




































 

 

 
43 

† Corresponding author 
© 2016 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 

 

 

EFFECT OF A PLANT EXTRACT IN SEVERAL TRAITS OF PLYMOUTH ROCK 
BARRED HENS AND PULLETS CHALLENGED WITH SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM 
IN A RURAL VILLAGE IN CENTRAL MEXICO 

 

J.C. García-López1† --- G. Álvarez-Fuentes2 --- J.M. Pinos-Rodríguez3 --- Y. Jasso-Pineda4 --- E. Zapata-

Pérez5 --- H.A. Lee-Rangel6 --- S. López-Aguire7 --- M.A. Camacho-Escobar8 
1,2,4,7Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México  
3Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México 
5Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos Industrial y de Servicios 106, Ciudad Fernández, México 
6Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México 
8Instituto de Industrias, Universidad del Mar Campus Puerto Escondido. Puerto Escondido Oaxaca, México 

 

ABSTRACT 

The effect of Chrysactinia mexicana Gray extract on poultry challenged with Salmonella typhimurium, was evaluated: 1) The 

aim of the survey was to understand the status quo of backyard poultry production in a rural area, 2). A field study with forty 

Plymouth Rock Barred Laying hens were used to test the effects of C. mexicana, and 3) 160 day old Plymouth Rock Barred 

pullets, were assigned to: T1 control; T2 control + S. typhimurium challenge; T3 control + S. typhimurium  + C. mexicana; 

and T4 control + S. typhimurium + antibiotic. Crop, gizzard, proventriculus and duodenum colony forming units (CFU) were 

measured, and leukocyte and erythrocyte counts. In addition, weight gain and feed intake was measured. The liver, bursa, 

thymus and spleen were weighed. Results show that 75% of farmers in the community have hens. The main diseases in their 

fowl: respiratory 45%; diarrhea 35% and parasites 20%. 90% of farmers have no access to veterinary services. Results from the 

field study show differences (P<0.05) between the treated group with C. mexicana and the control group with no treatment. 

Feed intake, total weight gain and final body weight was higher (P<0.05) for control group among the other treatments. 

Treatment challenged plus antibiotic showed lower CFU counts than treatment with S. typhimurium and C. mexicana. 

Thymus, bursa and spleen weights were similar (P>0.05) for the C. mexicana and antibiotic treatments. Leukocyte and 

erythrocyte counts were lower (P<0.05) in control group. C. mexicana extract could be a tool to diminish bacteria in hens.  

Keywords: Chrysactinia mexicana, Salmomella typhimurium, Poultry, Backyard system.  

 

Received: 17 June 2016/ Revised: 27 August 2016/ Accepted: 14 October 2016/ Published: 3 November 2016 

 

Contribution/ Originality 

This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the use of Chrysactinia mexicana extract on 

poultry performance challenged with Salmonella  typhimurium   

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

Village poultry can be found in all developing countries and play a vital role in many poor households 

providing scarce animal protein in the form of meat and eggs [1]. It has been estimated that 80 per cent of the 

global poultry population occurs in traditional family-based production systems [2]. Livestock, especially poultry 

species, have been shown to provide a practical and effective first step in alleviating rural poverty as a ready source 

Animal Review 
2016 Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 43-51 
ISSN(e): 2409-6490 
ISSN(p): 2412-3382 
DOI: 10.18488/journal.ar/2016.3.2/101.2.43.51 
© 2016 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 

 

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Animal Review, 2016, 3(2): 43-51 

 

 
44 

© 2016 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

of quality nutrients in the human diet [3]. In Mexico more than 85% of the farmers practice it. Animal diets 

basically consist of kitchen-leftovers, worms and when available, some maize grain. Labor is provided by the 

household and the poultry represents an important source of protein from meat and eggs, especially for children [4, 

5]. The backyard poultry production system is highly affected by several diseases; among them are the 

gastrointestinal bacteria like Salmonella typhimurium that leads to high morbidity and mortality [6]. Some 

researchers [7] in a study of rural poultry production in Tetiz, Yucatan ,Mexico found that 97.3% of the families 

with poultry had chickens and showed high mortality and low production traits. It has been shown that the 

incorporation of herbs and their associated essential oils into their diet may provide beneficial effects on poultry 

performance and health due to the antimicrobial activity of their phytochemical components [8]. Reports from 

around the world include exhaustive lists of plants that have been reported to have medicinal properties [9, 10]. 

