id sid tid token lemma pos bracis-33637 1 1 investigating investigate VERB bracis-33637 1 2 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 1 3 to to PART bracis-33637 1 4     SPACE bracis-33637 1 5 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 1 6 off off ADP bracis-33637 1 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 1 8 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 1 9 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 1 10 | | ADV bracis-33637 1 11 springer springer NOUN bracis-33637 1 12 nature nature PROPN bracis-33637 1 13 link link PROPN bracis-33637 1 14 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 1 15 formerly formerly ADV bracis-33637 1 16 springerlink springerlink NOUN bracis-33637 1 17 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 1 18 skip skip VERB bracis-33637 1 19 to to ADP bracis-33637 1 20 main main ADJ bracis-33637 1 21 content content NOUN bracis-33637 1 22 advertisement advertisement NOUN bracis-33637 1 23 log log NOUN bracis-33637 1 24 in in ADP bracis-33637 1 25 menu menu NOUN bracis-33637 1 26 find find VERB bracis-33637 1 27 a a DET bracis-33637 1 28 journal journal NOUN bracis-33637 1 29 publish publish VERB bracis-33637 1 30 with with ADP bracis-33637 1 31 us we PRON bracis-33637 1 32 track track VERB bracis-33637 1 33 your your PRON bracis-33637 1 34 research research NOUN bracis-33637 1 35 search search NOUN bracis-33637 1 36 cart cart NOUN bracis-33637 1 37 home home NOUN bracis-33637 1 38 intelligent intelligent ADJ bracis-33637 1 39 systems system NOUN bracis-33637 1 40 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 1 41 paper paper NOUN bracis-33637 1 42 investigating investigate VERB bracis-33637 1 43 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 1 44 to to PART bracis-33637 1 45     SPACE bracis-33637 1 46 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 1 47 off off ADP bracis-33637 1 48 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 1 49 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 1 50 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 1 51 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 1 52 paper paper NOUN bracis-33637 1 53 first first ADV bracis-33637 1 54 online online ADV bracis-33637 1 55 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 1 56 30 30 NUM bracis-33637 1 57 january january NOUN bracis-33637 1 58 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33637 1 59 pp pp SYM bracis-33637 1 60 346–357 346–357 NUM bracis-33637 1 61 cite cite VERB bracis-33637 1 62 this this DET bracis-33637 1 63 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 1 64 paper paper NOUN bracis-33637 1 65 access access NOUN bracis-33637 1 66 provided provide VERB bracis-33637 1 67 by by ADP bracis-33637 1 68 university university PROPN bracis-33637 1 69 of of ADP bracis-33637 1 70 notre notre PROPN bracis-33637 1 71 dame dame PROPN bracis-33637 1 72 hesburgh hesburgh PROPN bracis-33637 1 73 library library PROPN bracis-33637 1 74 download download PROPN bracis-33637 1 75 book book NOUN bracis-33637 1 76 pdf pdf PROPN bracis-33637 1 77 download download NOUN bracis-33637 1 78 book book NOUN bracis-33637 1 79 epub epub PROPN bracis-33637 1 80 intelligent intelligent ADJ bracis-33637 1 81 systems system NOUN bracis-33637 1 82 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 1 83 bracis bracis NOUN bracis-33637 1 84 2024 2024 NUM bracis-33637 1 85 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 1 86 investigating investigate VERB bracis-33637 1 87 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 1 88 to to PART bracis-33637 1 89     SPACE bracis-33637 1 90 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 1 91 off off ADP bracis-33637 1 92 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 1 93 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 1 94 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 1 95 download download NOUN bracis-33637 1 96 book book NOUN bracis-33637 1 97 pdf pdf PROPN bracis-33637 1 98 download download NOUN bracis-33637 1 99 book book PROPN bracis-33637 1 100 epub epub PROPN bracis-33637 1 101 joyce joyce PROPN bracis-33637 1 102 m. m. PROPN bracis-33637 1 103 silva silva PROPN bracis-33637 1 104     SPACE bracis-33637 1 105 orcid orcid NOUN bracis-33637 1 106 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 1 107 orcid.org/0009-0002-9696-62319 orcid.org/0009-0002-9696-62319 PROPN bracis-33637 1 108 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 1 109 rafael rafael PROPN bracis-33637 1 110 t. t. PROPN bracis-33637 1 111 anchiêta anchiêta PROPN bracis-33637 1 112     SPACE bracis-33637 1 113 orcid orcid NOUN bracis-33637 1 114 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 1 115 orcid.org/0000-0003-4209-90139 orcid.org/0000-0003-4209-90139 NOUN bracis-33637 1 116 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 1 117 rogério rogério PROPN bracis-33637 1 118 f. f. PROPN bracis-33637 1 119 de de PROPN bracis-33637 1 120 sousa sousa PROPN bracis-33637 1 121     SPACE bracis-33637 1 122 orcid orcid PROPN bracis-33637 1 123 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 1 124 orcid.org/0000-0003-4589-61579 orcid.org/0000-0003-4589-61579 PROPN bracis-33637 1 125 & & CCONJ bracis-33637 1 126 … … PUNCT bracis-33637 1 127 raimundo raimundo PROPN bracis-33637 1 128 s. s. PROPN bracis-33637 1 129 moura moura PROPN bracis-33637 1 130     SPACE bracis-33637 1 131 orcid orcid NOUN bracis-33637 1 132 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 1 133 orcid.org/0000-0002-1558-383010 orcid.org/0000-0002-1558-383010 NOUN bracis-33637 1 134     SPACE bracis-33637 1 135 show show VERB bracis-33637 1 136 authors author NOUN bracis-33637 1 137 part part NOUN bracis-33637 1 138 of of ADP bracis-33637 1 139 the the DET bracis-33637 1 140 book book NOUN bracis-33637 1 141 series series NOUN bracis-33637 1 142 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 1 143 lecture lecture NOUN bracis-33637 1 144 notes note NOUN bracis-33637 1 145 in in ADP bracis-33637 1 146 computer computer NOUN bracis-33637 1 147 science science NOUN bracis-33637 1 148 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 1 149 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 1 150 lnai lnai ADJ bracis-33637 1 151 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 1 152 volume volume NOUN bracis-33637 1 153 15414 15414 NUM bracis-33637 1 154 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 1 155 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 1 156 included include VERB bracis-33637 1 157 in in ADP bracis-33637 1 158 the the DET bracis-33637 1 159 following follow VERB bracis-33637 1 160 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 1 161 series series NOUN bracis-33637 1 162 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 1 163 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33637 1 164 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 1 165 on on ADP bracis-33637 1 166 intelligent intelligent ADJ bracis-33637 1 167 systems system NOUN bracis-33637 1 168 384 384 NUM bracis-33637 1 169 accesses access NOUN bracis-33637 1 170 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 1 171 citation citation NOUN bracis-33637 1 172 abstract abstract ADJ bracis-33637 1 173 automated automate VERB bracis-33637 1 174 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 1 175 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 1 176 is be AUX bracis-33637 1 177 one one NUM bracis-33637 1 178 of of ADP bracis-33637 1 179 the the DET bracis-33637 1 180 most most ADV bracis-33637 1 181 important important ADJ bracis-33637 1 182 educational educational ADJ bracis-33637 1 183 applications application NOUN bracis-33637 1 184 of of ADP bracis-33637 1 185 natural natural ADJ bracis-33637 1 186 language language NOUN bracis-33637 1 187 processing processing NOUN bracis-33637 1 188 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 2 1 it it PRON bracis-33637 2 2 helps help VERB bracis-33637 2 3 teachers teacher NOUN bracis-33637 2 4 with with ADP bracis-33637 2 5 automatic automatic ADJ bracis-33637 2 6 assessments assessment NOUN bracis-33637 2 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 2 8 providing provide VERB bracis-33637 2 9 a a DET bracis-33637 2 10 cheaper cheap ADJ bracis-33637 2 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 2 12 faster fast ADV bracis-33637 2 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 2 14 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 2 15 more more ADV bracis-33637 2 16 deterministic deterministic ADJ bracis-33637 2 17 approach approach NOUN bracis-33637 2 18 than than ADP bracis-33637 2 19 humans human NOUN bracis-33637 2 20 when when SCONJ bracis-33637 2 21 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 2 22 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 2 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 3 1 nevertheless nevertheless ADV bracis-33637 3 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 3 3 off off ADP bracis-33637 3 4 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 3 5 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 3 6 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 3 7     SPACE bracis-33637 3 8 pose pose VERB bracis-33637 3 9 challenges challenge NOUN bracis-33637 3 10 in in ADP bracis-33637 3 11 this this DET bracis-33637 3 12 area area NOUN bracis-33637 3 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 3 14 causing cause VERB bracis-33637 3 15 an an DET bracis-33637 3 16 automated automated ADJ bracis-33637 3 17 grader grader NOUN bracis-33637 3 18 to to PART bracis-33637 3 19 overestimate overestimate VERB bracis-33637 3 20 the the DET bracis-33637 3 21 score score NOUN bracis-33637 3 22 of of ADP bracis-33637 3 23 an an DET bracis-33637 3 24 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 3 25     SPACE bracis-33637 3 26 that that PRON bracis-33637 3 27 does do AUX bracis-33637 3 28 not not PART bracis-33637 3 29 adhere adhere VERB bracis-33637 3 30 to to ADP bracis-33637 3 31 a a DET bracis-33637 3 32 proposed propose VERB bracis-33637 3 33 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 3 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 4 1 thus thus ADV bracis-33637 4 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 4 3 detecting detect VERB bracis-33637 4 4 off off ADP bracis-33637 4 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 4 6 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 4 7 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 4 8 is be AUX bracis-33637 4 9 important important ADJ bracis-33637 4 10 for for ADP bracis-33637 4 11 dealing deal VERB bracis-33637 4 12     SPACE bracis-33637 4 13 with with ADP bracis-33637 4 14 unrelated unrelated ADJ bracis-33637 4 15 text text NOUN bracis-33637 4 16 responses response NOUN bracis-33637 4 17 to to ADP bracis-33637 4 18 a a DET bracis-33637 4 19 given give VERB bracis-33637 4 20 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 4 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 5 1 this this DET bracis-33637 5 2 paper paper NOUN bracis-33637 5 3 explored explore VERB bracis-33637 5 4 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33637 5 5 based base VERB bracis-33637 5 6 on on ADP bracis-33637 5 7 handcrafted handcrafted ADJ bracis-33637 5 8 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 5 9 to to PART bracis-33637 5 10 feed feed VERB bracis-33637 5 11 supervised supervised ADJ bracis-33637 5 12 machine machine NOUN bracis-33637 5 13 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 5 14 learning learn VERB bracis-33637 5 15 algorithms algorithm NOUN bracis-33637 5 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 5 17 tuning tune VERB bracis-33637 5 18 a a DET bracis-33637 5 19 bert bert PROPN bracis-33637 5 20 model model NOUN bracis-33637 5 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 5 22 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 5 23 prompt prompt ADJ bracis-33637 5 24 engineering engineering NOUN bracis-33637 5 25 with with ADP bracis-33637 5 26     SPACE bracis-33637 5 27 a a DET bracis-33637 5 28 large large ADJ bracis-33637 5 29 language language NOUN bracis-33637 5 30 model model NOUN bracis-33637 5 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 6 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 6 2 assessed assess VERB bracis-33637 6 3 these these DET bracis-33637 6 4 strategies strategy NOUN bracis-33637 6 5 in in ADP bracis-33637 6 6 a a DET bracis-33637 6 7 public public ADJ bracis-33637 6 8 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 6 9 of of ADP bracis-33637 6 10 portuguese portuguese ADJ bracis-33637 6 11 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 6 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 6 13 achieving achieve VERB bracis-33637 6 14 the the DET bracis-33637 6 15 best good ADJ bracis-33637 6 16 result result NOUN bracis-33637 6 17 using use VERB bracis-33637 6 18 a a DET bracis-33637 6 19 fine fine ADV bracis-33637 6 20 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 6 21 tuned tune VERB bracis-33637 6 22 bert bert PROPN bracis-33637 6 23 model model NOUN bracis-33637 6 24 with with ADP bracis-33637 6 25 a a DET bracis-33637 6 26 75 75 NUM bracis-33637 6 27 % % NOUN bracis-33637 6 28 balanced balanced ADJ bracis-33637 6 29 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33637 6 30 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 7 1 furthermore furthermore ADV bracis-33637 7 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 7 3 this this DET bracis-33637 7 4 strategy strategy NOUN bracis-33637 7 5 was be AUX bracis-33637 7 6 able able ADJ bracis-33637 7 7 to to PART bracis-33637 7 8 identify identify VERB bracis-33637 7 9 low low ADJ bracis-33637 7 10 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 7 11 quality quality NOUN bracis-33637 7 12 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 7 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 8 1 access access NOUN bracis-33637 8 2 provided provide VERB bracis-33637 8 3 by by ADP bracis-33637 8 4 university university PROPN bracis-33637 8 5 of of ADP bracis-33637 8 6 notre notre PROPN bracis-33637 8 7 dame dame PROPN bracis-33637 8 8 hesburgh hesburgh PROPN bracis-33637 8 9 library library PROPN bracis-33637 8 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 9 1 download download PROPN bracis-33637 9 2 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 9 3 paper paper NOUN bracis-33637 9 4 pdf pdf NOUN bracis-33637 9 5 similar similar ADJ bracis-33637 9 6 content content NOUN bracis-33637 9 7 being be AUX bracis-33637 9 8 viewed view VERB bracis-33637 9 9 by by ADP bracis-33637 9 10 others other NOUN bracis-33637 9 11 autograder autograder NOUN bracis-33637 9 12 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 9 13 a a DET bracis-33637 9 14 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 9 15 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 9 16 based base VERB bracis-33637 9 17 quantitative quantitative ADJ bracis-33637 9 18 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 9 19 grading grade VERB bracis-33637 9 20 system system NOUN bracis-33637 9 21 using use VERB bracis-33637 9 22 bert bert PROPN bracis-33637 9 23 chapter chapter NOUN bracis-33637 9 24 © © PROPN bracis-33637 9 25 2023 2023 NUM bracis-33637 9 26 label label NOUN bracis-33637 9 27 embedding embed VERB bracis-33637 9 28 based base VERB bracis-33637 9 29 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 9 30 method method NOUN bracis-33637 9 31 for for ADP bracis-33637 9 32 secondary secondary ADJ bracis-33637 9 33 school school NOUN bracis-33637 9 34 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 9 35 chapter chapter NOUN bracis-33637 9 36 © © PROPN bracis-33637 9 37 2023 2023 NUM bracis-33637 9 38 designing design VERB bracis-33637 9 39 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 9 40 questions question NOUN bracis-33637 9 41 for for ADP bracis-33637 9 42 effective effective ADJ bracis-33637 9 43 automatic automatic ADJ bracis-33637 9 44 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 9 45 chapter chapter NOUN bracis-33637 9 46 © © NOUN bracis-33637 9 47 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33637 9 48 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 9 49 introduction introduction NOUN bracis-33637 9 50 automated automate VERB bracis-33637 9 51 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 9 52 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 9 53 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 9 54 aes aes NOUN bracis-33637 9 55 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 9 56 is be AUX bracis-33637 9 57 the the DET bracis-33637 9 58 computer computer NOUN bracis-33637 9 59 technology technology NOUN bracis-33637 9 60 that that PRON bracis-33637 9 61 evaluates evaluate VERB bracis-33637 9 62 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 9 63 scores score NOUN bracis-33637 9 64 written write VERB bracis-33637 9 65 prose prose VERB bracis-33637 9 66 [ [ X bracis-33637 9 67 27 27 NUM bracis-33637 9 68 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 9 69 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 10 1 it it PRON bracis-33637 10 2 aims aim VERB bracis-33637 10 3 to to PART bracis-33637 10 4 provide provide VERB bracis-33637 10 5 computational computational ADJ bracis-33637 10 6 models model NOUN bracis-33637 10 7 for for ADP bracis-33637 10 8 automatically automatically ADV bracis-33637 10 9 grading grade VERB bracis-33637 10 10 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 10 11 or or CCONJ bracis-33637 10 12 with with ADP bracis-33637 10 13 minimal minimal ADJ bracis-33637 10 14 involvement involvement NOUN bracis-33637 10 15 of of ADP bracis-33637 10 16 humans human NOUN bracis-33637 10 17 [ [ X bracis-33637 10 18 21 21 NUM bracis-33637 10 19 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 10 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 11 1 this this DET bracis-33637 11 2 research research NOUN bracis-33637 11 3 area area NOUN bracis-33637 11 4 began begin VERB bracis-33637 11 5     SPACE bracis-33637 11 6 with with ADP bracis-33637 11 7 page page NOUN bracis-33637 11 8 [ [ X bracis-33637 11 9 21 21 NUM bracis-33637 11 10 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 11 11 in in ADP bracis-33637 11 12 1966 1966 NUM bracis-33637 11 13 with with ADP bracis-33637 11 14 the the DET bracis-33637 11 15 project project NOUN bracis-33637 11 16 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 11 17 grader grader NOUN bracis-33637 11 18 system system NOUN bracis-33637 11 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 11 20 which which PRON bracis-33637 11 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 11 22 according accord VERB bracis-33637 11 23 to to ADP bracis-33637 11 24 ke ke PROPN bracis-33637 11 25 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 11 26     SPACE bracis-33637 11 27 ng ng PROPN bracis-33637 11 28 [ [ X bracis-33637 11 29 15 15 NUM bracis-33637 11 30 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 11 31 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 11 32 remains remain VERB bracis-33637 11 33 since since SCONJ bracis-33637 11 34 then then ADV bracis-33637 11 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 12 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 12 2 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33637 12 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 12 4 most most ADJ bracis-33637 12 5 of of ADP bracis-33637 12 6 the the DET bracis-33637 12 7 work work NOUN bracis-33637 12 8 for for ADP bracis-33637 12 9 the the DET bracis-33637 12 10 automatic automatic ADJ bracis-33637 12 11 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 12 12 grading grade VERB bracis-33637 12 13 task task NOUN bracis-33637 12 14 focuses focus VERB bracis-33637 12 15 on on ADP bracis-33637 12 16 the the DET bracis-33637 12 17 high high ADJ bracis-33637 12 18 school school NOUN bracis-33637 12 19 national national ADJ bracis-33637 12 20     SPACE bracis-33637 12 21 exam exam NOUN bracis-33637 12 22 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 12 23 enem enem PROPN bracis-33637 12 24 exame exame PROPN bracis-33637 12 25 nacional nacional PROPN bracis-33637 12 26 do do VERB bracis-33637 12 27 ensino ensino PROPN bracis-33637 12 28 médio médio PROPN bracis-33637 12 29 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 12 30     SPACE bracis-33637 13 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 13 2 5 5 NUM bracis-33637 13 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 13 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 14 1 enem enem PROPN bracis-33637 14 2 is be AUX bracis-33637 14 3 used use VERB bracis-33637 14 4 to to PART bracis-33637 14 5 assess assess VERB bracis-33637 14 6 the the DET bracis-33637 14 7 quality quality NOUN bracis-33637 14 8 of of ADP bracis-33637 14 9 high high ADJ bracis-33637 14 10 school school NOUN bracis-33637 14 11 education education NOUN bracis-33637 14 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 14 13 as as ADP bracis-33637 14 14 an an DET bracis-33637 14 15 admission admission NOUN bracis-33637 14 16 test test NOUN bracis-33637 14 17 for for ADP bracis-33637 14 18 most most ADJ bracis-33637 14 19 public public ADJ bracis-33637 14 20 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 14 21 private private ADJ bracis-33637 14 22 universities university NOUN bracis-33637 14 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 15 1 it it PRON bracis-33637 15 2 provides provide VERB bracis-33637 15 3     SPACE bracis-33637 15 4 an an DET bracis-33637 15 5 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 15 6 test test NOUN bracis-33637 15 7 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 15 8 requires require VERB bracis-33637 15 9 the the DET bracis-33637 15 10 production production NOUN bracis-33637 15 11 of of ADP bracis-33637 15 12 a a DET bracis-33637 15 13 text text NOUN bracis-33637 15 14 in in ADP bracis-33637 15 15 the the DET bracis-33637 15 16 dissertation dissertation NOUN bracis-33637 15 17 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 15 18 argumentative argumentative ADJ bracis-33637 15 19 genre genre NOUN bracis-33637 15 20 on on ADP bracis-33637 15 21 a a DET bracis-33637 15 22 specific specific ADJ bracis-33637 15 23 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 15 24 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 15 25 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 15 26 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 15 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 16 1 each each DET bracis-33637 16 2 enem enem PROPN bracis-33637 16 3 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 16 4 is be AUX bracis-33637 16 5 graded grade VERB bracis-33637 16 6 according accord VERB bracis-33637 16 7 to to ADP bracis-33637 16 8 five five NUM bracis-33637 16 9 traits trait NOUN bracis-33637 16 10 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 16 11 competencies competency NOUN bracis-33637 16 12 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 16 13 detailed detailed ADJ bracis-33637 16 14 below below ADV bracis-33637 16 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 17 1 1 1 X bracis-33637 17 2 . . X bracis-33637 17 3 adherence adherence NOUN bracis-33637 17 4 to to ADP bracis-33637 17 5 the the DET bracis-33637 17 6 formal formal ADJ bracis-33637 17 7 written write VERB bracis-33637 17 8 norm norm NOUN bracis-33637 17 9 of of ADP bracis-33637 17 10 portuguese portuguese PROPN bracis-33637 17 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 18 1 2 2 X bracis-33637 18 2 . . X bracis-33637 18 3 conform conform VERB bracis-33637 18 4 to to ADP bracis-33637 18 5 the the DET bracis-33637 18 6 argumentative argumentative ADJ bracis-33637 18 7 text text NOUN bracis-33637 18 8 genre genre NOUN bracis-33637 18 9 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 18 10 the the DET bracis-33637 18 11 proposed propose VERB bracis-33637 18 12 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 18 13 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 18 14 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 18 15 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 18 16 to to PART bracis-33637 18 17 develop develop VERB bracis-33637 18 18 a a DET bracis-33637 18 19 text text NOUN bracis-33637 18 20 using use VERB bracis-33637 18 21 knowledge knowledge NOUN bracis-33637 18 22 from from ADP bracis-33637 18 23 different different ADJ bracis-33637 18 24 areas area NOUN bracis-33637 18 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 19 1 3 3 X bracis-33637 19 2 . . X bracis-33637 19 3 select select ADJ bracis-33637 19 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 19 5 relate relate VERB bracis-33637 19 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 19 7 organize organize VERB bracis-33637 19 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 19 9 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 19 10 interpret interpret VERB bracis-33637 19 11 data datum NOUN bracis-33637 19 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 19 13 arguments argument NOUN bracis-33637 19 14 to to PART bracis-33637 19 15 defend defend VERB bracis-33637 19 16 a a DET bracis-33637 19 17 point point NOUN bracis-33637 19 18 of of ADP bracis-33637 19 19 view view NOUN bracis-33637 19 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 20 1 4 4 X bracis-33637 20 2 . . X bracis-33637 20 3 usage usage NOUN bracis-33637 20 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 20 5 argumentative argumentative ADJ bracis-33637 20 6 linguistic linguistic ADJ bracis-33637 20 7 structures structure NOUN bracis-33637 20 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 21 1 5 5 X bracis-33637 21 2 . . X bracis-33637 21 3 develop develop VERB bracis-33637 21 4 an an DET bracis-33637 21 5 intervention intervention NOUN bracis-33637 21 6 proposal proposal NOUN bracis-33637 21 7 to to PART bracis-33637 21 8 solve solve VERB bracis-33637 21 9 the the DET bracis-33637 21 10 problem problem NOUN bracis-33637 21 11 in in ADP bracis-33637 21 12 question question NOUN bracis-33637 21 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 22 1 although although SCONJ bracis-33637 22 2 existing exist VERB bracis-33637 22 3 works work NOUN bracis-33637 22 4 attempt attempt VERB bracis-33637 22 5 to to PART bracis-33637 22 6 grade grade VERB bracis-33637 22 7 an an DET bracis-33637 22 8 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 22 9 considering consider VERB bracis-33637 22 10 the the DET bracis-33637 22 11 five five NUM bracis-33637 22 12 traits trait NOUN bracis-33637 22 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 22 14 they they PRON bracis-33637 22 15 do do AUX bracis-33637 22 16 not not PART bracis-33637 22 17 approach approach VERB bracis-33637 22 18 off off ADP bracis-33637 22 19 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 22 20 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 22 21 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 22 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 22 23 i.e. i.e. X bracis-33637 22 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 22 25 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 22 26 that that PRON bracis-33637 22 27 do do AUX bracis-33637 22 28 not not PART bracis-33637 22 29 adhere adhere VERB bracis-33637 22 30 to to ADP bracis-33637 22 31 the the DET bracis-33637 22 32 expected expect VERB bracis-33637 22 33 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 22 34     SPACE bracis-33637 23 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 23 2 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 23 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 23 4 9 9 NUM bracis-33637 23 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 23 6 20 20 NUM bracis-33637 23 7 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 23 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 24 1 off off ADP bracis-33637 24 2 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 24 3 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 24 4 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 24 5 are be AUX bracis-33637 24 6 related relate VERB bracis-33637 24 7 to to ADP bracis-33637 24 8 the the DET bracis-33637 24 9 second second ADJ bracis-33637 24 10 trait trait NOUN bracis-33637 24 11 of of ADP bracis-33637 24 12 the the DET bracis-33637 24 13 enem enem PROPN bracis-33637 24 14 exam exam NOUN bracis-33637 24 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 24 16 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 24 17 according accord VERB bracis-33637 24 18 to to ADP bracis-33637 24 19 higgins higgins PROPN bracis-33637 24 20 et et PROPN bracis-33637 24 21 al al PROPN bracis-33637 24 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 25 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 25 2 12 12 NUM bracis-33637 25 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 25 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 25 5 they they PRON bracis-33637 25 6 may may AUX bracis-33637 25 7 be be AUX bracis-33637 25 8 classified classify VERB bracis-33637 25 9 into into ADP bracis-33637 25 10 two two NUM bracis-33637 25 11 types type NOUN bracis-33637 25 12 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 26 1 1 1 X bracis-33637 26 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 26 3 unexpected unexpected ADJ bracis-33637 26 4 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 26 5 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 27 1 possibly possibly ADV bracis-33637 27 2 well well ADV bracis-33637 27 3 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 27 4 written write VERB bracis-33637 27 5 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 27 6 that that PRON bracis-33637 27 7 do do AUX bracis-33637 27 8 not not PART bracis-33637 27 9 address address VERB bracis-33637 27 10 the the DET bracis-33637 27 11 expected expect VERB bracis-33637 27 12 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 27 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 28 1 2 2 X bracis-33637 28 2 . . X bracis-33637 28 3 bad bad ADJ bracis-33637 28 4 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 28 5 faith faith NOUN bracis-33637 28 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 29 1 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 29 2 that that PRON bracis-33637 29 3 mainly mainly ADV bracis-33637 29 4 consist consist VERB bracis-33637 29 5 of of ADP bracis-33637 29 6 text text NOUN bracis-33637 29 7 copied copy VERB bracis-33637 29 8 from from ADP bracis-33637 29 9 the the DET bracis-33637 29 10 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 29 11 or or CCONJ bracis-33637 29 12 with with ADP bracis-33637 29 13 irrelevant irrelevant ADJ bracis-33637 29 14 musings musing NOUN bracis-33637 29 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 29 16 such such ADJ bracis-33637 29 17 as as ADP bracis-33637 29 18 purposely purposely ADV bracis-33637 29 19 inserted insert VERB bracis-33637 29 20 chunks chunk NOUN bracis-33637 29 21 of of ADP bracis-33637 29 22 text text NOUN bracis-33637 29 23 unrelated unrelated ADJ bracis-33637 29 24 to to ADP bracis-33637 29 25 the the DET bracis-33637 29 26 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 29 27 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 29 28 the the DET bracis-33637 29 29 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 29 30 itself itself PRON bracis-33637 29 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 30 1 these these DET bracis-33637 30 2 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 30 3 types type NOUN bracis-33637 30 4 are be AUX bracis-33637 30 5 challenging challenge VERB bracis-33637 30 6 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 30 7 considered consider VERB bracis-33637 30 8 a a DET bracis-33637 30 9 problem problem NOUN bracis-33637 30 10 for for ADP bracis-33637 30 11 automated automate VERB bracis-33637 30 12 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 30 13 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 30 14 systems system NOUN bracis-33637 30 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 30 16 as as ADP bracis-33637 30 17 a a DET bracis-33637 30 18 well well ADV bracis-33637 30 19 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 30 20 written write VERB bracis-33637 30 21 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 30 22 that that PRON bracis-33637 30 23 does do AUX