




































 

 

 
1 

© 2017 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 

 

 

MECHATRONICS AND PRECISION LIVESTOCK FARMING IN MEXICAN ANIMAL 
PRODUCTION 

 

 

Jaime Cuauhtemoc 
Negrete1 

 

1Independent researcher on issues of agricultural mechatronics .Graduate in 
Agrarian Autonomous Antonio Narro University. Postgraduate in Faculty 
of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel of UFPel, Brazil. 
 

 
 ABSTRACT 
 
Article History 
Received: 16 February 2017 
Revised: 4 April 2017 
Accepted: 10 May 2017 
Published: 7 June 2017 
 
 
 

Keywords 
Mechatronics 
Precision livestock farming 
Mexico 
Animal production 
Breeding-Mechatronization 
Breedtronics. 
 

 

 
For México, the base projection shows that the demand for this meat grows at rates 
faster than the production, reason why an increase in the imports in the long term is 
expected. The base projection shows that purchases abroad will reach a level close to 
390 thousand tons in 2018.In Mexico, the deficit in the milk market is  complemented 
by imports. For 2009, an import of 1.0 billion liters is estimated and in 2018 these are 
hoped to fall to 946 million liters [1]. According to these projections makes it 
necessary to analyze the pressure for increased food production of animal origin, 
leading to review technologies applied in the rest of the world to carry out such an 
increase, a technology is the application of mechatronics to animal production, which is 
also known as livestock farming precision. Being the objective of the present article the 
revision of the state of the art in the world and in Mexico of this technology. In Mexico 
it is possible to increase the productivity of Livestock Farming,  if the  decision to guide 
and formed human capital and training are taken at all three levels ; Bachelor , Masters 
and Ph D ,  to the research and  application of livestock mechatronics, results in 
developed countries so it evidence Mexico cannot be  left behind in this regard , besides 
that is the only way to increase food production, applying mechatronics in animal 
production .So previously treated the perspectives for the precision  animal production 
in the country are very big. 
 

Contribution/ Originality: The Precision livestock farming is important in the social and economic 

environments of Mexican animal production and has been Kept in oblivion for many   years . Being that at present, 

as verified by the mentioned references is the only way to alleviate the needs of animal food in the country. This 

paper provides the first overview of the Precision Livestock Farming and the application of mechatronics to animal 

production in Mexico. 

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Mexico covers some 2 million square kilometers of territory, 11% of which is used for agriculture, 57% for 

pasture and fallow land, 26% for forestry use and the halting 6% for other uses .Some 58% of the territory‟s 

approximate 19 million hectares (47.5 million acres) is dedicated to Mexico‟s primary economic activity: cattle 

ranching, in its different modalities.. Livestock is domesticated animals embossed to produce aliment for person 

consumption. Different foods elaborate from cattle provide essential nutrients, contributing 15% of the total dietary 

Animal Review 
2017 Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-7 
ISSN(e): 2409-6490 
ISSN(p): 2412-3382 
DOI: 10.18488/journal.ar.2017.41.1.7 
© 2017 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 

 
 

http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.18488/journal.ar.2017.41.1.7&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-01-14


Animal Review, 2017, 4(1): 1-7 
 

 
2 

© 2017 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

energy and 25% of all proteins in the human diet.Mareover, the cattle ranching sector is one of the rapid increasing 

constituent of the universe‟s agriculture and livestock sector. In Mexico, the major livestock production enterprise 

comprise beef and dairy, hogs, sheep, goats, poultry, horse and mule ranching. Beef and dairy ranching was  

popularize into Mexico during the Colonial Era, limited pre-Hispanic animal husbandry being spotlight on turkey 

and xoloitzcuintle (Mexican hairless dog) breeding and the cultivation of the cochineal (an insect producing a 

crimson-colored natural dye) and some beekeeping activities [2]. 

