 39 nlp nlp NOUN bracis-33589 325 40 is be AUX bracis-33589 325 41 vulnerable vulnerable ADJ bracis-33589 325 42 to to ADP bracis-33589 325 43 adversarial adversarial ADJ bracis-33589 325 44 attacks attack NOUN bracis-33589 325 45 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 326 1 arxiv arxiv PROPN bracis-33589 326 2 preprint preprint NOUN bracis-33589 326 3 arxiv:1901.09657 arxiv:1901.09657 NOUN bracis-33589 326 4 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 326 5 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33589 326 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 326 7 download download NOUN bracis-33589 326 8 references reference NOUN bracis-33589 326 9 acknowledgements acknowledgement NOUN bracis-33589 326 10 this this DET bracis-33589 326 11 work work NOUN bracis-33589 326 12 has have AUX bracis-33589 326 13 been be AUX bracis-33589 326 14 partially partially ADV bracis-33589 326 15 supported support VERB bracis-33589 326 16 by by ADP bracis-33589 326 17 capes cape NOUN bracis-33589 326 18 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 326 19 finance finance NOUN bracis-33589 326 20 code code NOUN bracis-33589 326 21 001 001 NUM bracis-33589 326 22 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 326 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 327 1 we we PRON bracis-33589 327 2 also also ADV bracis-33589 327 3 thank thank VERB bracis-33589 327 4 the the DET bracis-33589 327 5 reviewers reviewer NOUN bracis-33589 327 6 who who PRON bracis-33589 327 7 contributed contribute VERB bracis-33589 327 8 to to ADP bracis-33589 327 9 the the DET bracis-33589 327 10 improvement improvement NOUN bracis-33589 327 11 of of ADP bracis-33589 327 12 this this DET bracis-33589 327 13 work work NOUN bracis-33589 327 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 328 1 the the DET bracis-33589 328 2 views view NOUN bracis-33589 328 3 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 328 4 opinions opinion NOUN bracis-33589 328 5 expressed express VERB bracis-33589 328 6 in in ADP bracis-33589 328 7 this this DET bracis-33589 328 8 paper paper NOUN bracis-33589 328 9 are be AUX bracis-33589 328 10 the the DET bracis-33589 328 11 sole sole ADJ bracis-33589 328 12 responsibility responsibility NOUN bracis-33589 328 13 of of ADP bracis-33589 328 14 the the DET bracis-33589 328 15 author author NOUN bracis-33589 328 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 329 1 author author NOUN bracis-33589 329 2 information information NOUN bracis-33589 329 3 authors author NOUN bracis-33589 329 4 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 329 5 affiliations affiliation NOUN bracis-33589 329 6 universidade universidade PROPN bracis-33589 329 7 federal federal PROPN bracis-33589 329 8 de de PROPN bracis-33589 329 9 santa santa PROPN bracis-33589 329 10 catarina catarina PROPN bracis-33589 329 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 329 12 476 476 NUM bracis-33589 329 13 88.040 88.040 NUM bracis-33589 329 14 - - SYM bracis-33589 329 15 900 900 NUM bracis-33589 329 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 329 17 florianopolis florianopoli NOUN bracis-33589 329 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 329 19 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33589 329 20 juan juan PROPN bracis-33589 329 21 pablo pablo PROPN bracis-33589 329 22 chavarro chavarro PROPN bracis-33589 329 23 sanchez sanchez PROPN bracis-33589 329 24     SPACE bracis-33589 329 25 & & CCONJ bracis-33589 329 26     SPACE bracis-33589 329 27 jônata jônata PROPN bracis-33589 329 28 tyska tyska PROPN bracis-33589 329 29 carvalho carvalho PROPN bracis-33589 329 30 instituto instituto PROPN bracis-33589 329 31 federal federal PROPN bracis-33589 329 32 do do AUX bracis-33589 329 33 paraná paraná PROPN bracis-33589 329 34 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 329 35 ifpr ifpr NOUN bracis-33589 329 36 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 329 37 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 329 38 curitiba curitiba PROPN bracis-33589 329 39 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 329 40 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33589 329 41 tarlis tarlis PROPN bracis-33589 329 42 tortelli tortelli PROPN bracis-33589 329 43 portela portela VERB bracis-33589 329 44 authors author NOUN bracis-33589 329 45 juan juan