bracis-33637 30 24     SPACE bracis-33637 30 25 not not PART bracis-33637 30 26 address address VERB bracis-33637 30 27 the the DET bracis-33637 30 28 proposed propose VERB bracis-33637 30 29 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 30 30 may may AUX bracis-33637 30 31 receive receive VERB bracis-33637 30 32 an an DET bracis-33637 30 33 overestimated overestimated ADJ bracis-33637 30 34 score score NOUN bracis-33637 30 35 from from ADP bracis-33637 30 36 an an DET bracis-33637 30 37 automated automate VERB bracis-33637 30 38 grader grader NOUN bracis-33637 30 39 because because SCONJ bracis-33637 30 40 of of ADP bracis-33637 30 41 linguistic linguistic ADJ bracis-33637 30 42 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 30 43 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 30 44 such such ADJ bracis-33637 30 45 as as ADP bracis-33637 30 46 text text NOUN bracis-33637 30 47 structure structure NOUN bracis-33637 30 48 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 30 49 surface surface NOUN bracis-33637 31 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 31 2 23 23 NUM bracis-33637 31 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 31 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 32 1 moreover moreover ADV bracis-33637 32 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 32 3 kabra kabra PROPN bracis-33637 32 4 et et PROPN bracis-33637 32 5 al al PROPN bracis-33637 32 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 33 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 33 2 14 14 NUM bracis-33637 33 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 33 4 has have AUX bracis-33637 33 5 shown show VERB bracis-33637 33 6 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 33 7 different different ADJ bracis-33637 33 8 state state NOUN bracis-33637 33 9 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 33 10 of of ADP bracis-33637 33 11 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 33 12 the the DET bracis-33637 33 13 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 33 14 art art NOUN bracis-33637 33 15 automated automate VERB bracis-33637 33 16 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 33 17 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 33 18 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 33 19 fail fail VERB bracis-33637 33 20 to to PART bracis-33637 33 21 provide provide VERB bracis-33637 33 22 a a DET bracis-33637 33 23 low low ADJ bracis-33637 33 24 score score NOUN bracis-33637 33 25 for for ADP bracis-33637 33 26 poo poo NOUN bracis-33637 33 27 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 33 28 quality quality NOUN bracis-33637 33 29 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 33 30 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 34 1 more more ADJ bracis-33637 34 2 than than ADP bracis-33637 34 3 that that PRON bracis-33637 34 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 34 5 off off ADP bracis-33637 34 6 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 34 7 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 34 8 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 34 9 occur occur VERB bracis-33637 34 10 infrequently infrequently ADV bracis-33637 34 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 34 12 making make VERB bracis-33637 34 13 them they PRON bracis-33637 34 14 difficult difficult ADJ bracis-33637 34 15 to to PART bracis-33637 34 16 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 34 17 automatically automatically ADV bracis-33637 34 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 35 1 for for ADP bracis-33637 35 2 example example NOUN bracis-33637 35 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 35 4 in in ADP bracis-33637 35 5 the the DET bracis-33637 35 6 2022 2022 NUM bracis-33637 35 7 enem enem PROPN bracis-33637 35 8 exam exam NOUN bracis-33637 35 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 35 10 of of ADP bracis-33637 35 11 the the DET bracis-33637 35 12 2,355,395 2,355,395 NUM bracis-33637 35 13 produced produce VERB bracis-33637 35 14 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 35 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 35 16 only only ADV bracis-33637 35 17 31,734 31,734 NUM bracis-33637 35 18 were be AUX bracis-33637 35 19 off off ADP bracis-33637 35 20 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 35 21 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 35 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 35 23 that that ADV bracis-33637 35 24 is is ADV bracis-33637 35 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 35 26 1.34%footnote 1.34%footnote NUM bracis-33637 35 27 1 1 X bracis-33637 35 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 36 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 36 2 investigated investigate VERB bracis-33637 36 3 three three NUM bracis-33637 36 4 strategies strategy NOUN bracis-33637 36 5 for for ADP bracis-33637 36 6 detecting detect VERB bracis-33637 36 7 off off ADP bracis-33637 36 8 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 36 9 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 36 10 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 36 11 to to PART bracis-33637 36 12 tackle tackle VERB bracis-33637 36 13 the the DET bracis-33637 36 14 above above ADV bracis-33637 36 15 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 36 16 mentioned mention VERB bracis-33637 36 17 challenges challenge NOUN bracis-33637 36 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 37 1 the the DET bracis-33637 37 2     SPACE bracis-33637 37 3 first first ADV bracis-33637 37 4 is be AUX bracis-33637 37 5 based base VERB bracis-33637 37 6 on on ADP bracis-33637 37 7 handcrafted handcraft VERB bracis-33637 37 8 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 37 9 for for ADP bracis-33637 37 10 feeding feed VERB bracis-33637 37 11 supervised supervised ADJ bracis-33637 37 12 machine machine NOUN bracis-33637 37 13 learning learn VERB bracis-33637 37 14 algorithms algorithm NOUN bracis-33637 37 15 to to PART bracis-33637 37 16 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 37 17 off off ADP bracis-33637 37 18 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 37 19 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 37 20 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 37 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 37 22 while while SCONJ bracis-33637 37 23 the the DET bracis-33637 37 24 second second ADJ bracis-33637 37 25 adopts adopt VERB bracis-33637 37 26 a a DET bracis-33637 37 27 fine fine ADV bracis-33637 37 28 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 37 29 tuned tune VERB bracis-33637 37 30 bert bert PROPN bracis-33637 37 31 model model NOUN bracis-33637 37 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 38 1 the the DET bracis-33637 38 2 last last ADJ bracis-33637 38 3 approach approach NOUN bracis-33637 38 4 explores explore VERB bracis-33637 38 5 prompt prompt ADJ bracis-33637 38 6 engineering engineering NOUN bracis-33637 38 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 38 8 examining examine VERB bracis-33637 38 9 whether whether SCONJ bracis-33637 38 10 the the DET bracis-33637 38 11 language language NOUN bracis-33637 38 12 proficiency proficiency NOUN bracis-33637 38 13 retained retain VERB bracis-33637 38 14 by by ADP bracis-33637 38 15 a a DET bracis-33637 38 16 large large ADJ bracis-33637 38 17 language language NOUN bracis-33637 38 18 model model NOUN bracis-33637 38 19 is be AUX bracis-33637 38 20 useful useful ADJ bracis-33637 38 21 in in ADP bracis-33637 38 22 detecting detect VERB bracis-33637 38 23 off off ADP bracis-33637 38 24 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 38 25 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 38 26 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 38 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 39 1 these these DET bracis-33637 39 2 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 39 3 were be AUX bracis-33637 39 4 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33637 39 5 using use VERB bracis-33637 39 6 the the DET bracis-33637 39 7 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 39 8 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 39 9 br br NOUN bracis-33637 39 10 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 39 11     SPACE bracis-33637 40 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 40 2 19 19 NUM bracis-33637 40 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 40 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 41 1 the the DET bracis-33637 41 2 fine fine ADV bracis-33637 41 3 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 41 4 tuned tune VERB bracis-33637 41 5 bert bert PROPN bracis-33637 41 6 model model NOUN bracis-33637 41 7 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33637 41 8 the the DET bracis-33637 41 9 best good ADJ bracis-33637 41 10 result result NOUN bracis-33637 41 11 with with ADP bracis-33637 41 12 75 75 NUM bracis-33637 41 13 % % NOUN bracis-33637 41 14 balanced balanced ADJ bracis-33637 41 15 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33637 41 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 42 1 the the DET bracis-33637 42 2 rest rest NOUN bracis-33637 42 3 of of ADP bracis-33637 42 4 the the DET bracis-33637 42 5 paper paper NOUN bracis-33637 42 6 is be AUX bracis-33637 42 7 organized organize VERB bracis-33637 42 8 as as SCONJ bracis-33637 42 9 follows follow VERB bracis-33637 42 10 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 42 11 in in ADP bracis-33637 42 12 sect sect NOUN bracis-33637 42 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 42 14     SPACE bracis-33637 43 1 2 2 NUM bracis-33637 43 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 43 3 we we PRON bracis-33637 43 4 briefly briefly ADV bracis-33637 43 5 present present VERB bracis-33637 43 6 related related ADJ bracis-33637 43 7 work work NOUN bracis-33637 43 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 44 1 section section NOUN bracis-33637 44 2     SPACE bracis-33637 44 3 3 3 NUM bracis-33637 44 4 details detail NOUN bracis-33637 44 5 the the DET bracis-33637 44 6 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 44 7 used use VERB bracis-33637 44 8 to to PART bracis-33637 44 9 evaluate evaluate VERB bracis-33637 44 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 44 11 compare compare VERB bracis-33637 44 12 the the DET bracis-33637 44 13 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33637 44 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 45 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 45 2 sect sect NOUN bracis-33637 45 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 45 4     SPACE bracis-33637 45 5 4 4 NUM bracis-33637 45 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 45 7 we we PRON bracis-33637 45 8 detailed detail VERB bracis-33637 45 9 the the DET bracis-33637 45 10 developed develop VERB bracis-33637 45 11 strategies strategy NOUN bracis-33637 45 12 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 46 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 46 2 sect sect NOUN bracis-33637 46 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 46 4     SPACE bracis-33637 46 5 5 5 NUM bracis-33637 46 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 46 7 we we PRON bracis-33637 46 8 reported report VERB bracis-33637 46 9     SPACE bracis-33637 46 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 46 11 analyzed analyze VERB bracis-33637 46 12 the the DET bracis-33637 46 13 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33637 46 14 results result NOUN bracis-33637 46 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 47 1 finally finally ADV bracis-33637 47 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 47 3 sect sect NOUN bracis-33637 47 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 47 5     SPACE bracis-33637 47 6 6 6 NUM bracis-33637 47 7 concludes conclude VERB bracis-33637 47 8 the the DET bracis-33637 47 9 paper paper NOUN bracis-33637 47 10 by by ADP bracis-33637 47 11 indicating indicate VERB bracis-33637 47 12 future future ADJ bracis-33637 47 13 directions direction NOUN bracis-33637 47 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 48 1 2 2 NUM bracis-33637 48 2 related related ADJ bracis-33637 48 3 work work NOUN bracis-33637 48 4 due due ADP bracis-33637 48 5 to to ADP bracis-33637 48 6 the the DET bracis-33637 48 7 difficulty difficulty NOUN bracis-33637 48 8 of of ADP bracis-33637 48 9 dealing deal VERB bracis-33637 48 10 with with ADP bracis-33637 48 11 off off ADP bracis-33637 48 12 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 48 13 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 48 14 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 48 15 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 48 16 the the DET bracis-33637 48 17 lack lack NOUN bracis-33637 48 18 of of ADP bracis-33637 48 19 a a DET bracis-33637 48 20 large large ADJ bracis-33637 48 21 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 48 22 of of ADP bracis-33637 48 23 off off ADP bracis-33637 48 24 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 48 25 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 48 26 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 48 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 48 28 most most ADJ bracis-33637 48 29 works work VERB bracis-33637 48 30 for for ADP bracis-33637 48 31 the the DET bracis-33637 48 32 portuguese portuguese ADJ bracis-33637 48 33 language language NOUN bracis-33637 48 34 focused focus VERB bracis-33637 48 35 only only ADV bracis-33637 48 36 on on ADP bracis-33637 48 37 on on ADP bracis-33637 48 38 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 48 39 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 48 40 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 48 41     SPACE bracis-33637 49 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 49 2 9 9 NUM bracis-33637 49 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 49 4 20 20 NUM bracis-33637 49 5 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 49 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 50 1 so so ADV bracis-33637 50 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 50 3 there there PRON bracis-33637 50 4 are be VERB bracis-33637 50 5 a a DET bracis-33637 50 6 few few ADJ bracis-33637 50 7 works work NOUN bracis-33637 50 8 on on ADP bracis-33637 50 9 this this DET bracis-33637 50 10 theme theme NOUN bracis-33637 50 11 ; ; PUNCT bracis-33637 50 12 we we PRON bracis-33637 50 13 briefly briefly ADV bracis-33637 50 14 discuss discuss VERB bracis-33637 50 15 them they PRON bracis-33637 50 16 here here ADV bracis-33637 50 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 51 1 passero passero NOUN bracis-33637 51 2 et et PROPN bracis-33637 51 3 al al PROPN bracis-33637 51 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 52 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 52 2 23 23 NUM bracis-33637 52 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 52 4 presented present VERB bracis-33637 52 5 a a DET bracis-33637 52 6 systematic systematic ADJ bracis-33637 52 7 literature literature NOUN bracis-33637 52 8 review review NOUN bracis-33637 52 9 on on ADP bracis-33637 52 10 automatically automatically ADV bracis-33637 52 11 detecting detect VERB bracis-33637 52 12 off off ADP bracis-33637 52 13 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 52 14 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 52 15 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 52 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 52 17     SPACE bracis-33637 53 1 they they PRON bracis-33637 53 2 identified identify VERB bracis-33637 53 3 five five NUM bracis-33637 53 4 papers paper NOUN bracis-33637 53 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 53 6 all all PRON bracis-33637 53 7 of of ADP bracis-33637 53 8 them they PRON bracis-33637 53 9 for for ADP bracis-33637 53 10 the the DET bracis-33637 53 11 english english ADJ bracis-33637 53 12 language language NOUN bracis-33637 53 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 53 14     SPACE bracis-33637 54 1 the the DET bracis-33637 54 2 studies study NOUN bracis-33637 54 3 dealt deal VERB bracis-33637 54 4 with with ADP bracis-33637 54 5 off off ADP bracis-33637 54 6 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 54 7 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 54 8 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 54 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 54 10 mainly mainly ADV bracis-33637 54 11 using use VERB bracis-33637 54 12 textual textual ADJ bracis-33637 54 13 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 54 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 54 15 such such ADJ bracis-33637 54 16 as as ADP bracis-33637 54 17 latent latent NOUN bracis-33637 54 18 semantic semantic ADJ bracis-33637 54 19 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33637 54 20 [ [ X bracis-33637 54 21 17 17 NUM bracis-33637 54 22 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 54 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 54 24 n n CCONJ bracis-33637 54 25 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 54 26 grams gram NOUN bracis-33637 54 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 54 28 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 54 29 latent latent ADJ bracis-33637 54 30 dirichlet dirichlet PROPN bracis-33637 54 31 allocation allocation NOUN bracis-33637 54 32     SPACE bracis-33637 55 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 55 2 4 4 NUM bracis-33637 55 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 55 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 55 5 among among ADP bracis-33637 55 6 others other NOUN bracis-33637 55 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 55 8 to to PART bracis-33637 55 9 classify classify VERB bracis-33637 55 10 an an DET bracis-33637 55 11 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 55 12 as as ADP bracis-33637 55 13 onor onor NOUN bracis-33637 55 14 off off ADP bracis-33637 55 15 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 55 16 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 55 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 56 1 from from ADP bracis-33637 56 2     SPACE bracis-33637 56 3 this this DET bracis-33637 56 4 study study NOUN bracis-33637 56 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 56 6 the the DET bracis-33637 56 7 authors author NOUN bracis-33637 56 8 found find VERB bracis-33637 56 9 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 56 10 the the DET bracis-33637 56 11 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33637 56 12 had have VERB bracis-33637 56 13 high high ADJ bracis-33637 56 14 error error NOUN bracis-33637 56 15 rates rate NOUN bracis-33637 56 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 56 17 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 56 18 the the DET bracis-33637 56 19 studies study NOUN bracis-33637 56 20 mostly mostly ADV bracis-33637 56 21 used use VERB bracis-33637 56 22 artificial artificial ADJ bracis-33637 56 23 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 56 24 sets set NOUN bracis-33637 56 25 for for ADP bracis-33637 56 26 validation validation NOUN bracis-33637 56 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 57 1 passero passero NOUN bracis-33637 57 2 et et PROPN bracis-33637 57 3 al al PROPN bracis-33637 57 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 58 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 58 2 22 22 NUM bracis-33637 58 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 58 4 adapted adapt VERB bracis-33637 58 5 the the DET bracis-33637 58 6 five five NUM bracis-33637 58 7 studies study NOUN bracis-33637 58 8 identified identify VERB bracis-33637 58 9 by by ADP bracis-33637 58 10 passero passero PROPN bracis-33637 58 11 et et PROPN bracis-33637 58 12 al al PROPN bracis-33637 58 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 59 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 59 2 23 23 NUM bracis-33637 59 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 59 4 to to ADP bracis-33637 59 5 portuguese portuguese PROPN bracis-33637 59 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 60 1 the the DET bracis-33637 60 2 authors author NOUN bracis-33637 60 3 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33637 60 4 the the DET bracis-33637 60 5 adaptations adaptation NOUN bracis-33637 60 6 in in ADP bracis-33637 60 7 a a DET bracis-33637 60 8 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 60 9 of of ADP bracis-33637 60 10 2,164 2,164 NUM bracis-33637 60 11 essaysfootnote essaysfootnote NOUN bracis-33637 60 12 2 2 NUM bracis-33637 60 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 61 1 as as SCONJ bracis-33637 61 2 this this DET bracis-33637 61 3 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 61 4 has have VERB bracis-33637 61 5 only only ADV bracis-33637 61 6 12 12 NUM bracis-33637 61 7 off off ADJ bracis-33637 61 8 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 61 9 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 61 10 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 61 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 61 12 the the DET bracis-33637 61 13 authors author NOUN bracis-33637 61 14 used use VERB bracis-33637 61 15 the the DET bracis-33637 61 16 following follow VERB bracis-33637 61 17 strategy strategy NOUN bracis-33637 61 18 to to PART bracis-33637 61 19 use use VERB bracis-33637 61 20 random random ADJ bracis-33637 61 21 on on ADP bracis-33637 61 22 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 61 23 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 61 24 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 61 25 as as ADP bracis-33637 61 26 off off ADP bracis-33637 61 27 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 61 28 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 61 29 ones one NOUN bracis-33637 61 30 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 62 1 for for ADP bracis-33637 62 2 each each DET bracis-33637 62 3 set set NOUN bracis-33637 62 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 62 5 n n PRON bracis-33637 62 6 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 62 7 of of ADP bracis-33637 62 8 a a DET bracis-33637 62 9 prompt prompt ADJ bracis-33637 62 10 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 62 11 negative negative ADJ bracis-33637 62 12 or or CCONJ bracis-33637 62 13 on on ADP bracis-33637 62 14 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 62 15 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 62 16 examples example NOUN bracis-33637 62 17 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 62 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 62 19 n n CCONJ bracis-33637 62 20 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 62 21 are be AUX bracis-33637 62 22 randomly randomly ADV bracis-33637 62 23 selected select VERB bracis-33637 62 24 from from ADP bracis-33637 62 25 other other ADJ bracis-33637 62 26 prompts prompt NOUN bracis-33637 62 27 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 62 28 positive positive ADJ bracis-33637 62 29 or or CCONJ bracis-33637 62 30 off off ADP bracis-33637 62 31 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 62 32 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 62 33 examples example NOUN bracis-33637 62 34 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 62 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 63 1 the the DET bracis-33637 63 2 adapted adapt VERB bracis-33637 63 3 work work NOUN bracis-33637 63 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 63 5 beigman beigman PROPN bracis-33637 63 6 klebanov klebanov PROPN bracis-33637 63 7 et et PROPN bracis-33637 63 8 al al PROPN bracis-33637 63 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 64 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 64 2 2 2 NUM bracis-33637 64 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 64 4 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33637 64 5 the the DET bracis-33637 64 6 best good ADJ bracis-33637 64 7 result result NOUN bracis-33637 64 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 65 1 it it PRON bracis-33637 65 2 detects detect VERB bracis-33637 65 3 off off ADP bracis-33637 65 4 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 65 5 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 65 6 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 65 7 by by ADP bracis-33637 65 8 estimating estimate VERB bracis-33637 65 9 the the DET bracis-33637 65 10 topicality topicality NOUN bracis-33637 65 11 of of ADP bracis-33637 65 12 each each DET bracis-33637 65 13 word word NOUN bracis-33637 65 14 in in ADP bracis-33637 65 15 the the DET bracis-33637 65 16 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 65 17 by by ADP bracis-33637 65 18 comparing compare VERB bracis-33637 65 19 its its PRON bracis-33637 65 20 occurrence occurrence NOUN bracis-33637 65 21 in in ADP bracis-33637 65 22 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 65 23 from from ADP bracis-33637 65 24 the the DET bracis-33637 65 25 same same ADJ bracis-33637 65 26 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 65 27 to to ADP bracis-33637 65 28 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 65 29 from from ADP bracis-33637 65 30 other other ADJ bracis-33637 65 31 prompts prompt NOUN bracis-33637 65 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 66 1 pinho pinho NOUN bracis-33637 66 2 et et PROPN bracis-33637 66 3 al al PROPN bracis-33637 66 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 67 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 67 2 25 25 NUM bracis-33637 67 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 67 4 compared compare VERB bracis-33637 67 5 several several ADJ bracis-33637 67 6 supervised supervised ADJ bracis-33637 67 7 machine machine NOUN bracis-33637 67 8 learning learning NOUN bracis-33637 67 9 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 67 10 to to PART bracis-33637 67 11 classify classify VERB bracis-33637 67 12 an an DET bracis-33637 67 13 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 67 14 as as ADP bracis-33637 67 15 onor onor NOUN bracis-33637 67 16 off off ADP bracis-33637 67 17 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 67 18 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 67 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 68 1 to to PART bracis-33637 68 2 compare compare VERB bracis-33637 68 3 the the DET bracis-33637 68 4 classifiers classifier NOUN bracis-33637 68 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 68 6 they they PRON bracis-33637 68 7 used use VERB bracis-33637 68 8 a a DET bracis-33637 68 9 private private ADJ bracis-33637 68 10 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 68 11 of of ADP bracis-33637 68 12 1,320 1,320 NUM bracis-33637 68 13 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 68 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 68 15 230 230 NUM bracis-33637 68 16 of of ADP bracis-33637 68 17 which which PRON bracis-33637 68 18 were be AUX bracis-33637 68 19 off off ADP bracis-33637 68 20 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 68 21 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 68 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 69 1 a a DET bracis-33637 69 2 convolutional convolutional ADJ bracis-33637 69 3 neural neural ADJ bracis-33637 69 4 network network NOUN bracis-33637 69 5 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33637 69 6 the the DET bracis-33637 69 7 best good ADJ bracis-33637 69 8 result result NOUN bracis-33637 69 9 with with ADP bracis-33637 69 10 89.4 89.4 NUM bracis-33637 69 11 % % NOUN bracis-33637 69 12 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33637 69 13 with with ADP bracis-33637 69 14 three three NUM bracis-33637 69 15 - - ADJ bracis-33637 69 16 fold fold ADJ bracis-33637 69 17 cross cross NOUN bracis-33637 69 18 - - NOUN bracis-33637 69 19 validation validation NOUN bracis-33637 69 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 70 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 70 2 the the DET bracis-33637 70 3 following following ADJ bracis-33637 70 4 section section NOUN bracis-33637 70 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 70 6 we we PRON bracis-33637 70 7 present present VERB bracis-33637 70 8 the the DET bracis-33637 70 9 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 70 10 used use VERB bracis-33637 70 11 in in ADP bracis-33637 70 12 this this DET bracis-33637 70 13 study study NOUN bracis-33637 70 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 71 1 3 3 NUM bracis-33637 71 2 corpus corpu NOUN bracis-33637 71 3 we we PRON bracis-33637 71 4 used use VERB bracis-33637 71 5 the the DET bracis-33637 71 6 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 71 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 71 8 br br NOUN bracis-33637 71 9 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 71 10 [ [ X bracis-33637 71 11 19 19 NUM bracis-33637 71 12 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 71 13 to to PART bracis-33637 71 14 evaluate evaluate VERB bracis-33637 71 15 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 71 16 compare compare VERB bracis-33637 71 17 the the DET bracis-33637 71 18 developed develop VERB bracis-33637 71 19 strategies strategy NOUN bracis-33637 71 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 72 1 that that DET bracis-33637 72 2 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 72 3 contains contain VERB bracis-33637 72 4 4,570 4,570 NUM bracis-33637 72 5 argumentative argumentative ADJ bracis-33637 72 6 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 72 7 graded grade VERB bracis-33637 72 8 according accord VERB bracis-33637 72 9 to to ADP bracis-33637 72 10 the the DET bracis-33637 72 11 five five NUM bracis-33637 72 12 traits trait NOUN bracis-33637 72 13 of of ADP bracis-33637 72 14 the the DET bracis-33637 72 15 enem enem PROPN bracis-33637 72 16 exam exam NOUN bracis-33637 72 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 73 1 out out ADP bracis-33637 73 2 of of ADP bracis-33637 73 3 the the DET bracis-33637 73 4 total total ADJ bracis-33637 73 5 number number NOUN bracis-33637 73 6 of of ADP bracis-33637 73 7 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 73 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 73 9 82 82 NUM bracis-33637 73 10 are be AUX bracis-33637 73 11 graded grade VERB bracis-33637 73 12 with with ADP bracis-33637 73 13 a a DET bracis-33637 73 14 score score NOUN bracis-33637 73 15 of of ADP bracis-33637 73 16 zero zero NUM bracis-33637 73 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 73 18 i.e. i.e. X bracis-33637 73 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 73 20 1.79 1.79 NUM bracis-33637 73 21 % % NOUN bracis-33637 73 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 73 23 a a DET bracis-33637 73 24 similar similar ADJ bracis-33637 73 25 value value NOUN bracis-33637 73 26 to to ADP bracis-33637 73 27 the the DET bracis-33637 73 28 number number NOUN bracis-33637 73 29     SPACE bracis-33637 73 30 of of ADP bracis-33637 73 31 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 73 32 scored score VERB bracis-33637 73 33 with with ADP bracis-33637 73 34 zero zero NUM bracis-33637 73 35 in in ADP bracis-33637 73 36 the the DET bracis-33637 73 37 2022 2022 NUM bracis-33637 73 38 enem enem PROPN bracis-33637 73 39 exam exam NOUN bracis-33637 73 40 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 74 1 the the DET bracis-33637 74 2 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 74 3 is be AUX bracis-33637 74 4 organized organize VERB bracis-33637 74 5 according accord VERB bracis-33637 74 6 to to ADP bracis-33637 74 7 table table NOUN bracis-33637 74 8     SPACE bracis-33637 74 9 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 74 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 74 11 table table NOUN bracis-33637 74 12 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 74 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 75 1 the the DET bracis-33637 75 2 number number NOUN bracis-33637 75 3 of of ADP bracis-33637 75 4 on on ADP bracis-33637 75 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 75 6 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 75 7 