In 2008 a request for meat of 1.9 mtons is forecast, while for 2018 an estimated demand of 2.1 mtons is 

estimated. Likewise, there was a slowdown in imports from 2007 to 2009, from 302 to 290 thousand tons of meat, 

respectively. However, the base projection shows that the demand for this meat grows at rates faster than the 

production, reason why a growth in the imports in the whole is expected. The base projection shows that purchases 

abroad will reach a level close to 390 thousand tons in 2018 [3]. In Mexico, the deficit in the milk market is 

complemented by imports. For 2009, an import of 1.0 billion liters is estimated and in 2018 these are perspective for 

drecrease to 946 million liters. This is in replay to an growth in domestic production that is motivated by the 

recovery of the cost of this food at the end of 2018 [3]. According to these projections makes it necessary to 

analyze the pressure for increased food production of animal origin, leading to review technologies applied in the 

rest of the universe to carry out such an increase, a technology is the application of mechatronics to animal 

production, which is also known as livestock farming precision.Application of automatic technologies is a growing 

trend in the cattle industry and plays an sustantial part in the forthcoming  prospects [4]. Being the objective of the 

present article the revision of the state of the art in the world and in Mexico of this technology. 

 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 

For data collection searched in printed data bases, Internet, magazines scientific, professional and  postgraduate  

university thesis, newspaper articles, etc. 

 

2.1. State of the Art 

Precision livestock production (PLP) is the augmentation of precision agriculture (PA) notions to include all 

components of agro ecosystems, particularly animals and plant-animal interactions. Soil, plants and soil-plant 

interactions are the subjects of PA or site-specific farming, where the main principle is to exploit natural spatial 

heterogeneity to increase efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. For the most part, PA has been studied and 

developed for intensive cropping systems with little attention devoted to pastoral and agro pastoral systems. PLP 

focuses on the animal component and exploits heterogeneity in space and among individual animals towards more 

efficient and environmentally friendly production. Within PLP, precision grazing consists of the integration of 

information and communication technologies with knowledge about animal behavior and physiology to improve 

production of meat, milk and wool in grazing conditions [5]. 

The aim of Precision cattle production is to manage individual animals by continuous real-time monitoring of 

health, welfare, production/reproduction, and environmental impact [6]. Precision cattle production involves the 

measurements, predictions and data-analyses of animal variables. Offers totally new possibilities to collect and 

analyze data from farm animals in a continuous and fully automatic way. We cannot only replace the farmers “eyes 

and ears” to each individual animal as in the past, but several other variables (infections, physiological variables, 

stress, etc.) will soon be measurable in practice. The bottleneck to apply this technique is in the opportunity of 

accurate sensors and sensing systems, since it has been shown that the required mathematical algorithms can be 

exposed. The application of this scientific knowledge offers new possibilities to realize nutriment safety and quality, 

competent and feasible animal production, fine animals, guaranteed animal well-being and acceptable environmental 

impact of livestock production. 



Animal Review, 2017, 4(1): 1-7 
 

 
3 

© 2017 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

Therefore, efforts should be increased for bringing this challenging approach of Precision cattle ranching to 

practice. This is only possible when teams from different research disciplines, such as physiology, ethology, 

nutrition, hygiene, engineering, etc. join their research efforts [7]. 

Some elements of accuracy cattle ranching are already not unusual on livestock farms, i.e. sensing systems for 

milk yield in dairying, and their use should be part of livestock production heedless of the greater potential  to 

manage livestock automatically. If the assurance of PLF is to be realized then three barriers need to be overcome 

before commercial uptake occurs: i) PLF technology needs to be advanced that is based upon robust, low cost 

sensing systems and data-based models with consequential parameters that enable control of two or more 

collaborating physical and/or biological processes; ii) appropriate implementations must be identified with purpose 

and trajectories specified for the main candidate processes; and iii) development and demonstration must be 

completed at a commercial scale to demonstrate that any asset will have a reasonable return and that the 

technology is reliable. Given the scale of these challenges and the timescale needed to overthrown them, then 

current effort should focus on the evolution of monitoring systems for livestock that satisfy the request of 

purchasers and buffers for safe, healthy food produced from cattle ranch‟s of secured standard of health within 

acceptable limits of environmental emissions [8]. 

