







































 

 

 
1 

© 2022 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL EGG QUALITIES OF LAYERS FED TWO PROPRIETARY 
FEEDS INTERCHANGEABLY   

 

 

 Onabajo, A. O.1+ 

 Awojobi, H. A.2 

 Apata, E. S.3 

 

1Rasable Farm Ventures, Ijeun Akoni Village, Odeda Local Government 
Area, Osiele-Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. 
1,2,3Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural Production 
and Renewable Resource, College of Agricultural Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo 
University, Ayetoro Campus, Ayetoro, Ogun State, Nigeria. 
1Email: onabajoadebisi@gmail.com    
2Email: hakeemawojobi@yahoo.com    
3Email: ebunoluapata2008@yahoo.com    

 

 
(+ Corresponding author) 

 ABSTRACT 
 
Article History 
Received: 18 August 2022 
Revised: 27 September 2022 
Accepted: 10 October 2022 
Published: 8 November 2022 
 

Keywords 
Egg quality 
Feed brands 
Feeding frequency 
Interchangeable 
Layers 
Poultry production 
Proprietary feed. 

 
Four hundred and eighty, 53 weeks old Isa Brown layers were used for the 8 weeks 
feeding trial to determine the internal and external egg qualities of layers fed two 
proprietary feeds (designated Top feed (TF) and Animal Care feed (AC)) in five 
dynamics and two feeding frequencies. The birds were randomly allocated in a 5 x 2 
factorial arrangement to five feeding dynamics (D1 TF only; D2 AC feed only; D3 
weekly alternation of TF & AC; D4 Alternation of TF & AC every two weeks; D5 
Monthly alternation of TF & AC) and two feeding frequencies (Twice & Thrice daily). 
Data were collected on external and internal egg qualities and analyzed using Analysis 
of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that both feeding dynamics and feeding 
frequencies significantly (p<0.05, R2=0.4) contributed to egg length as single factor. 
However, egg shape index (p=0.002), % yolk (0.00), yolk weight (p=0.004), egg 
moisture (0.003), egg fat (0.001) and egg carbohydrate (0.001) were influenced by 
interaction effect of feeding dynamics and feeding frequency. From the findings of this 
study, alternating brands of feed in the short term (weekly) and feeding laying birds 
twice daily is recommended. 
 

Contribution/Originality: Sudden change in the brand of feed fed to laying birds affects both the internal and 

external quality of eggs. However, such changes are not detrimental to egg quality where the nutrient composition 

of interchanged brands is comparable. Feeding laying hens twice or thrice daily does not affect egg quality.  

 

1. INTRODUCTION 

The consumption of poultry products, especially poultry meat and egg, has consistently increased over the 

years as a result of increase in population, urbanization and income. This has resulted in profound effect on the 

demand for feed and feed raw materials. Ojewole [1] and Eruvbetine [2] reported that the rate and level of 

performance in the livestock industry especially poultry production has fallen below expectation due to high feed 

cost arising from fluctuations in feed supplies, rising prices of feed ingredients, high capital outlay in purchase and 

storage of ingredients over time, poor feed quality (adulterated feed), increase competitive demand for feed, scarcity 

of the conventional ingredients and most importantly inefficiency in feed production [3, 4]. In commercial poultry 

production, the main constraint to successful production is feed cost which accounts for about 75 to 80% of the total 

cost of production [5]. 

Animal Review 
2022 Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-12. 
ISSN(e): 2409-6490 
ISSN(p): 2412-3382 
DOI: 10.18488/92.v9i1.3186 
© 2022 Conscientia Beam. All Rights Reserved. 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8471-2640
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-418X
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9295-8168
mailto:onabajoadebisi@gmail.com
mailto:hakeemawojobi@yahoo.com
mailto:ebunoluapata2008@yahoo.com
https://www.doi.org/10.18488/92.v9i1.3186


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Fallen trend in commercial feed production in Nigeria according to Bello [6] started around 1998-2000 when 

feed production figures dropped from 2.4MMt in 1995 to 1.6MMt in 2000 with subsequent decline up to 1.00MMt 

in the year 2008.  This low capacity feed resources utilization could be linked to inadequate information based on 

location and localization of feed resources, processing, storage, and quality enhancement. The net effect of all these 

are capacity under-utilization, curtailment of planned expansion programs and in extreme cases liquidation [2]. 