Chrysactinia mexicana Gray, commonly known as false Damiane is a small shrub distributed throughout the 

southwest United States and central and northern Mexico [11]. The major chemical components of C. mexicana are: 

eucalyptol (41.3%), piperitone (37.7%) and linalyl acetate (9.1%) [12-15]. A group of researchers [16] studied the in 

vitro antimicrobial effects of C. mexicana, which have demonstrated some bactericidal activity. Other group [17] 

evaluated the effect of C. mexicana in maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch) and found that the leaf powder totally 

prevented F1 progeny from emerging. In another experiment [18] it was demonstrated that C. mexicana aqueous 

extract induced an antidepressant effect in mice.  In another laboratory two experiments were conducted and found 

that Chrysactinia mexicana showed antiprotozoal acitivity against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, also had 

an effect on Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites [19, 20]. Moreover, other researchers [21] found that C. mexicana 

showed the greatest antimicrobial activity against the drug resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An 

experiment was performed [22] to test the effect of C. mexicana ethanolic extract on 21 week old laying hens 

challenged with Salmonella typhimurium, and showed the C. mexicana extract as having a bactericide effect. No 

research has been done elsewhere with C. mexicana extract and its effects on poultry. Because of the high cost of 

antibiotics and the low income of these types of backyard poultry producers, it makes the treatment of their poultry 

a real problem. The objective of the present study was to perform a survey about the status quo of backyard poultry 

production of a rural community; perform a field study with Plymouth Rock Barred hens to test the effect of C. 

mexicana through a spot agglutination test for Salmonella typhimurium; and assess the effect of C. mexicana Gray in 

a controlled experimental trial with Plymouth Rock Barred pullets challenged with S. typhimurium.   

 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 

2.1. Survey 

The study was performed in the community of San Diego municipality of Rioverde S.L.P. Central Mexico. 

Located 21° 54´ N and 100° 10´ W, and 980 m above sea level. Climatic conditions include annual average 

temperature of 21 ° C and rainfall of 479.5 mm [23]. There were 326 families in the community. A survey using a 

random sample of 50 families, representing 15.3% of total population, was conducted to investigate back-yard 

poultry production issues. A questionnaire was designed to obtain information including; production, nutrition, 

health and reproductive aspects, facilities and equipment for poultry production, as well as meat and egg 

consumption.        

 

2.2. Plant Extract 

Plant collection was made from Guadalcazar village, located in a semi-desert area in the center zone of México. 

Leaves were separated from the plants, placed on plates and dried for three weeks at room temperature. The leaves 

were then ground and the extract was obtained by common extract methods, such as heat extraction, gravity 

column or percolation technique with ethanol [24, 25]. Two hundred g of leaf ground powder samples were placed 

in a column by gravity or percolation and the solvent was added and sat for 48 h, using about 5 L of ethanol 



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© 2016 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

solvent. The samples were then dried in an extraction chamber. The obtained extract was then concentrated at 

reduced pressure to 29 °C with a rotavapor (R-210/R-215 Buchi) [26, 27]. Finally, the extract was dried by freeze-

drying process (cryodesicattion). 

 

2.3. Field Study 

The field study was performed in the same village as mentioned above. In order to describe the effect of C. 

mexicana extract under no controlled conditions, one poultry farmer was selected.  40 Plymouth Rock Barred hens 

were chosen, at day one of the trial and a rapid whole blood agglutination test for Salmonella typhimurium was 

applied to all of the hens. Then two groups of 20 hens each were created. Group 1 (G1) control group was managed 

as usual; group 2 (G2) same management as G1 but hens in this group received C. mexicana extract in the water for 

15 days. After the end of the study the agglutination test for Salmonella typhimurium was performed again. Briefly, a 

clean white tile marked into squares of 3 x 3 cm was used. One drop (about 0.02 ml) of crystal-violet-stained 

antigen was placed in the center of each square. One sample of fresh whole blood was obtained from the wing vein 

of each hen using a needle with triangular point. An equal size drop of fresh whole blood was placed to a drop of 

antigen and mixed using a fine glass rod, the drops kept agitated for up 2 minutes. A positive reaction in indicated 

by easily visible clumping of the antigen within 2 minutes [28].    