Accuracy Livestock Farming  is an embryonic technology with great potential to convert intensive livestock 

production by efficient utilization of nutrients, early warning of ill health, reduction in pollutant emissions and 

arrangement of useful information to skilled stockmen. However , in our opinion a careful procedure is needed to  

Research & Developed if the promise of the technology is not to be scamper against the rocks of poor product 

design and marketing [9]. 

 In order to be able to produce secure, uniform, cheap, environmentally- and welfare-friendly food products and 

market these products in an increasingly complicate world agricultural market, cattle producers must have entry to 

timely production related information. Especially the information related to feeding/nutritional issues is relevant , 

as feeding related costs are constantly significant part of variables costs for all types of cattle production. In 

consequence, automating the collection, analysis and use of production related information on cattle ranches will be 

imperative for improving livestock productivity in the forthcoming. Electronically-controlled livestock production 

systems with an information and communication technology (ICT) focal point are required to guarantee that 

information is collected in a cost effective and timely appearance and readily acted upon on farms. New electronic 

and ICT related technologies insert on ranch‟s as part of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) systems will facilitate 

cattle management methods that are more tender to market signals. The PLF technologies circumscribe methods 

for electronically measuring the critical components of the production system that indicate the performance of 

resource use, interpreting the information captured and controlling processes to ensure optimum efficiency of both 

resource use and livestock productivity [10]. 

Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) is potentially one of the most powerful developments amongst a number of 

interesting new and approaching technologies that have the potential to revolutionize the cattle ranching industry. 

If properly accomplished, PLF or Smart Farming could (1) enhance or at least objectively document animal welfare 

on farms; (2) decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and improve environmental performance of farms; (3) supply 

product segmentation and better marketing of livestock products; (4) reduce illegal trading of livestock products; 

and (5) enhance the economic stability of rural areas. However, there are just a few examples of effective 

commercialization of PLF technologies insert by a small number of commercial companies, which are actively 

involved in the PLF commercialization methods. To guarantee that the potential of PLF is taken to the industry, 

we need to: (1) create a new service industry; (2) check, display and divulge the benefits of PLF; (3) better arrange 

the efforts of different industry and academic organizations interested in the development and promotion of PLF 

technologies on farms; and (4) encourage commercial sector to assist with professionally managed product 

development [11]. 



Animal Review, 2017, 4(1): 1-7 
 

 
4 

© 2017 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

„Precision Livestock Farming‟ (PLF) technology is an arise research field that develops management tools 

aimed at continuous automatic monitoring of animal production, which includes real-time monitoring of growth, 

health and welfare. PLF intends to support farmers in making daily management decisions with extra „senses‟, and 

to make farmers less dependent on human labor. Many PLF concepts have been emerged in recent years, but the 

uptake of most of these technologies on commercial ranches has been slow. Reasons for this slow uptake include 

that these PLF technologies generate considerable amounts of data but that this data is not  converted into 

profitable information for decision administration. A further reason is that investments in PLF technologies can be 

significant, while the economic benefits of the inversion are unknown. 

The application of mechatronics in cattle farming is found through the use of biosensors 

and miniaturized electronic mechanics  , developing data collection and allowing more precise decision making 

actions. Nääs [12] presents some cases of the use of this technique in particular areas related to livestock farming. 

