









































ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

19

Original scientific article                                       DOI: https://doi.org/10.35469/ak.2023.424
received: 2023-11-17          UDC: 796.035:316.472

ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL 
MEDIA AND THE CHOICE OF FITNESS TRAINER

Nikolina ALERIĆ1, Ana PENJAK1, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ1

1Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Croatia

Corresponding author: 
Ana PENJAK

1Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split
Teslina 6, HR-21000 Split, Croatia

Telephone: +385 21 302 440
Email: ana.penjak@kifst.eu

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to: a) investigate and determine gender differences to-
wards factors influencing gym-goers’ choice of fitness trainer; and b) to identify and 
explain gender differences in gym-goers’ attitudes towards social media exercise con-
tents (SMEC). For this purpose, a questionnaire was created. The study was conducted 
on a sample of 50 gym-goers (N1=13 male and N2=37 female), all attending a gym 
in Split, Croatia. The variable sample consisted of five groups of variables. Test-retest 
overlap was performed to determine the reliability (88.20%) of the questionnaire. The 
results showed that the affirmative attitudes were statistically significant in contrast 
to the non-affirmative attitudes (Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test, T=250.00, Z=3.60, 
p<0.001). In addition, male gym-goers generally have a significantly more affirmati-
ve attitude towards SMEC than female gym-goers (Mann-Whitney U-test, U=119.50, 
Z=–2.68, p=0.007). Furthermore, there are gender differences in choosing a fitness 
trainer based on their appearance; but there are no gender differences in the attitude 
towards the number of fitness trainers’ followers on social media as an indicator of tru-
stworthiness. As this study was specifically concerned with the attitudes of gym-goers, 
future studies should focus on sports professionals and their attitudes toward this topic.

Keywords: social media, attitudes, fitness trainer, exercise, gender



20

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

ODNOS DO VSEBIN V DRUŽBENIH MEDIJIH, POVEZANIH S 
TELESNO VADBO, IN IZBIRA TRENERJA FITNESA

IZVLEČEK

Cilj raziskave je bil: a) proučiti in opredeliti razlike med spoloma v dejavnikih, ki 
vplivajo na odločitev obiskovalcev fitnesa o izbiri trenerja, ter b) ugotoviti in razloži-
ti razlike med spoloma v odnosu obiskovalcev fitnesa do vsebin v družbenih medijih, 
povezanih s telesno vadbo. V ta namen smo na novo zasnovali vprašalnik. Raziskavo 
smo izvedli na vzorcu 50 oseb (N1 = 13 moških, N2 = 37 žensk), ki obiskujejo fitnes v 
Splitu. Vzorec spremenljivk je bil sestavljen iz petih skupin spremenljivk. Izvedli smo 
test ponovljivosti, s katerim smo določili zanesljivost (88,20 %) vprašalnika. Rezultati 
so pokazali statistično pomembnost afirmativnih odnosov v nasprotju z neafirmativnimi 
(Wilcoxonov test ekvivalentnih parov, T = 250,00, Z = 3,60, p < 0,001). Poleg tega 
je bil odnos moških obiskovalcev fitnesa do vsebin v družbenih medijih, povezanih s 
telesno vadbo, veliko bolj afirmativen kot odnos obiskovalk (Mann-Whitneyjev U test, 
U = 119,50, Z = -2,68, p = 0,007). Med spoloma so bile razlike tudi pri izbiri trenerja 
fitnesa na podlagi njegovega videza, ni pa bilo razlik med spoloma v odnosu do števila 
sledilcev, ki jih ima trener v družbenih medijih, kot kazalnika njegove verodostojnosti. 
Ta raziskava zajema samo obiskovalce fitnesa, zato bi se morale prihodnje raziskave 
osredotočiti na poklicne športnike in njihov odnos do te teme.

Ključne besede: družbeni mediji, odnos, trener fitnesa, vadba, spol



21

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

INTRODUCTION

Over the last twenty years, technology has not only changed the way we live 
but also the way we work. This has led to a sedentary lifestyle, less physical 
work and the emergence of modern diseases (WHO, 2021; European Commis-
sion, 2021).

As online access to information does not require users to have any prior kno-
wledge or knowledge of a programming language (Norman, 2012), people have 
easier and cheaper access than before (Chou, Hunt, Beckjord, Moser & Hesse, 
2009; Hanson et al., 2011; Ralph, Berglas, Schwartz & Brindis, 2011; Selkie, 
Benson & Moreno, 2011; Usher, 2011). For example, statistical data indicate 
that 61% of American adults use the Internet to find information about sports 
and health every day, while 39% look for the same information on social media 
(Fox & Jones, 2018); 22% of healthcare professionals in Norway use Facebook 
as a source of health information, while 45% of healthcare professionals in 
Norway and Sweden use LinkedIn for the same purpose (Teodoro & Naaman, 
2013); and 30% of the world’s population uses social media as a medium of 
interaction every day (Regan, 2015).