However, Oyediji [7] reported that there was a rise in the quantity of poultry feed produced in Nigeria from 

2.2MMt in 2010 to about 3.3MMt in 2014. This was as a result of the ban imposed on the importation of frozen 

chicken and other livestock products which made poultry production more attractive. The rise in the number and 

size of poultry business has led to more demand for feeds and subsequent pressure on feed production ingredients. 

Thus, the rise in the number of feed mills to meet this demand of most poultry farmers became inevitable and the 

incessant increase in prices of the feed could be attributed to decrease productivity and inefficiency in the use of 

resources by the feed industries [8].  

Laying chickens require a completely balanced diet to sustain maximum egg production over time and 

inadequacies can cause hens to stop-laying. To avert this, there has been introduction of feeding dynamism which is 

characterized by continuous change in feeding practices among poultry farmers due to limited availability of feed 

and changing feed quality of branded feed [9]. This usually involve shift from one source of commercial feed to 

another, either in the short, medium or long-run. This study therefore investigated the response of egg-type 

chickens to simulated dynamics of poultry feeding in practice, with emphasis on egg quality. 

 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 

2.1. Study Location 

The experiment was conducted on a private farm at Ijeun-Akoni Village, Odeda Local Government Area 

(LGA), Osiele, Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria. Odeda LGA shares boundary with Abeokuta North LGA of Ogun 

State. Geographically, Abeokuta lies on latitude 7015N and longitude 3025E. Abeokuta lies on an altitude of about 

157m above sea level amidst isolated outcrop of natural formation of granite rocks which give the town landscape 

its undulating characteristics. The area has rainfall of between 100mm and 200mm [10, 11]. 

 

2.2. Animal Housing and Management 

A total number of four hundred and eighty, 53 weeks old ISA Brown laying hens were used for the experiment. 

They were housed in battery cages 50x40x40cm/cell (4layers/cell). The experimental feeds were offered at 

125g/bird/day and water was provided free-choice. Birds were raised under natural day length. 

 

Table 1. Nutrient composition of experimental feeds. 

Nutrients TF AC 

Crude protein 16.50 16.50 
Fat/oil 5.00 3.00 
Crude Fibre 6.00 7.00 

Calcium 3.60 3.60 
Phosphorus  0.45 0.45 
Methionine 0.34 - 
Lysine 0.80 - 
Salt 0.3 - 
Metabolizable energy (Kcal/kg) 2500 2650 

Source: Proprietary feeds leaflet. 

 

2.3. Feed and Feeding Practices 

Two reputable commercial brands (TF and AC) of feeds (Layers mash) of comparative nutritional quality were 

used for the experiment. The nutrient compositions of the experimental feeds are presented in Table 1. The feeding 

practice was twice feeding daily or thrice feeding daily. 



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2.4. Experimentation 

The experiment was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatment being 5 (five) dynamics of 

feed change and the block (two feeding times per day).The five treatment groups are 

Dynamic 1 (D1): use of TF Layers mash throughout the experiment. 

Dynamic 2 (D2): use of AC Layers mash throughout the experiment. 

Dynamic 3 (D3): short term (weekly) alternation of AC and TF throughout the experiment. 

Dynamic 4 (D4): medium (2 weekly) alternation of AC and TF throughout the experiment. 

Dynamic 5 (D5): Long term (monthly) alternation of AC and TF throughout the experiment. 

The two blocks were: 

Block 1 (B1): Feeding twice daily at 7a.m in the morning and 2pm in the afternoon. 

Block 2 (B2): Feeding thrice daily at 7a.m in the morning, 1pm in the afternoon and 5pm in the evening.  

 

2.5. Data Collection 

2.5.1. External Egg Quality 

Twelve (12) eggs were randomly selected weekly/group of 48 birds for egg quality analysis. The indices 

determined were as follows: 

Egg weight (g): Egg weight was taken for selected egg collected from the hens and the weighing was done for 

all the selected eggs. Egg weight was taken to the nearest grams for all eggs collected individually. 

Egg grade: Egg grades were assigned according to Agmark Standards for market table eggs [12].  

Egg length and width: The length and width of the egg were measured with electronic digital vernier caliper 

sensitive to 0.00mm. 

Egg Shape Index: The egg shape index was calculated as the proportion of egg length to diameter. 

Egg Shell Thickness (mm):  This was determined by pulling off the shell immediately the egg was broken and 

the shell was air-dried for 24 hours. Thereafter the egg shell thickness was measured with a micrometer screw 

gauge.  