The approach of biosensors technology applied to cattle ranch, mainly based on the miniaturized electronic 

mechanics  has being used from the mid 70s into several stages of production, such as feeding, detection of 

metabolic testing in animal husbandry, as well as to individual identification and monitoring, which is an important 

step towards tracking of actions and application of traceability of episode and processes in the animal protein 

production chain . The precision breeding involves the technological innovations that monitor the animal and its 

environment where it pastures. The knowledge of the digestive behavior of the animal in milk or meat production is 

fundamental to perform grazing management actions of the production system, nowadays as Information will be 

used by modern technologies is still a unknown. Being that these new technologies applied to the cattle industry 

can help to integrate the heterogeneity in the pastures, and it is proposed to the bit as the basic unit of the process 

to be monitored, concluding that creating environments with precision bites is like constructing grass structures to 

designate bits [13]. 

 The benefits of using precision dairy technologies include increased system efficiency, reduced costs, improved 

end product, minimizing negative environmental impacts, and improved animal health and welfare. Such 

technologies have a greater impact in the areas of health, reproduction and quality of milk. Technologies have 

modified milk production systems and are generally variations of those already used in industries such as 

automotive or electronics. Precision livestock technologies enable farmers to make informed decisions quickly and 

based on better information, resulting in increased productivity and profitability . Precision livestock technologies 

enable farmers to make informed decisions quickly and based on better information, resulting in increased 

productivity and profitability [14]. 

The livestock sector faces the challenge of optimizing natural resources and those applied to the environment 

for animal production, such as agricultural inputs and pesticides, for example. For if it is produced with quantity 

and quality, the productive chain of ruminant livestock must be efficient within a restricted area of action. In this 

scenario, precision farming tools combined with animal production were developed from the advent of 

microcomputers, robotics and microelectronics. Measurements began to be carried out with the minimum of human 

intervention. The researcher is currently concerned not only with the field measurements, but with the planning, 

design and interpretation of the analyzes. Today's farmer is an information manager, who comes to him in countless 

digital forms and with speed in real time. Through applications, smartphones, tablets and ultra books, all this in the 

face of increasingly fast internet connections, there is a range numerical and computationally intensive methods that 

facilitate the accuracy of multifactorial responses. Applied to animals and agro ecosystems are a wide range of 

wireless sensors, actuators and controllers capable of recording signals, storing and interpreting them. From there, 

it aims to allow automated and accurate decisions to improve the use of environments and provide the balance 

between the sustainability and profitability of agricultural activities [15]. 

And thus, the traditional problem of mechanization of agriculture can be solved by the Agricultural-

Mechatronization or Agrotronics. Similarly, problem solving of the breeding science passes through Mechatronics 



Animal Review, 2017, 4(1): 1-7 
 

 
5 

© 2017 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

technology forward Breeding-Mechatronization or Breedtronics, and the fisheries difficulty may be overcome 

through this emerging engineering technology, forward Fishery-Mechatronization or Fishtronics [16]. 

 

2.2. Precision Animal Production in Mexico 

In Mexico the pressure for food is increasing, as in other countries, so there is no way to make use of mmodern 

technologies for providing food for the growing population, these technologies are precision breeding , automation 

and robotics, which were based on Mechatronics, which is an integrative discipline in the areas of mechanics, 

electronics and computer science which aims to provide better products, processes and systems [17]. The country 

needs these technologies to rapidly increase food production. This is possible because it  has the infrastructure and 

human capital in sufficient  quantity, one study estimates that in Mexico every  year around 2,500 students graduate 

mechatronics of  more than 150 schools that offer this specialty, at all three levels (bachelor's, master and Ph.D.) 

[1] which have the capacity to investigate on subjects de Precision animal production. 