Due to its efficiency and convenience, social media as a global phenomenon 
has become an indispensable means of communication today: a channel for the 
instant exchange of information, opinions, and attitudes shared by all genera-
tions worldwide (Ratinger, 2017; Stanojević, 2011; Akbari, Huc, Liqiangb & 
Chua, 2018). Even more, its use is not only a common medium to emphasize 
one’s interests or hobbies but also a medium to share knowledge and opportu-
nities in various fields and for various purposes in our daily lives: from its use 
in health and educational professions (Mani, Uma, John & Mieminen, 2023; 
Zaintal & Rahmat, 2020) to its impact on consumers’ purchase intention, wor-
kers’ creativity (Arora, Rana & Prashar, 2023; Zhang, Wang & Chen, 2023) and 
even as a tool to promote the career prospects of female academics in countries 
where women’s career prospects are not as promising as men’s (Sarwar, Imran, 
Akhtar & Fatima, 2023).

Furthermore, when browsing online profiles, people are subject to trends im-
posed by social media, whether consciously or unconsciously. One such trend 
concerns the profiles of fitness trainers and their social media exercise content 
(SMEC). The idea of taking care of one’s health, combined with daily posts of 
exercises, healthy eating, and various ways to become physically active, has 
led to the emergence of this modern trend that has taken on an important, even 
invasive, role in contemporary life. In other words, Facebook and Instagram, 
as the most popular social media in terms of followers, have enabled fitness 



22

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

trainers to publish such content and reach a large audience through pictures, 
videos and motivational posts (Stanojević, 2011; Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). In 
addition, today’s gym-goers have become more demanding and require more 
information and expertise than what they receive in a gym (McCall, 2015). Nu-
merous studies have highlighted the positive impact of SMEC on its users. In 
addition to the ability to publish daily online exercise videos and motivational 
posts, fitness trainers who post on social media represent an important ‘digital 
type of health communicator that could influence health behavior’ (Durau, Di-
ehl & Terlutter, 2022: 2). Tracking the influence of SMEC and fitness trainers 
on social media shows that they increase users’ awareness of the importance of 
physical activity, healthy eating and good fitness, and increase physical activity 
among both men and women (Durau, Diehl & Terlutter, 2022). Social media 
platforms that expose SMEC provide the opportunity to reach a larger number 
of people in a timely manner and draw their attention to their posts and/or blogs 
where they disseminate information about a healthy lifestyle on a daily basis; 
it represents a valuable source of useful and correct information about health 
and sports (Adams, 2010a; Adams, 2010b); it brings profit to the influencers of 
social media fitness trainers as they use these platforms to promote themselves 
and their products in addition to all the aspects mentioned above (Grbavac & 
Grbavac, 2014; Teodoro & Naaman, 2013). However, some studies have also 
highlighted the negative aspects of SMEC use. Moorhead et al. (2013), for 
example, lists 12 negative aspects of SMEC. One of these is the inability to 
control the trustworthiness of the source of content posted on social media, 
highlighting the potential harm that can result from blindly following SMEC.

Given all this, and the fact that there is no way to control the accuracy of 
SMEC, the question arises: can users trust the SMEC they see, to what extent 
can they trust it, and how should they choose which influences from SMEC or 
fitness trainers to follow?

Based on these arguments, we hypothesize the following:
H1: Users tend to be indecisive when choosing their fitness trainer on social 

media;
H2: There are differences between males and females in terms of affirmative 

attitudes towards exercise via social media;
H3: There are statistically significant differences between males and fema-

les in terms of non-affirmative attitudes towards sports on social media.
Thus, this study aims to: a) investigate and determine gender differences 

towards factors influencing gym-goers’ choice of fitness trainer; b) identify and 
explain the gender differences in gym-goers’ attitudes towards SMEC.



23

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

METHODS

Procedure and participants

The sample consisted of a total of 50 gym-goers (N1=13 male (26%) and 
N2=37 female (74%)), all attending a gym in Split, Croatia (see Table 1 for a 
detailed description of the sample). All of the participants were annual gym 
members who exercised individually and not in groups programs. 

As there were no previously developed and validated measurement instru-
ments, a new measurement instrument (questionnaire with five questions) was 
constructed for data collection. The survey was conducted in May 2018. The 
questionnaire was anonymous and all participants were informed in writing that 
their participation was voluntary. The given time limit was ten minutes. The 
questionnaire was written in Croatian. It was handed out in paper.

The questionnaire consisted of five items: 1) Demographic variables (gen-
der, age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI)); 2) Exercise habits (how 
often do they exercise, do they participate in any type of group workout); 3) 
Sources of knowledge about exercise (education, gym, social media, online ar-
ticles or scientific sports literature); 4) Choice of social media platforms as a so-
urce of information about exercise (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter or YouTube); 
5) 13 variables on attitudes towards SMEC (7 affirmative attitude variables, 4 
non-affirmative attitude variables and 2 variables of a neutral character).