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 75 8 off off ADP bracis-33637 75 9 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 75 10 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 75 11 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 75 12 in in ADP bracis-33637 75 13 the the DET bracis-33637 75 14 corpus.full corpus.full ADJ bracis-33637 75 15 size size NOUN bracis-33637 75 16 table table NOUN bracis-33637 75 17 to to PART bracis-33637 75 18 understand understand VERB bracis-33637 75 19 why why SCONJ bracis-33637 75 20 these these DET bracis-33637 75 21 82 82 NUM bracis-33637 75 22 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 75 23 received receive VERB bracis-33637 75 24 a a DET bracis-33637 75 25 zero zero NUM bracis-33637 75 26 score score NOUN bracis-33637 75 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 75 28 we we PRON bracis-33637 75 29 asked ask VERB bracis-33637 75 30 two two NUM bracis-33637 75 31 linguists linguist NOUN bracis-33637 75 32 with with ADP bracis-33637 75 33 experience experience NOUN bracis-33637 75 34 in in ADP bracis-33637 75 35 grading grade VERB bracis-33637 75 36 enem enem NOUN bracis-33637 75 37 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 75 38 to to PART bracis-33637 75 39 evaluate evaluate VERB bracis-33637 75 40 them they PRON bracis-33637 75 41 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 76 1 for for ADP bracis-33637 76 2 that that PRON bracis-33637 76 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 76 4 we we PRON bracis-33637 76 5 provided provide VERB bracis-33637 76 6 the the DET bracis-33637 76 7 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 76 8 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 76 9 prompts prompt NOUN bracis-33637 76 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 76 11 where where SCONJ bracis-33637 76 12 each each DET bracis-33637 76 13 reviewer reviewer NOUN bracis-33637 76 14 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33637 76 15 all all DET bracis-33637 76 16 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 76 17 independently independently ADV bracis-33637 76 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 76 19 following follow VERB bracis-33637 76 20 the the DET bracis-33637 76 21     SPACE bracis-33637 76 22 enem enem NOUN bracis-33637 76 23 criteriafootnote criteriafootnote PROPN bracis-33637 76 24 3 3 X bracis-33637 76 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 77 1 the the DET bracis-33637 77 2 reviewers reviewer NOUN bracis-33637 77 3 agreed agree VERB bracis-33637 77 4 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 77 5 all all DET bracis-33637 77 6 82 82 NUM bracis-33637 77 7 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 77 8 did do AUX bracis-33637 77 9 not not PART bracis-33637 77 10 follow follow VERB bracis-33637 77 11 the the DET bracis-33637 77 12 expected expect VERB bracis-33637 77 13 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 77 14 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 77 15 received receive VERB bracis-33637 77 16 a a DET bracis-33637 77 17 zero zero NUM bracis-33637 77 18 score score NOUN bracis-33637 77 19 for for ADP bracis-33637 77 20 not not PART bracis-33637 77 21 adhering adhere VERB bracis-33637 77 22 to to ADP bracis-33637 77 23 it it PRON bracis-33637 77 24 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 78 1 table table NOUN bracis-33637 78 2     SPACE bracis-33637 78 3 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 78 4 presents present VERB bracis-33637 78 5 the the DET bracis-33637 78 6 number number NOUN bracis-33637 78 7 of of ADP bracis-33637 78 8 on on ADP bracis-33637 78 9 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 78 10 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 78 11 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 78 12 off off ADP bracis-33637 78 13 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 78 14 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 78 15 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 78 16 in in ADP bracis-33637 78 17 the the DET bracis-33637 78 18 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 78 19 for for ADP bracis-33637 78 20 each each DET bracis-33637 78 21 set set NOUN bracis-33637 78 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 79 1 as as SCONJ bracis-33637 79 2 we we PRON bracis-33637 79 3 can can AUX bracis-33637 79 4 see see VERB bracis-33637 79 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 79 6 the the DET bracis-33637 79 7 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 79 8 is be AUX bracis-33637 79 9 very very ADV bracis-33637 79 10 unbalanced unbalanced ADJ bracis-33637 79 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 79 12 indicating indicate VERB bracis-33637 79 13 the the DET bracis-33637 79 14 need need NOUN bracis-33637 79 15 to to PART bracis-33637 79 16 apply apply VERB bracis-33637 79 17 sampling sample VERB bracis-33637 79 18 strategies strategy NOUN bracis-33637 79 19 to to PART bracis-33637 79 20 adjust adjust VERB bracis-33637 79 21 the the DET bracis-33637 79 22 class class NOUN bracis-33637 79 23 distribution distribution NOUN bracis-33637 79 24 of of ADP bracis-33637 79 25 the the DET bracis-33637 79 26 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 79 27 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 80 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 80 2 what what PRON bracis-33637 80 3 follows follow VERB bracis-33637 80 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 80 5 we we PRON bracis-33637 80 6 detail detail VERB bracis-33637 80 7 our our PRON bracis-33637 80 8 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33637 80 9 to to ADP bracis-33637 80 10 handling handle VERB bracis-33637 80 11 off off ADP bracis-33637 80 12 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 80 13 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 80 14 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 80 15 detection detection NOUN bracis-33637 80 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 81 1 4 4 NUM bracis-33637 81 2 off off ADP bracis-33637 81 3 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 81 4 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 81 5 detection detection NOUN bracis-33637 81 6 strategies strategy NOUN bracis-33637 81 7 due due ADJ bracis-33637 81 8 to to ADP bracis-33637 81 9 the the DET bracis-33637 81 10 unbalancing unbalancing NOUN bracis-33637 81 11 of of ADP bracis-33637 81 12 the the DET bracis-33637 81 13 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 81 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 81 15 we we PRON bracis-33637 81 16 first first ADV bracis-33637 81 17 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33637 81 18 overand overand NOUN bracis-33637 81 19 under under ADV bracis-33637 81 20 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 81 21 sampling sample VERB bracis-33637 81 22 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 81 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 82 1 for for ADP bracis-33637 82 2 oversampling oversample VERB bracis-33637 82 3 strategies strategy NOUN bracis-33637 82 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 82 5 we we PRON bracis-33637 82 6 analyzed analyze VERB bracis-33637 82 7 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33637 82 8 for for ADP bracis-33637 82 9 generating generate VERB bracis-33637 82 10 synthetic synthetic ADJ bracis-33637 82 11 data datum NOUN bracis-33637 82 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 82 13 such such ADJ bracis-33637 82 14     SPACE bracis-33637 82 15 as as ADV bracis-33637 82 16 smote smote ADJ bracis-33637 82 17 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 82 18 synthetic synthetic ADJ bracis-33637 82 19 minority minority NOUN bracis-33637 82 20 over over ADP bracis-33637 82 21 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 82 22 sampling sample VERB bracis-33637 82 23 technique technique NOUN bracis-33637 82 24 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 82 25     SPACE bracis-33637 83 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 83 2 6 6 NUM bracis-33637 83 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 83 4     SPACE bracis-33637 83 5 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 83 6 adasyn adasyn PROPN bracis-33637 83 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 83 8 adaptive adaptive ADJ bracis-33637 83 9 synthetic synthetic ADJ bracis-33637 83 10 sampling sampling NOUN bracis-33637 83 11 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 84 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 84 2 11 11 NUM bracis-33637 84 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 84 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 85 1 also also ADV bracis-33637 85 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 85 3 our our PRON bracis-33637 85 4 second second ADJ bracis-33637 85 5 oversampling oversampling ADJ bracis-33637 85 6 strategy strategy NOUN bracis-33637 85 7     SPACE bracis-33637 85 8 uses use VERB bracis-33637 85 9 random random ADJ bracis-33637 85 10 on on ADP bracis-33637 85 11 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 85 12 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 85 13 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 85 14 as as ADP bracis-33637 85 15 off off ADP bracis-33637 85 16 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 85 17 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 85 18 ones one NOUN bracis-33637 85 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 86 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 86 2 selected select VERB bracis-33637 86 3 1.543 1.543 NUM bracis-33637 86 4 on on ADP bracis-33637 86 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 86 6 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 86 7 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 86 8 from from ADP bracis-33637 86 9 the the DET bracis-33637 86 10 training training NOUN bracis-33637 86 11 set set NOUN bracis-33637 86 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 86 13 switched switch VERB bracis-33637 86 14     SPACE bracis-33637 86 15 their their PRON bracis-33637 86 16 prompts prompt NOUN bracis-33637 86 17 to to PART bracis-33637 86 18 transform transform VERB bracis-33637 86 19 them they PRON bracis-33637 86 20 into into ADP bracis-33637 86 21 off off ADP bracis-33637 86 22 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 86 23 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 86 24 ones one NOUN bracis-33637 86 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 87 1 this this DET bracis-33637 87 2 way way NOUN bracis-33637 87 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 87 4 we we PRON bracis-33637 87 5 balanced balance VERB bracis-33637 87 6 the the DET bracis-33637 87 7 training training NOUN bracis-33637 87 8 set set NOUN bracis-33637 87 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 87 10 resulting result VERB bracis-33637 87 11 in in ADP bracis-33637 87 12 1.599 1.599 NUM bracis-33637 87 13 on- on- NOUN bracis-33637 87 14     SPACE bracis-33637 87 15 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 87 16 off off ADP bracis-33637 87 17 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 87 18 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 87 19 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 87 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 88 1 for for ADP bracis-33637 88 2 undersampling undersample VERB bracis-33637 88 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 88 4 we we PRON bracis-33637 88 5 used use VERB bracis-33637 88 6 a a DET bracis-33637 88 7 random random ADJ bracis-33637 88 8 undersampling undersampling ADJ bracis-33637 88 9 strategy strategy NOUN bracis-33637 88 10 from from ADP bracis-33637 88 11 the the DET bracis-33637 88 12 imbalanced imbalance VERB bracis-33637 88 13 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 88 14 learn learn NOUN bracis-33637 88 15 library library NOUN bracis-33637 88 16 [ [ X bracis-33637 88 17 18 18 NUM bracis-33637 88 18 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 88 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 89 1 it it PRON bracis-33637 89 2 is be AUX bracis-33637 89 3 important important ADJ bracis-33637 89 4 to to PART bracis-33637 89 5 note note VERB bracis-33637 89 6 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 89 7 these these DET bracis-33637 89 8 sampling sample VERB bracis-33637 89 9 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 89 10 were be AUX bracis-33637 89 11 only only ADV bracis-33637 89 12 applied apply VERB bracis-33637 89 13 to to ADP bracis-33637 89 14 the the DET bracis-33637 89 15 training training NOUN bracis-33637 89 16 set set NOUN bracis-33637 89 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 90 1 after after ADP bracis-33637 90 2 balancing balance VERB bracis-33637 90 3 the the DET bracis-33637 90 4 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 90 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 90 6 we we PRON bracis-33637 90 7 developed develop VERB bracis-33637 90 8 two two NUM bracis-33637 90 9 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 90 10 to to PART bracis-33637 90 11 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 90 12 off off ADP bracis-33637 90 13 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 90 14 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 90 15 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 90 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 90 17 as as SCONJ bracis-33637 90 18 depicted depict VERB bracis-33637 90 19 in in ADP bracis-33637 90 20 fig fig NOUN bracis-33637 90 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 90 22     SPACE bracis-33637 91 1 1 1 X bracis-33637 91 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 92 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 92 2 addition addition NOUN bracis-33637 92 3 to to ADP bracis-33637 92 4 these these DET bracis-33637 92 5 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 92 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 92 7 we we PRON bracis-33637 92 8 checked check VERB bracis-33637 92 9 whether whether SCONJ bracis-33637 92 10 a a DET bracis-33637 92 11 large large ADJ bracis-33637 92 12 language language NOUN bracis-33637 92 13 model model NOUN bracis-33637 92 14 may may AUX bracis-33637 92 15 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 92 16 off off ADP bracis-33637 92 17 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 92 18 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 92 19 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 92 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 93 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 93 2 the the DET bracis-33637 93 3 following follow VERB bracis-33637 93 4 subsections subsection NOUN bracis-33637 93 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 93 6 we we PRON bracis-33637 93 7 detail detail VERB bracis-33637 93 8 these these DET bracis-33637 93 9 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33637 93 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 94 1 fig fig NOUN bracis-33637 94 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 95 1 1 1 X bracis-33637 95 2 . . X bracis-33637 95 3 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33637 95 4 to to PART bracis-33637 95 5 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 95 6 off off ADP bracis-33637 95 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 95 8 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 95 9 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 95 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 96 1 full full ADJ bracis-33637 96 2 size size NOUN bracis-33637 96 3 image image NOUN bracis-33637 96 4 4.1 4.1 NUM bracis-33637 96 5 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 96 6 we we PRON bracis-33637 96 7 manually manually ADV bracis-33637 96 8 extracted extract VERB bracis-33637 96 9 six six NUM bracis-33637 96 10 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 96 11 to to PART bracis-33637 96 12 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 96 13 off off ADP bracis-33637 96 14 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 96 15 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 96 16 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 96 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 97 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 97 2 extracted extract VERB bracis-33637 97 3 these these DET bracis-33637 97 4 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 97 5 by by ADP bracis-33637 97 6 comparing compare VERB bracis-33637 97 7     SPACE bracis-33637 97 8 each each DET bracis-33637 97 9 paragraph paragraph NOUN bracis-33637 97 10 of of ADP bracis-33637 97 11 an an DET bracis-33637 97 12 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 97 13 to to ADP bracis-33637 97 14 each each DET bracis-33637 97 15 paragraph paragraph NOUN bracis-33637 97 16 of of ADP bracis-33637 97 17 its its PRON bracis-33637 97 18 corresponding corresponding ADJ bracis-33637 97 19 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 97 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 98 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 98 2 then then ADV bracis-33637 98 3 compute compute VERB bracis-33637 98 4 the the DET bracis-33637 98 5 cosine cosine NOUN bracis-33637 98 6 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33637 98 7 for for ADP bracis-33637 98 8 each each DET bracis-33637 98 9 compared compare VERB bracis-33637 98 10 paragraph paragraph NOUN bracis-33637 98 11 pair pair NOUN bracis-33637 98 12 using use VERB bracis-33637 98 13 the the DET bracis-33637 98 14 extracted extract VERB bracis-33637 98 15 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 98 16 values value NOUN bracis-33637 98 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 98 18 applying apply VERB bracis-33637 98 19 eq eq ADP bracis-33637 98 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 98 21     SPACE bracis-33637 99 1 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 99 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 99 3 where where SCONJ bracis-33637 99 4 \(\overrightarrow{u \(\overrightarrow{u NOUN bracis-33637 99 5 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 99 6 \cdot \cdot NOUN bracis-33637 99 7 \overrightarrow{v}\ \overrightarrow{v}\ VERB bracis-33637 99 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 99 9 is be AUX bracis-33637 99 10 the the DET bracis-33637 99 11 dot dot NOUN bracis-33637 99 12 product product NOUN bracis-33637 99 13 of of ADP bracis-33637 99 14 the the DET bracis-33637 99 15 two two NUM bracis-33637 99 16 vectors vector NOUN bracis-33637 99 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 100 1 $ $ SYM bracis-33637 100 2 $ $ SYM bracis-33637 100 3 \begin{aligned \begin{aligne VERB bracis-33637 100 4 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 100 5 cos(\theta cos(\theta NOUN bracis-33637 100 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 100 7 = = SYM bracis-33637 100 8 \frac{\overrightarrow{u \frac{\overrightarrow{u PROPN bracis-33637 100 9 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 100 10 \cdot \cdot NOUN bracis-33637 100 11 \overrightarrow{v}}{\vert \overrightarrow{v}}{\vert NOUN bracis-33637 100 12 \overrightarrow{u}\vert \overrightarrow{u}\vert NUM bracis-33637 100 13 \vert \vert PROPN bracis-33637 100 14 \overrightarrow{v}\vert \overrightarrow{v}\vert PUNCT bracis-33637 100 15 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 100 16 \end{aligned}$$ \end{aligned}$$ X bracis-33637 100 17 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 100 18 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 100 19 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 100 20 finally finally ADV bracis-33637 100 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 100 22 we we PRON bracis-33637 100 23 calculate calculate VERB bracis-33637 100 24 the the DET bracis-33637 100 25 arithmetic arithmetic ADJ bracis-33637 100 26 mean mean NOUN bracis-33637 100 27 among among ADP bracis-33637 100 28 all all DET bracis-33637 100 29 cosine cosine NOUN bracis-33637 100 30 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33637 100 31 values value NOUN bracis-33637 100 32 to to PART bracis-33637 100 33 obtain obtain VERB bracis-33637 100 34 a a DET bracis-33637 100 35 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33637 100 36 between between ADP bracis-33637 100 37 an an DET bracis-33637 100 38 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 100 39 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 100 40 its its PRON bracis-33637 100 41 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 100 42 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 101 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 101 2 describe describe VERB bracis-33637 101 3 the the DET bracis-33637 101 4 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 101 5 in in ADP bracis-33637 101 6 what what PRON bracis-33637 101 7 follows follow VERB bracis-33637 101 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 102 1 boolean boolean ADJ bracis-33637 102 2 frequency frequency NOUN bracis-33637 102 3 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 102 4 bf bf NOUN bracis-33637 102 5 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 102 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 103 1 this this DET bracis-33637 103 2 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 103 3 assigns assign VERB bracis-33637 103 4 one one NUM bracis-33637 103 5 value value NOUN bracis-33637 103 6 if if SCONJ bracis-33637 103 7 a a DET bracis-33637 103 8 word word NOUN bracis-33637 103 9 in in ADP bracis-33637 103 10 an an DET bracis-33637 103 11 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 103 12 occurs occur VERB bracis-33637 103 13 in in ADP bracis-33637 103 14 its its PRON bracis-33637 103 15 corresponding corresponding ADJ bracis-33637 103 16 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 103 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 104 1 otherwise otherwise ADV bracis-33637 104 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 104 3 a a DET bracis-33637 104 4 zero zero NUM bracis-33637 104 5 value value NOUN bracis-33637 104 6 will will AUX bracis-33637 104 7 be be AUX bracis-33637 104 8 assigned assign VERB bracis-33637 104 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 104 10 according accord VERB bracis-33637 104 11 to to ADP bracis-33637 104 12 eq eq PROPN bracis-33637 104 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 104 14     SPACE bracis-33637 104 15 2 2 NUM bracis-33637 104 16 . . X bracis-33637 105 1 $ $ SYM bracis-33637 105 2 $ $ SYM bracis-33637 105 3 \begin{aligned \begin{aligne VERB bracis-33637 105 4 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 105 5 bf_{i bf_{i NOUN bracis-33637 105 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 105 7 j j NOUN bracis-33637 105 8 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 105 9 = = SYM bracis-33637 105 10 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 105 11 \text \text NOUN bracis-33637 105 12 { { PUNCT bracis-33637 105 13 if if SCONJ bracis-33637 105 14 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 105 15 i i PRON bracis-33637 105 16 \text \text ADV bracis-33637 105 17 { { PUNCT bracis-33637 105 18 occurs occur VERB bracis-33637 105 19 in in ADP bracis-33637 105 20 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 105 21 j j PROPN bracis-33637 106 1 \text \text NOUN bracis-33637 106 2 { { PUNCT bracis-33637 106 3 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 106 4 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 106 5 0 0 NUM bracis-33637 107 1 \text \text NOUN bracis-33637 107 2 { { PUNCT bracis-33637 107 3 otherwise otherwise ADV bracis-33637 107 4 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 107 5 \end{aligned}$$ \end{aligned}$$ X bracis-33637 107 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 107 7 2 2 NUM bracis-33637 107 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 107 9 term term NOUN bracis-33637 107 10 frequency frequency NOUN bracis-33637 107 11 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 107 12 tf tf NOUN bracis-33637 107 13 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 107 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 108 1 this this DET bracis-33637 108 2 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 108 3 computes compute VERB bracis-33637 108 4 how how SCONJ bracis-33637 108 5 often often ADV bracis-33637 108 6 a a DET bracis-33637 108 7 word word NOUN bracis-33637 108 8 in in ADP bracis-33637 108 9 an an DET bracis-33637 108 10 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 108 11 occurs occur VERB bracis-33637 108 12 in in ADP bracis-33637 108 13 its its PRON bracis-33637 108 14 corresponding corresponding ADJ bracis-33637 108 15 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 108 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 109 1 it it PRON bracis-33637 109 2 is be AUX bracis-33637 109 3     SPACE bracis-33637 109 4 the the DET bracis-33637 109 5 relative relative ADJ bracis-33637 109 6 frequency frequency NOUN bracis-33637 109 7 of of ADP bracis-33637 109 8 a a DET bracis-33637 109 9 word word NOUN bracis-33637 109 10 in in ADP bracis-33637 109 11 an an DET bracis-33637 109 12 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 109 13 within within ADP bracis-33637 109 14 a a DET bracis-33637 109 15 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 109 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 109 17 as as SCONJ bracis-33637 109 18 presented present VERB bracis-33637 109 19 in in ADP bracis-33637 109 20 eq eq PROPN bracis-33637 109 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 109 22     SPACE bracis-33637 109 23 3 3 NUM bracis-33637 109 24 . . NOUN bracis-33637 109 25 $ $ SYM bracis-33637 109 26 $ $ SYM bracis-33637 109 27 \begin{aligned \begin{aligne VERB bracis-33637 109 28 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 109 29 tf_{i tf_{i PROPN bracis-33637 109 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 109 31 j j NOUN bracis-33637 109 32 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 109 33 = = SYM bracis-33637 109 34 \frac{f_{i \frac{f_{i NOUN bracis-33637 109 35 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 109 36 j}}{\displaystyle j}}{\displaystyle PROPN bracis-33637 109 37 \sum \sum NOUN bracis-33637 109 38 _ _ PUNCT bracis-33637 109 39 { { PUNCT bracis-33637 109 40 i^ i^ VERB bracis-33637 109 41 { { PUNCT bracis-33637 109 42 ' ' PUNCT bracis-33637 109 43 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 109 44 \in \in PROPN bracis-33637 109 45 j j NOUN bracis-33637 109 46 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 109 47 f_{i^ f_{i^ NOUN bracis-33637 109 48 { { PUNCT bracis-33637 109 49 ' ' PUNCT bracis-33637 109 50 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 109 51 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 109 52 j j PROPN bracis-33637 109 53 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 109 54 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 109 55 \end{aligned}$$ \end{aligned}$$ X bracis-33637 109 56 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 109 57 3 3 NUM bracis-33637 109 58 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 109 59 term term NOUN bracis-33637 109 60 frequency frequency NOUN bracis-33637 109 61 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 109 62 inverse inverse NOUN bracis-33637 109 63 document document NOUN bracis-33637 109 64 frequency frequency NOUN bracis-33637 109 65 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 109 66 tf tf PROPN bracis-33637 109 67 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 109 68 idf idf PROPN bracis-33637 109 69 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 109 70 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 110 1 according accord VERB bracis-33637 110 2 to to ADP bracis-33637 110 3 eq eq PROPN bracis-33637 110 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 110 5     SPACE bracis-33637 110 6 4 4 NUM bracis-33637 110 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 110 8 this this DET bracis-33637 110 9 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 110 10 assigns assign VERB bracis-33637 110 11 the the DET bracis-33637 110 12 tf tf PROPN bracis-33637 110 13 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 110 14 idf idf PROPN bracis-33637 110 15 value value NOUN bracis-33637 110 16 to to ADP bracis-33637 110 17 each each DET bracis-33637 110 18 word word NOUN bracis-33637 110 19 in in ADP bracis-33637 110 20 an an DET bracis-33637 110 21 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 110 22 for for ADP bracis-33637 110 23 the the DET bracis-33637 110 24 analyzed analyze VERB bracis-33637 110 25 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 110 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 110 27 where where SCONJ bracis-33637 110 28 \(tf_{i \(tf_{i NOUN bracis-33637 110 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 110 30 j}\ j}\ PROPN bracis-33637 110 31 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 110 32 is be AUX bracis-33637 110 33 the the DET bracis-33637 110 34 term term NOUN bracis-33637 110 35 frequency frequency NOUN bracis-33637 110 36 of of ADP bracis-33637 110 37 i i PRON bracis-33637 110 38 in in ADP bracis-33637 110 39 j j PROPN bracis-33637 110 40 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 110 41 \(df_i\ \(df_i\ PROPN bracis-33637 110 42 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 110 43 is be AUX bracis-33637 110 44 the the DET bracis-33637 110 45 number number NOUN bracis-33637 110 46 of of ADP bracis-33637 110 47 prompts prompt NOUN bracis-33637 110 48 containing contain VERB bracis-33637 110 49 i i PRON bracis-33637 110 50 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 110 51 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 110 52 n n PRON bracis-33637 110 53 is be AUX bracis-33637 110 54 the the DET bracis-33637 110 55 total total ADJ bracis-33637 110 56 number number NOUN bracis-33637 110 57 of of ADP bracis-33637 110 58 prompts prompt NOUN bracis-33637 110 59 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 111 1 $ $ SYM bracis-33637 111 2 $ $ SYM bracis-33637 111 3 \begin{aligned \begin{aligne VERB bracis-33637 111 4 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 111 5 w_{i w_{i PROPN bracis-33637 111 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 111 7 j j NOUN bracis-33637 111 8 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 111 9 = = PUNCT bracis-33637 111 10 tf_{i tf_{i PROPN bracis-33637 111 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 111 12 j j NOUN bracis-33637 111 13 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 111 14 \times \times PROPN bracis-33637 111 15 \log \log PROPN bracis-33637 111 16 \left \left PROPN bracis-33637 111 17 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 111 18 \frac{n}{df_{i \frac{n}{df_{i PROPN bracis-33637 111 19 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 111 20 } } PUNCT bracis-33637 111 21 \right \right PROPN bracis-33637 111 22 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 111 23 \end{aligned}$$ \end{aligned}$$ X bracis-33637 111 24 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 111 25 4 4 X bracis-33637 111 26 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 111 27 cosine cosine NOUN bracis-33637 111 28 of of ADP bracis-33637 111 29 word word NOUN bracis-33637 111 30 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33637 111 31 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 111 32 cos cos PROPN bracis-33637 111 33 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 111 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 112 1 to to PART bracis-33637 112 2 calculate calculate VERB bracis-33637 112 3 the the DET bracis-33637 112 4 cosine cosine NOUN bracis-33637 112 5 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33637 112 6 between between ADP bracis-33637 112 7 an an DET bracis-33637 112 8 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 112 9 paragraph paragraph NOUN bracis-33637 112 10     SPACE bracis-33637 112 11 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 112 12 a a DET bracis-33637 112 13 prompt prompt ADJ bracis-33637 112 