Guerrero, et al. [18] Conducted a review to determine the image processing importance as an automation tool 

for assigning a Body Condition Score (BCS) of dairy cattle, this factor is one of the most important criteria for dairy 

farmers, with his knowledge they can prevent health problems, feeding, breeding and production. The use of new 

technology in the milk industry has given rise to a new era of automated and non-invasive production systems 

giving the main result a greater production the majority of studies acquire the images in weighing aisles. In these 

corridors, although the animals are enclosed, they tend to remain in motion, making it difficult to acquire the 

images. The time of milking, since it has been observed   that it is when they remain longer. As the processing of 

images is applied to other industries, the costs of these technologies will continue to decline; On the other  hand   

the limitations of computer storage for the data collected are no longer a major concern. Once the technical 

difficulties mentioned above have been overcome, the assignment of an automated QC rating can become an integral 

part of modern dairy farms. Dorantes [19] conducted an investigation with the objective was to design an 

automatic quick assessment system   of mastitis that applying fuzzy logic relates electrical conductivity and volume 

to determine and prevent mastitis in dairy cattle.  It was implemented an animal identification system using Radio 

Frequency boluses with a Reading frequency of 134.2 KHz, also we designed the system that is implemented in the 

milking, with this system we can  analyze the electrical conductivity and the milk production per cow. To determine 

the presence of mastitis cases, we implemented a fuzzy logic model having as input the parameters of electrical 

conductivity, production, standard deviation of electrical conductivity and standard deviation of production, both 

deviation as the result of moving average from ten previous data and the actual measurement. 

Galicia, et al. [20] carry out an investigation that promotes a system of remote monitoring of the temperature 

and heart rhythm of a sow, that allows to predict the moment of the birth, and with this: to help reduce the 

mortality rate of piglets, to improve the welfare of the bristles In childbirth when the delivery is attended 

individually and in a timely manner; as well as helping to increase the profitability of the pig production system. A 

diadem-type device was designed to always position and maintain contact with the skin of the sow to two non-

invasive sensors, on the back of the ear of the sow; Generating the minimum of discomfort for its easy adaptation 

and acceptance. The headband is made of flexible and soft leather that provides resistance to rough use and rigidity 

to keep in contact with the skin of the sow to the sensors, has two adjustment systems for different sizes of the head 

of the sow and not to generate discomfort. The test animals were six bristles. Two in their second delivery, two in 

their fourth delivery and two in their sixth delivery. Race, physical dimensions and temperament at the time of 

delivery are aspects that were not considered in the present study. Sensors record changes in body temperature and 

heart rate hours before delivery. The temperature sensor was placed behind the right ear and the heart rate on the 

left. The device or headband is installed without sensors to the sow in turn, when it is taken from the gestation area 

to the maternity area and a period of adaptation of 24 h is given, to minimize the effect of the stress generated by 

the change of room and use Device. Subsequently, the sensors are installed in the device, taking care of the 



Animal Review, 2017, 4(1): 1-7 
 

 
6 

© 2017 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

continuous contact of the sensor with the surface of the sow and starts recording the behavior of temperature and 

heart rate. Records are analyzed and searched for behavior patterns that can be used as benchmarks in decision 

making to help predict the time of delivery. 

1. Placing non-invasive sensors in the transition of the ear pavilion and dorsal on the head of a sow, allows the 

identification of behavioral patterns of their temperature and heart rate, characteristic of the proximity of labor. 

2. Introducing electronic devices or gadgets, which facilitate everyday work and enhance the livestock production 

sector, is the contemporary challenge of livestock engineering. 

3. The application of the device or headband allows management personnel to remotely consult the body condition 

of the sow, temperature and heart rate, predict the time of delivery and make necessary decisions to reduce the 

mortality rate of piglets, improve the welfare of the bristles in the childbirth when being attended individually and 

at the appropriate time 

 

3. DISSCUSION  

The situation despairs in the country as far as the animal production in Mexico obliges to explore all the 

possibilities to remedy that situation, at the moment one has an abundant skilled workmanship in as much as 

mechatronics technology alone must guide its application of its investigation To the country's primary needs, such 

as the primary sector of providing animal products, thus avoiding that the leakage of foreign exchange increases by 

having to import these in a recurring manner, the review reveals really incredible data that only Queretaro 

Autonomous University and Chapingo Autonomous University, and only some research  applying mechatronics to 

livestock . This situation must change, being this work a call of attention in this respect so that researchers in the 

area are willing to change that situation. 