Affirmative attitudes were as follows: “I follow sports-content posts on the 
Internet and social media”; “Social media play an important role in the fitness 
industry”; “I often visit personal fitness trainers’ sites and their sports content 
posts on the Internet and social media”; “I trust personal fitness trainers’ posts 
on the Internet and social media”; ‘Personal fitness trainers’ posts on the Inter-
net and social media motivate me”; “Exercising according to fitness trainers’ 
posts on the Internet and social media is the most practical way of exercising”; 
“Personal trainers’ posts on the Internet and social media have had a positive 
impact on the importance of exercising”. Non-affirmative attitudes were as fol-
lows: “People who cannot afford any other type of exercising, exercise using 
personal fitness trainers’ posts on the Internet and social media”; “One cannot 
exercise using personal fitness trainers’ posts on the Internet and social media 
without any prior knowledge”; “I have a hard time finding adequate personal 
fitness trainers’ posts on the Internet and social media for my exercises”; “I do 
not exercise using personal fitness trainers’ posts on the internet and social me-
dia, but via their posts I have enriched my knowledge on exercising”. Neutral 
attitudes were as follows: “I choose personal fitness trainers on the Internet and 



24

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

social media according to their looks”; “The number of followers is a good 
quality sign of personal fitness trainers’ posts on the Internet and social media”.

All questions that could be answered quantitatively were asked on a 5-point 
Likert scale (1=strongly agree, 2=agree, 3=neither agree nor disagree, 4=disa-
gree, and 5=strongly disagree).

The test-retest overlap was calculated (88.20%) to determine the reliabili-
ty of the measurement instrument (questionnaire). This confirms the validity 
of the newly constructed questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard 
deviation, minimum and maximum score, median, mode, and frequency of 
mode) were used to describe the variables of the sample and to determine the 
differences between the affirmative and non-affirmative variables. Frequency, 
percentage and mode were calculated for the questions describing the sample. 
The Wilcoxon matched-pairs test was used to determine the differences bet-
ween affirmative and non-affirmative attitudes. The Mann-Whitney U test was 
used to determine differences in attitudes between male and female. Data were 
analysed using the statistical software package Statistics 14.0. (TIBCO Softwa-
re Inc. (2020)).

RESULTS

Table 1 shows that non-affirmative attitudes statistically prevail (p<0.001) 
and that male users have more affirmative attitudes than female users (p=0.007).

 Table 2 shows that, based on the results gained from the total sample, the 
majority of users exercise mostly 3 times per week or 3-5 times per week. 

Table 3 shows that, based on the results gained from the total sample, gym-
goers say they have gained their knowledge of exercises and fitness mostly 
from the gym and less from SMEC.  

Table 4 shows that Instagram (46%) is the most popular platform for gaining 
information on exercises; Twitter (30%) is the second most popular platform, 
Facebook (22%) comes in third place and YouTube (2%) is the least popular 
platform for gaining information on exercises.

Table 5 shows the results of the gym-goers answers for each of 12 variables 
regarding all three attitudes. Variable 1 has the highest frequency in males, in 
females, and in all groups together. 



25

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

Table 1: Descriptive statistical parameters (mean, standard deviation, minimal 
and maximal result) for sample description and affirmative and non-affirmative 
attitudes regarding exercising using contents published online and on social media

All groups Female Male

Variable AS ± SD MIN/
MAX AS ± SD MIN/

MAX AS ± SD MIN/
MAX

Age 58.44
±8.99

17.00/
54.00

28.62
±9.64

17.00/
54.00

27.92
±7.09

19.00/
43.00

Body 
height

174.72
±6.15

165.00/
191.00

172.11
±4.43

165.00/
183.00

182.15
±3.85

178.00/
191.00

Body 
weight

70.60
±12.14

51.00/
97.00

66.19
±8.47

51.00/
96.00

86.00
±6.28

76.00/
97.00

BMI 23.02
±3.02

18.21/
31.71

22.01
±2.73

18.21/
31.71

26.91
±2.73

23.20/
28.41

Affirmative 2.69
±0.54†

1.71/
4.43

2.55
±0.42* 1.71/3.43 3.08

±0.68*
1.86/
4.43

Non-
affirmative

3.30
±0.74†

2.00/
5.00

3.40
±0.70 2.00/5.00 3.03

±0.81
2.00/
5.00

Legend: †Statistically significant difference between affirmative and non-affirmative on the total sample 
(Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test, T=250.00, Z=3.60, p<0.001); *Statistically significant difference between 
females and males in affirmative attitudes (Mann-Whitney U test, U=119.50, Z=-2.68, p=0.007)

Table 2: Descriptive statistical parameters (frequency, percentage, and mode) 
for the variable ‘Exercise habits of gym-goers’

All groups
I exercise f %

Daily 4.00 8.00

3-5 times per weekw 21.00 42.00

3 times per week 22.00* 44.00*

2 times per week 3.00 6.00

Never 0.00 0.00

Legend: *mode; f - frequency; % - percentage



26

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

Table 3: Descriptive statistical parameters (frequency, percentage, and mode) 
for the variable ‘Source of knowledge about exercise’

All groups

I gained my knowledge on exercises f %

Throughout my education 6.00 12.00

In a gym 31.00* 62.00*

Via social media 10.00 20.00

Via online articles 2.00 4.00

From scientific sports literature 1.00 2.00

Legend: *mode; f - frequency; % - percentage

Table 4: Descriptive statistical parameters (frequency, percentage and mode) 
for the variable ‘Choice of social media platforms as a source of information 
about exercising’

All groups
As a source of information about 
exercising, I use: f %

Facebook 11.00 22.00

Instagram 23.00* 46.00*

Twitter 15.00 30.00

YouTube 1.00 2.00

Legend: *mode; f - frequency; % - percentage

Graph 1 shows that for males the answers vary from ‘Strongly agree’ to 
‘Strongly disagree’ while, for females, answers vary from ‘Agree’ to ‘Disagree’.