PROPN bracis-33589 329 46 pablo pablo PROPN bracis-33589 329 47 chavarro chavarro ADJ bracis-33589 329 48 sanchezview sanchezview NOUN bracis-33589 329 49 author author NOUN bracis-33589 329 50 publications publication NOUN bracis-33589 329 51 search search NOUN bracis-33589 329 52 author author NOUN bracis-33589 329 53 on on ADP bracis-33589 329 54 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 329 55 pubmed pubmed PROPN bracis-33589 329 56     SPACE bracis-33589 329 57 google google PROPN bracis-33589 329 58 scholar scholar PROPN bracis-33589 329 59 tarlis tarlis PROPN bracis-33589 329 60 tortelli tortelli PROPN bracis-33589 329 61 portelaview portelaview PROPN bracis-33589 329 62 author author NOUN bracis-33589 329 63 publications publication VERB bracis-33589 329 64 search search NOUN bracis-33589 329 65 author author NOUN bracis-33589 329 66 on on ADP bracis-33589 329 67 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 329 68 pubmed pubmed PROPN bracis-33589 329 69     SPACE bracis-33589 329 70 google google PROPN bracis-33589 329 71 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 329 72 jônata jônata NOUN bracis-33589 329 73 tyska tyska PROPN bracis-33589 329 74 carvalhoview carvalhoview NOUN bracis-33589 329 75 author author NOUN bracis-33589 329 76 publications publication NOUN bracis-33589 329 77 search search NOUN bracis-33589 329 78 author author NOUN bracis-33589 329 79 on on ADP bracis-33589 329 80 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 329 81 pubmed pubmed PROPN bracis-33589 329 82     SPACE bracis-33589 329 83 google google PROPN bracis-33589 329 84 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33589 329 85 corresponding correspond VERB bracis-33589 329 86 author author NOUN bracis-33589 329 87 correspondence correspondence NOUN bracis-33589 329 88 to to ADP bracis-33589 329 89 juan juan PROPN bracis-33589 329 90 pablo pablo PROPN bracis-33589 329 91 chavarro chavarro PROPN bracis-33589 329 92 sanchez sanchez PROPN bracis-33589 329 93 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 330 1 editor editor NOUN bracis-33589 330 2 information information NOUN bracis-33589 330 3 editors editor NOUN bracis-33589 330 4 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 330 5 affiliations affiliation NOUN bracis-33589 330 6 universidade universidade VERB bracis-33589 330 7 federal federal PROPN bracis-33589 330 8 fluminense fluminense PROPN bracis-33589 330 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 330 10 niterói niterói PROPN bracis-33589 330 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 330 12 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33589 330 13 aline aline PROPN bracis-33589 330 14 paes paes PROPN bracis-33589 330 15 instituto instituto PROPN bracis-33589 330 16 tecnológico tecnológico PROPN bracis-33589 330 17 de de PROPN bracis-33589 330 18 aeronáutica aeronáutica PROPN bracis-33589 330 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 330 20 são são PROPN bracis-33589 330 21 josé josé PROPN bracis-33589 330 22 dos dos PROPN bracis-33589 330 23 campos campos PROPN bracis-33589 330 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 330 25 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33589 330 26 filipe filipe PROPN bracis-33589 330 27 a. a. PROPN bracis-33589 330 28 n. n. PROPN bracis-33589 330 29 verri verri PROPN bracis-33589 330 30 rights right NOUN bracis-33589 330 31 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 330 32 permissions permission NOUN bracis-33589 330 33 reprints reprint NOUN bracis-33589 330 34 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 330 35 permissions permission VERB bracis-33589 330 36 copyright copyright NOUN bracis-33589 330 37 information information NOUN bracis-33589 330 38 © © ADP bracis-33589 330 39 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33589 330 40 the the DET bracis-33589 330 41 author(s author(s NOUN bracis-33589 330 42 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 330 43 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 330 44 under under ADP bracis-33589 330 45 exclusive exclusive ADJ bracis-33589 330 46 license license NOUN bracis-33589 330 47 to to ADP bracis-33589 330 48 springer springer NOUN bracis-33589 330 49 nature nature PROPN bracis-33589 330 50 switzerland switzerland PROPN bracis-33589 330 51 ag ag PROPN bracis-33589 330 52 about about ADP bracis-33589 