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Original scientific article                                         doi: https://doi.org/10.35469/ak.2019.195
received: 2019-11-11                                                        UDC: 796.853.23.063

THE IMPACT OF THE 2013 RULE CHANGES ON GRIPPING 
CONFIGURATION IN HIGH-LEVEL JUDO ATHLETES 

Nemanja STANKOVIĆ1, Nikola MILOŠEVIĆ1, Mladen ŽIVKOVIĆ1 

1 University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia

Corresponding Author:
Nemanja STANKOVIĆ

University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education,
Čarnojevićeva 10a, 18000 Niš, Serbia

Phone: +381 69 18 29 073
E-mail: nemanjastankovic84@hotmail.com

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-1481 

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: International Judo Federation introduced a set of new rules in a short 
time period (2009 − 2013). The aim of this research is to determine how the rule modi-
fication influences the gripping configurations used by elite male judo athletes. 

METHODS: The sample contained 280 combats from the 2011 and 2014 World 
Championships. All the effective and ineffective throw attempts with related gripping 
configurations were registered. 

The Chi-square test was used to determine the difference between frequencies, 
along with Z-test for calculating the partial difference.

RESULTS: A total of 1707 actions and gripping configurations were registered. 
The Chi-square test showed that there is a significant difference in the usage of grip-
ping configurations between the two championships (χ2=32,8; sig<0,001). The Z-test 
showed a significant increase in the usage of kenka-yotsu and ai-yotsu, and a signifi-
cant decrease in the usage of central grip, cross grip and situations where only tori has 
established a grip. The difference in the usage of the same side grip was not detected. 

CONCLUSION: The recommendation for coaches is to reduce the use of all other 
gripping configurations except kenka-yotsu and ai-yotsu when practicing techniques, 
especially unorthodox gripping like the cross grip and the same side grip. 

Keywords: kumikata, technical-tactical analysis, performance analysis, combat 
sports

mailto:nemanjastankovic84@hotmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-1481


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VPLIV LETA 2013 UVEDENIH SPREMEMB PRAVIL NA IZVAJANJE 
TEHNIK PRIJEMA PRI VRHUNSKIH MOŠKIH JUDOISTIH

IZVLEČEK

CILJ: Mednarodna judo federacija (IJF) je v sorazmerno kratkem obdobju med leti 
2009 in 2013 uvedla vrsto novih pravil. Cilj te raziskave je ugotoviti, kako so te spre-
membe vplivale na izvajanja tehnik prijema pri vrhunskih moških judoistih.

METODE: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 280 borb iz svetovnih prvenstev v letih 
2011 in 2014 in registrirani so bili vsi uspešno, kot tudi neuspešno zaključeni prijemi.

Hi-kvadrat test je bil uporabljen za ugotavljanje razlik v porazdelitvi frekvenc in 
Z-test za izračun razlik.

REZULTATI: Skupno je bilo registriranih 1707 akcij in tehnik prijema. Hi-kvadrat 
test je pokazal, da obstaja pri izvajanju tehnik prijema med obema prvenstvoma pomemb-
na razlika (χ2=32,8; sig<0,001). Rezultati Z-testa so pokazali, da je prišlo do povečanja 
frekvence uporabe prijemov kenka-yotsu in ai-yotsu, in značilno zmanjšanje frekvenc 
uporabe sredinskega prijema, nasprotnega (križnega) prijema in akcij, kjer je prijem 
izvedel le izvajalec prijema. Ni bilo razlik med uporabo levega in desnega prijema.

ZAKLJUČEK: Rezultati raziskave navajajo priporočilo trenerjem, da se pri trenin-
gu tehnike prijema čim manj poslužujejo vseh konfiguracij prijema razen kenka-yotsu 
in ai-yotsu. Še zlasti to velja za neortodoksne vrste prijemov, kot so nasprotni prijem in 
levi oz. desni prijem.

Ključne besede: kumi kata, tehnično-taktična analiza, izvedbena analiza, borilni 
športi

INTRODUCTION

A continuous search for improvement made a significant change in judo rules in the 
last decade. Aiming to promote more attacking style and improve audience understand-
ing of the fight, International Judo Federation introduced a set of new rules in a short 
time period (Boguszewski, 2011; Franchini, Takito, & Calmet, 2013; Ito et al., 2013; 
Calmet, Pierantozzi, Sterkowicz, Challis, & Franchini, 2017). Including blue and white 
judogi, excluding the smallest point koka, adding and changing the rules of the fight 
in the situation of an equal score at the end of the regular time of the fight – it was all 
a prelude to the most significant rule change in the history of the sport. In 2009, IJF 
limited direct contact of the attacker’s hand below the belt of the opponent (allowed 
only in counter-attack or as a second part of the combination of techniques). First in 
2013, all techniques that include leg grab were completely banned (Franchini, Takito 
& Calmet, 2013). This is highly important because the execution of some of the most 



