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† Corresponding author 
© 2016 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 

CHARACTERISTIC OF SWAMP BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis) PAMPANGAN AT 
OGAN KOMERING ILIR, SOUTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA 

 

Yuanita Windusari1† --- Laila Hanum2 --- Erwin Nofyan3 --- Mustafa Kamal4 --- Adri 

Amsar5 
1,2,3,4,5 Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, South Sumatera, Indonesia 

 

ABSTRACT 

The aim of research to study the character and analyze the phenotypic diversity among variants swamp 

buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Pampangan at Ogan Komering Ilir, South Sumatera. Quantitative data are 

determined by the circumference of the chest (Li Da), body length (Pa Ba), tail length (Pa Ek), the length of 

the head (Pa Ke), head width (Le Ke) and hip height (Ti Pi). Qualitative data is determined based on the 

character of each variant shown through the hair color, the shape and direction of growth of the horn. 

Characteristics that indicate of genetic relationship between the variant of swamp buffalo. Methods of 

observations carried out directly on the morphology and methods NTSYS Ver. 2.1 to the analysis of kinship 

and then presented in the form of a dendrogram. Results showed that there are four variants of buffalo 

Pampangan namely red buffalo, black buffalo, buffalo striped and Lampung buffalo. Morphology of buffalo 

such as body size, hair color, shape and direction of growth of the horns is different. Genetic relationship 

shown with  value of correlation coefficient 0.57 was found in group A (OTU-1) and group B (OTU-2, 

OTU-3 and OTU-4), and value of correlation coefficient 0.612 found in group A (OTU-2 and OTU-4) 

and group B (OTU-3). The correlation coefficient of more than 0.57 indicates a kinship between the 

variance of the swamp buffalo Pampangan relatively close. It is suspected  inbreeding between variants 

tends to be high. The analysis also showed that the closest genetic relationships found in OTU-2 (black 

buffalo) and OTU-4 (buffalo Lampung) with a correlation coefficient 0.85. This condition is believed that 

the OTU-2 and OTU-4 derived from the same lineage. 

Keywords: Swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Pampangan, Characteristic, Phenotypic, Diversity, Dendrogram, Genetic 

relationships. 

Received: 7 December 2015/ Revised: 6 January 2016/ Accepted: 12 January 2016/ Published: 16 January 2016 

 

 

 

Animal Review 
2016 Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 10-21 
ISSN(e): 2409-6490 
ISSN(p): 2412-3382 
DOI: 10.18488/journal.ar/2016.3.1/101.1.10.21 
© 2016 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
 

 

http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.18488/journal.ar/2016.3.1/101.1.10.21


Animal Review, 2016, 3(1): 10-21 
 

 
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© 2016 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

Contribution/ Originality 

This study is one of very few studied which have investigated about the characteristics of 

local endemic animals that have the potential to be developed or preserved. Swamp buffalo in 

South Sumatra is the local animal with the potential to be cultivated and become a major food 

source.  

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Swamp buffalo found in Indonesian is expected to come from mainland China (Murti, 2002). 

Swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in District Rambutan, Banyuasin regency of South Sumatra 

Province is one of the varieties of buffalo native South Sumatra. Spread covering Sub Rambutan 

Pampangan Banyuasin district and sub-district, so it is often referred to as a buffalo buffalo 

Pampangan. characteristics of buffalo Pampangan located in District Rambutan or residing in 

District Pampangan or other areas surrounding that has a body shape tall and big, black leather, 

head and ears with long hair, short horns circular toward the back down, then towards the 

circular shape spirals, elbow-shaped body, a slim lead as the type of albino cows, the udder well 

developed and symmetrical, and calm temperament. Swamp buffalo Pampangan located in 

District Rambutan spend their lives and live in swamps in the area of indigenous land area of ± 

1,200 hectares (Windusari et al., 2014). Storer et al. (1971 in Kanpas (2008) classifies the swamp 

buffalo as the family of Bovidae, genus Bubalus and including the species Bubalus bubalis. 

Windusari et al. (2014) stated that the swamp buffalo potential as workers and the animals can be 

developed as a source of food for human needs. Kampas (2008) explains that the buffaloes has 

three functions as albino cattle, meat and labor. 