330 53 this this DET bracis-33589 330 54 paper paper NOUN bracis-33589 330 55 cite cite VERB bracis-33589 330 56 this this DET bracis-33589 330 57 paper paper NOUN bracis-33589 330 58 sanchez sanchez NOUN bracis-33589 330 59 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 330 60 j.p.c j.p.c PROPN bracis-33589 330 61 . . PROPN bracis-33589 330 62 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 330 63 portela portela PROPN bracis-33589 330 64 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 330 65 t.t t.t PROPN bracis-33589 330 66 . . PROPN bracis-33589 330 67 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 330 68 carvalho carvalho PROPN bracis-33589 330 69 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 330 70 j.t j.t PROPN bracis-33589 330 71 . . PROPN bracis-33589 330 72 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 330 73 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33589 330 74 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 330 75 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 331 1 improving improve VERB bracis-33589 331 2 short short ADJ bracis-33589 331 3 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 331 4 content content NOUN bracis-33589 331 5 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 331 6 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 331 7 using use VERB bracis-33589 331 8 multiple multiple ADJ bracis-33589 331 9 aspect aspect NOUN bracis-33589 331 10 trajectories trajectorie VERB bracis-33589 331 11 classification classification NOUN bracis-33589 331 12 techniques technique NOUN bracis-33589 331 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 332 1 in in ADP bracis-33589 332 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 332 3 paes paes PROPN bracis-33589 332 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 332 5 a. a. PROPN bracis-33589 332 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 332 7 verri verri NOUN bracis-33589 332 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 332 9 f.a.n f.a.n ADJ bracis-33589 332 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 332 11 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 332 12 eds ed NOUN bracis-33589 332 13 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 332 14 intelligent intelligent ADJ bracis-33589 332 15 systems system NOUN bracis-33589 332 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 332 17 bracis bracis PROPN bracis-33589 332 18 2024 2024 NUM bracis-33589 332 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 333 1 lecture lecture NOUN bracis-33589 333 2 notes note NOUN bracis-33589 333 3 in in ADP bracis-33589 333 4 computer computer NOUN bracis-33589 333 5 science science NOUN bracis-33589 333 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 333 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 333 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 333 9 vol vol NOUN bracis-33589 333 10 15413 15413 NUM bracis-33589 333 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 334 1 springer springer NOUN bracis-33589 334 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 334 3 cham cham PROPN bracis-33589 334 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 335 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79032-4_9 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79032-4_9 NOUN bracis-33589 335 2 download download NOUN bracis-33589 335 3 citation citation NOUN bracis-33589 335 4 .ris .ris PUNCT bracis-33589 335 5 .enw .enw PROPN bracis-33589 335 6 .bib .bib PUNCT bracis-33589 336 1 doi doi PROPN bracis-33589 336 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 336 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79032-4_9 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79032-4_9 NOUN bracis-33589 336 4 published publish VERB bracis-33589 336 5 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 336 6 30 30 NUM bracis-33589 336 7 january january PROPN bracis-33589 336 8 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33589 336 9 publisher publisher NOUN bracis-33589 336 10 name name NOUN bracis-33589 336 11 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 336 12 springer springer NOUN bracis-33589 336 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 336 14 cham cham PROPN bracis-33589 336 15 print print PROPN bracis-33589 336 16 isbn isbn PROPN bracis-33589 336 17 