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efficient techniques (te guruma, kata guruma, kuchiki taoshi, morote gari) include grab-
bing the leg of the opponent (Miarka, Ferreira Julio, Del Vecchio, Calmet, & Franchini, 
2010). Secondly, they reduced the importance of penalties in favor of attacking scores. 
Thirdly, kumikata fighting (grip fighting) was totally altered by forbidding the competi-
tors to break grip with both hands simultaneously. Also, they demand from the judokas 
to attack “immediately” in the situations where they are having any other grip that is 
different from the classic judo grip. For both of the above-mentioned infringements, 
judokas will be penalized with shido (International Judo Federation ‒ IJF, 2013). 

These are sport-changing modifications since grip fighting phase makes up a large 
part of the total combat time (Barreto et al., 2019) and having a dominant grip is one 
of the most important factors for the positive outcome of the combat (Kajmovic, Rađo, 
Mekic, Crnogorac & Colakhodzic, 2014). The players who are able to establish their 
grip during the fight have more chances to apply their throwing technique or to enforce 
a penalty to their opponent by making them passive. Grip fighting is also an important 
factor that distinguishes elite judokas from average and it is documented that it is differ-
ent in relation to sex, age, weight and judokas’ proficiency (Calmet, Miarka & Franchi-
ni, 2010; Miarka et al., 2012, Miarka et al., 2014; Miarka, Sterkowicz-Przybycien & 
Fukuda, 2017; Barreto et al., 2019; Dal Bello, Aedo-Muñoz, Brito, & Miarka, 2019). 
IJF assumed that changing the kumikata rules will shorten the grip fight and force the 
judokas to spend more time in firm contact, which is necessary to perform a throw.

Influence of the rule modifications was investigated in the terms of scores and penal-
ties, match duration and the efficiency of judo techniques (Adam et al., 2012; Franchini, 
Takito & Calmet, 2013; Calmet et al., 2017; Calmet, Pierantozzi, Sterkowicz, Takito, 
& Franchini, 2017). There is scarce evidence about the impact made to gripping strat-
egy used in combat. Therefore, the aim of this research is to determine how the rule 
modification influences the gripping configurations used by elite male judo athletes. We 
hypothesised that the rule modification will influence gripping configurations in elite 
male judo athletes.

METHODS

Sample

The sample contained 280 fights from two World Championships (2011 Paris World 
Championships and 2014 Chelyabinsk World Championships). To ensure the elite char-
acteristic of the sample, preliminary rounds of the tournament were excluded. Final, 
bronze medal matches, semi-finals, repechages, 1/4 and 1/8 finals from each of the 
seven men weight divisions were analyzed. For a more detailed analysis, the categories 
were classified as light (-60kg and -66kg), middle (73kg, -81kg and -90kg) and heavy 
(-100kg and +100kg) according to a previous classification made elsewhere (Escobar-
Molina, Courel, Franchini, Femia, & Stankovic, 2014; Stankovic, Cuk, Milosevic, & 
Stamenkovic, 2015). 



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Variable Data

Effective actions that ended with a score announced by the referee and ineffective 
actions in which a contestant clearly unbalanced his adversary were included in the 
analysis. The observers’ task was to associate the appropriate grip configuration with 
every action that was registered. Gripping variables were as follows: a) ai-yotsu (both 
athletes used the same grip – right or left); b) central grip (both athletes  were gripping 
the sleeves or lapels at the same time); c) same side grip (the athlete attacking was using 
a classic lapel grip, but instead of holding the opposite sleeve, he was holding the sleeve 
on the same side of lapel grip); d) kenka-yotsu (each athlete was holding the opposite 
grip compared to the opponents grip (i.e., right versus left)); e) cross grip (the athlete 
attacking was having a classic sleeve grip, but instead of holding opposite lapel, he was 
holding the lapel on the same side of sleeve grip) and f) only one athlete (tori) was hav-
ing a grip (the athlete attacking performed the grip and applied the technique before the 
opponent establishes his grip) (Courel, Franchini, Femia, Stankovic, & Escobar-Moli-
na, 2014; Stankovic et al., 2015). These grip configurations take into consideration the 
interaction between the fighters, instead of analyzing only the fighter who is performing 
the throw attempt. The ai-yotsu and kenka-yotsu grip explain clearly the relations be-
tween the judokas. Cross grip, same side grip, and central grip are unorthodox gripping 
configurations that favor one of the athletes and the referee is obliged to stop the fight 
and award a penalty to an athlete that was holding this kind of grip for more than five 
seconds without initiating an attack. There were also situations where the attack was 
initiated before the opponent was able to establish his grip.