 

2.4. Experimental Study 

A complete randomized design was used. 160 one day old Plymouth Rock Barred laying pullets were allocated 

to individual cages, 40 pullets per treatment:  T1: control, T2: control + S. typhimurium challenge, T3: control + S. 

typhimurium + C. mexicana extract and T4: control + S. typhimurium + antibiotic. The C. mexicana extract was 

administered orally via an esophageal cannula during 15 days with a dose of 0.5 ml of the extract according to 

previous research in our laboratory [22]. To test the plant extract a standard suspension of S. typhimurium (ATCC 

14028) was prepared to meet the 0.5 Mc Farland standard equivalents to 108 CFU/ml concentration [29]. 

S. typhimurium challenge was given in an identical manner at days two and six of the experiment [30]. The 

antibiotic used was enrofloxacin 5 mg (Baytril 0.05 %, Bayer, Mexico) the dose was 1 mL/1L water every 24 hours. 

Feed and water was offered ad libitum and, pullets were not vaccinated.  Feed was formulated to meet or exceed the 

NRC [31] requirements for laying pullets (Table 1). Measured variables were initial body weight, weight gain, final 

weight, feed intake and quantification of colony forming units per ml (CFU/ml) in gizzard, duodenum, 

proventriculus, and crop of hens which were slaughtered 15 days after S. typhimurium challenge. In addition, 

Leukocyte and erythrocyte counts were determined by Natt and Herrick´s Stain method [32]. Briefly, a standard 

red blood cell diluting pipette was used to dilute whole anticoagulated blood with the Natt & Herrick´s solution at 

the rate of 1:200 the diluted blood was allowed to mix for two minutes before it was discharged into the 

hemacytometer counting chamber. Then using the high dry (40X) objective of the microscope, the total number of 

red and white cells were counted. Also, the liver, bursa, thymus, and spleen were removed and weighed. For the 

Colony Forming Units (CFU), from the different organs and using sterile scissors a small (approximately 1 cm) 

hole was cut, two milliliters of sterile PBS were pipetted into each organ. Only 2 to 4 mL of liquid was recovered. 

One milliliter was used for a culture. The colony counting procedure used was the membrane filter technique [33].  

 

2.5. Data Analysis 

Analysis of the survey was analyzed using PROC UNIVARIATE and PROC FREQ procedures of statistical 

analysis system (SAS) software [34]. The field study data were analyzed by logistic regression (LOG REG) 

analysis of SAS software [34]. For the experimental study, a complete randomized design was used to assess the 

extract activity. Analysis of variance was performed with PROC GLM of SAS, and Tukey means with SAS Institute 

[34] software program. Bacterial numbers were converted to log CFU for statistical analysis.   



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Table-1. Basal diet composition1 

Ingredient g/kg diet 

Yellow corn 8%  566.33 
Soybean meal 46% 357.08 
Calcium  15.80 

Vegetable oil  28.35 
Phosphate 17.94 
Sodium chloride 4.00 
Vitamin mix2 2.50 
Mineral mix2 2.50 
DL-Methionine  2.38 
Threonine 0.30 
L-Lysine 1.75 
Choline 1.07 

Chemical composition  

Metabolisable energy, Kcal/kg 2975 

Crude protein, %  21.73 
Fat ,% 5.30 
Fibre, % 2.91 
Ash, % 6.62 
Methionine, % 0.64 
Lysine, % 1.33 
Calcium, % 1.00 
Phosphorus,% 0.75 
Threonine, %  0.86 

1Diet was offered ad libitum for the duration of the trial, and was formulated to meet or exceed all requirements for growing pullets [31]. 

2Vitamin mix provided (per kg final diet): thiamin, 1.8 mg; riboflavin, 3.6 mg; pantothenic acid, 11.5 mg; niacin, 35 mg; pyridoxine, 3.5 g; folic acid, 0.6 mg; 

biotin, 0.2 mg; vitamin B-12, 10 µg; retinyl palmitate, 0.9 mg; cholecalciferol, 50 µg, all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate, 36.8 mg; menaquinone, 5 mg. Mineral mix 

provided (per kg final diet) selenium, 0.2 mg; copper, 8.1 mg; zinc, 40.7 mg; manganese, 62 mg; iron, 105.4 mg; iodine, 0.35mg.   

 

3. RESULTS  

3.1. Survey  

Results from survey show that average family size is 5 ± 2 people with an average age of 25 ± 15years old. The 

level of education was 3rd year of elementary school. Results also showed 70% of the people in the village own their 

houses and that 75% of farmers have poultry. All farmers have a backyard where they have different species of 

animal, such as rabbits, pigs, hens, chickens, turkey, sheep, cows and horses. Of these species, poultry represents 

33% of the total animals. The diseases present in their fowl were: respiratory 45%; diarrhea 35% and parasites 20%. 