14 paragraph paragraph NOUN bracis-33637 112 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 112 16 we we PRON bracis-33637 112 17 got get VERB bracis-33637 112 18 the the DET bracis-33637 112 19 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33637 112 20 for for ADP bracis-33637 112 21 the the DET bracis-33637 112 22 words word NOUN bracis-33637 112 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 112 24 computed compute VERB bracis-33637 112 25 the the DET bracis-33637 112 26 average average NOUN bracis-33637 112 27 of of ADP bracis-33637 112 28 the the DET bracis-33637 112 29 word word NOUN bracis-33637 112 30 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33637 112 31 for for ADP bracis-33637 112 32 each each DET bracis-33637 112 33 paragraph paragraph NOUN bracis-33637 112 34 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 112 35 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 112 36 calculated calculate VERB bracis-33637 112 37 the the DET bracis-33637 112 38 cosine cosine NOUN bracis-33637 112 39 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33637 112 40 between between ADP bracis-33637 112 41 these these DET bracis-33637 112 42 vectors vector NOUN bracis-33637 112 43 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 113 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 113 2 used use VERB bracis-33637 113 3 a a DET bracis-33637 113 4 300 300 NUM bracis-33637 113 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 113 6 dimensional dimensional ADJ bracis-33637 113 7 glove glove NOUN bracis-33637 113 8 model model NOUN bracis-33637 113 9 pre pre VERB bracis-33637 113 10 - - VERB bracis-33637 113 11 trained train VERB bracis-33637 113 12 for for ADP bracis-33637 113 13 portuguese portuguese ADJ bracis-33637 113 14 to to PART bracis-33637 113 15 get get VERB bracis-33637 113 16 embedding embed VERB bracis-33637 113 17 values value NOUN bracis-33637 113 18 [ [ X bracis-33637 113 19 10 10 NUM bracis-33637 113 20 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 113 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 114 1 word word PROPN bracis-33637 114 2 mover mover NOUN bracis-33637 114 3 ’s ’s PART bracis-33637 114 4 distance distance NOUN bracis-33637 114 5 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 114 6 wmd wmd PROPN bracis-33637 114 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 114 8 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 115 1 this this DET bracis-33637 115 2 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 115 3 assesses assess VERB bracis-33637 115 4 the the DET bracis-33637 115 5 distance distance NOUN bracis-33637 115 6 between between ADP bracis-33637 115 7 two two NUM bracis-33637 115 8 documents document NOUN bracis-33637 115 9 even even ADV bracis-33637 115 10 when when SCONJ bracis-33637 115 11     SPACE bracis-33637 115 12 they they PRON bracis-33637 115 13 have have VERB bracis-33637 115 14 no no DET bracis-33637 115 15 words word NOUN bracis-33637 115 16 in in ADP bracis-33637 115 17 common common ADJ bracis-33637 115 18 [ [ X bracis-33637 115 19 16 16 NUM bracis-33637 115 20 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 115 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 116 1 it it PRON bracis-33637 116 2 measures measure VERB bracis-33637 116 3 the the DET bracis-33637 116 4 dissimilarity dissimilarity NOUN bracis-33637 116 5 between between ADP bracis-33637 116 6 two two NUM bracis-33637 116 7 text text NOUN bracis-33637 116 8 documents document NOUN bracis-33637 116 9 as as ADP bracis-33637 116 10 the the DET bracis-33637 116 11 minimum minimum NOUN bracis-33637 116 12 amount amount NOUN bracis-33637 116 13 of of ADP bracis-33637 116 14 distance distance NOUN bracis-33637 116 15 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 116 16 embedded embed VERB bracis-33637 116 17 words word NOUN bracis-33637 116 18 of of ADP bracis-33637 116 19 one one NUM bracis-33637 116 20 document document NOUN bracis-33637 116 21 need need VERB bracis-33637 116 22 to to PART bracis-33637 116 23 “ " PUNCT bracis-33637 116 24 travel travel VERB bracis-33637 116 25 ” " PUNCT bracis-33637 116 26 to to PART bracis-33637 116 27 reach reach VERB bracis-33637 116 28 the the DET bracis-33637 116 29 embedded embed VERB bracis-33637 116 30 words word NOUN bracis-33637 116 31 of of ADP bracis-33637 116 32 another another DET bracis-33637 116 33 document document NOUN bracis-33637 116 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 117 1 it it PRON bracis-33637 117 2 is be AUX bracis-33637 117 3 important important ADJ bracis-33637 117 4 to to PART bracis-33637 117 5 notice notice VERB bracis-33637 117 6 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 117 7 wmd wmd PROPN bracis-33637 117 8 is be AUX bracis-33637 117 9 a a DET bracis-33637 117 10 distance distance NOUN bracis-33637 117 11 function function NOUN bracis-33637 117 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 117 13 i.e. i.e. X bracis-33637 117 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 117 15 the the PRON bracis-33637 117 16 lower low ADJ bracis-33637 117 17 the the DET bracis-33637 117 18 distance distance NOUN bracis-33637 117 19 value value NOUN bracis-33637 117 20 is be AUX bracis-33637 117 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 117 22 the the PRON bracis-33637 117 23 more more ADV bracis-33637 117 24 similar similar ADJ bracis-33637 117 25 the the DET bracis-33637 117 26 documents document NOUN bracis-33637 117 27 are be AUX bracis-33637 117 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 118 1 to to PART bracis-33637 118 2 get get VERB bracis-33637 118 3 the the DET bracis-33637 118 4 wmd wmd PROPN bracis-33637 118 5 distance distance NOUN bracis-33637 118 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 118 7 we we PRON bracis-33637 118 8 first first ADV bracis-33637 118 9 tokenized tokenize VERB bracis-33637 118 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 118 11 removed removed ADJ bracis-33637 118 12 stopwords stopword NOUN bracis-33637 118 13 of of ADP bracis-33637 118 14 the the DET bracis-33637 118 15 paragraphs paragraph NOUN bracis-33637 118 16 using use VERB bracis-33637 118 17 the the DET bracis-33637 118 18 natural natural ADJ bracis-33637 118 19 language language NOUN bracis-33637 118 20 toolkit toolkit NOUN bracis-33637 118 21 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 118 22 nltk nltk PROPN bracis-33637 118 23 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 119 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 119 2 3 3 NUM bracis-33637 119 3 ] ] X bracis-33637 119 4 ; ; PUNCT bracis-33637 119 5 next next ADV bracis-33637 119 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 119 7 we we PRON bracis-33637 119 8 got get VERB bracis-33637 119 9 the the DET bracis-33637 119 10 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33637 119 11 for for ADP bracis-33637 119 12 the the DET bracis-33637 119 13 words word NOUN bracis-33637 119 14 of of ADP bracis-33637 119 15 the the DET bracis-33637 119 16 paragraphs paragraph NOUN bracis-33637 119 17 ; ; PUNCT bracis-33637 119 18 finally finally ADV bracis-33637 119 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 119 20 to to PART bracis-33637 119 21 get get VERB bracis-33637 119 22 the the DET bracis-33637 119 23 wmd wmd PROPN bracis-33637 119 24 distance distance NOUN bracis-33637 119 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 119 26 we we PRON bracis-33637 119 27 used use VERB bracis-33637 119 28     SPACE bracis-33637 119 29 the the DET bracis-33637 119 30 method method NOUN bracis-33637 119 31 from from ADP bracis-33637 119 32 the the DET bracis-33637 119 33 gensim gensim NOUN bracis-33637 119 34 library library NOUN bracis-33637 119 35 [ [ X bracis-33637 119 36 30 30 NUM bracis-33637 119 37 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 119 38 that that PRON bracis-33637 119 39 receives receive VERB bracis-33637 119 40 a a DET bracis-33637 119 41 paragraph paragraph NOUN bracis-33637 119 42 pair pair NOUN bracis-33637 119 43 encoded encode VERB bracis-33637 119 44 as as ADP bracis-33637 119 45 word word NOUN bracis-33637 119 46 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33637 119 47 as as ADP bracis-33637 119 48 input input NOUN bracis-33637 119 49     SPACE bracis-33637 119 50 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 119 51 returns return VERB bracis-33637 119 52 the the DET bracis-33637 119 53 wmd wmd PROPN bracis-33637 119 54 value value NOUN bracis-33637 119 55 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 120 1 sentence sentence NOUN bracis-33637 120 2 transformers transformer NOUN bracis-33637 120 3 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 120 4 st st PROPN bracis-33637 120 5 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 120 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 121 1 it it PRON bracis-33637 121 2 is be AUX bracis-33637 121 3 a a DET bracis-33637 121 4 modification modification NOUN bracis-33637 121 5 of of ADP bracis-33637 121 6 the the DET bracis-33637 121 7 pre pre ADJ bracis-33637 121 8 - - ADJ bracis-33637 121 9 trained train VERB bracis-33637 121 10 bert bert NOUN bracis-33637 121 11 network network NOUN bracis-33637 121 12 [ [ X bracis-33637 121 13 8 8 NUM bracis-33637 121 14 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 121 15 that that PRON bracis-33637 121 16 uses use VERB bracis-33637 121 17 siamese siamese ADJ bracis-33637 121 18 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 121 19 triplet triplet NOUN bracis-33637 121 20 network network NOUN bracis-33637 121 21 structures structure NOUN bracis-33637 121 22 to to PART bracis-33637 121 23 derive derive VERB bracis-33637 121 24 semantically semantically ADV bracis-33637 121 25 meaningful meaningful ADJ bracis-33637 121 26 sentence sentence NOUN bracis-33637 121 27 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33637 121 28 that that PRON bracis-33637 121 29 can can AUX bracis-33637 121 30 be be AUX bracis-33637 121 31 compared compare VERB bracis-33637 121 32 using use VERB bracis-33637 121 33 cosine cosine NOUN bracis-33637 121 34 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 121 35 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33637 121 36 [ [ X bracis-33637 121 37 26 26 NUM bracis-33637 121 38 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 121 39 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 122 1 for for ADP bracis-33637 122 2 this this DET bracis-33637 122 3 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 122 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 122 5 we we PRON bracis-33637 122 6 used use VERB bracis-33637 122 7 a a DET bracis-33637 122 8 multilingual multilingual ADJ bracis-33637 122 9 pre pre ADJ bracis-33637 122 10 - - ADJ bracis-33637 122 11 trained train VERB bracis-33637 122 12 modelfootnote modelfootnote NOUN bracis-33637 122 13 4 4 NUM bracis-33637 122 14 to to PART bracis-33637 122 15 get get VERB bracis-33637 122 16     SPACE bracis-33637 122 17 the the DET bracis-33637 122 18 embedding embed VERB bracis-33637 122 19 values value NOUN bracis-33637 122 20 for for ADP bracis-33637 122 21 each each DET bracis-33637 122 22 paragraph paragraph NOUN bracis-33637 122 23 pair pair NOUN bracis-33637 122 24 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 123 1 then then ADV bracis-33637 123 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 123 3 we we PRON bracis-33637 123 4 computed compute VERB bracis-33637 123 5 the the DET bracis-33637 123 6 cosine cosine NOUN bracis-33637 123 7 similarity similarity NOUN bracis-33637 123 8 between between ADP bracis-33637 123 9 these these DET bracis-33637 123 10 vectors vector NOUN bracis-33637 123 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 124 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 124 2 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33637 124 3 some some DET bracis-33637 124 4 classifiers classifier NOUN bracis-33637 124 5 to to PART bracis-33637 124 6 assess assess VERB bracis-33637 124 7 our our PRON bracis-33637 124 8 approach approach NOUN bracis-33637 124 9 after after ADP bracis-33637 124 10 the the DET bracis-33637 124 11 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 124 12 extraction extraction NOUN bracis-33637 124 13 step step NOUN bracis-33637 124 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 125 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 125 2 used use VERB bracis-33637 125 3 support support NOUN bracis-33637 125 4 vector vector NOUN bracis-33637 125 5 machines machine NOUN bracis-33637 125 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 125 7 svm svm PROPN bracis-33637 125 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 125 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 125 10 naïve naïve ADJ bracis-33637 125 11 bayes bayes PROPN bracis-33637 125 12 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 125 13 nb nb NOUN bracis-33637 125 14 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 125 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 125 16 decision decision NOUN bracis-33637 125 17 tree tree NOUN bracis-33637 125 18 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 125 19 dt dt PROPN bracis-33637 125 20 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 125 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 125 22 multilayer multilayer PROPN bracis-33637 125 23 perceptron perceptron PROPN bracis-33637 125 24 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 125 25 mlp mlp PROPN bracis-33637 125 26 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 125 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 125 28 random random ADJ bracis-33637 125 29 forest forest NOUN bracis-33637 125 30 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 125 31 rf rf NOUN bracis-33637 125 32 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 125 33 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 125 34 xgboost xgboost ADV bracis-33637 125 35 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 125 36 xgb xgb NUM bracis-33637 125 37 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 125 38 from from ADP bracis-33637 125 39 the the DET bracis-33637 125 40 scikit scikit NOUN bracis-33637 125 41 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 125 42 learn learn VERB bracis-33637 125 43 library library NOUN bracis-33637 125 44 [ [ X bracis-33637 125 45 24 24 NUM bracis-33637 125 46 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 125 47 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 126 1 4.2 4.2 NUM bracis-33637 126 2 bert bert NOUN bracis-33637 126 3 we we PRON bracis-33637 126 4 fine fine ADV bracis-33637 126 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 126 6 tuned tune VERB bracis-33637 126 7 the the DET bracis-33637 126 8 bertimbau bertimbau ADJ bracis-33637 126 9 model model NOUN bracis-33637 126 10 [ [ X bracis-33637 126 11 29 29 NUM bracis-33637 126 12 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 126 13 to to PART bracis-33637 126 14 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 126 15 off off ADP bracis-33637 126 16 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 126 17 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 126 18 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 126 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 127 1 for for ADP bracis-33637 127 2 that that PRON bracis-33637 127 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 127 4 we we PRON bracis-33637 127 5 adopt adopt VERB bracis-33637 127 6 a a DET bracis-33637 127 7 method method NOUN bracis-33637 127 8 developed develop VERB bracis-33637 127 9 by by ADP bracis-33637 127 10 de de PROPN bracis-33637 127 11 sousa sousa PROPN bracis-33637 127 12 et et PROPN bracis-33637 127 13 al al PROPN bracis-33637 127 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 128 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 128 2 28 28 NUM bracis-33637 128 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 128 4 in in ADP bracis-33637 128 5 which which PRON bracis-33637 128 6 the the DET bracis-33637 128 7 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 128 8 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 128 9 prompts prompt NOUN bracis-33637 128 10 are be AUX bracis-33637 128 11 used use VERB bracis-33637 128 12 to to PART bracis-33637 128 13 tune tune VERB bracis-33637 128 14 the the DET bracis-33637 128 15 model model NOUN bracis-33637 128 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 129 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 129 2 this this DET bracis-33637 129 3 way way NOUN bracis-33637 129 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 129 5 the the DET bracis-33637 129 6 model model NOUN bracis-33637 129 7 may may AUX bracis-33637 129 8 identify identify VERB bracis-33637 129 9 whether whether SCONJ bracis-33637 129 10 an an DET bracis-33637 129 11 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 129 12 adheres adhere VERB bracis-33637 129 13 to to ADP bracis-33637 129 14 a a DET bracis-33637 129 15 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 129 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 130 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 130 2 used use VERB bracis-33637 130 3 the the DET bracis-33637 130 4 large large ADJ bracis-33637 130 5 version version NOUN bracis-33637 130 6 of of ADP bracis-33637 130 7 the the DET bracis-33637 130 8 bertimbau bertimbau NOUN bracis-33637 130 9 model model NOUN bracis-33637 130 10 with with ADP bracis-33637 130 11     SPACE bracis-33637 130 12 the the DET bracis-33637 130 13 parameters parameter NOUN bracis-33637 130 14 presented present VERB bracis-33637 130 15 in in ADP bracis-33637 130 16 table table NOUN bracis-33637 130 17     SPACE bracis-33637 130 18 2 2 NUM bracis-33637 130 19 to to PART bracis-33637 130 20 tune tune VERB bracis-33637 130 21 the the DET bracis-33637 130 22 model model NOUN bracis-33637 130 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 131 1 table table NOUN bracis-33637 131 2 2 2 NUM bracis-33637 131 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 131 4 training training NOUN bracis-33637 131 5 parameters parameter NOUN bracis-33637 131 6 for for ADP bracis-33637 131 7 the the DET bracis-33637 131 8 bertimbau bertimbau NOUN bracis-33637 131 9 large large ADJ bracis-33637 131 10 model.full model.full ADJ bracis-33637 131 11 size size NOUN bracis-33637 131 12 table table NOUN bracis-33637 131 13 one one PRON bracis-33637 131 14 can can AUX bracis-33637 131 15 see see VERB bracis-33637 131 16 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 131 17 we we PRON bracis-33637 131 18 employed employ VERB bracis-33637 131 19 a a DET bracis-33637 131 20 linear linear ADJ bracis-33637 131 21 layer layer NOUN bracis-33637 131 22 to to PART bracis-33637 131 23 make make VERB bracis-33637 131 24 predictions prediction NOUN bracis-33637 131 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 132 1 this this DET bracis-33637 132 2 layer layer NOUN bracis-33637 132 3 takes take VERB bracis-33637 132 4 the the DET bracis-33637 132 5 bert bert NOUN bracis-33637 132 6 ’s ’s PART bracis-33637 132 7 hidden hide VERB bracis-33637 132 8 size size NOUN bracis-33637 132 9 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 132 10 768 768 NUM bracis-33637 132 11 inputs input NOUN bracis-33637 132 12 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 132 13 as as ADP bracis-33637 132 14     SPACE bracis-33637 132 15 input input NOUN bracis-33637 132 16 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 132 17 output output NOUN bracis-33637 132 18 of of ADP bracis-33637 132 19 size size NOUN bracis-33637 132 20 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 132 21 to to PART bracis-33637 132 22 predict predict VERB bracis-33637 132 23 whether whether SCONJ bracis-33637 132 24 the the DET bracis-33637 132 25 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 132 26 is be AUX bracis-33637 132 27 onor onor NOUN bracis-33637 132 28 off off ADP bracis-33637 132 29 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 132 30 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 132 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 133 1 besides besides SCONJ bracis-33637 133 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 133 3 we we PRON bracis-33637 133 4 used use VERB bracis-33637 133 5 six six NUM bracis-33637 133 6 epochs epoch NOUN bracis-33637 133 7 to to PART bracis-33637 133 8 train train VERB bracis-33637 133 9 the the DET bracis-33637 133 10 model model NOUN bracis-33637 133 11     SPACE bracis-33637 133 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 133 13 chose choose VERB bracis-33637 133 14 the the DET bracis-33637 133 15 best good ADJ bracis-33637 133 16 model model NOUN bracis-33637 133 17 through through ADP bracis-33637 133 18 the the DET bracis-33637 133 19 lowest low ADJ bracis-33637 133 20 error error NOUN bracis-33637 133 21 in in ADP bracis-33637 133 22 the the DET bracis-33637 133 23 validation validation NOUN bracis-33637 133 24 set set NOUN bracis-33637 133 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 134 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 134 2 computed compute VERB bracis-33637 134 3 the the DET bracis-33637 134 4 loss loss NOUN bracis-33637 134 5 using use VERB bracis-33637 134 6 the the DET bracis-33637 134 7 binary binary PROPN bracis-33637 134 8 cross cross NOUN bracis-33637 134 9 - - NOUN bracis-33637 134 10 entropy entropy NOUN bracis-33637 134 11 with with ADP bracis-33637 134 12 logits logit NOUN bracis-33637 134 13 loss loss NOUN bracis-33637 134 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 135 1 this this DET bracis-33637 135 2 loss loss NOUN bracis-33637 135 3 function function NOUN bracis-33637 135 4 combines combine VERB bracis-33637 135 5 a a DET bracis-33637 135 6 sigmoid sigmoid NOUN bracis-33637 135 7 layer layer NOUN bracis-33637 135 8 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 135 9 the the DET bracis-33637 135 10 binary binary PROPN bracis-33637 135 11 cross cross PROPN bracis-33637 135 12 - - ADJ bracis-33637 135 13 entropy entropy ADJ bracis-33637 135 14 loss loss NOUN bracis-33637 135 15 in in ADP bracis-33637 135 16 one one NUM bracis-33637 135 17 class class NOUN bracis-33637 135 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 135 19 which which PRON bracis-33637 135 20 is be AUX bracis-33637 135 21 proper proper ADJ bracis-33637 135 22 for for ADP bracis-33637 135 23 binary binary ADJ bracis-33637 135 24 classification classification NOUN bracis-33637 135 25 problems problem NOUN bracis-33637 135 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 136 1 4.3 4.3 NUM bracis-33637 136 2 prompt prompt ADJ bracis-33637 136 3 engineering engineering NOUN bracis-33637 136 4 we we PRON bracis-33637 136 5 investigated investigate VERB bracis-33637 136 6 whether whether SCONJ bracis-33637 136 7 the the DET bracis-33637 136 8 language language NOUN bracis-33637 136 9 proficiency proficiency NOUN bracis-33637 136 10 retained retain VERB bracis-33637 136 11 by by ADP bracis-33637 136 12 a a DET bracis-33637 136 13 large large ADJ bracis-33637 136 14 language language NOUN bracis-33637 136 15 model model NOUN bracis-33637 136 16 may may AUX bracis-33637 136 17 identify identify VERB bracis-33637 136 18 an an DET bracis-33637 136 19 off off ADJ bracis-33637 136 20 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 136 21 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 136 22 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 136 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 137 1 for for ADP bracis-33637 137 2 that that PRON bracis-33637 137 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 137 4 we we PRON bracis-33637 137 5 used use VERB bracis-33637 137 6 gemini gemini PROPN bracis-33637 137 7 1.5 1.5 NUM bracis-33637 137 8 profootnote profootnote NOUN bracis-33637 137 9 5 5 NUM bracis-33637 137 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 137 11 a a DET bracis-33637 137 12 multimodal multimodal ADJ bracis-33637 137 13 large large ADJ bracis-33637 137 14 language language NOUN bracis-33637 137 15 model model NOUN bracis-33637 137 16 developed develop VERB bracis-33637 137 17 by by ADP bracis-33637 137 18 google google PROPN bracis-33637 137 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 138 1 this this DET bracis-33637 138 2 model model NOUN bracis-33637 138 3 has have AUX bracis-33637 138 4 demonstrated demonstrate VERB bracis-33637 138 5 remarkable remarkable ADJ bracis-33637 138 6 capabilities capability NOUN bracis-33637 138 7 on on ADP bracis-33637 138 8 various various ADJ bracis-33637 138 9 tasks task NOUN bracis-33637 138 10 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 138 11 has have AUX bracis-33637 138 12 gained gain VERB bracis-33637 138 13 significant significant ADJ bracis-33637 138 14 attention attention NOUN bracis-33637 138 15     SPACE bracis-33637 138 16 in in ADP bracis-33637 138 17 diverse diverse ADJ bracis-33637 138 18 domainsfootnote domainsfootnote NOUN bracis-33637 138 19 6 6 NUM bracis-33637 138 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 139 1 furthermore furthermore ADV bracis-33637 139 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 139 3 this this DET bracis-33637 139 4 model model NOUN bracis-33637 139 5 has have VERB bracis-33637 139 6 a a DET bracis-33637 139 7 free free ADJ bracis-33637 139 8 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 139 9 of of ADP bracis-33637 139 10 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 139 11 charge charge NOUN bracis-33637 139 12 option option NOUN bracis-33637 139 13 with with ADP bracis-33637 139 14 limits limit NOUN bracis-33637 139 15 of of ADP bracis-33637 139 16 15 15 NUM bracis-33637 139 17 requests request NOUN bracis-33637 139 18 per per ADP bracis-33637 139 19 minute minute NOUN bracis-33637 139 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 139 21 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 139 22 million million NUM bracis-33637 139 23 tokens token NOUN bracis-33637 139 24 per per ADP bracis-33637 139 25 minute minute NOUN bracis-33637 139 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 139 27 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 139 28 1,500 1,500 NUM bracis-33637 139 29 requests request NOUN bracis-33637 139 30 per per ADP bracis-33637 139 31 day day NOUN bracis-33637 139 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 139 33 which which PRON bracis-33637 139 34 is be AUX bracis-33637 139 35 sufficient sufficient ADJ bracis-33637 139 36 for for ADP bracis-33637 139 37 our our PRON bracis-33637 139 38 experiments experiment NOUN bracis-33637 139 39 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 140 1 our our PRON bracis-33637 140 2 prompt prompt ADJ bracis-33637 140 3 design design NOUN bracis-33637 140 4 is be AUX bracis-33637 140 5 straightforward straightforward ADJ bracis-33637 140 6 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 141 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 141 2 instructed instruct VERB bracis-33637 141 3 gemini gemini NOUN bracis-33637 141 4 to to PART bracis-33637 141 5 inform inform VERB bracis-33637 141 6 whether whether SCONJ bracis-33637 141 7 an an DET bracis-33637 141 8 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 141 9 is be AUX bracis-33637 141 10 onor onor NOUN bracis-33637 141 11 off off ADP bracis-33637 141 12 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 141 13 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 141 14 based base VERB bracis-33637 141 15 on on ADP bracis-33637 141 16 a a DET bracis-33637 141 17 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 141 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 142 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 142 2 this this DET bracis-33637 142 3 way way NOUN bracis-33637 142 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 142 5 we we PRON bracis-33637 142 6 provided provide VERB bracis-33637 142 7 delimiters delimiter NOUN bracis-33637 142 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 142 9 such such ADJ bracis-33637 142 10 as as ADP bracis-33637 142 11 < < X bracis-33637 142 12 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 142 13 > > X bracis-33637 142 14 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 142 15 “ " PUNCT bracis-33637 142 16 ‘ ' PUNCT bracis-33637 142 17 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 142 18 ” " PUNCT bracis-33637 142 19 ’ ' PUNCT bracis-33637 142 20 for for SCONJ bracis-33637 142 21 our our PRON bracis-33637 142 22 inputs input NOUN bracis-33637 142 23 to to PART bracis-33637 142 24 distinguish distinguish VERB bracis-33637 142 25 them they PRON bracis-33637 142 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 142 27 as as SCONJ bracis-33637 142 28 depicted depict VERB bracis-33637 142 29 in in ADP bracis-33637 142 30 fig fig NOUN bracis-33637 142 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 142 32     SPACE bracis-33637 143 1 2 2 NUM bracis-33637 143 2 . . X bracis-33637 143 3 fig fig NOUN bracis-33637 143 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 144 1 2 2 X bracis-33637 144 2 . . X bracis-33637 144 3 a a DET bracis-33637 144 4 simple simple ADJ bracis-33637 144 5 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 144 6 asking ask VERB bracis-33637 144 7 to to PART bracis-33637 144 8 classify classify VERB bracis-33637 144 9 the the DET bracis-33637 144 10 input input NOUN bracis-33637 144 11 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 144 12 based base VERB bracis-33637 144 13 on on ADP bracis-33637 144 14 a a DET bracis-33637 144 15 prompt prompt NOUN bracis-33637 144 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 145 1 full full ADJ bracis-33637 145 2 size size NOUN bracis-33637 145 3 image image NOUN bracis-33637 145 4 as as SCONJ bracis-33637 145 5 shown show VERB bracis-33637 145 6 in in ADP bracis-33637 145 7 the the DET bracis-33637 145 8 above above ADJ bracis-33637 145 9 figure figure NOUN bracis-33637 145 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 145 11 we we PRON bracis-33637 145 12 instructed instruct VERB bracis-33637 145 13 the the DET bracis-33637 145 14 model model NOUN bracis-33637 145 15 to to PART bracis-33637 145 16 classify classify VERB bracis-33637 145 17 an an DET bracis-33637 145 18 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 145 19 as as ADP bracis-33637 145 20 onor onor NOUN bracis-33637 145 21 off off ADP bracis-33637 145 22 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 145 23 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 145 24 given give VERB bracis-33637 145 25 an an DET bracis-33637 145 26 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 145 27 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 145 28 prompt prompt ADJ bracis-33637 145 29 as as ADP bracis-33637 145 30 input input NOUN bracis-33637 145 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 146 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 146 2 what what PRON bracis-33637 146 3 follows follow VERB bracis-33637 146 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 146 5 we we PRON bracis-33637 146 6 detail detail VERB bracis-33637 146 7 the the DET bracis-33637 146 8 obtained obtain VERB bracis-33637 146 9 results result NOUN bracis-33637 146 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 147 1 5 5 NUM bracis-33637 147 2 results result NOUN bracis-33637 147 3 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 147 4     SPACE bracis-33637 147 5 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33637 147 6 we we PRON bracis-33637 147 7 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33637 147 8 our our PRON bracis-33637 147 9 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33637 147 10 using use VERB bracis-33637 147 11 the the DET bracis-33637 147 12 test test NOUN bracis-33637 147 13 set set NOUN bracis-33637 147 14 of of ADP bracis-33637 147 15 the the DET bracis-33637 147 16 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 147 17 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 147 18 br br NOUN bracis-33637 147 19 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 147 20 [ [ X bracis-33637 147 21 19 19 NUM bracis-33637 147 22 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 147 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 148 1 we we PRON bracis-33637 148 2 obtained obtain VERB bracis-33637 148 3 the the DET bracis-33637 148 4 best