Information Directorate General of Livestock South Sumatra (2010 in Windusari et al. (2014) 

states buffalo population in South Sumatra decreased approximately 50% in a period of 6 years, or 

approximately 3.97% per year (± totaled 2,403,298 head in 2004 to ± 1,932,927 head in 2010) 

Decrease in swamp buffalo populations associated with low reproductive rate (Anggraeni et al., 

2007). The existence of swamp buffalo is very important for people, especially people in Sub 

Rambutan where the majority of the population worked as farmers buffalo. Reproduction low and 

high inbreeding among species of buffalo in the area Pambangan decrease the quality of the 

puppies and potential. Environmental conditions also affect reproductive rate swamp buffalo 

(Windusari et al., 2014). Therefore, this study was conducted to look at the genetic diversity of 

the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) found in South Sumatra, especially in Banyuasin as a basis for 

conservation.  

 

2. METHODS 

The research method is through direct observation of the morphology of each variant were 

found to swamp buffalo and then calculate kinship use NTSYS software ver. 2.1. 



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2.1. Data Collection  

a. Quantitative 

According to Abdullah et al. (2006) to determine the morphology of the buffalo fourth 

variation is to measure several variables of limbs buffalo (Fig. 1). Measured variables are: (1) Bust, 

(2) High-shoulder, (3) The length of the body, (4) Long tail, (5) The length of the head, (6) The 

width of the head and (7) High hips. 

 

 
Figure-1. Sketch Body Buffalo Swamp to see quantitative data (Abdullah et al., 2006). 

 

The size of the body calculating by average value (x), standard deviation (s) and the 

coefficient of variance (KK). The formulas is : 

 

 

 

 

 

Description:  

x : the average value 

S : Standard Deviation 

KK : coefficient Diversity 

Xi : The size of the i-th of nature x 

N : Number of Samples obtained from Population 

 

b. Qualitative 

Qualitative data were obtained in the form of a fourth color variant swamp buffalo hair and 

the shape and direction of growth of the four variants of buffalo horn is presented in tabular form. 



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2.2. Relationship  

Observations conducted descriptive morphological characters that include the characters 

starting at the head, neck, body, tail and legs. Furthermore, the character gained will be given 

scale comparison of the numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3 in accordance with the character possessed of 

individual variants swamp buffalo. Then the morphological characters of each buffalo variation is 

presented in the tables for kinship analysis. 

Data obtained from morphological characters of each buffalo analyzed using NTSYS ver. 2.1 

and presented in the dendogram. Cluster analysis is done by using the Unweighted Pair-Group 

Method with Arithmetic Averaging (UPGMA) with similarity coefisient. Morphological 

characters on the table to strengthen dendrogram grouping patterns and characters that play a 

role in the separation OTU. 

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

3.1. Morphology 

Morphology each swamp buffalo (red buffalo, black buffalo, striped  buffalo and Lampung 

buffalo) were observed in the form Circumference Chest (Li Da), Long Board (Pa Ba), Long Tail 

(Pa Ek), Long Head (Pa Ke) , Width Head (Le Ke) and High Hips (Ti Pi) in the four variants 

swamp buffalo Pampangan (Table 1).  

 

Table-1. The average value (x) and a diversity coefficient (KK) fourth morphological variation Swamp  Buffalo 

No. 
variable 
observation 

 Variations Swamp Buffalo 

Red KK Black KK mottle KK Lampung KK 

1.  Chest size (Li Da) 183±11 6,01 181±11  6,08 173±1  0,58 176±0 0 

2.  Body length (Pa Ba) 117,5±8,5 7,23 129±7 5,43 121±0  0 118±0  0 

3.  Tail length (Pa Ek) 72±4 5,6 85±4 4,70 79±3 7,8 69±0    0 

4.  Head length (Pa Ke) 48±1 2,03 51,5±2,5  4,85 45,5±0,5 1,01 42±0    0 

5.  Head width (Le Ke) 25,5±0,5 197 25±1 4,0 25,5±0,5 1,17 24±0    0 

6.  high Hips (Ti Pi) 125±5  4,0 126,5±1,5 1,19 130±2  1,54 125±0  0 

 

Chest circumference of each buffalo is different and has variations. Chest circumference mean 

value (Li Da) contained in the Red Ox is 183 cm, to Black Buffalo is 181 cm, at Striped Buffalo is 

173 cm, while the Lampung Buffalo is 176 cm. The chest circumference shown in Red Buffaloes 

while the value shown on the chest circumference Striped Buffalo. In Figure 1 shows that the red 

and black buffalo buffalo have large flats chest circumference is nearly equal and the spotted 

buffalo and buffalo Lampung also has a chest circumference values were nearly equal as well. 

Factors that can affect the body size of the buffalo that age, gender and heredity or genetic 

factors. 