Graph 2 shows that the answers ‘Nor agree nor disagree’ dominate; females 
were more likely to answer ‘Disagree’ than males, and males were more likely 
to answer ‘Strongly disagree’ than females.



27

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

Graph 1: Percentages of answers to the neutral attitude: ‘I choose personal 
fitness trainers on the Internet and social networks according to their looks’

Graph 2: Percentages of individual responses to the neutral attitude: ‘The 
number of followers is a good indicator of a fitness trainer’s quality as well as 
the quality of their posts on the Internet and social networks’



28

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

Ta
bl

e 
5:

 D
es

cr
ip

tiv
e 

st
at

is
tic

al
 p

ar
am

et
er

s 
(m

ed
ia

n,
 m

od
e,

 a
nd

 fr
eq

ue
nc

y 
of

 m
od

e-
F 

m
od

e)
 fo

r 
12

 v
ar

ia
bl

es
 o

n 
th

e 
po

si
tiv

e 
an

d 
ne

ga
tiv

e 
at

tit
ud

es
 

A
ll 

gr
ou

ps
Fe

m
al

e
M

al
e

Va
ri

ab
le

M
ed

ia
n

M
od

e
F 

m
od

e
M

ed
ia

n
M

od
e

F 
m

od
e

M
ed

ia
n

M
od

e
F 

m
od

e

Affirmative attitudes

1
st

ro
ng

ly
 a

gr
ee

st
ro

ng
ly

 a
gr

ee
40

st
ro

ng
ly

 a
gr

ee
st

ro
ng

ly
 a

gr
ee

30
st

ro
ng

ly
 a

gr
ee

st
ro

ng
ly

 a
gr

ee
10

2
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
19

ag
re

e
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

17
di

sa
gr

ee
di

sa
gr

ee
4

3
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
19

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

13
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
6

4
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
16

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

13
di

sa
gr

ee
st

ro
ng

ly
 

di
sa

gr
ee

5

5
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
19

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

12
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
7

6
ag

re
e

ag
re

e
19

ag
re

e
ag

re
e

16
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

st
ro

ng
ly

 
di

sa
gr

ee
4

Non-affirmative attitudes

7
di

sa
gr

ee
di

sa
gr

ee
20

ag
re

e
st

ro
ng

ly
 

di
sa

gr
ee

15
di

sa
gr

ee
di

sa
gr

ee
7

8
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

ag
re

e
14

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

12
st

ro
ng

ly
 a

gr
ee

st
ro

ng
ly

 a
gr

ee
7

9
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
15

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

13
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

st
ro

ng
ly

 a
gr

ee
5

10
ag

re
e

ag
re

e
17

ag
re

e
ag

re
e

12
ag

re
e

ag
re

e
5



29

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35
A

ll 
gr

ou
ps

Fe
m

al
e

M
al

e

Va
ri

ab
le

M
ed

ia
n

M
od

e
F 

m
od

e
M

ed
ia

n
M

od
e

F 
m

od
e

M
ed

ia
n

M
od

e
F 

m
od

e
Neutral attitudes

11
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

M
ul

tip
le

11
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

M
ul

tip
le

9
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

st
ro

ng
ly

 
ag

re
e

4

12
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
17

ne
ith

er
 a

gr
ee

 
no

r d
is

ag
re

e
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

12
ne

ith
er

 a
gr

ee
 

no
r d

is
ag

re
e

M
ul

tip
le

5

Le
ge

nd
: M

ed
ia

n;
 m

od
e;

 f 
m

od
e-

fr
eq

ue
nc

y
Va

ria
bl

es
: 1

-‘
So

ci
al

 m
ed

ia
 p

la
y 

an
 im

po
rta

nt
 ro

le
 in

 th
e 

fit
ne

ss
 in

du
st

ry
’; 

2-
‘I

 o
fte

n 
vi

si
t p

er
so

na
l fi

tn
es

s t
ra

in
er

s’ 
si

te
s a

nd
 th

ei
r s

po
rts

 c
on

te
nt

 p
os

ts
 o

n 
th

e I
nt

er
ne

t a
nd

 so
ci

al
 m

ed
ia

’; 
3-

‘I
 tr

us
t p

er
so

na
l fi

tn
es

s t
ra

in
er

s’ 
po

st
s o

n 
th

e I
nt

er
ne

t a
nd

 so
ci

al
 m

ed
ia

’; 
4-

‘P
er

so
na

l fi
tn

es
s t

ra
in

er
s’ 

po
st

s o
n 

th
e I

nt
er

ne
t 

an
d 

so
ci

al
 m

ed
ia

 m
ot

iv
at

e 
m

e’
; 5

-‘
Ex

er
ci

si
ng

 th
an

ks
 to

 fi
tn

es
s t

ra
in

er
s’ 

po
st

s o
n 

th
e 

In
te

rn
et

 a
nd

 so
ci

al
 m

ed
ia

 is
 th

e 
m

os
t p

ra
ct

ic
al

 w
ay

 o
f e

xe
rc

is
in

g’
; 