 

4. CONCLUSIONS 

In Mexico it is possible to increase the productivity of Livestock Farming, if the  decision to guide and formed 

human capital and training are taken at all three levels ; Bachelor , Masters and PhD ,  to the research and  

application of livestock mechatronics, results in developed countries so it evidence Mexico can not be  left behind in 

this regard , besides that is the only way to increase food production, applying mechatronics in animal production 

.So previously treated the perspectives for the precision  livestock farming in the country are very big. 

 

Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 
Competing Interests: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interests regarding the publication 
of this paper. 

 

REFERENCES 

[1] Anonymous, "Diagnosis and prospects of mechatronics in Mexico." Retrieved: 

http://www.economia.gob.mx/files/comunidad_negocios/industria_comercio/Estudios/Diagnostico_Prospectiva_Me

catronica_Mexico.PDF, 2015. 

[2] Gbcbiotech, "The cattle industry in Mexico." Retrieved http://www.gbcbiotech.com/bovinos/english/bovinos.html, 

2017. 

[3] Sagarpa, "Proyecciones para el Sector Agropecuario de México." Retrieved: 

http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx/agronegocios/Documents/EBespa%C3%B1ol300909.pdf, 2009. 

[4] H. Hamadani and K. A. Alam, "Automation in livestock farming - A technological revolution," International Journal of 

Advanced Research, vol. 3, pp. 1335-1344, 2015. View at Google Scholar   

[5] E. A. Laca, "Precision livestock production: Tools and concepts," Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, vol. 38, pp. 123-132, 

2009. View at Google Scholar | View at Publisher 

http://www.economia.gob.mx/files/comunidad_negocios/industria_comercio/Estudios/Diagnostico_Prospectiva_Mecatronica_Mexico.PDF,
http://www.economia.gob.mx/files/comunidad_negocios/industria_comercio/Estudios/Diagnostico_Prospectiva_Mecatronica_Mexico.PDF,
http://www.gbcbiotech.com/bovinos/english/bovinos.html,
http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx/agronegocios/Documents/EBespa%C3%B1ol300909.pdf,
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Automation%20in%20livestock%20farming%20-%20A%20technological%20revolution
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Precision%20livestock%20production:%20Tools%20and%20concepts
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982009001300014


Animal Review, 2017, 4(1): 1-7 
 

 
7 

© 2017 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

[6] Berckmans, "General introduction to precision livestock farming," Animal Frontiers, vol. 7, pp. 6-11, 2017. View at Google 

Scholar | View at Publisher 

[7] D. Berckmans, "Automatic on-line monitoring of animals by precision livestock farming." Retrieved: http://www.isah-

soc.org/userfiles/downloads/symposiums/2004/Berckmans.pdf, 2004. 

[8] C. Wathes, "Precision livestock farming for anima health, welfare and production ISAH-2007 Tartu, Estonia." 

Retrieved: http://www.isah-soc.org/userfiles/downloads/proceedings/Proc_ISAH_2007_Volume_I/70_Wathes.pdf, 

2007. 

[9] C. M. Wathesa, H. H. Kristensenb, J. M. Aertsc, and D. Berckmansc, "Is precision livestock farming an engineer's 

daydream or nightmare, an animal's friend or foe, and a farmer's panacea or pitfall?," Computers and Electronics in 

Agriculture, vol. 6, pp. 2–10, 2008. View at Google Scholar | View at Publisher 

[10] T. M. Banhazi, L. Babinszky, V. Halas, and M. Tscharke, "Precision livestock farming: Precision feeding technologies 

and sustainable livestock production " International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, vol. 5, 2012a.  