The buffalo body length varies even there is one variation of buffalo which was far above the 

other three variations. Red Buffalo has a body length of 117.5 cm, the Black buffalo body length of 



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129 cm and for Striped buffalo body length of 121 cm, while the Lampung buffalo has a body 

length of 118 cm. The results ranged from 117.5 to 129 cm, based on research results Dudi et al. 

(2011) Pandegelang male buffalo, Serang and Lebak has a body length range of between 121.86 to 

122.25. As for the female buffalo Pandegelang, Serang and Lebak ranged from 119.59 to 120.22 

cm. Comparison between chest circumference and body length in red buffalo, has a big difference. 

Red buffalo has a chest circumference greatest variation compared with the three other buffalo. As 

for the length of the body, red buffalo has a body length shorter than the black buffalo, striped 

buffalo and Lampung buffalo. The most influential factor in the growth of that genetic factors and 

environmental factors. 

Long tail between the average value of albino buffalo, black buffalo, striped buffalo and 

Lampung buffalo. Based on the results in can length red buffaloes which is 72 cm, while the black 

buffalo is 85 cm and for buffalo stripes have panajng tail is 79 cm while the lampung buffalo tail 

length is 69 cm. When viewed from the long tail of the fourth variation of buffalo can be seen that 

the black buffalo tails are longer than the other buffalo variations. while buffalo lampung which 

has a shorter tail length. 

Red buffalo head length is 48 cm, while for black buffalo is 51.5 cm, for striped buffalo is 45.5 

and for Lampung buffalo has a length of 42 cm head. These results are almost the same possibility 

in the long head of research Dudi et al. (2011) namely buffalo lampung. Based on his research 

buffalo head length contained in Serang, namely 42.21 cm to 41.63 cm in Pandegelang namely in 

the Valley and for the length of his head reaches 42.14 cm long while for the measurement results 

for buffalo head lampung is 42 cm. while the others are variations buffalo head that much different 

length da tone is also nearing similarities with studies in Serang, Pandegelang and Lebak. 

The width of the head of the albino buffalo, black buffalo, striped buffalo and Lampung 

buffalo. Where the value of the average width of the head between the four variations of the water 

buffalo that for red buffalo is 25.5 cm, for black buffalo head width of 25 cm and a width which is 

owned by a buffalo head stripe is 25.5 cm while the width of the head of a buffalo owned by 

lampung ie 24 cm. Research Dudi et al. (2011) show different figures with the results obtained. 

Penelitiaanya where the head width is 19.41 cm Serang buffalo, Pandegelang buffalo is 20.53 cm 

and 20.68 cm Lebak buffalo namely, so buffalo that have a superior head width ranging number 

20.68 cm whereas the results obtained indicate the width buffalo head is superior numbers 

ranging from 25.5 cm. 

High hips highest buffalo found in streaks, reaching 130 cm, while the most hip height 

indicated on the red buffalo and lampung buffalo which has a hip height is 125 cm. black buffalo 

hip height is 126.5 cm. The results obtained in this study is smaller than the research of Kanpas 

(2008) in Sibuhuan is to have a male buffalo 135.82 cm whereas for females the same as male 

buffalo hip height is 135.82 cm. The content of the feed given to cattle have a close relationship 

with the decrease and increase the size of the animal's body. The content of the feed which has a 



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high nutritional will impact both on animal and vice versa. According Ariko et al. (2015) the 

content of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) which can increase the body size of the animal and at the 

lower VFA in the rumen can reduce the size of the animal's body. 

 

3.2. Characteristics 

Characteristics of hair color from four variants swamp buffalo Pampangan  showns in Table 

2. 

 

Table-2. Characteristics of Albino buffalo hair color, Black Buffalo, Striped Buffalo and Buffalo Lampung 

No. Buffalo variations  
Hair color 

Black Red Mottle Gray 

1. Albino buffalo - + - - 

2. Black Buffalo + - - - 

3. Striped Buffalo - - + - 

4. Lampung Buffalo + - - - 

   

Table 2 shows that red buffalo has a hair color that corresponds to the name that is red, black 

buffalo also has a hair color that corresponds to the name that is black. As for the buffalo striped 

hair consisting of two colors, black and red colors and for buffalo lampung have the same hair 

color hair color possessed by the black buffalo is black. 

According to Azmi and Suharnas (2007) is generally white buffalo coat color red and black 

with sparse and coarse body hair. One cause of this hair color diversity that genetic factors are 

derived by the parent buffalo earlier. Research Ssitorus (2008) explains that the frequency of cross 

pollination shows color variations of Murrah buffaloes and swamp buffalo. 