Procedures

All videos included were provided by the International Judo Federation via their 
official Dartfish.tv – Channel. Landscape view of the entire competition area and video 
quality (standard definition 480/60i) provided the necessary ecological validity of the 
sample. The free computer version of Lince 1.2.1 software, flexible digital recording 
software that enables data exportation, was used to collect data (Gabin, Camerino, An-
guera & Castañer, 2012). 

Reliability Testing

Two experts with more than 25 years of judo experience, at least 4th Dan-degree 
black belt and PhD in Sports Science conducted the analysis. The reliability measures 
were assessed through intra-observer and inter-observer testing procedures. The follow-
ing Kappa values and strength of agreement classifications were used: 0.0 to 0.2, poor; 
0.21 to 0.40, fair; 0.41 to 0.60, moderate; 0.61 to 0.80, substantial; 0.81 to 1.00, almost 
perfect (Hopkins, 2000). The index and classification of Kappa values for Inter-expert 



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(0.74) and Intra-expert (0.88 and 0.91) measurements were classified as “Strong” and 
“Almost perfect”.

Statistical Analysis

To determine the difference between the two world championships, the Chi-square 
test at the level of statistical significance of 0,05% with contingency tables to determine 
the difference between frequencies was used, along with the Z-test for calculating the 
partial difference between each variable that was analyzed. Data were analyzed using 
the IBM SPSS 20.0.

RESULTS

A total of 280 matches were analyzed, from which 1707 actions were extracted (6.1 
per match). Number of actions per match increased from 5.4 in 2011 to 6.8 in 2014. The 
difference in the gripping configurations applied between the two world championships 
was determined by the χ2 test (Table 1). A test result of sig <0.001 indicates that there 
are statistically significant differences in the gripping configurations used. 

Table 1. Chi-square test for gripping configurations observed at two championships.

A
I-

Y
O

T
SU

C
E

N
T

R
A

L 
G

R
IP

SA
M

E
 S

ID
E

 
G

IR
P

K
E

N
K

A
-Y

O
T

SU

C
R

O
SS

 G
R

IP

TO
R

I G
R

IP
S

Total

2011 183 
(24,11%)

78 
(10,28%)

37 
(4,87%)

288 
(37,94%)

85 
(11,2%)

88 
(11,59%) 759

2014 257 
(27,11%)

81 
(8,54%)

47 
(4,96%)

436 
(45,99%)

51 
(5,38%)

76 
(8,02%) 948

Total 440 159 84 724 136 164 1707

χ2=32,8; sig<0,001



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To determine which gripping configurations contributed to the differences be-
tween the two samples, a Z-test was performed for the proportions of the two inde-
pendent samples. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the ai yotsu 
and kenka-yotsu configurations were more prevalent in 2014, and the central grip, 
cross grip and tori grips were more used in 2011.

Table 2. Z-test for gripping configurations observed at two championships.

 2011 2014 z sig

AI-YOTSU 183 
(24,11%)

257 
(27,11%) -2.77 0,006

CENTRAL GRIP 78 
(10,28%)

81 
(8,54%) 4.01 <0.001

SAME SIDE GRIP 37 
(4,87%)

47 
(4,96%) -0.35 0.723

KENKA-YOTSU 288 
(37,94%)

436 
(45,99%) -5.11 <0.001

CROSS GRIP 85 
(11,2%)

51 
(5,38%) 15.63 <0.001

TORI GRIPS 88 
(11,59%)

76 
(8,02%) 8.04 <0.001

By using the χ2 test we found a statistically significant difference when compar-
ing two championships separately by each weight category (p<0.05%).  To determine 
which gripping configurations contributed to the differences between the two samples, 
the Z-test was performed. In Table 3 the difference between the two championships by 
weight category was presented.



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Nemanja STANKOVIĆ, Nikola MILOŠEVIĆ, Mladen ŽIVKOVIĆ: THE IMPACT OF THE 2013 RULE CHANGES ON GRIPPING ..., 3–13

Table 3. Z-test for gripping configurations observed at two championships by weight 
division.

L
IG

H
T

W
E

IG
H

T
(-

60
 ,-

66
)

M
ID

D
L

E
W

E
IG

H
T

(-
73

 ,-
81

, -
90

)

H
E

AV
Y

W
E

IG
H

T
(-

10
0,

 +
10

0)

2011-2014
(Total)

AI-YOTSU ↔ 
(p=0,682)

↑
(p<0.001)

↑
(p=0.003) ↑

CENTRAL GRIP ↔
(p=0,922)

↓
(p<0.001)

↔
(p=0.633) ↓

SAME SIDE GRIP ↑
(p=0.036)

↑
(p=0.003)

↓
(p<0.001) ↔

KENKA-YOTSU ↑
(p<0.001)

↔
 (p=0,112)

↑
 (p=0.017) ↑

CROSS GRIP ↓
 (p<0.001)

↓
 (p<0.001)

↓
 (p<0.001) ↓

TORI GRIPS ↓
 (p<0.001)

↔
 (p=0.335)

↓
 (p<0.001) ↓

↔ There is no statistical difference between the two championships; ↑ there is a statistically significant in-
crease in the usage of kumikata; ↓ there is a statistically significant decrease in the usage of kumikata.