Egg Shell Weight (g): Each egg was carefully broken and dried after which the egg was weighed using a 

weighing balance. 

 

2.6. Internal Egg Quality 

Albumen Height: The eggs after weighing were broken into a flat bottom glass positioned on a flat surface. 

The albumen height was measured using a tripod micrometer [13]. 

Albumen Weight: Albumen was placed in a petri-dish on an electronic digital scale and the weight determined 

by difference. 

Percentage Albumen: = Albumen weight × 100 

          Egg weight  

Yolk height: The eggs after weighing were broken into a flat bottom glass (beaker) positioned on a flat surface. 

The Yolk height was measured using a tripod micrometre.  

Yolk Weight (g): The yolk was separated from the albumen and placed in weighed petri-dish on an electronic 

digital scale and the weight of the yolk was determined by difference. 

Yolk Percentage: Yolk weight × 100 

                                            Egg weight  

Haugh Unit: This was calculated from the values obtained from the albumen height and egg weight by using 

the formula according to Williams [14].  

Haugh’s unit = 100log10 (H+7.57-1.7W0.37). 

 

 



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2.7. Proximate Composition of Egg 

2.7.1. Preparation of Egg for Analyses 

The samples of various treatment eggs were carefully opened and the contents emptied into a beaker. Egg 

samples were weighed using electronic balance and recorded. The sample were homogenized and kept in a dry, 

clean sample bottles and later used for analysis.  

 

2.7.2. Proximate Composition 

Moisture, ash, protein, and carbohydrate were determined by the methods described by AOAC [15]. Whereas 

lipid composition were determined by the method as described by McLean and Drake [16]. 

 

2.8. Statistical Analysis 

The Statistical Design was RCBD. Data were arranged in a 5 by 2 Factorial Experimental layout. Significant 

differences were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. All data analysis was done using [17]. 

Yijk=µ+Di+Fj+(DF)ij+∑ijk 

Where: 

Yijk = observed value of dependent variable. 

µ= overall mean. 

Di = Effect of the ith feeding dynamic (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). 

Fj = Effect of the jth feeding time (1, 2). 

(DF)ij = Effect of interaction between feed dynamics and feeding times. 

∑ijk= Residual Error. 

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

3.1. Effects of Simulated Feeding Dynamics on External Egg Quality of Poultry Birds 

The effects of simulated feeding dynamics on egg weight, grade, length, width, shape index, shell thickness and 

shell weight are presented in Figure 1(A-G). The result showed that different simulated feeding dynamics 

significantly contributed (P<0.05) to only egg weight (Figure A) and egg length (Figure C). High values were 

recorded for egg weight and egg length from birds on feeding dynamics D3 (short term weekly alternation of feed 

brands). Shell thickness (Figure F) was highest in birds on dynamics D5 being significantly (P<0.05) higher than 

that of birds on dynamics D1, D2, D3. Birds on dynamics 4 have intermediate value for shell thickness comparable 

(P>0.05) to that of other treatments. Similarly, birds in dynamics D5 have the highest shell weight (Figure G) 

which was higher (P<0.05) than that of other dynamics. The interactive effect is presented in Table 2. The highest 

value for egg grade was recorded in dynamics D2 with thrice feeding, followed by dynamics 4 with twice feeding 

while the least value was observed dynamics D4 with thrice feeding. However, both feeding dynamics and feeding 

frequencies significantly (p<.05, R2 = 0.41) contribute to length as single factors. The two factors did not jointly 

interact to significantly affect the egg length. 

In this study, different feeding dynamics significantly affected the egg weight and egg length. The highest 

values for these two important egg production factors were recorded in birds fed with short term (weekly) 

alternation of AC and TF throughout the experiment.  This implied that weekly alternation of AC and TF will 

ensure better egg weight and length of egg-type chickens. This finding was similar to the report of Molnár, et al. 

[18], who reported improvement in egg characteristics of laying hens whose feeds were alternated on daily basis. 

However, alternation of feed in the longer course seems to increase shell thickness and shell weight of the eggs. The 

highest values for both shell thickness and weight were recorded in birds fed with TF and AC feed alternatively for 

one month. The organization of egg shell microstructure is determined by genetic, physiological and external 

factors [19]. Egg shell thickness, firmness and weight are very important factors to consider in eggs because it 

conditions the biological and market value of eggs [19].   