According to O'Rahilly (1995) among other hair function to protect the body, regulate body 

temperature and facilitate evaporation of sweat. Hair can also serve as a tool flavorings. Colored 

hair contain pigment in the cortex and medulla, but the sheath surrounding there is no pigment. 

Hair color depends mainly on the pattern and the amount of pigment in the cortex, and 

sometimes on the air cavity inside the hair. White pigment in the hair that is not there, and 

putiihnya caused by air content in the hair (as well as the water foaming); "Gray" (canities) is 

usually a mixture of white hair and colored hair. Oxidation of melanin causing compounds that 

are colorless, so the hair is dark to be white because of the presence of hydrogen peroxide. 

 

3.3. The Shape and Direction of Growth Horn 

Bred buffalo horn shape that is like a crescent moon. Shape black buffalo and striped buffalo 

also has the same shape with a red buffalo is like a crescent moon. While the shape of buffalo horn 

lampung buffalo different from the other three, which is like a half circle. According to research  

Erdiansyah and Anggraeni (2008) the type of normal buffalo horn is mowing backward. In his 

research gained 98% back shape, circular shape down 1%, 0.5% and 0.5% laterally straight circular 



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backward.The direction of growth of buffalo horn red, black buffalo, striped buffalo and lampung 

buffalo have similarities and differences. Red buffalo have horns growing direction is directed 

perpendicular and curved inward. Black buffalo have horns backward direction and edges curved 

inward. The direction of growth together with a buffalo horn striped red buffalo is upright and 

curved edges to the inside. As for the lampung buffalo  growth is downward and curved edges to 

the inside. According Kanpas (2008) the swamp buffalo in general have this kind of horns curved 

upwards, straight to the side, and curved down and very rarely have any kind of swamp buffalo 

Tandung with arched back. 

Comparison of the shape and growth the horn in the four variants swamp buffalo Pampangan 

has been found in the research shown in Figure 1 : 

 

 

 
Figure-1. The shape and direction of growth of albino buffalo horn, Black Buffalo,  Striped Belang Lampung Buffalo and 
Buffalo 

 



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Albino buffalo, black buffalo and lampung buffalo horn have a more flattened surface and has 

a pointed end and sharp. As for the stripes buffalo have a more rounded surface and the horns are 

more tumpul.Perbedaan form of four variaasi buffalo horn can be caused by factors as sex, age and 

status factors or position of the buffalo in their environment. 

 

3.4. Relationship Analysis of Swamp Buffalo 

Relationship analysis of albino buffalo, black buffalo, striped buffalo and lampung buffalo 

based on morphological characters possessed of the four variants of the buffalo. In correlation 

coefficient of 0.57, there are two groupings uatam namely group A and group B. In a correlation 

coefficient of 0.57, the group A which comprises only one OTU OTU-1 (Red Buffalo) and in 

group B, which consists of three OTU, OTU -2 (black buffalo), OTU-3 (striped buffalo) and 

OTU-4 (lampung buffalo) .At koefisisen correlation of 0.612, in group B again divided into two 

groups, namely group a and group b. a group that is composed of two OTU OTU-2 (black 

buffalo) and OTU-4 (lampung buffalo). Whereas in group B, which comprises only a single OTU 

OTU-3 (striped buffalo) .According Cabezas et al. (2010) the index value above 50% similarity 

(correlation coefficient 0.50) indicates that the animal is still in one species , So between the four 

variants of the swamp buffalo still belong to the species. 

Fenetic kinship analysis results of the four variants of the buffalo is presented in the figure 2 

below dendrogram. 

 

 
Figure-2. Dendogram kinship swamp buffalo Pampangan (albino buffalo , black buffalo, striped  buffalo and buffalo 
Lampung). 
Description: OTU-1: Red Buffalo, OTU2:Black Buffalo , ITU-3: striped Buffalo , OTU-4: Lampung Buffalo  

 

The similarity of character possessed between group A and group B with 24 of the 54 

characters that dimlikinya among others, the texture base of the horn, the texture of the fence, 

forms the base of the horn, ear shape, accessories on the nose, the shape of the sclera eyes, 

accessories on the eyelids, tip shape and the base of the eyelid, the shape of the eyelashes, the 

shape of the tip and base of the brow, accessories and forms of accessories, accessories on the neck, 

the direction of hair growth and shape umu body, arahpertumbuhan leg hair and accessories on 

foot, arahpertumbuhan tail hair, accessories tail, color cambukekor, shape common tail whip and 



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whip tail tip shape. While distinguishing antarakelompok A and group B were 7 characters 

include the color and shape of the iris, pupil shape, the color of the eyelids, the eyelashes, the color 

of shoes and hair color on the tail. 