6-
‘P

er
so

na
l t

ra
in

er
s’ 

po
st

s o
n 

th
e I

nt
er

ne
t a

nd
 so

ci
al

 m
ed

ia
 h

av
e h

ad
 a 

po
si

tiv
e i

m
pa

ct
 o

n 
th

e i
m

po
rta

nc
e o

f e
xe

rc
is

in
g’

; 7
-‘

Pe
op

le
 w

ho
 ca

nn
ot

 aff
or

d 
an

y 
ot

he
r t

yp
e 

of
 e

xe
rc

is
in

g,
 e

xe
rc

is
e 

us
in

g 
pe

rs
on

al
 fi

tn
es

s t
ra

in
er

s’ 
po

st
s o

n 
th

e 
In

te
rn

et
 a

nd
 so

ci
al

 m
ed

ia
’; 

8-
; ‘

O
ne

 c
an

no
t e

xe
rc

is
e 

us
in

g 
pe

rs
on

al
 fi

tn
es

s 
tra

in
er

s’ 
po

st
s o

n 
th

e 
In

te
rn

et
 a

nd
 so

ci
al

 m
ed

ia
 w

ith
ou

t a
ny

 p
rio

r k
no

w
le

dg
e’

; 9
-‘

I h
av

e 
a 

ha
rd

 ti
m

e 
fin

di
ng

 a
de

qu
at

e 
pe

rs
on

al
 fi

tn
es

s t
ra

in
er

s’ 
po

st
s o

n 
th

e 
In

te
rn

et
 a

nd
 so

ci
al

 m
ed

ia
 fo

r m
y 

ex
er

ci
si

ng
’; 

10
-‘

I d
o 

no
t e

xe
rc

is
e 

us
in

g 
pe

rs
on

al
 fi

tn
es

s t
ra

in
er

s’ 
po

st
s o

n 
th

e 
In

te
rn

et
 a

nd
 so

ci
al

 m
ed

ia
 b

ut
 v

ia
 th

ei
r 

po
st

s 
I h

av
e 

en
ric

he
d 

m
y 

kn
ow

le
dg

e 
on

 e
xe

rc
is

in
g’

; 1
1-

‘I
 p

re
fe

r c
ho

os
in

g 
pe

rs
on

al
 fi

tn
es

s 
tra

in
er

s 
on

 th
e 

In
te

rn
et

 a
nd

 s
oc

ia
l m

ed
ia

 a
cc

or
di

ng
 to

 th
ei

r 
lo

ok
s’

; 1
2-

‘T
he

 n
um

be
r o

f f
ol

lo
w

er
s i

s a
 g

oo
d 

qu
al

ity
 si

gn
 o

f p
er

so
na

l fi
tn

es
s t

ra
in

er
s’ 

po
st

s o
n 

th
e 

In
te

rn
et

 a
nd

 so
ci

al
 m

ed
ia

’



30

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

DISCUSSION

Firstly, based on the obtained results, we can confirm that non-affirmati-
ve attitudes towards SMEC dominate (Affirmative 2.69±0.54; Non-affirmative 
3.30±0.74). There can be many reasons for this. For example, you do not need 
to have any license or diploma to post any type of content related to exercise; 
there is no form of control or review of the content published on the Internet; 
it seems that people can post whatever they want as long as the content is not 
pornographic or discriminatory. On the one hand, it is necessary to protect chil-
dren and young people, but, on the other hand, it encroaches on freedom of 
speech (Ružić, 2008). Furthermore, if we compare the results regarding gender 
differences, we notice that male users are significantly more affirmative than 
female. A higher percentage of males play sports, so we can assume that they 
have more knowledge on this topic, i.e. it would be logical for males to be more 
critical of the content. 

Secondly, although the gym-goers say that most of their gained knowledge 
comes from the gym, probably from fitness trainers working at the gym, still, 
when using social media as their source of information, users prefer using In-
stagram. It comes as no surprise that Instagram is the platform that is curren-
tly the trendiest and, as such, the most used by athletes as a platform to post 
their content. Research has shown that females in elite sports are more likely 
to post pictures on Instagram, but that males get more attention and comments 
(Geurin-Eagleman & Burch, 2016). Instagram is a network used by athletes 
for self-promotion (Smith & Sanderson, 2015; Li, Scott, Naraine & Ruihley, 
2021), while social networks are used a lot in sports and by the sports industry 
and fans, in general (Shahzad, Bajwa, Hussain & Naz, 2021; Anagnostopoulos, 
Parganas, Chadwick & Fenton, 2018; Calvio, 2013).

In addition, studies show that everyday exposure to social media awakens 
an individual’s creativity and innovation making its user’s profile a reflection of 
their identity (Kušić, 2010). In other words, if we have acknowledged the im-
pact of social media on and in our daily lives, as well as the fact that we use and 
buy many of the products advertised online, then the issues regarding a fitness 
trainer’s appearance as a determining factor and the number of their followers 
as an indicator of their trustworthiness, comes as no surprise. 