good ADJ bracis-33637 148 5 results result NOUN bracis-33637 148 6     SPACE bracis-33637 148 7 with with ADP bracis-33637 148 8 the the DET bracis-33637 148 9 undersampling undersampling ADJ bracis-33637 148 10 strategy strategy NOUN bracis-33637 148 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 148 12 as as SCONJ bracis-33637 148 13 shown show VERB bracis-33637 148 14 in in ADP bracis-33637 148 15 table table NOUN bracis-33637 148 16     SPACE bracis-33637 148 17 3 3 NUM bracis-33637 148 18 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 148 19 table table NOUN bracis-33637 148 20 3 3 NUM bracis-33637 148 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 148 22 results result NOUN bracis-33637 148 23 with with ADP bracis-33637 148 24 undersampling undersample VERB bracis-33637 148 25 strategy.full strategy.full ADJ bracis-33637 148 26 size size NOUN bracis-33637 148 27 table table NOUN bracis-33637 148 28 our our PRON bracis-33637 148 29 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 148 30 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 148 31 based base VERB bracis-33637 148 32 approach approach NOUN bracis-33637 148 33 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33637 148 34 the the DET bracis-33637 148 35 best good ADJ bracis-33637 148 36 result result NOUN bracis-33637 148 37 with with ADP bracis-33637 148 38 the the DET bracis-33637 148 39 random random ADJ bracis-33637 148 40 forest forest NOUN bracis-33637 148 41 classifier classifier NOUN bracis-33637 148 42 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 148 43 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 148 44 the the DET bracis-33637 148 45 fine fine ADV bracis-33637 148 46 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 148 47 tuned tune VERB bracis-33637 148 48 bertimbau bertimbau NOUN bracis-33637 148 49 model model NOUN bracis-33637 148 50 [ [ X bracis-33637 148 51 29 29 NUM bracis-33637 148 52 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 148 53 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33637 148 54 the the DET bracis-33637 148 55 best good ADJ bracis-33637 148 56 overall overall ADJ bracis-33637 148 57 result result NOUN bracis-33637 148 58 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 149 1 to to ADP bracis-33637 149 2 our our PRON bracis-33637 149 3 surprise surprise NOUN bracis-33637 149 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 149 5 the the DET bracis-33637 149 6 gemini gemini PROPN bracis-33637 149 7 model model NOUN bracis-33637 149 8 did do AUX bracis-33637 149 9 not not PART bracis-33637 149 10 identify identify VERB bracis-33637 149 11 off off ADP bracis-33637 149 12 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 149 13 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 149 14 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 149 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 150 1 as as SCONJ bracis-33637 150 2 this this DET bracis-33637 150 3 model model NOUN bracis-33637 150 4 reports report VERB bracis-33637 150 5 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 150 6 it it PRON bracis-33637 150 7 can can AUX bracis-33637 150 8 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 150 9 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 150 10 that that PRON bracis-33637 150 11 do do AUX bracis-33637 150 12 not not PART bracis-33637 150 13 adhere adhere VERB bracis-33637 150 14 to to ADP bracis-33637 150 15 a a DET bracis-33637 150 16 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 150 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 150 18 we we PRON bracis-33637 150 19 expected expect VERB bracis-33637 150 20 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 150 21 it it PRON bracis-33637 150 22 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33637 150 23 good good ADJ bracis-33637 150 24 results result NOUN bracis-33637 150 25 for for ADP bracis-33637 150 26 this this DET bracis-33637 150 27 task task NOUN bracis-33637 150 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 151 1 after after ADP bracis-33637 151 2 assessing assess VERB bracis-33637 151 3 the the DET bracis-33637 151 4 approaches approach NOUN bracis-33637 151 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 151 6 we we PRON bracis-33637 151 7 performed perform VERB bracis-33637 151 8 a a DET bracis-33637 151 9 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 151 10 selection selection NOUN bracis-33637 151 11 to to PART bracis-33637 151 12 identify identify VERB bracis-33637 151 13 the the DET bracis-33637 151 14 most most ADV bracis-33637 151 15 important important ADJ bracis-33637 151 16 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 151 17 in in ADP bracis-33637 151 18 our our PRON bracis-33637 151 19 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 151 20 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 151 21 based base VERB bracis-33637 151 22 strategy strategy NOUN bracis-33637 151 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 152 1 to to PART bracis-33637 152 2 calculate calculate VERB bracis-33637 152 3 the the DET bracis-33637 152 4 importance importance NOUN bracis-33637 152 5 of of ADP bracis-33637 152 6 each each DET bracis-33637 152 7 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 152 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 152 9 we we PRON bracis-33637 152 10 computed compute VERB bracis-33637 152 11 the the DET bracis-33637 152 12 gini gini NOUN bracis-33637 152 13 importance importance NOUN bracis-33637 152 14 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 152 15 fig fig NOUN bracis-33637 152 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 152 17     SPACE bracis-33637 152 18 3 3 NUM bracis-33637 152 19 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 152 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 152 21 which which PRON bracis-33637 152 22 measures measure VERB bracis-33637 152 23 the the DET bracis-33637 152 24 impurity impurity NOUN bracis-33637 152 25 of of ADP bracis-33637 152 26 a a DET bracis-33637 152 27 node node NOUN bracis-33637 152 28 in in ADP bracis-33637 152 29 a a DET bracis-33637 152 30 decision decision NOUN bracis-33637 152 31 tree tree NOUN bracis-33637 152 32 with with ADP bracis-33637 152 33 a a DET bracis-33637 152 34 more more ADV bracis-33637 152 35 substantial substantial ADJ bracis-33637 152 36 weight weight NOUN bracis-33637 152 37 given give VERB bracis-33637 152 38 to to ADP bracis-33637 152 39 the the DET bracis-33637 152 40 most most ADV bracis-33637 152 41 important important ADJ bracis-33637 152 42 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 152 43 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 153 1 fig fig NOUN bracis-33637 153 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 154 1 3 3 X bracis-33637 154 2 . . X bracis-33637 154 3 importance importance NOUN bracis-33637 154 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 154 5 each each DET bracis-33637 154 6 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 154 7 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 155 1 full full ADJ bracis-33637 155 2 size size NOUN bracis-33637 155 3 image image NOUN bracis-33637 155 4 from from ADP bracis-33637 155 5 this this DET bracis-33637 155 6 figure figure NOUN bracis-33637 155 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 155 8 we we PRON bracis-33637 155 9 can can AUX bracis-33637 155 10 see see VERB bracis-33637 155 11 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 155 12 the the DET bracis-33637 155 13 tf tf PROPN bracis-33637 155 14 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 155 15 idf idf PROPN bracis-33637 155 16 contributes contribute VERB bracis-33637 155 17 the the DET bracis-33637 155 18 least least ADJ bracis-33637 155 19 to to ADP bracis-33637 155 20 the the DET bracis-33637 155 21 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33637 155 22 of of ADP bracis-33637 155 23 the the DET bracis-33637 155 24 model model NOUN bracis-33637 155 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 156 1 at at ADP bracis-33637 156 2 the the DET bracis-33637 156 3 same same ADJ bracis-33637 156 4 time time NOUN bracis-33637 156 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 156 6 the the DET bracis-33637 156 7 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 156 8 that that PRON bracis-33637 156 9 contribute contribute VERB bracis-33637 156 10 most most ADV bracis-33637 156 11 to to ADP bracis-33637 156 12 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33637 156 13 are be AUX bracis-33637 156 14 the the DET bracis-33637 156 15 sentence sentence NOUN bracis-33637 156 16 transformer transformer NOUN bracis-33637 156 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 156 18 the the DET bracis-33637 156 19 cosine cosine NOUN bracis-33637 156 20 of of ADP bracis-33637 156 21 word word NOUN bracis-33637 156 22 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33637 156 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 156 24 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 156 25 the the DET bracis-33637 156 26 word word NOUN bracis-33637 156 27 mover mover NOUN bracis-33637 156 28 ’s ’s PART bracis-33637 156 29 distance distance NOUN bracis-33637 156 30 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 157 1 this this DET bracis-33637 157 2 result result NOUN bracis-33637 157 3 is be AUX bracis-33637 157 4 in in ADP bracis-33637 157 5 line line NOUN bracis-33637 157 6 with with ADP bracis-33637 157 7 the the DET bracis-33637 157 8 study study NOUN bracis-33637 157 9 of of ADP bracis-33637 157 10 huang huang PROPN bracis-33637 157 11 et et PROPN bracis-33637 157 12 al al PROPN bracis-33637 157 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 158 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 158 2 13 13 NUM bracis-33637 158 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 158 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 158 5 in in ADP bracis-33637 158 6 which which PRON bracis-33637 158 7 the the DET bracis-33637 158 8 approach approach NOUN bracis-33637 158 9 developed develop VERB bracis-33637 158 10 by by ADP bracis-33637 158 11 the the DET bracis-33637 158 12 authors author NOUN bracis-33637 158 13 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33637 158 14 good good ADJ bracis-33637 158 15 results result NOUN bracis-33637 158 16 in in ADP bracis-33637 158 17 detecting detect VERB bracis-33637 158 18 off off ADP bracis-33637 158 19 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 158 20 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 158 21 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 158 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 159 1 based base VERB bracis-33637 159 2 on on ADP bracis-33637 159 3 the the DET bracis-33637 159 4 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 159 5 selection selection NOUN bracis-33637 159 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 159 7 we we PRON bracis-33637 159 8 removed remove VERB bracis-33637 159 9 the the DET bracis-33637 159 10 tf tf PROPN bracis-33637 159 11 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 159 12 idf idf PROPN bracis-33637 159 13 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 159 14 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 159 15 re re VERB bracis-33637 159 16 - - VERB bracis-33637 159 17 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33637 159 18 our our PRON bracis-33637 159 19 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 159 20 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 159 21 based base VERB bracis-33637 159 22 approach approach NOUN bracis-33637 159 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 160 1 with with ADP bracis-33637 160 2 this this PRON bracis-33637 160 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 160 4 our our PRON bracis-33637 160 5 results result NOUN bracis-33637 160 6     SPACE bracis-33637 160 7 in in ADP bracis-33637 160 8 recall recall NOUN bracis-33637 160 9 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 160 10 off off ADP bracis-33637 160 11 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 160 12 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 160 13 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 160 14 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 160 15 balanced balanced ADJ bracis-33637 160 16 accuracy accuracy NOUN bracis-33637 160 17 metrics metric NOUN bracis-33637 160 18 improved improve VERB bracis-33637 160 19 a a DET bracis-33637 160 20 little little ADJ bracis-33637 160 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 161 1 on on ADP bracis-33637 161 2 the the DET bracis-33637 161 3 other other ADJ bracis-33637 161 4 hand hand NOUN bracis-33637 161 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 161 6 the the DET bracis-33637 161 7 results result NOUN bracis-33637 161 8 in in ADP bracis-33637 161 9 the the DET bracis-33637 161 10 recall recall NOUN bracis-33637 161 11 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 161 12 on on ADP bracis-33637 161 13 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 161 14 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 161 15 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 161 16 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 161 17 f f X bracis-33637 161 18 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 161 19 score score NOUN bracis-33637 161 20 metrics metric NOUN bracis-33637 161 21 were be AUX bracis-33637 161 22 slightly slightly ADV bracis-33637 161 23 worse bad ADJ bracis-33637 161 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 161 25 as as SCONJ bracis-33637 161 26 shown show VERB bracis-33637 161 27 in in ADP bracis-33637 161 28 table table NOUN bracis-33637 161 29     SPACE bracis-33637 161 30 4 4 NUM bracis-33637 161 31 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 161 32 table table NOUN bracis-33637 161 33 4 4 NUM bracis-33637 161 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 161 35 results result NOUN bracis-33637 161 36 after after ADP bracis-33637 161 37 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 161 38 selection.full selection.full NOUN bracis-33637 161 39 size size NOUN bracis-33637 161 40 table table NOUN bracis-33637 161 41 we we PRON bracis-33637 161 42 also also ADV bracis-33637 161 43 investigated investigate VERB bracis-33637 161 44 the the DET bracis-33637 161 45 results result NOUN bracis-33637 161 46 obtained obtain VERB bracis-33637 161 47 by by ADP bracis-33637 161 48 the the DET bracis-33637 161 49 bertimbau bertimbau NOUN bracis-33637 161 50 model model NOUN bracis-33637 161 51 through through ADP bracis-33637 161 52 a a DET bracis-33637 161 53 confusion confusion NOUN bracis-33637 161 54 matrix matrix NOUN bracis-33637 161 55 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 161 56 presented present VERB bracis-33637 161 57 in in ADP bracis-33637 161 58 table table NOUN bracis-33637 161 59     SPACE bracis-33637 161 60 5 5 NUM bracis-33637 161 61 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 161 62 from from ADP bracis-33637 161 63 this this DET bracis-33637 161 64 table table NOUN bracis-33637 161 65 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 161 66 we we PRON bracis-33637 161 67 can can AUX bracis-33637 161 68 see see VERB bracis-33637 161 69 a a DET bracis-33637 161 70 high high ADJ bracis-33637 161 71 number number NOUN bracis-33637 161 72 of of ADP bracis-33637 161 73 false false ADJ bracis-33637 161 74 negatives negative NOUN bracis-33637 161 75 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 161 76 27 27 NUM bracis-33637 161 77 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 161 78 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 161 79 justifying justify VERB bracis-33637 161 80 the the DET bracis-33637 161 81 low low ADJ bracis-33637 161 82 precision precision NOUN bracis-33637 161 83 value value NOUN bracis-33637 161 84 in in ADP bracis-33637 161 85 the the DET bracis-33637 161 86 off off ADJ bracis-33637 161 87 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 161 88 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 161 89 class class NOUN bracis-33637 161 90 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 162 1 table table NOUN bracis-33637 162 2 5 5 NUM bracis-33637 162 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 162 4 confusion confusion NOUN bracis-33637 162 5 matrix matrix NOUN bracis-33637 162 6 of of ADP bracis-33637 162 7 the the DET bracis-33637 162 8 bertimbau bertimbau NOUN bracis-33637 162 9 approach.full approach.full PROPN bracis-33637 162 10 size size NOUN bracis-33637 162 11 table table NOUN bracis-33637 162 12 we we PRON bracis-33637 162 13 further far ADV bracis-33637 162 14 analyzed analyze VERB bracis-33637 162 15 the the DET bracis-33637 162 16 false false ADJ bracis-33637 162 17 negative negative ADJ bracis-33637 162 18 predictions prediction NOUN bracis-33637 162 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 162 20 performing perform VERB bracis-33637 162 21 an an DET bracis-33637 162 22 error error NOUN bracis-33637 162 23 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33637 162 24 to to PART bracis-33637 162 25 understand understand VERB bracis-33637 162 26 the the DET bracis-33637 162 27 misclassifications misclassification NOUN bracis-33637 162 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 163 1 with with ADP bracis-33637 163 2 this this PRON bracis-33637 163 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 163 4 we we PRON bracis-33637 163 5 realized realize VERB bracis-33637 163 6 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 163 7 out out ADP bracis-33637 163 8 of of ADP bracis-33637 163 9 twenty twenty NUM bracis-33637 163 10 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 163 11 seven seven NUM bracis-33637 163 12 false false ADJ bracis-33637 163 13 negatives negative NOUN bracis-33637 163 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 163 15 only only ADV bracis-33637 163 16 four four NUM bracis-33637 163 17 were be AUX bracis-33637 163 18 good good ADJ bracis-33637 163 19 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 163 20 with with ADP bracis-33637 163 21 scores score NOUN bracis-33637 163 22 greater great ADJ bracis-33637 163 23 than than ADP bracis-33637 163 24 800 800 NUM bracis-33637 163 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 164 1 the the DET bracis-33637 164 2 remaining remain VERB bracis-33637 164 3 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 164 4 had have VERB bracis-33637 164 5 grades grade NOUN bracis-33637 164 6 below below ADP bracis-33637 164 7 300 300 NUM bracis-33637 164 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 164 9 with with ADP bracis-33637 164 10 issues issue NOUN bracis-33637 164 11 such such ADJ bracis-33637 164 12 as as ADP bracis-33637 164 13 textual textual ADJ bracis-33637 164 14 genre genre NOUN bracis-33637 164 15 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 164 16 six six NUM bracis-33637 164 17 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 164 18 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 164 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 164 20 poor poor ADJ bracis-33637 164 21 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 164 22 unstructured unstructured ADJ bracis-33637 164 23 text text NOUN bracis-33637 164 24 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 164 25 fifteen fifteen NUM bracis-33637 164 26 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 164 27 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 164 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 164 29 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 164 30 tangent tangent NOUN bracis-33637 164 31 to to ADP bracis-33637 164 32 the the DET bracis-33637 164 33 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 164 34 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 164 35 two two NUM bracis-33637 164 36 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 164 37 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 164 38 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 165 1 our our PRON bracis-33637 165 2 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33637 165 3 revealed reveal VERB bracis-33637 165 4 that that SCONJ bracis-33637 165 5 the the DET bracis-33637 165 6 strategy strategy NOUN bracis-33637 165 7 of of ADP bracis-33637 165 8 tunning tun VERB bracis-33637 165 9 bertimbau bertimbau NOUN bracis-33637 165 10 with with ADP bracis-33637 165 11 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 165 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 165 13 prompts prompt NOUN bracis-33637 165 14 makes make VERB bracis-33637 165 15 the the DET bracis-33637 165 16 automatic automatic ADJ bracis-33637 165 17 classification classification NOUN bracis-33637 165 18 more more ADV bracis-33637 165 19 rigorous rigorous ADJ bracis-33637 165 20 than than ADP bracis-33637 165 21 human human ADJ bracis-33637 165 22 review review NOUN bracis-33637 165 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 166 1 despite despite SCONJ bracis-33637 166 2 that that PRON bracis-33637 166 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 166 4 this this DET bracis-33637 166 5 result result NOUN bracis-33637 166 6 may may AUX bracis-33637 166 7 be be AUX bracis-33637 166 8 a a DET bracis-33637 166 9 contribution contribution NOUN bracis-33637 166 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 166 11 as as SCONJ bracis-33637 166 12 different different ADJ bracis-33637 166 13 state state NOUN bracis-33637 166 14 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 166 15 of of ADP bracis-33637 166 16 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 166 17 the the DET bracis-33637 166 18 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 166 19 art art NOUN bracis-33637 166 20 automated automate VERB bracis-33637 166 21 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 166 22 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 166 23 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 166 24 fail fail VERB bracis-33637 166 25 to to PART bracis-33637 166 26 provide provide VERB bracis-33637 166 27 a a DET bracis-33637 166 28 low low ADJ bracis-33637 166 29 score score NOUN bracis-33637 166 30 for for ADP bracis-33637 166 31 low low ADJ bracis-33637 166 32 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 166 33 quality quality NOUN bracis-33637 166 34 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 166 35 [ [ X bracis-33637 166 36 14 14 NUM bracis-33637 166 37 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 166 38 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 167 1 however however ADV bracis-33637 167 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 167 3 it it PRON bracis-33637 167 4 is be AUX bracis-33637 167 5 important important ADJ bracis-33637 167 6 to to PART bracis-33637 167 7 analyze analyze VERB bracis-33637 167 8 the the DET bracis-33637 167 9 extent extent NOUN bracis-33637 167 10 to to PART bracis-33637 167 11 which which PRON bracis-33637 167 12 bertimbau bertimbau NOUN bracis-33637 167 13 is be AUX bracis-33637 167 14 strict strict ADJ bracis-33637 167 15 with with ADP bracis-33637 167 16 poor poor ADJ bracis-33637 167 17 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 167 18 quality quality NOUN bracis-33637 167 19 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 167 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 168 1 a a DET bracis-33637 168 2 deeper deep ADJ bracis-33637 168 3 inspection inspection NOUN bracis-33637 168 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 168 5 such such ADJ bracis-33637 168 6 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 168 7 remains remain VERB bracis-33637 168 8 necessary necessary ADJ bracis-33637 168 9 for for ADP bracis-33637 168 10 future future ADJ bracis-33637 168 11 work work NOUN bracis-33637 168 12 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 169 1 the the DET bracis-33637 169 2 developed develop VERB bracis-33637 169 3 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 169 4 are be AUX bracis-33637 169 5 publicly publicly ADV bracis-33637 169 6 available available ADJ bracis-33637 169 7 at at ADP bracis-33637 169 8 https://github.com/liara-ifpi/off-topic-essay https://github.com/liara-ifpi/off-topic-essay PROPN bracis-33637 169 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 170 1 6 6 NUM bracis-33637 170 2 conclusion conclusion NOUN bracis-33637 170 3 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 170 4     SPACE bracis-33637 170 5 future future ADJ bracis-33637 170 6 work work NOUN bracis-33637 170 7 this this DET bracis-33637 170 8 paper paper NOUN bracis-33637 170 9 investigated investigate VERB bracis-33637 170 10 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 170 11 for for ADP bracis-33637 170 12 detecting detect VERB bracis-33637 170 13 off off ADP bracis-33637 170 14 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 170 15 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 170 16 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 170 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 170 18 such such ADJ bracis-33637 170 19 as as ADP bracis-33637 170 20 handcrafted handcraft VERB bracis-33637 170 21 features feature NOUN bracis-33637 170 22 to to PART bracis-33637 170 23 feed feed VERB bracis-33637 170 24 supervised supervised ADJ bracis-33637 170 25 machine machine NOUN bracis-33637 170 26 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 170 27 learning learn VERB bracis-33637 170 28 algorithms algorithm NOUN bracis-33637 170 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 170 30 the the DET bracis-33637 170 31 fine fine ADV bracis-33637 170 32 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 170 33 tuned tune VERB bracis-33637 170 34 bertimbau bertimbau NOUN bracis-33637 170 35 model model NOUN bracis-33637 170 36 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 170 37 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 170 38 the the DET bracis-33637 170 39 gemini gemini PROPN bracis-33637 170 40 language language NOUN bracis-33637 170 41 model model NOUN bracis-33637 170 42 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 171 1 these these DET bracis-33637 171 2 strategies strategy NOUN bracis-33637 171 3 were be AUX bracis-33637 171 4 evaluated evaluate VERB bracis-33637 171 5 in in ADP bracis-33637 171 6 a a DET bracis-33637 171 7 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33637 171 8 portuguese portuguese ADJ bracis-33637 171 9 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 171 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 171 11 showing show VERB bracis-33637 171 12 some some DET bracis-33637 171 13 learned learn VERB bracis-33637 171 14 lessons lesson NOUN bracis-33637 171 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 171 16 challenges challenge NOUN bracis-33637 171 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 171 18 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 171 19 contributions contribution NOUN bracis-33637 171 20 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 172 1 as as ADP bracis-33637 172 2 a a DET bracis-33637 172 3 learned learn VERB bracis-33637 172 4 lesson lesson NOUN bracis-33637 172 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 172 6 we we PRON bracis-33637 172 7 highlight highlight VERB bracis-33637 172 8 the the DET bracis-33637 172 9 potential potential NOUN bracis-33637 172 10 of of ADP bracis-33637 172 11 the the DET bracis-33637 172 12 sentence sentence NOUN bracis-33637 172 13 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 172 14 transformer transformer NOUN bracis-33637 172 15 as as ADP bracis-33637 172 16 a a DET bracis-33637 172 17 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 172 18 to to PART bracis-33637 172 19 identify identify VERB bracis-33637 172 20 off off ADP bracis-33637 172 21 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 172 22 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 172 23 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 172 24 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 173 1 as as ADP bracis-33637 173 2 a a DET bracis-33637 173 3 challenge challenge NOUN bracis-33637 173 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 173 5 we we PRON bracis-33637 173 6 may may AUX bracis-33637 173 7 mention mention VERB bracis-33637 173 8 the the DET bracis-33637 173 9 need need NOUN bracis-33637 173 10 to to PART bracis-33637 173 11 create create VERB bracis-33637 173 12 a a DET bracis-33637 173 13 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 173 14 with with ADP bracis-33637 173 15 more more ADJ bracis-33637 173 16 off off ADP bracis-33637 173 17 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 173 18 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 173 19 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 173 20 to to PART bracis-33637 173 21 improve improve VERB bracis-33637 173 22 the the DET bracis-33637 173 23 precision precision NOUN bracis-33637 173 24 of of ADP bracis-33637 173 25 classifiers classifier NOUN bracis-33637 173 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 174 1 finally finally ADV bracis-33637 174 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 174 3 one one NUM bracis-33637 174 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 174 5 the the DET bracis-33637 174 6 contributions contribution NOUN bracis-33637 174 7 of of ADP bracis-33637 174 8 our our PRON bracis-33637 174 9 experiments experiment NOUN bracis-33637 174 10 is be AUX bracis-33637 174 11 the the DET bracis-33637 174 12 potential potential NOUN bracis-33637 174 13 of of ADP bracis-33637 174 14 the the DET bracis-33637 174 15 fine fine ADV bracis-33637 174 16 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 174 17 tuned tune VERB bracis-33637 174 18 bertimbaul bertimbaul ADJ bracis-33637 174 19 model model NOUN bracis-33637 174 20 to to PART bracis-33637 174 21 score score VERB bracis-33637 174 22 or or CCONJ bracis-33637 174 23 identify identify VERB bracis-33637 174 24 low low ADJ bracis-33637 174 25 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 174 26 quality quality NOUN bracis-33637 174 27 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 174 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 175 1 future future ADJ bracis-33637 175 2 work work NOUN bracis-33637 175 3 includes include VERB bracis-33637 175 4 joining join VERB bracis-33637 175 5 the the DET bracis-33637 175 6 sentence sentence NOUN bracis-33637 175 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 175 8 transformer transformer NOUN bracis-33637 175 9 feature feature NOUN bracis-33637 175 10 into into ADP bracis-33637 175 11 the the DET bracis-33637 175 12 bertimbau bertimbau ADJ bracis-33637 175 13 model model NOUN bracis-33637 175 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 175 15 investigating investigate VERB bracis-33637 175 16 unsupervised unsupervised ADJ bracis-33637 175 17 learning learning NOUN bracis-33637 175 18 strategies strategy NOUN bracis-33637 175 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 175 20 as as ADP bracis-33637 175 21 very very ADV bracis-33637 175 22 recent recent ADJ bracis-33637 175 23 work work NOUN bracis-33637 175 24 has have AUX bracis-33637 175 25 achieved achieve VERB bracis-33637 175 26 good good ADJ bracis-33637 175 27 results result NOUN bracis-33637 175 28 for for ADP bracis-33637 175 29 the the DET bracis-33637 175 30 english english ADJ bracis-33637 175 31 language language NOUN bracis-33637 176 1 [ [ X bracis-33637 176 2 7 7 NUM bracis-33637 176 3 ] ] PUNCT bracis-33637 176 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 176 5 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 176 6 building build VERB bracis-33637 176 7 a a DET bracis-33637 176 8 more more ADV bracis-33637 176 9 balanced balanced ADJ bracis-33637 176 10 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 176 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 177 1 notes note VERB bracis-33637 177 2 1.https://www.gov.br/inep/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/dados-abertos/microdados/enem 1.https://www.gov.br/inep/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/dados-abertos/microdados/enem NUM bracis-33637 177 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 178 1 2.https://github.com/gpassero/uol-redacoes-xml 2.https://github.com/gpassero/uol-redacoes-xml NUM bracis-33637 178 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 179 1 3.https://download.inep.gov.br/publicacoes/institucionais/avaliacoes_e_exames_da_educacao_basica/a_redacao_no_enem_2023_cartilha_do_participante.pdf 3.https://download.inep.gov.br/publicacoes/institucionais/avaliacoes_e_exames_da_educacao_basica/a_redacao_no_enem_2023_cartilha_do_participante.pdf NUM bracis-33637 179 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 180 1 4.https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/distiluse-base-multilingual-cased-v1 4.https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/distiluse-base-multilingual-cased-v1 NOUN bracis-33637 180 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 181 1 5.https://gemini.google.com/. 