Similarities in character between group A and group B contained 31 characters, among 

others, the texture of the base and the tip of the horn, forms the base of the horn, ear shape, 

accessories on the nose, the shape of the sclera, the shape and color of the iris, the shape of the 

pupil, colors and accessories on the eyelid, tip shape and the base of the eyelid, color and shape of 

the eyelashes, the shape of the tip and base of the brow, accessories and shape of accessories on the 

eyebrows, accessories on the neck, the direction of hair growth, a common form of the body, the 

color of the shoes, the direction of the growth of leg hair, accessories feet, hair color body tail, 

direction pertumbuhan rambut body tail, tail accessories, colors and textures whip tail, as well as 

the shape of the tip of the tail whip. While the difference between group A and group B contained 

15 characters, among others colors horn, forms the tip of the horn, ring horn, the color of the base 

and the tip of the horn, the color of the ears, accessories ear, the color of the nose, the color of the 

sclera, color accessories brow, the color of the neck, where collar and color, the body color, and 

hair color foot. 

Similarities and differences in the four variants swamp buffalo Pampangan can be seen in the 

figure below: 

 

 
Figure-3. Variation of morphological variants swamp buffalo horn (Bubalus bubalis). 

Description: a; Red buffalo horns, b; black buffalo horn, c; buffalo horn striped, d; lampung buffalo horn. 

 

 
Figure-4. Variation ear morphology of variants swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). 

Description: e; buffalo ears red, f; black buffalo ears, g; buffalo ears striped, h; buffalo ears lampung 

 



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Figure-5. Variation of morphological variants nose of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). 

Description: i; red bull nose, j; nose of black buffalo, k; buffalo nose stripe, l; lampung buffalo nose. 

 

 
Figure-6. Variation of morphological variants eye of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). 

Description: m; eyes red buffalo, n; eye black buffalo, o; buffalo eye stripe, p; lampung buffalo eye. 

 

 
Figure-11e. General morphological variation (neck, body, legs and tail) of a variant of the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). 
Description: (a) the general morphology of red buffalo, (b) general morphology of balck buffalo, (c) the general morphology of striped 
buffalo, (d) the general morphology of Lampung buffalo. 

 

Relationship between the fourth variation of the closest swamp buffalo found in a black 

buffalo and Lampung buffalo. Based on morphological character data obtained, the two variations 

are significant similarities in both the hair color of black, while red buffalo and buffalo different 

stripes. The observed data showed that of 54 morphological characters were observed, there are 

45 characters in common between the two variations of the water buffalo. The same fundamental 

morphological characters of black buffalo and lampung buffalo include: hair color, the color and 

shape of a horn. While the difference between the two most visible is in the direction of the 

growth of the horn. 

Near and away kinship of the fourth variation swamp buffalo can be influenced by several 

factors, including internal factors are genetic factors and external factors which include the 



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environment and lifestyle of the fourth variation of the swamp buffalo. According Tarwinangsih et 

al. (2011) states that an animal kinship pattern is thought to occur because of the deployment and 

migration (gene flow). One reason is also that inbreeding, according Hastono (2008) a male which 

has a small body and is young and marrying a female will produce smaller offspring as well. 

According to Hart (2012) nearby population geofrafis an individual basis can improve the process 

of interaction of the individual. So the higher the level of interaction both individuals can trigger 

more occurrence of inbreeding and the higher the degree of similarity in the behavior of each 

individual. 

 

4. CONCLUSION 

They are 4 variants found in the swamp buffalo Pampangan, South Sumatra. The fourth 

variant is the buffalo red, black, striped and Lampung. Morphological differences in the four 

variants are body size, hair color and the shape and direction of growth of the horn. The 

differences shown in the dendrogram with the range of the correlation coefficient is 0.57 to 0.85 

and the highest correlation values found in Lampung variants buffalo and black variants. This 

suggests that the two variants is thought to originate from  the same parent. 

 

Funding: This study was also conducted with a competitive grant funds on behalf of Sriwijaya University 
Palembang Indonesia with the contract number 215/UN9.3/1/LP/2014. 
 

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 
 

Contributors/Acknowledgement: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study.  

 

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