The results indicate that for males, a fitness trainers’ appearance is not the 
prime reason for following them. The same goes for females who, based on 
their answers that varied from ‘Agree’ to ‘Disagree’, also state that the appea-
rance does not have the expected impact on the determining choice of fitness 
trainer. This may be, as Soekmawati et al. (2022) explain in their research, in 



31

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

direct relationship between gym-users’ age and gender. In other words, they 
confirmed that the gym-users who said they were influenced by appearance 
and weight management motives were more likely to identify with physically 
attractive fitness trainers. Based on the age of our sample (young adults), we 
believe that extrinsic motives, such as physical appearance, do not seem to 
motivate them (at least as our small sample is concerned). This is rather a sur-
prise since we know that today a lot of young people spend a lot of time trying 
to look physically attractive and more like some famous social media persona 
(Jiotsa, Naccache, Duval, Rocher & Grall-Bronnec, 2021; Fardouly, Pinkus & 
Vartanian 2017; Choukas-Bradley, Nesi, Widman & Higgins, 2019). The se-
cond statement, based on the prevailing answers, ‘Nor agree nor disagree’, in-
forms us that the number of fitness trainer followers and the quality of their po-
sts do not stand as an indicator of their quality and trustworthiness. The reason 
might be that gym-goers are aware of the complexity of fitness coaching as a 
profession, i.e. they might believe that, in addition to theoretical and practical 
knowledge, fitness trainers should master several other professional, scientific 
and teaching skills (Marković, Marković & Metikoš, 2006). Or, since it has not 
yet been regulated anywhere, we cannot avoid the question regarding the type 
of competencies needed for an individual who posts or owns such SMEC. 

Limitations of the study

The fundamental limitation of this study is the rather small and unbalanced 
sample. The inclusion of a larger sample, perhaps consisting of professional 
athletes, would complement the available data and provide a more complete 
picture of the attitudes towards the issues addressed. As the data analysis was 
conducted in a local gym, further research is needed to generalise the current 
findings on a more national and international level. Finally, it would be intere-
sting if the future studies would do a qualitative research based on which we 
would get direct answers regarding the issue.

CONCLUSION

Social media platforms in general have become the most popular means for 
users to create, share, and receive all kinds of information/content on a daily 
basis. In this context, many social media users share content about physical 



32

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

activity, nutrition, fitness activities and sports, consciously or unconsciously 
influencing the attitudes of a large number of their users.

Based on the results of this case study, we can confirm hypothesis H1, which 
states that respondents are statistically significantly more likely to be non-af-
firmative towards SMEC.  We can also confirm hypothesis H2, according to 
which there are statistically significant differences between males and females 
in affirmative attitudes towards exercising via the Internet and social media. 
Finally, we can reject hypothesis H3, as there were no confirmed statistically 
significant differences between males and females in non-affirmative attitudes 
towards exercise via the Internet and social networks. In conclusion, we can 
summarise that females tend to choose a fitness trainer based on their appearan-
ce more often than males and that the number of followers does not play a role 
in the decision to follow a fitness trainer’s social media profile.

We, therefore, conclude that this study contributes to a better understanding 
of how gender differentiated users can be motivated to engage in physical ac-
tivity by fitness trainers on social media, i.e. it provides insights into how the 
use of social media related to sports and fitness can influence users’ attitudes 
towards choosing specific SMEC. Also, we believe that repeating the same stu-
dy, after the COVID-19 pandemic, would show significantly stronger results 
in favour of using SMEC precisely due to the type of exercise and physical 
contact that was (not) allowed during the pandemic. 

REFERENCES

Adams, S. A. (2010a). Blog-based applications and health information: two case stu-
dies that illustrate important questions for Consumer Health Informatics (CHI) re-
search. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 79(6), e89–96. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2008.06.009.

Adams, S. A. (2010b). Revisiting the online health information reliability debate in 
the wake of “web 2.0”: an inter-disciplinary literature and website review. Inter-
national Journal of Medical Informatics, 79(6), 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijmedinf.2010.01.006.

Akbari, M., Huc, H., Liqiangb, N. & Chua, T. (2018). From Tweets to Wellness: 
Wellness Event Detection from Twitter Streams. Retrieved from http://www.aaai.
org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI16/paper/download/11931/11568. 

Anagnostopoulos, C., Parganas, P., Chadwick, S. & Fenton, A. (2018). Branding 
in pictures: using Instagram as a brand management tool in professional team sport 
organisations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(4), 413-438. https://doi.
org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1410202.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2008.06.009
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2008.06.009
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.01.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.01.006
http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI16/paper/download/11931/11568
http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI16/paper/download/11931/11568
https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1410202
https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1410202


33

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

Arora, N., Rana, M., & Prashar, S. (2023). How does social media impact consu-
mers’ sustainable purchase intention? Review of Marketing Science, 21(1), 143-168. 
https://doi.org/10.1515/roms-2022-0072.

Chou, W. Y., Hunt, Y. M., Beckjord, E. B., Moser, R. P., & Hesse, B. W. (2009). So-
cial media use in the United States: implications for health communication. Journal 
of Medical Internet Research, 11(4), e48. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1249.