5.https://gemini.google.com/. NUM bracis-33637 181 2 6.https://storage.googleapis.com/deepmind-media/gemini/gemini_v1_5_report.pdf 6.https://storage.googleapis.com/deepmind-media/gemini/gemini_v1_5_report.pdf NOUN bracis-33637 181 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 182 1 references reference NOUN bracis-33637 182 2 amorim amorim PROPN bracis-33637 182 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 182 4 e. e. PROPN bracis-33637 182 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 182 6 veloso veloso PROPN bracis-33637 182 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 182 8 a. a. NOUN bracis-33637 182 9 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 182 10 a a DET bracis-33637 182 11 multi multi ADJ bracis-33637 182 12 - - ADJ bracis-33637 182 13 aspect aspect ADJ bracis-33637 182 14 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33637 182 15 of of ADP bracis-33637 182 16 automatic automatic ADJ bracis-33637 182 17 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 182 18 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 182 19 for for ADP bracis-33637 182 20 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33637 182 21 portuguese portuguese NOUN bracis-33637 182 22 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 183 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 183 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 183 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 183 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 183 5 the the DET bracis-33637 183 6 student student NOUN bracis-33637 183 7 research research NOUN bracis-33637 183 8 workshop workshop NOUN bracis-33637 183 9 at at ADP bracis-33637 183 10 the the DET bracis-33637 183 11 15th 15th ADJ bracis-33637 183 12 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 183 13 of of ADP bracis-33637 183 14 the the DET bracis-33637 183 15 european european ADJ bracis-33637 183 16 chapter chapter NOUN bracis-33637 183 17 of of ADP bracis-33637 183 18 the the DET bracis-33637 183 19 association association NOUN bracis-33637 183 20 for for ADP bracis-33637 183 21 computational computational ADJ bracis-33637 183 22 linguistics linguistic NOUN bracis-33637 183 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 183 24 pp pp X bracis-33637 183 25 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 184 1 94–102 94–102 NUM bracis-33637 184 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 185 1 association association NOUN bracis-33637 185 2 for for ADP bracis-33637 185 3 computational computational ADJ bracis-33637 185 4 linguistics linguistic NOUN bracis-33637 185 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 185 6 valencia valencia PROPN bracis-33637 185 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 185 8 spain spain PROPN bracis-33637 185 9 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 185 10 2017 2017 NUM bracis-33637 185 11 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 185 12 google google PROPN bracis-33637 185 13 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 185 14     SPACE bracis-33637 185 15 beigman beigman NOUN bracis-33637 185 16     SPACE bracis-33637 185 17 klebanov klebanov PROPN bracis-33637 185 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 185 19 b. b. PROPN bracis-33637 185 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 185 21 flor flor PROPN bracis-33637 185 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 185 23 m. m. NOUN bracis-33637 185 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 185 25 gyawali gyawali VERB bracis-33637 185 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 185 27 b. b. PROPN bracis-33637 185 28 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 185 29 topicality topicality NOUN bracis-33637 185 30 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 185 31 based base VERB bracis-33637 185 32 indices index NOUN bracis-33637 185 33 for for ADP bracis-33637 185 34 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 185 35 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 185 36 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 186 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 186 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 186 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 186 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 186 5 the the DET bracis-33637 186 6 11th 11th ADJ bracis-33637 186 7 workshop workshop NOUN bracis-33637 186 8 on on ADP bracis-33637 186 9 innovative innovative ADJ bracis-33637 186 10 use use NOUN bracis-33637 186 11 of of ADP bracis-33637 186 12 nlp nlp NOUN bracis-33637 186 13 for for ADP bracis-33637 186 14 building build VERB bracis-33637 186 15 educational educational ADJ bracis-33637 186 16 applications application NOUN bracis-33637 186 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 186 18 pp pp ADJ bracis-33637 186 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 187 1 63–72 63–72 NUM bracis-33637 187 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 188 1 association association NOUN bracis-33637 188 2 for for ADP bracis-33637 188 3 computational computational ADJ bracis-33637 188 4 linguistics linguistic NOUN bracis-33637 188 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 188 6 san san PROPN bracis-33637 188 7 diego diego PROPN bracis-33637 188 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 188 9 ca can AUX bracis-33637 188 10 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 188 11 2016 2016 NUM bracis-33637 188 12 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 188 13 google google PROPN bracis-33637 188 14 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 188 15     SPACE bracis-33637 188 16 bird bird NOUN bracis-33637 188 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 188 18 s. s. PROPN bracis-33637 188 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 188 20 klein klein PROPN bracis-33637 188 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 188 22 e. e. PROPN bracis-33637 188 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 188 24 loper loper PROPN bracis-33637 188 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 188 26 e. e. PROPN bracis-33637 188 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 188 28 natural natural ADJ bracis-33637 188 29 language language NOUN bracis-33637 188 30 processing processing NOUN bracis-33637 188 31 with with ADP bracis-33637 188 32 python python NOUN bracis-33637 188 33 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 188 34 analyzing analyze VERB bracis-33637 188 35 text text NOUN bracis-33637 188 36 with with ADP bracis-33637 188 37 the the DET bracis-33637 188 38 natural natural ADJ bracis-33637 188 39 language language NOUN bracis-33637 188 40 toolkit toolkit NOUN bracis-33637 188 41 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 189 1 o’reilly o’reilly ADV bracis-33637 189 2 media medium NOUN bracis-33637 189 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 189 4 inc inc PROPN bracis-33637 189 5 . . PROPN bracis-33637 189 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 189 7 2009 2009 NUM bracis-33637 189 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 189 9 google google PROPN bracis-33637 189 10 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 189 11     SPACE bracis-33637 189 12 blei blei NOUN bracis-33637 189 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 189 14 d.m d.m PROPN bracis-33637 189 15 . . PROPN bracis-33637 189 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 189 17 ng ng PROPN bracis-33637 189 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 189 19 a.y a.y PROPN bracis-33637 189 20 . . PROPN bracis-33637 189 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 189 22 jordan jordan PROPN bracis-33637 189 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 189 24 m.i m.i PROPN bracis-33637 189 25 . . PROPN bracis-33637 189 26 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 190 1 latent latent PROPN bracis-33637 190 2 dirichlet dirichlet PROPN bracis-33637 190 3 allocation allocation NOUN bracis-33637 190 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 191 1 j. j. PROPN bracis-33637 191 2 mach mach PROPN bracis-33637 191 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 192 1 learn learn VERB bracis-33637 192 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 193 1 res re NOUN bracis-33637 193 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 194 1 3(jan 3(jan NUM bracis-33637 194 2 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 194 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 194 4 993–1022 993–1022 NUM bracis-33637 194 5 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 194 6 2003 2003 NUM bracis-33637 194 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 194 8 google google PROPN bracis-33637 194 9 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 194 10     SPACE bracis-33637 194 11 caseli caseli ADJ bracis-33637 194 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 194 13 h.m h.m PROPN bracis-33637 194 14 . . PROPN bracis-33637 194 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 194 16 nunes nunes PROPN bracis-33637 194 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 194 18 m.g.v m.g.v NOUN bracis-33637 194 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 195 1 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 195 2 eds ed NOUN bracis-33637 195 3 . . PROPN bracis-33637 195 4 ): ): PUNCT bracis-33637 195 5 processamento processamento PROPN bracis-33637 195 6 de de X bracis-33637 195 7 linguagem linguagem X bracis-33637 195 8 natural natural ADJ bracis-33637 195 9 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 195 10 conceitos conceito NOUN bracis-33637 195 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 195 12 técnicas técnicas NOUN bracis-33637 195 13 e e PROPN bracis-33637 195 14 aplicações aplicações VERB bracis-33637 195 15 em em PRON bracis-33637 195 16 português português PROPN bracis-33637 195 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 196 1 bpln bpln NOUN bracis-33637 196 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 196 3 2 2 NUM bracis-33637 196 4 edn edn NOUN bracis-33637 196 5 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 197 1 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 197 2 2024 2024 NUM bracis-33637 197 3 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 197 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 198 1 isbn isbn PROPN bracis-33637 198 2 978 978 NUM bracis-33637 198 3 - - SYM bracis-33637 198 4 65 65 NUM bracis-33637 198 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 198 6 00 00 NUM bracis-33637 198 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 198 8 95750 95750 NUM bracis-33637 198 9 - - SYM bracis-33637 198 10 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 198 11 google google NOUN bracis-33637 198 12 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 198 13     SPACE bracis-33637 198 14 chawla chawla PROPN bracis-33637 198 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 198 16 n.v n.v PROPN bracis-33637 198 17 . . PROPN bracis-33637 198 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 198 19 bowyer bowyer PROPN bracis-33637 198 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 198 21 k.w k.w PROPN bracis-33637 198 22 . . PROPN bracis-33637 198 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 198 24 hall hall PROPN bracis-33637 198 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 198 26 l.o l.o PROPN bracis-33637 198 27 . . PROPN bracis-33637 198 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 198 29 kegelmeyer kegelmeyer PROPN bracis-33637 198 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 198 31 w.p w.p PROPN bracis-33637 198 32 . . PROPN bracis-33637 198 33 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 198 34 smote smote VERB bracis-33637 198 35 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 198 36 synthetic synthetic ADJ bracis-33637 198 37 minority minority NOUN bracis-33637 198 38 over over ADP bracis-33637 198 39 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 198 40 sampling sample VERB bracis-33637 198 41 technique technique NOUN bracis-33637 198 42 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 199 1 j. j. PROPN bracis-33637 199 2 artif artif PROPN bracis-33637 199 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 200 1 intell intell PROPN bracis-33637 200 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 201 1 res re NOUN bracis-33637 201 2 . . PROPN bracis-33637 202 1 16 16 NUM bracis-33637 202 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 202 3 321–357 321–357 NUM bracis-33637 202 4 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 202 5 2002 2002 NUM bracis-33637 202 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 202 7 article article NOUN bracis-33637 202 8     SPACE bracis-33637 202 9 math math NOUN bracis-33637 202 10     SPACE bracis-33637 202 11 google google PROPN bracis-33637 202 12 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 202 13     SPACE bracis-33637 202 14 das das PROPN bracis-33637 202 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 202 16 s.d s.d PROPN bracis-33637 202 17 . . PROPN bracis-33637 202 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 202 19 vadi vadi NOUN bracis-33637 202 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 202 21 y.a y.a PROPN bracis-33637 202 22 . . PROPN bracis-33637 202 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 202 24 yadav yadav PROPN bracis-33637 202 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 202 26 k. k. PROPN bracis-33637 202 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 202 28 transformer transformer NOUN bracis-33637 202 29 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 202 30 based base VERB bracis-33637 202 31 joint joint ADJ bracis-33637 202 32 modelling modelling NOUN bracis-33637 202 33 for for ADP bracis-33637 202 34 automatic automatic ADJ bracis-33637 202 35 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 202 36 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 202 37 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 202 38 off off ADP bracis-33637 202 39 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 202 40 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 202 41 detection detection NOUN bracis-33637 202 42 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 203 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 203 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 203 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 203 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 203 5 the the DET bracis-33637 203 6 2024 2024 NUM bracis-33637 203 7 joint joint ADJ bracis-33637 203 8 international international ADJ bracis-33637 203 9 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 203 10 on on ADP bracis-33637 203 11 computational computational ADJ bracis-33637 203 12 linguistics linguistic NOUN bracis-33637 203 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 203 14 language language NOUN bracis-33637 203 15 resources resource NOUN bracis-33637 203 16 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 203 17 evaluation evaluation NOUN bracis-33637 203 18 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 203 19 lrec lrec NOUN bracis-33637 203 20 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 203 21 coling cole VERB bracis-33637 203 22 2024 2024 NUM bracis-33637 203 23 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 203 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 203 25 pp pp ADP bracis-33637 203 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 203 27 16751–16761 16751–16761 NUM bracis-33637 203 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 204 1 elra elra ADV bracis-33637 204 2 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 204 3 iccl iccl NOUN bracis-33637 204 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 204 5 torino torino NOUN bracis-33637 204 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 204 7 italia italia X bracis-33637 204 8 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 204 9 2024 2024 NUM bracis-33637 204 10 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 204 11 google google NOUN bracis-33637 204 12 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 204 13     SPACE bracis-33637 204 14 devlin devlin PROPN bracis-33637 204 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 204 16 j. j. PROPN bracis-33637 204 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 204 18 chang chang PROPN bracis-33637 204 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 204 20 m.w m.w PROPN bracis-33637 204 21 . . PROPN bracis-33637 204 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 204 23 lee lee PROPN bracis-33637 204 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 204 25 k. k. PROPN bracis-33637 204 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 204 27 toutanova toutanova PROPN bracis-33637 204 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 204 29 k. k. AUX bracis-33637 204 30 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 204 31 bert bert PROPN bracis-33637 204 32 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 204 33 pre pre ADJ bracis-33637 204 34 - - NOUN bracis-33637 204 35 training training NOUN bracis-33637 204 36 of of ADP bracis-33637 204 37 deep deep ADJ bracis-33637 204 38 bidirectional bidirectional ADJ bracis-33637 204 39 transformers transformer NOUN bracis-33637 204 40 for for ADP bracis-33637 204 41 language language NOUN bracis-33637 204 42 understanding understanding NOUN bracis-33637 204 43 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 205 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 205 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 205 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 205 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 205 5 the the DET bracis-33637 205 6 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33637 205 7 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 205 8 of of ADP bracis-33637 205 9 the the DET bracis-33637 205 10 north north ADJ bracis-33637 205 11 american american ADJ bracis-33637 205 12 chapter chapter NOUN bracis-33637 205 13 of of ADP bracis-33637 205 14 the the DET bracis-33637 205 15 association association NOUN bracis-33637 205 16 for for ADP bracis-33637 205 17 computational computational ADJ bracis-33637 205 18 linguistics linguistic NOUN bracis-33637 205 19 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 205 20 human human ADJ bracis-33637 205 21 language language NOUN bracis-33637 205 22 technologies technology NOUN bracis-33637 205 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 205 24 volume volume NOUN bracis-33637 205 25 1 1 NUM bracis-33637 205 26 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 205 27 long long ADJ bracis-33637 205 28 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 205 29 short short ADJ bracis-33637 205 30 papers paper NOUN bracis-33637 205 31 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 205 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 205 33 pp pp ADV bracis-33637 205 34 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 206 1 4171–4186 4171–4186 NUM bracis-33637 206 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 207 1 association association NOUN bracis-33637 207 2 for for ADP bracis-33637 207 3 computational computational ADJ bracis-33637 207 4 linguistics linguistic NOUN bracis-33637 207 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 207 6 minneapolis minneapolis PROPN bracis-33637 207 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 207 8 minnesota minnesota PROPN bracis-33637 207 9 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 207 10 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33637 207 11 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 207 12 google google PROPN bracis-33637 207 13 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 207 14     SPACE bracis-33637 207 15 fonseca fonseca PROPN bracis-33637 207 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 207 17 e. e. PROPN bracis-33637 207 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 207 19 medeiros medeiros PROPN bracis-33637 207 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 207 21 i. i. PROPN bracis-33637 207 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 207 23 kamikawachi kamikawachi PROPN bracis-33637 207 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 207 25 d. d. PROPN bracis-33637 207 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 207 27 bokan bokan PROPN bracis-33637 207 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 207 29 a. a. NOUN bracis-33637 207 30 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 207 31 automatically automatically ADV bracis-33637 207 32 grading grade VERB bracis-33637 207 33 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33637 207 34 student student NOUN bracis-33637 207 35 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 207 36 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 208 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 208 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 208 3 villavicencio villavicencio PROPN bracis-33637 208 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 208 5 a. a. PROPN bracis-33637 208 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 208 7 et et PROPN bracis-33637 208 8 al al PROPN bracis-33637 208 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 209 1 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 209 2 eds ed NOUN bracis-33637 209 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 209 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 209 5 propor propor ADJ bracis-33637 209 6 2018 2018 NUM bracis-33637 209 7 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 210 1 lncs lncs PROPN bracis-33637 210 2 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 210 3 lnai lnai ADJ bracis-33637 210 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 210 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 210 6 vol vol NOUN bracis-33637 210 7 . . PROPN bracis-33637 210 8 11122 11122 NUM bracis-33637 210 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 210 10 pp pp ADJ bracis-33637 210 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 211 1 170–179 170–179 NUM bracis-33637 211 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 211 3 springer springer NOUN bracis-33637 211 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 211 5 cham cham PROPN bracis-33637 211 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 211 7 2018 2018 NUM bracis-33637 211 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 211 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 212 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99722-3_18 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99722-3_18 PROPN bracis-33637 212 2 chapter chapter NOUN bracis-33637 212 3     SPACE bracis-33637 212 4 google google PROPN bracis-33637 212 5 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 212 6     SPACE bracis-33637 212 7 hartmann hartmann PROPN bracis-33637 212 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 212 9 n. n. PROPN bracis-33637 212 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 212 11 fonseca fonseca PROPN bracis-33637 212 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 212 13 e. e. PROPN bracis-33637 212 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 212 15 shulby shulby PROPN bracis-33637 212 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 212 17 c. c. PROPN bracis-33637 212 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 212 19 treviso treviso PROPN bracis-33637 212 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 212 21 m. m. NOUN bracis-33637 212 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 212 23 silva silva PROPN bracis-33637 212 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 212 25 j. j. PROPN bracis-33637 212 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 212 27 aluísio aluísio PROPN bracis-33637 212 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 212 29 s. s. PROPN bracis-33637 212 30 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 212 31 portuguese portuguese ADJ bracis-33637 212 32 word word NOUN bracis-33637 212 33 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33637 212 34 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 212 35 evaluating evaluate VERB bracis-33637 212 36 on on ADP bracis-33637 212 37 word word NOUN bracis-33637 212 38 analogies analogy NOUN bracis-33637 212 39 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 212 40 natural natural ADJ bracis-33637 212 41 language language NOUN bracis-33637 212 42 tasks task NOUN bracis-33637 212 43 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 213 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 213 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 213 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 213 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 213 5 the the DET bracis-33637 213 6 11th 11th ADJ bracis-33637 213 7 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33637 213 8 symposium symposium NOUN bracis-33637 213 9 in in ADP bracis-33637 213 10 information information NOUN bracis-33637 213 11 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 213 12 human human ADJ bracis-33637 213 13 language language NOUN bracis-33637 213 14 technology technology NOUN bracis-33637 213 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 213 16 pp pp ADJ bracis-33637 213 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 214 1 122–131 122–131 NUM bracis-33637 214 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 214 3 sociedade sociedade PROPN bracis-33637 214 4 brasileira brasileira PROPN bracis-33637 214 5 de de X bracis-33637 214 6 computação computação PROPN bracis-33637 214 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 214 8 uberlândia uberlândia PROPN bracis-33637 214 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 214 10 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33637 214 11 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 214 12 2017 2017 NUM bracis-33637 214 13 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 214 14 google google NOUN bracis-33637 214 15 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 214 16     SPACE bracis-33637 214 17 he he PRON bracis-33637 214 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 214 19 h. h. PROPN bracis-33637 214 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 214 21 bai bai PROPN bracis-33637 214 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 214 23 y. y. PROPN bracis-33637 214 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 214 25 garcia garcia PROPN bracis-33637 214 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 214 27 e.a e.a PROPN bracis-33637 214 28 . . PROPN bracis-33637 214 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 214 30 li li PROPN bracis-33637 214 31 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 214 32 s. s. PROPN bracis-33637 214 33 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 214 34 adasyn adasyn PROPN bracis-33637 214 35 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 214 36 adaptive adaptive ADJ bracis-33637 214 37 synthetic synthetic ADJ bracis-33637 214 38 sampling sample VERB bracis-33637 214 39 approach approach NOUN bracis-33637 214 40 for for ADP bracis-33637 214 41 imbalanced imbalanced ADJ bracis-33637 214 42 learning learning NOUN bracis-33637 214 43 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 215 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 215 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 215 3 2008 2008 NUM bracis-33637 215 4 ieee ieee PROPN bracis-33637 215 5 international international ADJ bracis-33637 215 6 joint joint ADJ bracis-33637 215 7 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 215 8 on on ADP bracis-33637 215 9 neural neural ADJ bracis-33637 215 10 networks network NOUN bracis-33637 215 11 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 215 12 ieee ieee PROPN bracis-33637 215 13 world world PROPN bracis-33637 215 14 congress congress PROPN bracis-33637 215 15 on on ADP bracis-33637 215 16 computational computational ADJ bracis-33637 215 17 intelligence intelligence NOUN bracis-33637 215 18 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 215 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 215 20 pp pp ADP bracis-33637 215 21 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 215 22 1322–1328 1322–1328 NUM bracis-33637 215 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 216 1 ieee ieee PROPN bracis-33637 216 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 216 3 hong hong PROPN bracis-33637 216 4 kong kong PROPN bracis-33637 216 5 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 216 6 2008 2008 NUM bracis-33637 216 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 216 8 google google PROPN bracis-33637 216 9 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 216 10     SPACE bracis-33637 216 11 higgins higgins PROPN bracis-33637 216 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 216 13 d. d. PROPN bracis-33637 216 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 216 15 burstein burstein PROPN bracis-33637 216 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 216 17 j. j. PROPN bracis-33637 216 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 216 19 attali attali PROPN bracis-33637 216 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 216 21 y. y. NOUN bracis-33637 216 22 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 216 23 identifying identify VERB bracis-33637 216 24 off off ADP bracis-33637 216 25 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 216 26 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 216 27 student student NOUN bracis-33637 216 28 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 216 29 without without ADP bracis-33637 216 30 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 216 31 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 216 32 specific specific ADJ bracis-33637 216 33 training training NOUN bracis-33637 216 34 data datum NOUN bracis-33637 216 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 217 1 nat nat PROPN bracis-33637 217 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 218 1 lang lang PROPN bracis-33637 218 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 219 1 eng eng PROPN bracis-33637 219 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 220 1 12(2 12(2 NUM bracis-33637 220 2 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 220 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 220 4 145–159 145–159 NUM bracis-33637 220 5 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 220 6 2006 2006 NUM bracis-33637 220 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 220 8 article article NOUN bracis-33637 220 9     SPACE bracis-33637 220 10 google google PROPN bracis-33637 220 11 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 220 12     SPACE bracis-33637 220 13 huang huang PROPN bracis-33637 220 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 220 15 p. p. PROPN bracis-33637 220 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 220 17 li li PROPN bracis-33637 220 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 220 19 l. l. PROPN bracis-33637 220 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 220 21 wu wu PROPN bracis-33637 220 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 220 23 c. c. PROPN bracis-33637 220 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 220 25 zhang zhang PROPN bracis-33637 220 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 