In addition mortality was due to: respiratory 35%, diarrhea 55% and predators (human, dogs and fox) 10%. Poultry 

breeds were divided among Creole 50%, Rhode Island Red 30% and Plymouth Rock Barred 20%. Table 2 shows the 

results of a portion of the questionnaire. It is divided into three columns based on the farmer´s income; very low 

income, low income and regular income. It can be seen that most of the items have lower values for the very-low 

income farmers; low egg and meat consumption as well as small flock size. The same is true for feed source, poultry 

housing and knowledge about diseases. Moreover, the very-low income farmer does not typically access to 

veterinary services.     

 

3.2. Field Study 

The results from the field study show differences (P<0.05) between the treated group with C. mexicana and the 

control group with no treatment. From the 20 hens positive to S. typhimuriun at the beginning of the study, only 

two were positive to S. typhimuriun at the end of the study, with a morbidity of 10% and 0% mortality (Table 3). The 

20 hens in the untreated group remained positive to S. typhimuriun, with 100% morbidity and 10% mortality at the 

end of the study. 



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Table-2. Backyard Poultry production situation of San Diego Village, Rioverde, SLP. 

Item Very-low 
income  

Low income Regular income 

Egg Consumption 1 egg per week  
80% 

1-3 egg /week  
15% 

5 eggs /week    
5% 

Meat Consumption 1 time a week 
80% 

2 times /weeks  
17% 

3 time/week  
3% 

Flock Size 1-5 Hens 
50% 

6-10 hens 
30% 

11-20 hens 
20% 

Access to Veterinary Services 
and Pharmaceuticals  

Never  
90% 

Sometimes 
3%  

Yes (frequently use 
private service providers)  
7% 

Feed Source  kitchen-leftovers, 
insects, worms    
45% 

Crop By-products, 
Corn grain  
45% 

Balanced commercial 
ration  
10% 

Poultry Housing None 
85% 

Sometimes, usually from used 
local materials 
12% 

Cages 
3% 

Training None 
 
 
96% 

Moderate: control of ND, 
Gumboro, fowl cholera; breed 
selection, supplememnatary 
feeding, appropriate housing 
3% 

Considerable: wide 
ranging control; breed 
selection, used of 
balanced ration, good 
housing 1% 

 Results from survey from 50 families of  San Diego Village community, Rioverde, SLP 

 

Table-3. Spot Agglutination test for Salmonella typhimurium, mortality and morbidity of hens 

Item C. Mexicana Control 

Day 0 20 hens positive/Salmonella 20 hens positive/Salmonella 
Day 15 2 hens positive/Salmonellab 20 hens positive/Salmonellaa 
Morbidity % 10 100 
Mortality % 0 10 

                        abMeans within columns with different letter are significantly different (P<0.05)  

 

3.3. Experimental Trial 

Feed intake, total weight gain, final body weight and feed conversion rate was higher (P<0.05) for control 

group (T1) among the other treatments (Table 4). Treatment 2 with S. typhimurium challenge had the lowest trait 

performance. Treatment with challenge and C. mexicana extract (T3) and treatment with challenge and antibiotic 

(T4) had similar (P>0.05) feed intake, total weight gain, final body weight and feed conversion rate response. The 

control group had lower (P<0.05) CFU for crop, gizzard, proventriculus and duodenum compared with the other 

treatments (Table 4). The highest (P<0.05) content of CFU for all four organs was for the T2. The treatment 

challenged with S. typhimurium and C. mexicana extract had lower (P<0.05) CFU for the organs than T2. Treatment 

challenged with antibiotic showed lower CFU counts than treatment challenged with S. typhimurium and C. 

mexicana extract. Thymus, bursa and spleen weights were lower (P<0.05) for the control group than other 

treatments. Thymus, bursa and spleen weight were similar (P>0.05) for control T3 and T4. Treatment 2 had the 

highest (P<0.05) weight values among the rest of treatments. Leukocyte and erythrocyte counts were lower 

(P<0.05) in control group compared with the other treatments, the highest values (P<0.05) were for the treatment 

challenged with S. typhimurium. Treatment with challenge plus C. mexicana and treatment with challenge plus 

antibiotic had similar (P>0.05) weights.   