[11] T. M. Banhazi, "Precision livestock farming: An international review of scientific and commercial aspects," International 

Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, vol. 5, p. 1, 2012b.  

[12] D. A. I. Nääs, "Applications of mechatronics to animal production," in Proc. Club of Bologna 13th Annual Meeting (Part 

1), Chicago, IL, 2002. 

[13] P. C. F. Calvalho, "From the bite to precision grazing: Understanding the plant-animal interface to exploit the multi-

funcionality of grasslands," Revista Bras.Zootecnia, vol. 38, pp. 109-122, 2009. View at Google Scholar   

[14] F. C. Ferreira, K. B. Siqueira, and L. G. R. Pereira, "A pecuária leiteira de precisão sob a ótica económica. Cadernos 

Técnicos de Veterinária e Zootecnia, nº 79," 2015. 

[15] C. F. M. Vieira, Tecnologia De Precisão Para A Produção De Pastagens. In Simposio de producción animal a pasto.2015.anais 

de III simposio de producao animal a pasto.editores Wagner Paris et.al. Maringa: Sthampa, 2015. 

[16] L. D. C. Akonde, "Mechatronics engineering education in republic of Benin: Opportunities and challenges," 

International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, vol. 03, pp. 585-593 2014. View at Google Scholar | View at 

Publisher 

[17] Negrete, "Mechatronics in Mexican agriculture current status and perspectives," International Journal of Agriculture & 

Environmental Science (SSRG-IJAES), vol. 2, 2015. View at Google Scholar   

[18] A. E. I. Guerrero, G. M. Soto Zarazúa, M. Toledano Ayala, and C. A. E. Rico García, "Image processing to autamate 

the body condition score assessment of dairy cattle: A review," CIENCI@UAQ, vol. 5, p. 19, 2012.  

[19] A. T. Dorantes, "Sistema automático para valoración rápida de mastitis mediante conductividad eléctrica en leche de 

ganado bovino," M.Sc Thesis Autonomous University of Queretaro, 2012. 

[20] R. M. Galicia, R. A. A. Abraham, and M. R. Salazar, "Dispositivo para dar Seguimiento al comportamiento de la 

temperatura corporal de una cerda durante el parto en Desarrollos de Ingeniería Agrícola en América Latina Editores 

– compiladores: Eugenio Romantchik Kriuchkova ,Gilberto de Jesús López Canteñs ,Efren Fitz 

Rodríguez.DIMA,UACH.México," presented at the XI Congreso Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Ingeniería Agrícola 

y XXIII Congreso Nacional de Ingeniería Agrícola México, 2014. 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Views and opinions expressed in this article are the views and opinions of the author(s), Animal Review shall not be responsible or answerable for any loss, 
damage or liability etc. caused in relation to/arising out of the use of the content. 

 

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=General%20introduction%20to%20precision%20livestock%20farming
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=General%20introduction%20to%20precision%20livestock%20farming
http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/af.2017.0102
http://www.isah-soc.org/userfiles/downloads/symposiums/2004/Berckmans.pdf,
http://www.isah-soc.org/userfiles/downloads/symposiums/2004/Berckmans.pdf,
http://www.isah-soc.org/userfiles/downloads/proceedings/Proc_ISAH_2007_Volume_I/70_Wathes.pdf,
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Is%20precision%20livestock%20farming%20an%20engineer's%20daydream%20or%20nightmare,%20an%20animal's%20friend%20or%20foe,%20and%20a%20farmer's%20panacea%20or%20pitfall?
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2008.05.005
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=From%20the%20bite%20to%20precision%20grazing:%20Understanding%20the%20plant-animal%20interface%20to%20exploit%20the%20multi-funcionality%20of%20grasslands
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Mechatronics%20engineering%20education%20in%20republic%20of%20Benin:%20Opportunities%20and%20challenges
http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0303109
http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0303109
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Mechatronics%20in%20Mexican%20agriculture%20current%20status%20and%20perspectives