220 27 x. x. PROPN bracis-33637 220 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 220 29 liu liu PROPN bracis-33637 220 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 220 31 z. z. PROPN bracis-33637 220 32 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 221 1 a a DET bracis-33637 221 2 study study NOUN bracis-33637 221 3 of of ADP bracis-33637 221 4 sentence sentence NOUN bracis-33637 221 5 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 221 6 bert bert NOUN bracis-33637 221 7 based base VERB bracis-33637 221 8 essay essay PROPN bracis-33637 221 9 off off ADP bracis-33637 221 10 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 221 11 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 221 12 detection detection NOUN bracis-33637 221 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 222 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 222 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 222 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 222 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 222 5 the the DET bracis-33637 222 6 4th 4th ADJ bracis-33637 222 7 international international ADJ bracis-33637 222 8 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 222 9 on on ADP bracis-33637 222 10 computing computing NOUN bracis-33637 222 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 222 12 networks network NOUN bracis-33637 222 13 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 222 14 internet internet NOUN bracis-33637 222 15 of of ADP bracis-33637 222 16 things thing NOUN bracis-33637 222 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 222 18 pp pp ADV bracis-33637 222 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 223 1 515–519 515–519 NUM bracis-33637 223 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 224 1 association association NOUN bracis-33637 224 2 for for ADP bracis-33637 224 3 computing computing NOUN bracis-33637 224 4 machinery machinery NOUN bracis-33637 224 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 224 6 xiamen xiamen PROPN bracis-33637 224 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 224 8 china china PROPN bracis-33637 224 9 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 224 10 2023 2023 NUM bracis-33637 224 11 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 224 12 google google NOUN bracis-33637 224 13 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 224 14     SPACE bracis-33637 224 15 kabra kabra NOUN bracis-33637 224 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 224 17 a. a. PROPN bracis-33637 224 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 224 19 bhatia bhatia PROPN bracis-33637 224 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 224 21 m. m. NOUN bracis-33637 224 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 224 23 singla singla PROPN bracis-33637 224 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 224 25 y.k y.k PROPN bracis-33637 224 26 . . PROPN bracis-33637 224 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 224 28 jessy jessy PROPN bracis-33637 224 29     SPACE bracis-33637 224 30 li li PROPN bracis-33637 224 31 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 224 32 j. j. PROPN bracis-33637 224 33 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 224 34 ratn ratn NOUN bracis-33637 224 35     SPACE bracis-33637 224 36 shah shah NOUN bracis-33637 224 37 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 224 38 r. r. PROPN bracis-33637 224 39 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 224 40 evaluation evaluation NOUN bracis-33637 224 41 toolkit toolkit NOUN bracis-33637 224 42 for for ADP bracis-33637 224 43 robustness robustness NOUN bracis-33637 224 44 testing testing NOUN bracis-33637 224 45 of of ADP bracis-33637 224 46 automatic automatic ADJ bracis-33637 224 47 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 224 48 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 224 49 systems system NOUN bracis-33637 224 50 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 225 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 225 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 225 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 225 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 225 5 the the DET bracis-33637 225 6 5th 5th ADJ bracis-33637 225 7 joint joint ADJ bracis-33637 225 8 international international ADJ bracis-33637 225 9 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 225 10 on on ADP bracis-33637 225 11 data data PROPN bracis-33637 225 12 science science PROPN bracis-33637 225 13 & & CCONJ bracis-33637 225 14 management management PROPN bracis-33637 225 15 of of ADP bracis-33637 225 16 data datum NOUN bracis-33637 225 17 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 225 18 9th 9th ADJ bracis-33637 225 19 acm acm PROPN bracis-33637 225 20 ikdd ikdd NOUN bracis-33637 225 21 cods cod NOUN bracis-33637 225 22 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 225 23 27th 27th ADJ bracis-33637 225 24 comad comad NOUN bracis-33637 225 25 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 225 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 225 27 pp pp ADP bracis-33637 225 28 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 226 1 90–99 90–99 NUM bracis-33637 226 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 227 1 association association NOUN bracis-33637 227 2 for for ADP bracis-33637 227 3 computing computing NOUN bracis-33637 227 4 machinery machinery NOUN bracis-33637 227 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 227 6 bangalore bangalore PROPN bracis-33637 227 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 227 8 india india PROPN bracis-33637 227 9 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 227 10 2022 2022 NUM bracis-33637 227 11 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 227 12 google google PROPN bracis-33637 227 13 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 227 14     SPACE bracis-33637 227 15 ke ke PROPN bracis-33637 227 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 227 17 z. z. PROPN bracis-33637 227 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 227 19 ng ng PROPN bracis-33637 227 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 227 21 v. v. CCONJ bracis-33637 227 22 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 227 23 automated automate VERB bracis-33637 227 24 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 227 25 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 227 26 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 227 27 a a DET bracis-33637 227 28 survey survey NOUN bracis-33637 227 29 of of ADP bracis-33637 227 30 the the DET bracis-33637 227 31 state state NOUN bracis-33637 227 32 of of ADP bracis-33637 227 33 the the DET bracis-33637 227 34 art art NOUN bracis-33637 227 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 228 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 228 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 228 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 228 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 228 5 the the DET bracis-33637 228 6 28th 28th ADJ bracis-33637 228 7 international international ADJ bracis-33637 228 8 joint joint ADJ bracis-33637 228 9 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 228 10 on on ADP bracis-33637 228 11 artificial artificial ADJ bracis-33637 228 12 intelligence intelligence NOUN bracis-33637 228 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 228 14 pp pp PROPN bracis-33637 228 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 228 16 6300–6308 6300–6308 NOUN bracis-33637 228 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 229 1 aaai aaai PROPN bracis-33637 229 2 press press PROPN bracis-33637 229 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 229 4 macao macao PROPN bracis-33637 229 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 229 6 china china PROPN bracis-33637 229 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 229 8 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33637 229 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 229 10 google google NOUN bracis-33637 229 11 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 229 12     SPACE bracis-33637 229 13 kusner kusner NOUN bracis-33637 229 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 229 15 m. m. NOUN bracis-33637 229 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 229 17 sun sun NOUN bracis-33637 229 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 229 19 y. y. PROPN bracis-33637 229 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 229 21 kolkin kolkin PROPN bracis-33637 229 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 229 23 n. n. NOUN bracis-33637 229 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 229 25 weinberger weinberger PROPN bracis-33637 229 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 229 27 k. k. PROPN bracis-33637 229 28 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 229 29 from from ADP bracis-33637 229 30 word word NOUN bracis-33637 229 31 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33637 229 32 to to PART bracis-33637 229 33 document document VERB bracis-33637 229 34 distances distance NOUN bracis-33637 229 35 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 230 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 230 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 230 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 230 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 230 5 the the DET bracis-33637 230 6 32nd 32nd ADJ bracis-33637 230 7 international international ADJ bracis-33637 230 8 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 230 9 on on ADP bracis-33637 230 10 machine machine NOUN bracis-33637 230 11 learning learning NOUN bracis-33637 230 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 230 13 pp pp ADP bracis-33637 230 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 231 1 957–966 957–966 NUM bracis-33637 231 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 231 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 231 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 231 5 machine machine NOUN bracis-33637 231 6 learning learn VERB bracis-33637 231 7 research research NOUN bracis-33637 231 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 231 9 pmlr pmlr NOUN bracis-33637 231 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 231 11 lille lille PROPN bracis-33637 231 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 231 13 france france PROPN bracis-33637 231 14 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 231 15 2015 2015 NUM bracis-33637 231 16 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 231 17 google google NOUN bracis-33637 231 18 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 231 19     SPACE bracis-33637 231 20 landauer landauer NOUN bracis-33637 231 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 231 22 t.k t.k PROPN bracis-33637 231 23 . . PROPN bracis-33637 231 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 231 25 foltz foltz PROPN bracis-33637 231 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 231 27 p.w p.w PROPN bracis-33637 231 28 . . PROPN bracis-33637 231 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 231 30 laham laham PROPN bracis-33637 231 31 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 231 32 d. d. PROPN bracis-33637 231 33 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 231 34 an an DET bracis-33637 231 35 introduction introduction NOUN bracis-33637 231 36 to to ADP bracis-33637 231 37 latent latent VERB bracis-33637 231 38 semantic semantic ADJ bracis-33637 231 39 analysis analysis NOUN bracis-33637 231 40 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 232 1 discourse discourse NOUN bracis-33637 232 2 process process NOUN bracis-33637 232 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 233 1 25(2–3 25(2–3 NOUN bracis-33637 233 2 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 233 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 233 4 259–284 259–284 NUM bracis-33637 233 5 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 233 6 1998 1998 NUM bracis-33637 233 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 233 8 article article NOUN bracis-33637 233 9     SPACE bracis-33637 233 10 math math NOUN bracis-33637 233 11     SPACE bracis-33637 233 12 google google PROPN bracis-33637 233 13 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 233 14     SPACE bracis-33637 233 15 lemaître lemaître NOUN bracis-33637 233 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 233 17 g. g. PROPN bracis-33637 233 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 233 19 nogueira nogueira PROPN bracis-33637 233 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 233 21 f. f. PROPN bracis-33637 233 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 233 23 aridas aridas PROPN bracis-33637 233 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 233 25 c.k c.k PROPN bracis-33637 233 26 . . PROPN bracis-33637 233 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 233 28 imbalanced imbalance VERB bracis-33637 233 29 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 233 30 learn learn VERB bracis-33637 233 31 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 233 32 a a DET bracis-33637 233 33 python python NOUN bracis-33637 233 34 toolbox toolbox NOUN bracis-33637 233 35 to to PART bracis-33637 233 36 tackle tackle VERB bracis-33637 233 37 the the DET bracis-33637 233 38 curse curse NOUN bracis-33637 233 39 of of ADP bracis-33637 233 40 imbalanced imbalanced ADJ bracis-33637 233 41 datasets dataset NOUN bracis-33637 233 42 in in ADP bracis-33637 233 43 machine machine NOUN bracis-33637 233 44 learning learning NOUN bracis-33637 233 45 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 234 1 j. j. PROPN bracis-33637 234 2 mach mach PROPN bracis-33637 234 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 235 1 learn learn VERB bracis-33637 235 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 236 1 res re NOUN bracis-33637 236 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 237 1 18(17 18(17 PROPN bracis-33637 237 2 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 237 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 237 4 1–5 1–5 X bracis-33637 237 5 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 237 6 2017 2017 NUM bracis-33637 237 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 237 8 math math NOUN bracis-33637 237 9     SPACE bracis-33637 237 10 google google PROPN bracis-33637 237 11 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 237 12     SPACE bracis-33637 237 13 marinho marinho NOUN bracis-33637 237 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 237 15 j.c j.c PROPN bracis-33637 237 16 . . PROPN bracis-33637 237 17 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 237 18 anchiêta anchiêta NOUN bracis-33637 237 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 237 20 r.t r.t PROPN bracis-33637 237 21 . . PROPN bracis-33637 237 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 237 23 moura moura PROPN bracis-33637 237 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 237 25 r.s r.s PROPN bracis-33637 237 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 237 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 238 1 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 238 2 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 238 3 br br NOUN bracis-33637 238 4 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 238 5 a a DET bracis-33637 238 6 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33637 238 7 corpus corpus NOUN bracis-33637 238 8 of of ADP bracis-33637 238 9 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 238 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 239 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 239 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 239 3 xxxiv xxxiv PROPN bracis-33637 239 4 simpósio simpósio PROPN bracis-33637 239 5 brasileiro brasileiro PROPN bracis-33637 239 6 de de PROPN bracis-33637 239 7 banco banco PROPN bracis-33637 239 8 de de X bracis-33637 239 9 dados dados PROPN bracis-33637 239 10 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 239 11 dataset dataset NOUN bracis-33637 239 12 showcase showcase NOUN bracis-33637 239 13 workshop workshop NOUN bracis-33637 239 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 240 1 sbbd sbbd PROPN bracis-33637 240 2 2021 2021 NUM bracis-33637 240 3 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 240 4 pp pp ADV bracis-33637 240 5 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 241 1 53–64 53–64 NUM bracis-33637 241 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 241 3 sbc sbc PROPN bracis-33637 241 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 241 5 online online ADV bracis-33637 241 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 241 7 2021 2021 NUM bracis-33637 241 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 241 9 google google NOUN bracis-33637 241 10 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 241 11     SPACE bracis-33637 241 12 marinho marinho NOUN bracis-33637 241 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 241 14 j.c j.c PROPN bracis-33637 241 15 . . PROPN bracis-33637 241 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 241 17 c. c. PROPN bracis-33637 241 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 241 19 f. f. PROPN bracis-33637 241 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 241 21 anchiêta anchiêta NOUN bracis-33637 241 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 241 23 r.t r.t PROPN bracis-33637 241 24 . . PROPN bracis-33637 241 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 241 26 moura moura PROPN bracis-33637 241 27 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 241 28 r.s r.s PROPN bracis-33637 241 29 . . PROPN bracis-33637 241 30 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 241 31 automated automate VERB bracis-33637 241 32 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 241 33 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 241 34 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 241 35 an an DET bracis-33637 241 36 approach approach NOUN bracis-33637 241 37 based base VERB bracis-33637 241 38 on on ADP bracis-33637 241 39 enem enem PROPN bracis-33637 241 40 competencies competency NOUN bracis-33637 241 41 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 242 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 242 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 242 3 anais anais PROPN bracis-33637 242 4 do do AUX bracis-33637 242 5 xix xix NOUN bracis-33637 242 6 encontro encontro VERB bracis-33637 242 7 nacional nacional ADJ bracis-33637 242 8 de de X bracis-33637 242 9 inteligência inteligência PROPN bracis-33637 242 10 artificial artificial PROPN bracis-33637 242 11 e e NOUN bracis-33637 242 12 computacional computacional NOUN bracis-33637 242 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 242 14 pp pp ADJ bracis-33637 242 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 243 1 49–60 49–60 X bracis-33637 243 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 244 1 sbc sbc PROPN bracis-33637 244 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 244 3 campinas campinas PROPN bracis-33637 244 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 244 5 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33637 244 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 244 7 2022 2022 NUM bracis-33637 244 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 244 9 google google NOUN bracis-33637 244 10 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 244 11     SPACE bracis-33637 244 12 page page NOUN bracis-33637 244 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 244 14 e.b e.b PROPN bracis-33637 244 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 244 16 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 245 1 the the DET bracis-33637 245 2 imminence imminence NOUN bracis-33637 245 3 of of ADP bracis-33637 245 4 ... ... PUNCT bracis-33637 245 5 grading grade VERB bracis-33637 245 6 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 245 7 by by ADP bracis-33637 245 8 computer computer NOUN bracis-33637 245 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 246 1 the the DET bracis-33637 246 2 phi phi NOUN bracis-33637 246 3 delta delta NOUN bracis-33637 246 4 kappan kappan PROPN bracis-33637 246 5 47(5 47(5 PROPN bracis-33637 246 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 246 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 246 8 238–243 238–243 NUM bracis-33637 246 9 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 246 10 1966 1966 NUM bracis-33637 246 11 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 246 12 google google NOUN bracis-33637 246 13 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 246 14     SPACE bracis-33637 246 15 passero passero NOUN bracis-33637 246 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 246 17 g. g. PROPN bracis-33637 246 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 246 19 ferreira ferreira PROPN bracis-33637 246 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 246 21 r. r. PROPN bracis-33637 246 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 246 23 dazzi dazzi NOUN bracis-33637 246 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 246 25 r.l.s r.l.s NOUN bracis-33637 246 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 246 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 246 28 off off ADP bracis-33637 246 29 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 246 30 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 246 31 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 246 32 detection detection NOUN bracis-33637 246 33 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 246 34 a a DET bracis-33637 246 35 comparative comparative ADJ bracis-33637 246 36 study study NOUN bracis-33637 246 37 on on ADP bracis-33637 246 38 the the DET bracis-33637 246 39 portuguese portuguese ADJ bracis-33637 246 40 language language NOUN bracis-33637 246 41 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 247 1 revista revista PROPN bracis-33637 247 2 brasileira brasileira PROPN bracis-33637 247 3 de de PROPN bracis-33637 247 4 informática informática PROPN bracis-33637 247 5 na na PROPN bracis-33637 247 6 educação educação PROPN bracis-33637 247 7 27(03 27(03 PROPN bracis-33637 247 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 247 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 247 10 177–190 177–190 NUM bracis-33637 247 11 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 247 12 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33637 247 13 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 247 14 article article NOUN bracis-33637 247 15     SPACE bracis-33637 247 16 math math NOUN bracis-33637 247 17     SPACE bracis-33637 247 18 google google PROPN bracis-33637 247 19 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 247 20     SPACE bracis-33637 247 21 passero passero NOUN bracis-33637 247 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 247 23 g. g. PROPN bracis-33637 247 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 247 25 ferreira ferreira PROPN bracis-33637 247 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 247 27 r. r. PROPN bracis-33637 247 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 247 29 haendchen haendchen ADV bracis-33637 247 30     SPACE bracis-33637 247 31 filho filho PROPN bracis-33637 247 32 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 247 33 a. a. NOUN bracis-33637 247 34 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 247 35 dazzi dazzi PROPN bracis-33637 247 36 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 247 37 r. r. PROPN bracis-33637 247 38 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 247 39 off off ADP bracis-33637 247 40 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 247 41 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 247 42 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 247 43 detection detection NOUN bracis-33637 247 44 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 247 45 a a DET bracis-33637 247 46 systematic systematic ADJ bracis-33637 247 47 review review NOUN bracis-33637 247 48 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 248 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 248 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 248 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 248 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 248 5 the the DET bracis-33637 248 6 xxviii xxviii ADJ bracis-33637 248 7 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33637 248 8 symposium symposium NOUN bracis-33637 248 9 on on ADP bracis-33637 248 10 computers computer NOUN bracis-33637 248 11 in in ADP bracis-33637 248 12 education education NOUN bracis-33637 248 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 248 14 pp pp ADJ bracis-33637 248 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 249 1 51–60 51–60 NOUN bracis-33637 249 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 250 1 sbc sbc PROPN bracis-33637 250 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 250 3 recife recife PROPN bracis-33637 250 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 250 5 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33637 250 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 250 7 2017 2017 NUM bracis-33637 250 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 250 9 google google NOUN bracis-33637 250 10 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 250 11     SPACE bracis-33637 250 12 pedregosa pedregosa PROPN bracis-33637 250 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 250 14 f. f. PROPN bracis-33637 250 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 250 16 et et PROPN bracis-33637 250 17 al al PROPN bracis-33637 250 18 . . PROPN bracis-33637 250 19 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 251 1 scikit scikit NOUN bracis-33637 251 2 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 251 3 learn learn VERB bracis-33637 251 4 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 251 5 machine machine NOUN bracis-33637 251 6 learning learning NOUN bracis-33637 251 7 in in ADP bracis-33637 251 8 python python PROPN bracis-33637 251 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 252 1 j. j. PROPN bracis-33637 252 2 mach mach PROPN bracis-33637 252 3 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 253 1 learn learn VERB bracis-33637 253 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 254 1 res re NOUN bracis-33637 254 2 . . PROPN bracis-33637 255 1 12 12 NUM bracis-33637 255 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 255 3 2825–2830 2825–2830 NUM bracis-33637 255 4 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 255 5 2011 2011 NUM bracis-33637 255 6 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 255 7 mathscinet mathscinet NOUN bracis-33637 255 8     SPACE bracis-33637 255 9 math math NOUN bracis-33637 255 10     SPACE bracis-33637 255 11 google google PROPN bracis-33637 255 12 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 255 13     SPACE bracis-33637 255 14 pinho pinho NOUN bracis-33637 255 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 255 16 c.m.d.a c.m.d.a PROPN bracis-33637 255 17 . . PROPN bracis-33637 255 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 255 19 gaspar gaspar PROPN bracis-33637 255 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 255 21 m.a m.a PROPN bracis-33637 255 22 . . PROPN bracis-33637 255 23 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 255 24 sassi sassi PROPN bracis-33637 255 25 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 255 26 r.j r.j PROPN bracis-33637 255 27 . . PROPN bracis-33637 255 28 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 256 1 aplicação aplicação PROPN bracis-33637 256 2 de de X bracis-33637 256 3 técnicas técnicas X bracis-33637 256 4 de de X bracis-33637 256 5 inteligência inteligência PROPN bracis-33637 256 6 artificial artificial ADJ bracis-33637 256 7 para para PROPN bracis-33637 256 8 classificação classificação PROPN bracis-33637 256 9 de de PROPN bracis-33637 256 10 fuga fuga PROPN bracis-33637 256 11 ao ao PROPN bracis-33637 256 12 tema tema VERB bracis-33637 256 13 em em PRON bracis-33637 256 14 redações redações VERB bracis-33637 256 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 257 1 educação educação PROPN bracis-33637 257 2 em em PRON bracis-33637 257 3 revista revista PROPN bracis-33637 257 4 40 40 NUM bracis-33637 257 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 257 6 e39773 e39773 PROPN bracis-33637 257 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 257 8 2024 2024 NUM bracis-33637 257 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 257 10 google google NOUN bracis-33637 257 11 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 257 12     SPACE bracis-33637 257 13 reimers reimer NOUN bracis-33637 257 14 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 257 15 n. n. NOUN bracis-33637 257 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 257 17 gurevych gurevych NOUN bracis-33637 257 18 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 257 19 i. i. NOUN bracis-33637 257 20 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 257 21 sentence sentence NOUN bracis-33637 257 22 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 257 23 bert bert PROPN bracis-33637 257 24 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 257 25 sentence sentence NOUN bracis-33637 257 26 embeddings embedding NOUN bracis-33637 257 27 using use VERB bracis-33637 257 28 siamese siamese ADJ bracis-33637 257 29 bert bert NOUN bracis-33637 257 30 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 257 31 networks network NOUN bracis-33637 257 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 258 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 258 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 258 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 258 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 258 5 the the DET bracis-33637 258 6 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33637 258 7 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 258 8 on on ADP bracis-33637 258 9 empirical empirical ADJ bracis-33637 258 10 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 258 11 in in ADP bracis-33637 258 12 natural natural ADJ bracis-33637 258 13 language language NOUN bracis-33637 258 14 processing processing NOUN bracis-33637 258 15 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 258 16 the the DET bracis-33637 258 17 9th 9th ADJ bracis-33637 258 18 international international ADJ bracis-33637 258 19 joint joint ADJ bracis-33637 258 20 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 258 21 on on ADP bracis-33637 258 22 natural natural ADJ bracis-33637 258 23 language language NOUN bracis-33637 258 24 processing processing NOUN bracis-33637 258 25 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 258 26 emnlp emnlp NOUN bracis-33637 258 27 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 258 28 ijcnlp ijcnlp NOUN bracis-33637 258 29 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 258 30 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 258 31 pp pp ADJ bracis-33637 258 32 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 259 1 3982–3992 3982–3992 NUM bracis-33637 259 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 259 3 association association NOUN bracis-33637 259 4 for for ADP bracis-33637 259 5 computational computational ADJ bracis-33637 259 6 linguistics linguistic NOUN bracis-33637 259 7 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 259 8 hong hong PROPN bracis-33637 259 9 kong kong PROPN bracis-33637 259 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 259 11 china china PROPN bracis-33637 259 12 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 259 13 2019 2019 NUM bracis-33637 259 14 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 259 15 google google PROPN bracis-33637 259 16 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 259 17     SPACE bracis-33637 259 18 shermis shermis NOUN bracis-33637 259 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 259 20 m.d m.d PROPN bracis-33637 259 21 . . PROPN bracis-33637 259 