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To further explain this, hen forming thick egg shells had significantly higher egg shell weight, average egg 

shell thickness and lower rate of breakage (cracked, broken or shell-less eggs) in comparison with hens forming thin 

egg shells [19, 20]. The fact that long term alternation of feed resulted in better egg shell weight and thickness 

suggests that Ca, P and Mg metabolism for egg shell formation is not amenable to frequent change of feed brand. In 

this study, different feeding dynamics significantly affected the egg weight and egg length. The highest values for 

these two important egg production factors were recorded in birds fed with short term (weekly) alternation of AC 

and TF throughout the experiment. This implied that weekly alternation of AC care and TF will ensure better egg 

weight and length of egg-type chickens. This finding was similar to the report of Molnár, et al. [18], who reported 

improvement in egg characteristics of laying hens whose feeds were alternated on daily basis. 

 

 



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Figure 1. Effects of simulated feeding dynamics on Egg weight (A) grade (B) length (C) width (D) shape index (E) Shell thickness (F) and shell 
weight (G). Bars with different superscripts (alphabet) on a chart are significantly different (P<0.05). 

 



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Table 2. Interactive effects of stimulated feeding dynamics and feeding frequency on external egg quality of chicken’s egg 

Dynamics Feeding 
frequency 

Egg weight Egg Grade Egg Length Egg width Egg shape 
index 

Shell 
thickness 

Shell weight 

Dynamics 1 Twice feeding 64.52±0.89 2.79±0.06ab 5.53±0.03ab 4.25±0.02a 1.30±0.01ab 0.72±0.01ab 6.66±0.11ab 

Thrice feeding 63.29±0.66a 2.85±0.05b 5.54±0.03ab 4.20±0.01a 1.31±0.01b 0.72±0.01ab 6.40±0.01a 

Dynamics 2 Twice feeding 64.49±0.87ab 2.80±0.07ab 5.52±0.05ab 4.24±0.02a 1.31±0.01b 0.73±0.01ab 6.47±0.12a 
Thrice feeding 66.44±0.71b 2.94±0.04b 5.65±0.03c 4.26±0.02a 1.32±0.01b 0.70±0.01a 6.39±0.01a 

Dynamics 3 Twice feeding 66.44±0.83b 2.90±0.05b 5.60±0.03abc 4.28±0.02a 1.31±0.01b 0.72±0.01ab 6.54±0.11ab 

Thrice feeding 65.67±0.94ab 2.83±0.05b 5.63±0.03bc 4.24±0.02a 1.32±0.01b 0.72±0.01ab 6.58±0.10ab 

Dynamics 4  Twice feeding 64.83±0.58ab 2.92±0.04b 5.57±0.03abc 4.27±0.02a 1.30±0.01ab 0.73±0.01ab 6.65±0.08ab 

Thrice feeding 63.88±0.95a 2.65±0.08a 5.61±0.04abc 12.09±7.85a 1.32±0.01b 0.72±0.01ab 6.43±0.12a 

Dynamics 5 Twice feeding 64.96±0.63ab 2.85±0.05b 5.51±0.02a 4.29±0.02a 1.29±0.01a 0.74±0.01b 6.57±0.01ab 

Thrice feeding 64.38±0.63ab 2.83±0.05b 5.53±0.03ab 4.24±0.02a 1.32±0.01b 0.74±0.01b 6.77±0.09b 

Interactions  p-values p-values p-values p-values p-values p-values p-values 
Dynamics  0.046 0.529 0.021* 0.404 0.463 0.071 0.245 
Feeding freq.  0.519 0.397 0.038* 0.326 0.002* 0.213 0.328 
Dynamics + Feeding freq.   0.243 0.004* 0.365 0.405 0.350 0.384 0.132 
R2 Values  0.032 0.39 0.41 0.019 0.36 0.30 0.28 

Note: Values with the same superscript (alphabet) in a column are not significantly different (p>0.05). *p-values with asterisk connotes significant interactions (p<0.05) 
.