DISCUSSION

The aim of the present study is was to determine how the rule modification influ-
ences the  gripping configurations used by elite male judo athletes. A total of 1707 grip-
ping configurations connected to the throwing attempt were registered in a sample of 
280 fights, with 6.1 throwing attempts per match on average. A similar number of fights 
(242) and throwing attempts (1462) were analyzed in studies conducted by Courel et 
al. (2014) and Escobar-Molina et al. (2014), noting that their sample consisted of both 
male and female combats. On average, in these two studies, there was the same num-
ber of throw attempts per match (6.0 vs. 6.1). A similar result (7.0) was reported on 
the sample of International championship matches held during 2011 and 2012, while 
there were significantly more throwing attempts per combat (9.0) registered at the 2012 
Olympics (Miarka et al., 2016). The dominant configurations in both championships 



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were kenka yotsu, followed by ai yotsu. While using kenka-yotsu, athletes are typically 
in an asymmetrical position which increases their chance to score (Mayo, Dopico-Cal-
vo, & Iglesias-Soler, 2019) while not compromising the defense (Courel et al., 2014). 
In seniors, the same conclusion was reached by Courel et al. (2014), while in two other 
studies ai yotsu was the dominant gripping configuration (Kajmovic & Radjo, 2014; 
Kajmovic, et al., 2014). A possible explanation is a different sample used in the terms 
of the level of competition (national vs. elite) and different age categories (cadet vs. 
senior) when compared to our sample.

As expected, new gripping rules have increased the difficulty of breaking the grip, 
leading to a significant increase of grip configurations where tori and uke have a strong 
connection (kenka-yotsu and ai-yotsu). Consequently, a shorter time period judokas 
spent separated led to a significant decrease in the situations where only one judoka 
(tori) had a grip. These trends were clearly visible even when the sample was divided 
by weight category on light, middle and heavyweight. 

International Judo Federation wanted to discourage the use of any unorthodox grip-
ping that will give a clear attacking or defensive advantage to one of the contestants. 
To avoid a potential penalty, they demand from the judokas to attack “immediately” 
in the situations where they are having any other grip than the classic judo grip. The 
result is a significant decrease in the usage of cross grip. The decrease is observed in 
the whole sample, but also when analyzing by weight category. The use of the central 
grip decreased significantly. Since central grip configuration is a defensive grip, used 
to block the opponent’s attacks rather than to produce our own, the registered decrease 
can be characterized as a positive outcome of the rule changes.

We hypothesize that the absence of significant differences in the usage of same side 
grip was due to a modification of one of the most utilized judo techniques − kata gu-
ruma (Miarka et al., 2010; Witkowski, Maśliński, & Kotwica, 2012). The classic kata 
guruma is performed by grabbing the opponent’s leg, which was previously allowed. 
Now, judokas avoid breaking new rules while applying kata guruma by grabbing the 
sleeve instead of the leg of the opponent (Ito et al. 2013). The significant increase of the 
same side grip was observed in light and middleweight categories, while there was a 
decrease in heavyweight. Kata guruma is rarely used by heavyweights since for execut-
ing the technique one needs to hold complete weight of the opponent on the shoulders.

The present results demonstrated the differences in the usage of gripping configura-
tions before and after the rule change. The fact that ai yotsu and kenka yotsu combined 
for 73% of all grip configurations used in 2014 (vs. 62% in 2011) further highlights 
the importance of the firm connection between the judokas during the execution of the 
throw. By shortening the allowed time to use unorthodox grips, the usage of these grips 
during the attacking actions was reduced significantly (from 16% in 2011 to 10% in 
2014).



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CONCLUSION

The current research aimed to compare gripping configurations used in two world 
championships. Summarizing the results it can be stated that the aimed outcomes of the 
gripping rule modification have been achieved. By making it harder to break the grip of 
the opponent, judokas were forced to use the gripping configurations that include a firm 
relationship with their adversary, thus providing more attacking attempts per combat. 
The recommendation for coaches is to significantly reduce the use of all other gripping 
configurations when practicing techniques, especially unorthodox gripping like cross 
grip and same side grip. These findings will help coaches build adequate training re-
gimes in order to improve their competitors’ technical and tactical skills that are neces-
sary for competing at the highest level of competition.

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