 

 

 



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Table-4. Means of Plymouth Rock Barred pullets performance, organ weights, blood cells and colony forming units [log CFU/ml] on crop, 

gizzard, duodenum and proventriculus with different treatments 

Treatment T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM 

Performance      
Initial body weight [g] 33.05 32.47 33.18 32.57 0.918 
Final body weight [g] 203.75a 181.92c 200.05a 206.62a 2.015 

Total weight gain [g] 170.07a 149.45b 166.87a 174.05a 4.021 
Average daily gain [g] 8.12a 7.1b 7.9a 8.2a 0.112 
Feed intake [g] 
Feed Conversion Rate 

315.28b 

1.85a  
395.18a 

2.60c 
351.24c 

2.10b 
348.12c 

2.00b 
7.172 
0.024 

Colony Forming Units [log 
CFU/ml]  

     

Crop 5.20 d 5.44a 5.33b 5.30c  0.013 
Gizzard 1.90 d 2.90a 2.70b 2.50c 0.024 
Proventriculus 3.58 d 4.23a 3.91b 3.81c 0.018 
Duodenum 3.77 d 4.44a 4.06b 3.84c 0.039 
Organ weights      

Thymus  [g] 0.435c 1.178a 0.822b 0.805b 0.036 
Bursa [g] 0.689c 0.960a 0.789b 0.720b 0.055 
Spleen [g] 0.268c 0.359a 0.300b 0.299b 0.012 
Blood Cells      
Leukocyte/ mm3 5.01c 5.46a 5.33b 5.25b 0.010 
Erythrocytes/mm3  5.84c 6.34a 6.27b 6.19b 0.021 

a,b,c,d Means within columns with different letter are significantly different (P<0.05). T1=Control basal diet; T2=Control + challenge with S. typhimurium; T3=Control 

+ S. typhimurium + C. mexicana extract; T4= control + S. typhimurium + antibiotic.  

 

4. DISCUSSION 

The survey shows that 75% of farmers in the community have hens in their backyard. This is consistent with a 

group of researchers [35] who carried out a study in a rural community of Veracruz, Mexico which found that 63 % 

of farmers have hens in their backyard. The results in the present study demonstrate that hens are very important 

in rural communities. The survey results illustrate that feeding and nutrition of the birds is still a problematic issue, 

with a high incidence of disease increasing the problem. Another study performed by other group [4] in the state of 

Puebla, Mexico showed that several respiratory diseases and attacks by predators were mentioned as the main 

causes of mortality, and the lack of quality feed ingredients and practically no veterinary advice were identified as 

the most important constraints of household poultry production. Moreover, It is clear that the field study 

performed in the rural community of San Diego Village demonstrated the problems of  hens with the diseases 

mentioned above. With these results it’s very likely that the morbidity caused by S. typhimurium affects most of the 

fowl in the rural community, and the use of C. mexicana in these cases was very helpful in decreasing the presence of 

S. typhimurium. For the experimental trial the effect of C. mexicana in pullets performance was evident; the total 

weight gain for the treatment challenged plus C. mexicana and the group challenged with antibiotic were similar. 

This was probably due to the effects of the flavonoids of plant extract working to cope with the effects of the 

infection [22, 36]. As mentioned by other authors [37] who reported C. mexicana to have antimycobacterial 

activity, it also has anti-diarrheic activity [38]. Eeucalyptol and 26 other diterpenes have been reported to decrease 

cytokines IL-2 (Th1) and IL-10 (Th2) that are anti-inflammatory inhibiting the response of T cells [39].  Finally, it 

has been reported that the essential oil from Cymbopogon proximus contains piperitone as the largest compound 

(73.8%). This compound antagonizes the actions of serotonin and histamine, by the interaction of its receptors [40]. 

According to the results of this experiment, the use of C. mexicana extract could be a good alternative, especially for 

low-income families in rural areas that cannot afford to purchase antibiotics for their hens. 

 

 



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5. CONCLUSION 

Backyard poultry production in rural communities in Mexico remains a very important activity, and production 

is limited by several factors; nutrition, and diseases among others. The Chrysactinia mexicana extract showed good 

performance traits and could be a tool to increase poultry production in rural areas.  

 

Funding: This work was supported by the research support fund of the PROMEP/103.5/07/2783 and the UASLP grant CO7-
FAI 04.22.24. 
 

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 
 

Contributors/Acknowledgement: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study.  

 

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