Choukas-Bradley, S., Nesi, J., Widman, L., & Higgins, M. K. (2019). Camera-rea-
dy: Young women’s appearance-related social media consciousness. Psychology of 
Popular Media Culture, 8(4), 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000196.

Clavio, G. (2013). Emerging social media and applications in sport. In P. M. Peder-
sen (Ed.), Routledge handbook of sport communication (pp. 259-268). London and 
New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis group.

Durau, J., Diehl, S., & Terlutter, R. (2022). Motivate me to exercise with you: 
the effects of social media fitness infulencers on users’ intentions to engage in 
physical activity and the role of user gender. Digital Health, 8, 1-17. https://doi.
org/10.1177/20552076221102769.

European Commission. Special Eurobarometer 472. Report. (2021). Sport and 
physical activity: survey requested by the European commission, directorate-ge-
neral for education, youth, sport and culture and co-ordinated by the directorate-
-general for communication. Retrived from http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/
publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/82432. 

Fardouly, J., Pinkus, R. T., & Vartanian, L. R. (2017). The impact of appearan-
ce comparisons made through social media, traditional media, and in person in 
women’s everyday lives. Body Image, 20, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bo-
dyim.2016.11.002.

Fox, S., & Jones, S. (2018). The Social Life of Health Information. Retrieved from 
https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2014/01/15/the-social-life-of-health-in-
formation/. 

Geurin-Eagleman, A. N., & Burch, L. M. (2016). Communicating via photographs: A 
gendered analysis of Olympic athletes’ visual self-presentation on Instagram. Sport 
management review, 19(2), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.03.002.

Grbavac, J., & Grbavac, V. (2014). Pojava društvenih mreža kao globalnog komuni-
kacijskog fenomena [The emergence of social networks as a global communication 
phenomenon]. Media, culture and public relations, 5(2), 206-219. 

Hanson, C., West, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R., Barnes, M., & McIntyre, E. (2011). 
Use and acceptance of social media among health educators. American Journal of 
Health Education, 42(4), 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2011.105991
88.

Jiotsa, B., Naccache, B., Duval, M., Rocher, B., & Grall-Bronnec, M. (2021). Social 
media use and body image disorders: association between frequency of comparing 
one’s own physical appearance to that of people being followed on social media and 
body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. International Journal of Environmental 
Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062880.

Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges 
and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003.

https://doi.org/10.1515/roms-2022-0072
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1249
https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000196
https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221102769
https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221102769
http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/82432
http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/82432
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.11.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.11.002
https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2014/01/15/the-social-life-of-health-information/
https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2014/01/15/the-social-life-of-health-information/
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.03.002
https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2011.10599188
https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2011.10599188
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062880
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003


34

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

Kušić, S. (2010). Online društvene mreže i društveno umrežavanje [Online social net-
works and social networking]. Život i škola, 24(2), 103-125. 

Li, B., Scott, O. K., Naraine, M. L., & Ruihley, B. J. (2021). Tell me a story: Ex-
ploring elite female athletes’ self-presentation via an analysis of Instagram stories. 
Journal of Interactive Advertising, 21(2), 108-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/152520
19.2020.1837038.

Mani, S. A., Uma, E., John, J., & Nieminen, P. (2023). Perceptions of professional 
social media interaction with patients and faculty members – a comparative survey 
among dental students from Malaysia and Finland. BMC Medical Education, 23, 
384. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04359-1.

Marković, G., Marković, M., & Metikoš, B. (2006). Što uspješan fitness trener treba 
znati [What should experienced fitness trainers know?]. In V. Findak (Ed.), Kvali-
teta rada u područjima edukacije, sporta i sportske rekreacije, pp. 466-469. Rovinj: 
Hrvatski kineziološki savez.

McCall, P. (2015). 10 fitness trends to look out for in 2016. Retrived from http://bit.
ly/2c0Y9cg.

Moorhead, S. A., Hazlett, D. E., Harrison, L., Carroll, J. K., Irwin, A., & Hoving, 
C. (2013). A new dimension of health care: systematic review of the uses, benefits, 
and limitations of social media for health communication. Journal of Medical Inter-
net Research, 15(4), e85. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1933.

Norman, C. D. (2012). Social media and health promotion. Global health promotion, 
19(849), 3-6. 

Ralph, L. J., Berglas, N. F., Schwartz, S. L., & Brindis, C. D. (2011). Finding teens 
in their space: Using social networking sites to connect youth to sexual health ser-
vices. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 8(1), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/
S13178-011-0043-4.

Rattinger, M. (2017). Aktivnosti i društvene mreže u slobodnom vremenu mlađih 
tinejdžera [Activities and social networks in younger teenagers’ free time]. Školski 
vjesnik: časopis za pedagogijsku teoriju i praksu, 66(2), 222-237.

Regan, K. (2015). 10 Amazing Social Media Growth Stats From 2015. Social Media 
Today. Retrieved  from  https://www.socialmediatoday.com/social-networks/kadie-
regan/2015-08-10/10-amazing-social-media-growth-stats-2015.

Ružić, N. (2008). Zakonska ograničenja ili sloboda izražavanja na internetu? [Legal 
restrictions or freedom of expression on the internet?] MediAnali: međunarodni 
znanstveni časopis za pitanja medija, novinarstva, masovnog komuniciranja i 
odnosa s javnostima, 2(4), 101-111.