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3.2. Effects of Simulated Feeding Dynamics on Internal Egg Quality of Poultry Birds 
The effects of simulated feeding dynamics on egg albumen height, weight and percentage, yolk height, yolk 

weight, percentage yolk and haught unit are presented in Figure 2(A-G). The result showed that different 

stimulated feeding dynamics significantly contributed (P<0.05) to albumen weight (Figure A), yolk weight (Figure 

E) and percentage yolk (Figure F). The highest value for egg albumen weight was recorded in birds from feeding 

dynamics D2 while the least was recorded in birds from feeding dynamics D1. Furthermore, the highest value for 

yolk weight and percentage yolk was recorded in birds from feeding dynamics D4 while the least was recorded in 

birds from feeding dynamics D2. The interactive effect is presented in Table 3. It was recorded that all parameters 

on internal egg quality were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by feed pattern. The results showed that both 

feeding dynamics and feeding frequencies did not significantly contribute to egg albumen height (P>0.05, R2 = 

0.24), egg albumen weight (P>0.05, R2 = 0.35) and percentage albumen (0.05, R2 = 0.19) width either as single or 

joint factors. Contrastingly, only feeding dynamics significantly contributed to yolk weight and percentage yolk as 

a single factor. However, no joint interaction effects of feeding dynamics and feeding frequency on yolk weight and 

percentage yolk was observed. The highest values for both yolk weight and percentage yolk were recorded in 

birds on feeding dynamics D4. 

The result from this study revealed that egg weight, comprises of the cumulative weight of its components 

such as albumen, haught unit, yolk, etc. The only variability observed with respect to albumin properties of the 

egg with respect to the different feeding dynamics observed in this study was observed in egg albumen weight. 

The different feeding dynamics significantly affected the yolk weight and percentage yolk, but did not significantly 

affect the yolk height and haught unit. Studies have reported that egg quality characteristics such as yolk weight, 

percentage yolk, yolk height and colour have been of great interest to the egg industry [21-23]. Hence 

determining feeding practices that best suit these properties is very important. This current study revealed that 

medium alternation (two weekly) of AC and TF throughout the experiment produced the best results for yolk 

weight and yolk percentage.  

To further understand the best feeding practices that will mostly influence these eggs qualities, we employed 

factorial analysis to study interactions between different feeding dynamics Simulated Feeding Dynamics (SFD) 

and feeding (FQ) frequencies using general linear model for univariate analysis of variance and this revealed that 

interaction between SFD and FQ only significantly affected egg grade. This implied that the role of the feed in 

quality egg production might be more important than the feeding frequency employed in this study. This is in 

contrast with earlier report of Molnár, et al. [18] who reported significant differences in some egg quality 

parameters with respect to different feeding frequencies. The reason for this disparity might be due to the 

differences in feeding frequency employed in this study and theirs. This study employed twice and thrice feeding a 

day, while their own study employed twice feeding and uncontrolled feeding (throughout the day). 

 

  



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Figure 2. Effects of simulated feeding dynamics on Egg albumin height (A) weight (B) percentage albumin (C) Yolk height (D) Yolk weight € 
percentage yolk (F) and Haugh unit (G). Bars with different superscripts (alphabet) on a chart are significantly different (P<0.05). 
 



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Table 3. Interactive effects of stimulated feeding dynamics and feeding frequency on internal egg quality of chicken’s egg 

Dynamics Feeding 
frequency 

Albumin 
height 

Albumin 
weight 

% Albumin Yolk height Yolk weight % Yolk Haught Unit 

Dynamics 1 Twice feeding 11.64±0.03a 41.15±0.86ab 63.23±0.99a 4.52±0.03ab 19.83±0.41bcd 30.81±0.71abc 105.08±0.13ab 

 Thrice feeding 11.36±0.22a 38.94±0.56a 61.32±0.57a 4.42±0.02a 19.25±0.36ab 30.73±0.48abc 104.77±0.18ab 

Dynamics 2 Twice feeding 11.39±0.21a 40.96±0.72ab 63.39±0.57a 5.29±0.81b 19.08±0.36a 29.97±0.50ab 123.74±18.95b 

 Thrice feeding 11.57±0.04a 42.31±0.69b 63.75±0.85a 4.44±0.03ab 19.60±0.30bc 29.60±0.45a 105.26±0.13ab 

Dynamics 3 Twice feeding 11.63±0.03a 40.79±0.66ab 61.58±0.93a 4.52±0.03ab 20.29±0.34cd 30.67±0.55abc 105.08±0.13ab 

 Thrice feeding 11.62±0.03a 40.83±0.66ab 64.26±0.52a 4.45±0.03ab 19.69±0.25bc 30.10±0.41ab 105.01±0.17ab 

Dynamics 4  Twice feeding 11.69±0.04a 42.25±0.70b 62.74±0.96a 4.57±0.03ab 20.90±0.35d 32.83±0.88d 104.62±0.15ab 