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 336 18 978 978 NUM bracis-33589 336 19 - - SYM bracis-33589 336 20 3 3 NUM bracis-33589 336 21 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 336 22 031 031 NUM bracis-33589 336 23 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 336 24 79031 79031 NUM bracis-33589 336 25 - - SYM bracis-33589 336 26 7 7 NUM bracis-33589 336 27 online online ADJ bracis-33589 336 28 isbn isbn NOUN bracis-33589 336 29 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 336 30 978 978 NUM bracis-33589 336 31 - - SYM bracis-33589 336 32 3 3 NUM bracis-33589 336 33 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 336 34 031 031 NUM bracis-33589 336 35 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 336 36 79032 79032 NUM bracis-33589 336 37 - - SYM bracis-33589 336 38 4 4 NUM bracis-33589 336 39 ebook ebook NOUN bracis-33589 336 40 packages package NOUN bracis-33589 336 41 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 336 42 computer computer NOUN bracis-33589 336 43 sciencecomputer sciencecomputer NOUN bracis-33589 336 44 science science NOUN bracis-33589 336 45 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 336 46 r0 r0 NOUN bracis-33589 336 47 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 336 48 share share VERB bracis-33589 336 49 this this DET bracis-33589 336 50 paper paper NOUN bracis-33589 336 51 anyone anyone PRON bracis-33589 336 52 you you PRON bracis-33589 336 53 share share VERB bracis-33589 336 54 the the DET bracis-33589 336 55 following follow VERB bracis-33589 336 56 link link NOUN bracis-33589 336 57 with with ADP bracis-33589 336 58 will will AUX bracis-33589 336 59 be be AUX bracis-33589 336 60 able able ADJ bracis-33589 336 61 to to PART bracis-33589 336 62 read read VERB bracis-33589 336 63 this this DET bracis-33589 336 64 content content NOUN bracis-33589 336 65 : : PUNCT bracis-33589 336 66 get get VERB bracis-33589 336 67 shareable shareable ADJ bracis-33589 336 68 linksorry linksorry NOUN bracis-33589 336 69 , , PUNCT bracis-33589 336 70 a a DET bracis-33589 336 71 shareable shareable ADJ bracis-33589 336 72 link link NOUN bracis-33589 336 73 is be AUX bracis-33589 336 74 not not PART bracis-33589 336 75 currently currently ADV bracis-33589 336 76 available available ADJ bracis-33589 336 77 for for ADP bracis-33589 336 78 this this DET bracis-33589 336 79 article article NOUN bracis-33589 336 80 . . PUNCT bracis-33589 337 1 copy copy VERB bracis-33589 337 2 shareable shareable ADJ bracis-33589 337 3 link link NOUN bracis-33589 337 4 to to PART bracis-33589 337 5 clipboard clipboard NOUN bracis-33589 337 6 provided provide VERB bracis-33589 337 7 by by ADP bracis-33589 337 8 the the DET bracis-33589 337 9 springer springer NOUN bracis-33589 337 10 nature nature PROPN bracis-33589 337 11 sharedit sharedit PROPN bracis-33589 337 12 content content NOUN bracis-33589 337 13 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 337 14 sharing share VERB bracis-33589 337 15 initiative initiative NOUN bracis-33589 337 16 keywords keyword VERB bracis-33589 337 17 multi multi ADJ bracis-33589 337 18 - - ADJ bracis-33589 337 19 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33589 337 20 trajectory trajectory NOUN bracis-33589 337 21 misinformation misinformation NOUN bracis-33589 337 22 detection detection NOUN bracis-33589 337 23 online online ADJ bracis-33589 337 24 social social ADJ bracis-33589 337 25 networks network NOUN bracis-33589 337 26 publish publish VERB bracis-33589 337 27 with with ADP bracis-33589 337 28 us us PROPN bracis-33589 337 29 policies policy NOUN bracis-33589 337 30 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 337 31 ethics ethic NOUN bracis-33589 337 32 search search NOUN bracis-33589 337 33 search search NOUN bracis-33589 337 34 by by ADP bracis-33589 337 35 keyword keyword NOUN bracis-33589 337 36 or or CCONJ bracis-33589 337 37 author author NOUN bracis-33589 337 38 search search NOUN bracis-33589 337 39 navigation navigation NOUN bracis-33589 337 40 find find VERB bracis-33589 337 41 a a DET bracis-33589 337 42 journal journal NOUN bracis-33589 337 43 publish publish VERB bracis-33589 337 44 with with ADP bracis-33589 337 45 us we PRON bracis-33589 337 46 track track VERB bracis-33589 337 47 your your PRON bracis-33589 337 48 research research NOUN bracis-33589 337 49 discover discover VERB bracis-33589 