Sarwar, A., Imran, M. K., Akhtar, N., & Fatima, T. (2023). Does social media usage 
boost career prospects of women: an exploratory study in the academia. Kybernetes, 
52(6), 2061-2091. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-04-2021-0294.

Selkie, E. M., Benson, M., & Moreno M. (2011). Adolescents’ views regarding uses 
of social networking websites and text messaging for adolescent sexual health edu-
cation. American Journal of Health Education, 42(4), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1
080/19325037.2011.10599189.

Shahzad, N., Bajwa, M. J., Hussain, G., & Naz, T. (2021). Social media marketing 
in sports and using social media platforms for sports fan engagement. Journal of 
Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(5), 2812-2822. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2020.1837038
https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2020.1837038
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04359-1
http://bit.ly/2c0Y9cg
http://bit.ly/2c0Y9cg
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1933
https://doi.org/10.1007/S13178-011-0043-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/S13178-011-0043-4
https://www.socialmediatoday.com/social-networks/kadie-regan/2015-08-10/10-amazing-social-media-growth-stats-2015
https://www.socialmediatoday.com/social-networks/kadie-regan/2015-08-10/10-amazing-social-media-growth-stats-2015
https://doi.org/10.1108/K-04-2021-0294
https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2011.10599189
https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2011.10599189


35

ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 14 • 2023 • 1

Nikolina ALERIĆ, Ana PENJAK, Hrvoje KARNINČIĆ: ATTITUDES TOWARDS EXERCISE CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA ...,  19–35

Smith, L. R., & Sanderson, J. (2015). I’m going to Instagram it! An analysis of athlete 
self-presentation on Instagram. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(2), 
342-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1029125.

Soekmawati, N. R. J., Victor, V., & Pei Kian, T. (2022). Gym-goers’ self-identifica-
tion with physically attractive fitness trainers and intention to exercise. Behavioral 
Sciences, 12(5), 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050158. 

Stanojević, M. (2011). Marketing na društvenim mrežama [Marketing on social me-
dia]. MediAnali: međunarodni znanstveni časopis za pitanja medija, novinarstva, 
masovnog komuniciranja i odnosa s javnostima, 5(10), 165-180. 

Teodoro, R., & Naaman, M. (2013). Fitter with Twitter: understanding personal health 
and fitness activity in social media. Proceedings of the International AAAI Con-
ference on Web and Social Media, 7(1), 611-620. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.
v7i1.14417. 

Usher, W. (2011). Types of social media (Web 2.0) used by Australian allied health 
professionals to deliver early twenty-first-century practice promotion and health 
care. Social Work in Health Care, 50(4), 305-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/009813
89.2010.534317.

Vuletić, S., Jeličić, A. & Karačić, S. (2015). Bioethical aspects of internet. Diacoven-
sia: teološki prilozi, 22(4), 525-558.

Zainal, Z., & Rahmat, N. H. (2020). Social media and its influence on vocabulary 
and language learning: a case study. European Journal of Education Studies, 7(11), 
1-18. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v7i11.3331.

Zhang, H., Wang, M., & Chen, A. (2023). Empirical investigation of how social me-
dia usage enhances employee creativity: the role of knowledge management behav-
ior. Behavioral Sciences, 13, 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070601.

World Health Organization. (2021). Physical activity. Retrived from http://www.
who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity.

https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1029125
https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050158
https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v7i1.14417
https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v7i1.14417
https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2010.534317
https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2010.534317
https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v7i11.3331
https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070601
http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity
http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity

	_Hlk149144992
	_Hlk144660599
	_Hlk143091946
	_Hlk148606485
	_Hlk148807137
	_Hlk148981535
	_Hlk148807138
	_Hlk151974903
	_Hlk151975146
	_Hlk151975288
	_Hlk151846353
	_Hlk151976415
	_Hlk151976487
	_Hlk151976944
	_Hlk151977154
	_Hlk151977717
	_Hlk143125803
	_Hlk143116794
	_Hlk143104583
	_Hlk143121199
	_Hlk143122103
	_Hlk145579463
	_Hlk143119751
	_Hlk143120378
	_Hlk143116276
	_Hlk143124298
	_Hlk145579396
	_Hlk143115430
	_Hlk143125084
	_Hlk143100673
	_Hlk143123523
	_Hlk143156077
	_Hlk143121779
	_Hlk143118271
	_Hlk143104235
	_Hlk143123199
	_Hlk145579348
	_Hlk143114302
	_Hlk143099165
	_Hlk143095789
	_Hlk143156941
	_Hlk150952230
	_GoBack
	_Hlk151039437
	_Hlk151040693
	_Hlk151039205
	_Hlk106496465
	_Hlk107435450
	_Hlk107432446
	_Hlk107435463
	_Hlk107435483
	_Hlk107432778
	_Hlk107073337
	_Hlk96289223
	_Hlk132128425
	_Hlk132127531
	_Hlk132128310
	_Hlk106206751
	_Hlk132182380
	_Hlk132182080
	_Hlk132138778