 Thrice feeding 11.64±0.03a 40.77±0.72ab 64.79±1.02a 4.53±0.03ab 19.98±0.48bcd 31.95±0.53cd 104.85±0.13ab 

Dynamics 5 Twice feeding 11.64±0.03a 42.06±0.55b 64.31±0.76a 4.53±0.03ab 20.44±0.30cd 31.51±0.50bcd 103.31±1.99a 

 Thrice feeding 11.66±0.03a 40.77±0.94ab 64.34±0.76a 4.49±0.03ab 20.25±0.23bcd 31.66±0.43bcd 105.28±0.14ab 

Interactions  p-values p-values p-values p-values p-values p-values p-values 
Dynamics  0.217 0.145 0.384 0.537 0.004* 0.000* 0.397 
Feeding freq.  0.681 0.114 0.304 0.181 0.105 0.324 0.392 
Dynamics + Feeding freq.   0.253 0.100 0.410 0.452 0.269 0.906 0.425 
R2 Values  0.24 0.35 0.19 0.18 0.48 0.57 0.18 
Note: Values with the same superscript (alphabet) in a column are not significantly different (p>0.05). * p-values with asterisk connotes significant interactions (P<0.05). 



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3.3. Interactive Effects of Simulated Feeding Dynamics and Feeding Frequency on Proximate Content of Eggs 

The interactions effects of simulated feeding dynamics and feeding frequency on proximate contents of the eggs 

were presented in Table 4. The results showed that feeding dynamics and feeding frequency significantly (P<0.05) 

contributed (both singly and jointly) to ash, and crude protein contents of the egg. These interactions accounted for 

over 90% of the variations observed in the parameters. Feeding dynamics 4 and 5 significantly (P<0.05) decreased 

ash Crude protein (CP) and Carbohydrate (CHO) constituents of the egg. Feeding dynamics 4 and 5 also increased 

as well thrice feeding daily increased (P<0.05) the fat content of the egg.  

 

Table 4. Interactive effect of stimulated feeding dynamics and feeding frequency on proximate content of eggs. 

Dynamics Feeding frequency Ash Fat Crude protein Moisture CHO 

Dynamics 1 
Twice feeding 1.14cd 19.25c 12.48de 23.25c 43.87d 

Thrice feeding 0.98bc 11.12a 13.49e 21.87bc 53.17g 

Dynamics 2 
Twice feeding 1.48d 19.70c 11.82cd 21.96bc 45.29e 

Thrice feeding 0.86b 21.50d 11.09bc 23.04c 43.51cd 

Dynamics 3 
Twice feeding 1.04bc 16.70b 12.60de 20.77ab 48.91f 

Thrice feeding 1.30cd 23.12e 10.29ab 22.00bc 43.92d 

Dynamics 4 
Twice feeding 0.88b 27.18g 11.06bc 22.68c 38.75a 

Thrice feeding 1.34cd 25.70f 9.67a 23.43c 39.87b 

Dynamics 5 
Twice feeding 0.21a 26.70g 10.46ab 20.00a 42.65c 

Thrice feeding 1.19cd 29.25h 9.74a 20.94ab 38.87ab 

Interactions  p-values p-values p-values p-values p-values 
Dynamics  0.006* 0.001* 0.001* 0.003* 0.001* 
Feeding freq.  0.019* 0.223 0.007* 0.130 0.900 
Dynamics + Feeding freq. 0.001* 0.001* 0.018* 0.129 0.001* 

R2 Values  0.913 0.997 0.910 0.824 0.994 
Note: Values with the same superscript (alphabet) in a column are not significantly different (P>0.05).* p-values with asterisk connotes significant interactions 
(P<0.05) 

 

4. CONCLUSION  

The results of this study showed that different feeding dynamics have influence on the external egg quality for 

weight and length in birds fed with short term (weekly) alternation of AC and TF throughout the experiment. 

Similarly the short term (Dynamic 3) option gave better balance of nutrient composition of the egg than dynamics 4 

and 5. Alternation of feed in the longer course seems to favour increased shell thickness and shell weight of the 

eggs. From this study, it can be concluded that switching over to a feed of comparative quality not detrimental to 

egg quality however interchanging feeds on a short term basis (weekly) is recommended from the findings of this 

study. The study also observed that dividing daily feed allowance into three offers no advantage over feeding twice. 

Feeding laying birds twice daily is therefore recommended. 

 
Funding: This study received no specific financial support.    
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.  
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed equally to the conception and design of the study. 

 

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