337 50 content content NOUN bracis-33589 337 51 journals journal NOUN bracis-33589 337 52 a a DET bracis-33589 337 53 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 337 54 z z NOUN bracis-33589 337 55 books book NOUN bracis-33589 337 56 a a DET bracis-33589 337 57 - - PUNCT bracis-33589 337 58 z z NOUN bracis-33589 337 59 publish publish NOUN bracis-33589 337 60 with with ADP bracis-33589 337 61 us us PROPN bracis-33589 337 62 journal journal PROPN bracis-33589 337 63 finder finder PROPN bracis-33589 337 64 publish publish VERB bracis-33589 337 65 your your PRON bracis-33589 337 66 research research NOUN bracis-33589 337 67 language language NOUN bracis-33589 337 68 editing edit VERB bracis-33589 337 69 open open ADJ bracis-33589 337 70 access access NOUN bracis-33589 337 71 publishing publishing NOUN bracis-33589 337 72 products product NOUN bracis-33589 337 73 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 337 74 services service NOUN bracis-33589 337 75 our our PRON bracis-33589 337 76 products product NOUN bracis-33589 337 77 librarians librarian VERB bracis-33589 337 78 societies society NOUN bracis-33589 337 79 partners partner NOUN bracis-33589 337 80 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 337 81 advertisers advertiser NOUN bracis-33589 337 82 our our PRON bracis-33589 337 83 brands brand NOUN bracis-33589 337 84 springer springer NOUN bracis-33589 337 85 nature nature PROPN bracis-33589 337 86 portfolio portfolio PROPN bracis-33589 337 87 bmc bmc PROPN bracis-33589 337 88 palgrave palgrave PROPN bracis-33589 337 89 macmillan macmillan PROPN bracis-33589 337 90 apress apress PROPN bracis-33589 337 91 discover discover VERB bracis-33589 337 92 your your PRON bracis-33589 337 93 privacy privacy NOUN bracis-33589 337 94 choices choice NOUN bracis-33589 337 95 / / SYM bracis-33589 337 96 manage manage NOUN bracis-33589 337 97 cookies cookie NOUN bracis-33589 337 98 your your PRON bracis-33589 337 99 us us PROPN bracis-33589 338 1 state state NOUN bracis-33589 338 2 privacy privacy NOUN bracis-33589 338 3 rights right NOUN bracis-33589 338 4 accessibility accessibility NOUN bracis-33589 338 5 statement statement NOUN bracis-33589 338 6 terms term NOUN bracis-33589 338 7 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 338 8 conditions condition NOUN bracis-33589 338 9 privacy privacy NOUN bracis-33589 338 10 policy policy NOUN bracis-33589 338 11 help help NOUN bracis-33589 338 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33589 338 13 support support VERB bracis-33589 338 14 legal legal ADJ bracis-33589 338 15 notice notice NOUN bracis-33589 338 16 cancel cancel VERB bracis-33589 338 17 contracts contract NOUN bracis-33589 338 18 here here ADV bracis-33589 338 19 129.74.145.123 129.74.145.123 NUM bracis-33589 338 20 hesburgh hesburgh PROPN bracis-33589 338 21 library library PROPN bracis-33589 338 22 er er INTJ bracis-33589 338 23 unit unit NOUN bracis-33589 338 24 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 338 25 3005732405 3005732405 NUM bracis-33589 338 26 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 338 27 northeast northeast ADJ bracis-33589 338 28 research research NOUN bracis-33589 338 29 libraries library NOUN bracis-33589 338 30 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 338 31 nerl nerl PROPN bracis-33589 338 32 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 338 33 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 338 34 8200828607 8200828607 NUM bracis-33589 338 35 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 338 36 nerl nerl VERB bracis-33589 338 37 ta ta X bracis-33589 338 38 account account NOUN bracis-33589 338 39 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 338 40 3006206169 3006206169 NUM bracis-33589 338 41 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 338 42 university university NOUN bracis-33589 338 43 of of ADP bracis-33589 338 44 notre notre PROPN bracis-33589 338 45 dame dame PROPN bracis-33589 338 46 hesburgh hesburgh PROPN bracis-33589 338 47 library library NOUN bracis-33589 338 48 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33589 338 49 3000184373 3000184373 NUM bracis-33589 338 50 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33589 339 1 © © ADP bracis-33589 339 2 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33589 339 3 springer springer NOUN bracis-33589 339 4 nature nature NOUN