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 259 23 barrera barrera PROPN bracis-33637 259 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 259 25 f.d f.d PROPN bracis-33637 259 26 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 259 27 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 259 28 exit exit NOUN bracis-33637 259 29 assessments assessment NOUN bracis-33637 259 30 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 259 31 evaluating evaluate VERB bracis-33637 259 32 writing write VERB bracis-33637 259 33 ability ability NOUN bracis-33637 259 34 through through ADP bracis-33637 259 35 automated automate VERB bracis-33637 259 36 essay essay ADJ bracis-33637 259 37 scoring scoring NOUN bracis-33637 259 38 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 260 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 260 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 260 3 annual annual ADJ bracis-33637 260 4 meeting meeting NOUN bracis-33637 260 5 of of ADP bracis-33637 260 6 the the DET bracis-33637 260 7 american american PROPN bracis-33637 260 8 educational educational PROPN bracis-33637 260 9 research research PROPN bracis-33637 260 10 association association PROPN bracis-33637 260 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 260 12 pp pp PROPN bracis-33637 260 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 261 1 1–30 1–30 PROPN bracis-33637 261 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 262 1 eric eric PROPN bracis-33637 262 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 262 3 new new PROPN bracis-33637 262 4 orleans orleans PROPN bracis-33637 262 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 262 6 la la PROPN bracis-33637 262 7 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 262 8 2002 2002 NUM bracis-33637 262 9 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 262 10 google google PROPN bracis-33637 262 11 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 262 12     SPACE bracis-33637 262 13 de de PROPN bracis-33637 262 14     SPACE bracis-33637 262 15 sousa sousa NOUN bracis-33637 262 16 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 262 17 r.f r.f PROPN bracis-33637 262 18 . . PROPN bracis-33637 262 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 262 20 marinho marinho PROPN bracis-33637 262 21 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 262 22 j.c j.c PROPN bracis-33637 262 23 . . PROPN bracis-33637 262 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 262 25 neto neto NOUN bracis-33637 262 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 262 27 f.a.r f.a.r NOUN bracis-33637 262 28 . . PROPN bracis-33637 262 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 262 30 anchiêta anchiêta NOUN bracis-33637 262 31 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 262 32 r.t r.t PROPN bracis-33637 262 33 . . PROPN bracis-33637 262 34 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 262 35 moura moura PROPN bracis-33637 262 36 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 262 37 r.s r.s PROPN bracis-33637 262 38 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 262 39 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 263 1 piln piln NOUN bracis-33637 263 2 at at ADP bracis-33637 263 3 propor propor ADJ bracis-33637 263 4 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 263 5 a a DET bracis-33637 263 6 bert bert NOUN bracis-33637 263 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 263 8 based base VERB bracis-33637 263 9 strategy strategy NOUN bracis-33637 263 10 for for ADP bracis-33637 263 11 grading grade VERB bracis-33637 263 12 narrative narrative NOUN bracis-33637 263 13 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 263 14 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 264 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 264 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 264 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 264 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 264 5 the the DET bracis-33637 264 6 16th 16th ADJ bracis-33637 264 7 international international ADJ bracis-33637 264 8 conference conference NOUN bracis-33637 264 9 on on ADP bracis-33637 264 10 computational computational ADJ bracis-33637 264 11 processing processing NOUN bracis-33637 264 12 of of ADP bracis-33637 264 13 portuguese portuguese ADJ bracis-33637 264 14 vol vol NOUN bracis-33637 264 15 . . PROPN bracis-33637 265 1 2 2 NUM bracis-33637 265 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 265 3 pp pp ADJ bracis-33637 265 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 266 1 10–13 10–13 X bracis-33637 266 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 267 1 association association NOUN bracis-33637 267 2 for for ADP bracis-33637 267 3 computational computational ADJ bracis-33637 267 4 linguistics linguistic NOUN bracis-33637 267 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 267 6 santiago santiago PROPN bracis-33637 267 7 de de PROPN bracis-33637 267 8 compostela compostela PROPN bracis-33637 267 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 267 10 galicia galicia PROPN bracis-33637 267 11 / / SYM bracis-33637 267 12 spain spain PROPN bracis-33637 267 13 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 267 14 2024 2024 NUM bracis-33637 267 15 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 267 16 google google NOUN bracis-33637 267 17 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 267 18     SPACE bracis-33637 267 19 souza souza PROPN bracis-33637 267 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 267 21 f. f. PROPN bracis-33637 267 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 267 23 nogueira nogueira PROPN bracis-33637 267 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 267 25 r. r. PROPN bracis-33637 267 26 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 267 27 lotufo lotufo PROPN bracis-33637 267 28 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 267 29 r. r. PROPN bracis-33637 267 30 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 267 31 bertimbau bertimbau PROPN bracis-33637 267 32 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 267 33 pretrained pretraine VERB bracis-33637 267 34 bert bert NOUN bracis-33637 267 35 models model NOUN bracis-33637 267 36 for for ADP bracis-33637 267 37 brazilian brazilian ADJ bracis-33637 267 38 portuguese portuguese NOUN bracis-33637 267 39 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 268 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 268 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 268 3 cerri cerri PROPN bracis-33637 268 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 268 5 r. r. PROPN bracis-33637 268 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 268 7 prati prati PROPN bracis-33637 268 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 268 9 r.c r.c PROPN bracis-33637 268 10 . . PROPN bracis-33637 268 11 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 268 12 eds ed NOUN bracis-33637 268 13 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 268 14 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 268 15 bracis bracis PROPN bracis-33637 268 16 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33637 268 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 269 1 lncs lncs PROPN bracis-33637 269 2 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 269 3 lnai lnai ADJ bracis-33637 269 4 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 269 5 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 269 6 vol vol NOUN bracis-33637 269 7 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 269 8 12319 12319 NUM bracis-33637 269 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 269 10 pp pp ADP bracis-33637 269 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 270 1 403–417 403–417 NUM bracis-33637 270 2 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 270 3 springer springer NOUN bracis-33637 270 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 270 5 cham cham PROPN bracis-33637 270 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 270 7 2020 2020 NUM bracis-33637 270 8 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 270 9 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 271 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61377-8_28 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61377-8_28 PROPN bracis-33637 271 2 chapter chapter NOUN bracis-33637 271 3     SPACE bracis-33637 271 4 google google PROPN bracis-33637 271 5 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 271 6     SPACE bracis-33637 271 7 řehůřek řehůřek NOUN bracis-33637 271 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 271 9 r. r. PROPN bracis-33637 271 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 271 11 sojka sojka PROPN bracis-33637 271 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 271 13 p. p. NOUN bracis-33637 271 14 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 271 15 software software NOUN bracis-33637 271 16 framework framework NOUN bracis-33637 271 17 for for ADP bracis-33637 271 18 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 271 19 modelling modelling NOUN bracis-33637 271 20 with with ADP bracis-33637 271 21 large large ADJ bracis-33637 271 22 corpora corpus NOUN bracis-33637 271 23 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 272 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 272 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 272 3 proceedings proceeding NOUN bracis-33637 272 4 of of ADP bracis-33637 272 5 lrec lrec PROPN bracis-33637 272 6 2010 2010 NUM bracis-33637 272 7 workshop workshop NOUN bracis-33637 272 8 new new ADJ bracis-33637 272 9 challenges challenge NOUN bracis-33637 272 10 for for ADP bracis-33637 272 11 nlp nlp ADJ bracis-33637 272 12 frameworks framework NOUN bracis-33637 272 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 272 14 pp pp ADP bracis-33637 272 15 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 272 16 46–50 46–50 NOUN bracis-33637 272 17 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 273 1 university university PROPN bracis-33637 273 2 of of ADP bracis-33637 273 3 malta malta PROPN bracis-33637 273 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 273 5 valletta valletta PROPN bracis-33637 273 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 273 7 malta malta PROPN bracis-33637 273 8 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 273 9 2010 2010 NUM bracis-33637 273 10 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 273 11 google google PROPN bracis-33637 273 12 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 273 13     SPACE bracis-33637 273 14 download download NOUN bracis-33637 273 15 references reference NOUN bracis-33637 273 16 acknowledgments acknowledgment NOUN bracis-33637 273 17 the the DET bracis-33637 273 18 authors author NOUN bracis-33637 273 19 are be AUX bracis-33637 273 20 grateful grateful ADJ bracis-33637 273 21 to to PART bracis-33637 273 22 fundação fundação VERB bracis-33637 273 23 de de X bracis-33637 273 24 amparo amparo PROPN bracis-33637 273 25 à à X bracis-33637 273 26 pesquisa pesquisa PROPN bracis-33637 273 27 do do AUX bracis-33637 273 28 estado estado VERB bracis-33637 273 29 do do AUX bracis-33637 273 30 piauí piauí PROPN bracis-33637 273 31 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 273 32 fapepi fapepi PROPN bracis-33637 273 33 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 273 34 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 273 35 virtex virtex PROPN bracis-33637 273 36 telecom telecom NOUN bracis-33637 273 37 for for ADP bracis-33637 273 38 supporting support VERB bracis-33637 273 39 this this DET bracis-33637 273 40 work work NOUN bracis-33637 273 41 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 274 1 author author NOUN bracis-33637 274 2 information information NOUN bracis-33637 274 3 authors author NOUN bracis-33637 274 4 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 274 5 affiliations affiliation NOUN bracis-33637 274 6 laboratory laboratory NOUN bracis-33637 274 7 of of ADP bracis-33637 274 8 artificial artificial ADJ bracis-33637 274 9 intelligence intelligence NOUN bracis-33637 274 10 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 274 11 robotics robotic NOUN bracis-33637 274 12 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 274 13 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 274 14 automation automation NOUN bracis-33637 274 15 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 274 16 federal federal PROPN bracis-33637 274 17 institute institute PROPN bracis-33637 274 18 of of ADP bracis-33637 274 19 piauí piauí PROPN bracis-33637 274 20 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 274 21 picos picos PROPN bracis-33637 274 22 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 274 23 pi pi PROPN bracis-33637 274 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 274 25 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33637 274 26 joyce joyce PROPN bracis-33637 274 27 m. m. PROPN bracis-33637 274 28 silva silva PROPN bracis-33637 274 29 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 274 30     SPACE bracis-33637 274 31 rafael rafael PROPN bracis-33637 274 32 t. t. PROPN bracis-33637 274 33 anchiêta anchiêta PROPN bracis-33637 274 34     SPACE bracis-33637 274 35 & & CCONJ bracis-33637 274 36     SPACE bracis-33637 274 37 rogério rogério PROPN bracis-33637 274 38 f. f. PROPN bracis-33637 274 39 de de PROPN bracis-33637 274 40 sousa sousa PROPN bracis-33637 274 41 laboratory laboratory NOUN bracis-33637 274 42 of of ADP bracis-33637 274 43 natural natural ADJ bracis-33637 274 44 language language NOUN bracis-33637 274 45 processing processing NOUN bracis-33637 274 46 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 274 47 federal federal ADJ bracis-33637 274 48 university university PROPN bracis-33637 274 49 of of ADP bracis-33637 274 50 piauí piauí PROPN bracis-33637 274 51 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 274 52 teresina teresina NOUN bracis-33637 274 53 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 274 54 pi pi PROPN bracis-33637 274 55 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 274 56 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33637 274 57 raimundo raimundo PROPN bracis-33637 274 58 s. s. PROPN bracis-33637 274 59 moura moura PROPN bracis-33637 274 60 authors authors PROPN bracis-33637 274 61 joyce joyce PROPN bracis-33637 274 62 m. m. PROPN bracis-33637 274 63 silvaview silvaview PROPN bracis-33637 274 64 author author NOUN bracis-33637 274 65 publications publication NOUN bracis-33637 274 66 search search NOUN bracis-33637 274 67 author author NOUN bracis-33637 274 68 on on ADP bracis-33637 274 69 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 274 70 pubmed pubmed PROPN bracis-33637 274 71     SPACE bracis-33637 274 72 google google PROPN bracis-33637 274 73 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 274 74 rafael rafael PROPN bracis-33637 274 75 t. t. PROPN bracis-33637 274 76 anchiêtaview anchiêtaview PROPN bracis-33637 274 77 author author NOUN bracis-33637 274 78 publications publication NOUN bracis-33637 274 79 search search NOUN bracis-33637 274 80 author author NOUN bracis-33637 274 81 on on ADP bracis-33637 274 82 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 274 83 pubmed pubmed PROPN bracis-33637 274 84     SPACE bracis-33637 274 85 google google PROPN bracis-33637 274 86 scholar scholar PROPN bracis-33637 274 87 rogério rogério PROPN bracis-33637 274 88 f. f. PROPN bracis-33637 274 89 de de PROPN bracis-33637 274 90 sousaview sousaview PROPN bracis-33637 274 91 author author NOUN bracis-33637 274 92 publications publication NOUN bracis-33637 274 93 search search NOUN bracis-33637 274 94 author author NOUN bracis-33637 274 95 on on ADP bracis-33637 274 96 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 274 97 pubmed pubmed PROPN bracis-33637 274 98     SPACE bracis-33637 274 99 google google PROPN bracis-33637 274 100 scholar scholar PROPN bracis-33637 274 101 raimundo raimundo PROPN bracis-33637 274 102 s. s. PROPN bracis-33637 274 103 mouraview mouraview PROPN bracis-33637 274 104 author author NOUN bracis-33637 274 105 publications publication NOUN bracis-33637 274 106 search search NOUN bracis-33637 274 107 author author NOUN bracis-33637 274 108 on on ADP bracis-33637 274 109 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 274 110 pubmed pubmed PROPN bracis-33637 274 111     SPACE bracis-33637 274 112 google google PROPN bracis-33637 274 113 scholar scholar NOUN bracis-33637 274 114 corresponding correspond VERB bracis-33637 274 115 author author NOUN bracis-33637 274 116 correspondence correspondence NOUN bracis-33637 274 117 to to ADP bracis-33637 274 118 joyce joyce PROPN bracis-33637 274 119 m. m. PROPN bracis-33637 274 120 silva silva PROPN bracis-33637 274 121 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 275 1 editor editor NOUN bracis-33637 275 2 information information NOUN bracis-33637 275 3 editors editor NOUN bracis-33637 275 4 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 275 5 affiliations affiliation NOUN bracis-33637 275 6 universidade universidade VERB bracis-33637 275 7 federal federal PROPN bracis-33637 275 8 fluminense fluminense PROPN bracis-33637 275 9 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 10 niterói niterói PROPN bracis-33637 275 11 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 12 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33637 275 13 aline aline PROPN bracis-33637 275 14 paes paes PROPN bracis-33637 275 15 instituto instituto PROPN bracis-33637 275 16 tecnológico tecnológico PROPN bracis-33637 275 17 de de PROPN bracis-33637 275 18 aeronáutica aeronáutica PROPN bracis-33637 275 19 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 20 são são PROPN bracis-33637 275 21 josé josé PROPN bracis-33637 275 22 dos dos PROPN bracis-33637 275 23 campos campos PROPN bracis-33637 275 24 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 25 brazil brazil PROPN bracis-33637 275 26 filipe filipe PROPN bracis-33637 275 27 a. a. PROPN bracis-33637 275 28 n. n. PROPN bracis-33637 275 29 verri verri PROPN bracis-33637 275 30 rights right NOUN bracis-33637 275 31 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 275 32 permissions permission NOUN bracis-33637 275 33 reprints reprint NOUN bracis-33637 275 34 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 275 35 permissions permission VERB bracis-33637 275 36 copyright copyright NOUN bracis-33637 275 37 information information NOUN bracis-33637 275 38 © © ADP bracis-33637 275 39 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33637 275 40 the the DET bracis-33637 275 41 author(s author(s NOUN bracis-33637 275 42 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 275 43 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 44 under under ADP bracis-33637 275 45 exclusive exclusive ADJ bracis-33637 275 46 license license NOUN bracis-33637 275 47 to to ADP bracis-33637 275 48 springer springer NOUN bracis-33637 275 49 nature nature PROPN bracis-33637 275 50 switzerland switzerland PROPN bracis-33637 275 51 ag ag PROPN bracis-33637 275 52 about about ADP bracis-33637 275 53 this this DET bracis-33637 275 54 paper paper NOUN bracis-33637 275 55 cite cite VERB bracis-33637 275 56 this this DET bracis-33637 275 57 paper paper NOUN bracis-33637 275 58 silva silva NOUN bracis-33637 275 59 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 60 j.m j.m PROPN bracis-33637 275 61 . . PROPN bracis-33637 275 62 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 63 anchiêta anchiêta NOUN bracis-33637 275 64 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 65 r.t r.t PROPN bracis-33637 275 66 . . PROPN bracis-33637 275 67 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 68 de de PROPN bracis-33637 275 69 sousa sousa PROPN bracis-33637 275 70 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 71 r.f r.f PROPN bracis-33637 275 72 . . PROPN bracis-33637 275 73 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 74 moura moura PROPN bracis-33637 275 75 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 275 76 r.s r.s PROPN bracis-33637 275 77 . . PROPN bracis-33637 276 1 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 276 2 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33637 276 3 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 276 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 277 1 investigating investigate VERB bracis-33637 277 2 methods method NOUN bracis-33637 277 3 to to PART bracis-33637 277 4     SPACE bracis-33637 277 5 detect detect VERB bracis-33637 277 6 off off ADP bracis-33637 277 7 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 277 8 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 277 9 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 277 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 278 1 in in ADP bracis-33637 278 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 278 3 paes paes PROPN bracis-33637 278 4 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 278 5 a. a. PROPN bracis-33637 278 6 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 278 7 verri verri NOUN bracis-33637 278 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 278 9 f.a.n f.a.n ADJ bracis-33637 278 10 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 278 11 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 278 12 eds ed NOUN bracis-33637 278 13 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 278 14 intelligent intelligent ADJ bracis-33637 278 15 systems system NOUN bracis-33637 278 16 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 278 17 bracis bracis PROPN bracis-33637 278 18 2024 2024 NUM bracis-33637 278 19 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 279 1 lecture lecture NOUN bracis-33637 279 2 notes note NOUN bracis-33637 279 3 in in ADP bracis-33637 279 4 computer computer NOUN bracis-33637 279 5 science science NOUN bracis-33637 279 6 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 279 7 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 279 8 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 279 9 vol vol NOUN bracis-33637 279 10 15414 15414 NUM bracis-33637 279 11 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 280 1 springer springer NOUN bracis-33637 280 2 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 280 3 cham cham PROPN bracis-33637 280 4 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 281 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79035-5_24 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79035-5_24 NOUN bracis-33637 281 2 download download NOUN bracis-33637 281 3 citation citation NOUN bracis-33637 281 4 .ris .ris PUNCT bracis-33637 282 1 .enw .enw PROPN bracis-33637 282 2 .bib .bib PUNCT bracis-33637 283 1 doi doi PROPN bracis-33637 283 2 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 283 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79035-5_24 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79035-5_24 NOUN bracis-33637 283 4 published publish VERB bracis-33637 283 5 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 283 6 30 30 NUM bracis-33637 283 7 january january PROPN bracis-33637 283 8 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33637 283 9 publisher publisher NOUN bracis-33637 283 10 name name NOUN bracis-33637 283 11 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 283 12 springer springer NOUN bracis-33637 283 13 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 283 14 cham cham PROPN bracis-33637 283 15 print print PROPN bracis-33637 283 16 isbn isbn PROPN bracis-33637 283 17 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 283 18 978 978 NUM bracis-33637 283 19 - - SYM bracis-33637 283 20 3 3 NUM bracis-33637 283 21 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 283 22 031 031 NUM bracis-33637 283 23 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 283 24 79034 79034 NUM bracis-33637 283 25 - - SYM bracis-33637 283 26 8 8 NUM bracis-33637 283 27 online online ADJ bracis-33637 283 28 isbn isbn NOUN bracis-33637 283 29 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 283 30 978 978 NUM bracis-33637 283 31 - - SYM bracis-33637 283 32 3 3 NUM bracis-33637 283 33 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 283 34 031 031 NUM bracis-33637 283 35 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 283 36 79035 79035 NUM bracis-33637 283 37 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 283 38 5 5 NUM bracis-33637 283 39 ebook ebook NOUN bracis-33637 283 40 packages package NOUN bracis-33637 283 41 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 283 42 computer computer NOUN bracis-33637 283 43 sciencecomputer sciencecomputer NOUN bracis-33637 283 44 science science NOUN bracis-33637 283 45 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 283 46 r0 r0 NOUN bracis-33637 283 47 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 283 48 share share VERB bracis-33637 283 49 this this DET bracis-33637 283 50 paper paper NOUN bracis-33637 283 51 anyone anyone PRON bracis-33637 283 52 you you PRON bracis-33637 283 53 share share VERB bracis-33637 283 54 the the DET bracis-33637 283 55 following follow VERB bracis-33637 283 56 link link NOUN bracis-33637 283 57 with with ADP bracis-33637 283 58 will will AUX bracis-33637 283 59 be be AUX bracis-33637 283 60 able able ADJ bracis-33637 283 61 to to PART bracis-33637 283 62 read read VERB bracis-33637 283 63 this this DET bracis-33637 283 64 content content NOUN bracis-33637 283 65 : : PUNCT bracis-33637 283 66 get get VERB bracis-33637 283 67 shareable shareable ADJ bracis-33637 283 68 linksorry linksorry NOUN bracis-33637 283 69 , , PUNCT bracis-33637 283 70 a a DET bracis-33637 283 71 shareable shareable ADJ bracis-33637 283 72 link link NOUN bracis-33637 283 73 is be AUX bracis-33637 283 74 not not PART bracis-33637 283 75 currently currently ADV bracis-33637 283 76 available available ADJ bracis-33637 283 77 for for ADP bracis-33637 283 78 this this DET bracis-33637 283 79 article article NOUN bracis-33637 283 80 . . PUNCT bracis-33637 284 1 copy copy VERB bracis-33637 284 2 shareable shareable ADJ bracis-33637 284 3 link link NOUN bracis-33637 284 4 to to PART bracis-33637 284 5 clipboard clipboard NOUN bracis-33637 284 6 provided provide VERB bracis-33637 284 7 by by ADP bracis-33637 284 8 the the DET bracis-33637 284 9 springer springer NOUN bracis-33637 284 10 nature nature PROPN bracis-33637 284 11 sharedit sharedit PROPN bracis-33637 284 12 content content NOUN bracis-33637 284 13 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 284 14 sharing share VERB bracis-33637 284 15 initiative initiative NOUN bracis-33637 284 16 keywords keyword NOUN bracis-33637 284 17 automated automate VERB bracis-33637 284 18 essay essay NOUN bracis-33637 284 19 scoring score VERB bracis-33637 284 20 off off ADP bracis-33637 284 21 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 284 22 topic topic NOUN bracis-33637 284 23 essays essay NOUN bracis-33637 284 24 bert bert PROPN bracis-33637 284 25 publish publish VERB bracis-33637 284 26 with with ADP bracis-33637 284 27 us us PROPN bracis-33637 284 28 policies policy NOUN bracis-33637 284 29 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 284 30 ethics ethic NOUN bracis-33637 284 31 profiles profile NOUN bracis-33637 284 32 rafael rafael PROPN bracis-33637 284 33 t. t. PROPN bracis-33637 284 34 anchiêta anchiêta PROPN bracis-33637 284 35 view view NOUN bracis-33637 284 36 author author NOUN bracis-33637 284 37 profile profile NOUN bracis-33637 284 38 search search NOUN bracis-33637 284 39 search search NOUN bracis-33637 284 40 by by ADP bracis-33637 284 41 keyword keyword NOUN bracis-33637 284 42 or or CCONJ bracis-33637 284 43 author author NOUN bracis-33637 284 44 search search NOUN bracis-33637 284 45 navigation navigation NOUN bracis-33637 284 46 find find VERB bracis-33637 284 47 a a DET bracis-33637 284 48 journal journal NOUN bracis-33637 284 49 publish publish VERB bracis-33637 284 50 with with ADP bracis-33637 284 51 us we PRON bracis-33637 284 52 track track VERB bracis-33637 284 53 your your PRON bracis-33637 284 54 research research NOUN bracis-33637 284 55 discover discover VERB bracis-33637 284 56 content content NOUN bracis-33637 284 57 journals journal NOUN bracis-33637 284 58 a a DET bracis-33637 284 59 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 284 60 z z NOUN bracis-33637 284 61 books book NOUN bracis-33637 284 62 a a DET bracis-33637 284 63 - - PUNCT bracis-33637 284 64 z z NOUN bracis-33637 284 65 publish publish NOUN bracis-33637 284 66 with with ADP bracis-33637 284 67 us us PROPN bracis-33637 284 68 journal journal PROPN bracis-33637 284 69 finder finder PROPN bracis-33637 284 70 publish publish VERB bracis-33637 284 71 your your PRON bracis-33637 284 72 research research NOUN bracis-33637 284 73 language language NOUN bracis-33637 284 74 editing edit VERB bracis-33637 284 75 open open ADJ bracis-33637 284 76 access access NOUN bracis-33637 284 77 publishing publishing NOUN bracis-33637 284 78 products product NOUN bracis-33637 284 79 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 284 80 services service NOUN bracis-33637 284 81 our our PRON bracis-33637 284 82 products product NOUN bracis-33637 284 83 librarians librarian VERB bracis-33637 284 84 societies society NOUN bracis-33637 284 85 partners partner NOUN bracis-33637 284 86 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 284 87 advertisers advertiser NOUN bracis-33637 284 88 our our PRON bracis-33637 284 89 brands brand NOUN bracis-33637 284 90 springer springer NOUN bracis-33637 284 91 nature nature PROPN bracis-33637 284 92 portfolio portfolio PROPN bracis-33637 284 93 bmc bmc PROPN bracis-33637 284 94 palgrave palgrave PROPN bracis-33637 284 95 macmillan macmillan PROPN bracis-33637 284 96 apress apress PROPN bracis-33637 284 97 discover discover VERB bracis-33637 284 98 your your PRON bracis-33637 284 99 privacy privacy NOUN bracis-33637 284 100 choices choice NOUN bracis-33637 284 101 / / SYM bracis-33637 284 102 manage manage NOUN bracis-33637 284 103 cookies cookie NOUN bracis-33637 284 104 your your PRON bracis-33637 284 105 us us PROPN bracis-33637 285 1 state state NOUN bracis-33637 285 2 privacy privacy NOUN bracis-33637 285 3 rights right NOUN bracis-33637 285 4 accessibility accessibility NOUN bracis-33637 285 5 statement statement NOUN bracis-33637 285 6 terms term NOUN bracis-33637 285 7 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 285 8 conditions condition NOUN bracis-33637 285 9 privacy privacy NOUN bracis-33637 285 10 policy policy NOUN bracis-33637 285 11 help help NOUN bracis-33637 285 12 and and CCONJ bracis-33637 285 13 support support VERB bracis-33637 285 14 legal legal ADJ bracis-33637 285 15 notice notice NOUN bracis-33637 285 16 cancel cancel VERB bracis-33637 285 17 contracts contract NOUN bracis-33637 285 18 here here ADV bracis-33637 285 19 129.74.145.123 129.74.145.123 NUM bracis-33637 285 20 hesburgh hesburgh PROPN bracis-33637 285 21 library library PROPN bracis-33637 285 22 er er INTJ bracis-33637 285 23 unit unit NOUN bracis-33637 285 24 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 285 25 3005732405 3005732405 NUM bracis-33637 285 26 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 285 27 northeast northeast ADJ bracis-33637 285 28 research research NOUN bracis-33637 285 29 libraries library NOUN bracis-33637 285 30 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 285 31 nerl nerl PROPN bracis-33637 285 32 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 285 33 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 285 34 8200828607 8200828607 NUM bracis-33637 285 35 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 285 36 nerl nerl VERB bracis-33637 285 37 ta ta X bracis-33637 285 38 account account NOUN bracis-33637 285 39 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 285 40 3006206169 3006206169 NUM bracis-33637 285 41 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 285 42 university university NOUN bracis-33637 285 43 of of ADP bracis-33637 285 44 notre notre PROPN bracis-33637 285 45 dame dame PROPN bracis-33637 285 46 hesburgh hesburgh PROPN bracis-33637 285 47 library library NOUN bracis-33637 285 48 ( ( PUNCT bracis-33637 285 49 3000184373 3000184373 NUM bracis-33637 285 50 ) ) PUNCT bracis-33637 286 1 © © ADP bracis-33637 286 2 2025 2025 NUM bracis-33637 286 3 springer springer NOUN bracis-33637 286 4 nature nature NOUN