85 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae, 1: 85–94, 2016, ISSN 2543-8832 Larysa M. Makhynia Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Bogomolets National Medical University, Pushkinska 22 St., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine, Larisa_2015@ukr.net Bidens frondosa L. resource evaluation in the Dnipro River bottomland (in range of the forest steppes of Ukraine) Introduction Modern globalization threats and the current trends of the climatic changes over par- ticular areas contribute to the acceleration of spreading of invasive species and create conditions for their quicker rooting under new conditions (Protopopova, 1991; Bond- ar et al., 2011). In the study area two indigenous species (Bidens tripartitа L., B. cernua L.) and two adventive ones (B. frondosa L., B. connata Muehl.) are met. During the last 10–15 years a  sharp resource decrease of a  pharmacopoeic species of В. tripartita is viewed due to the fast spreading of an invasive one – B. frondosa. Consequently, in the near future it will cause serious losses of biological variety and economic signi�cance of ecosystems in which this species has been spreading (Protopopova, 1973, 1991; Bortnyak, 1976; Horbyk, Husak, 1983; Mosyakin, 1988a; Chorna, 2001, 2006). B. frondosa was �rst found on the Ukrainian territory in the town of Kаniv in 1970 by a famous Polish researcher J. Kornaś (1971). Also B. frondosa spreading was pointed out in the research of Protopopova (1973, 1991), Bortnyak (1976), Kotov (1979), Horbyk and Husak (1983). Mosyakin (1988b) noticed that this species is much more frequently met in Kyiv than B. tripartitа, o�en creating dense under- growth. Minarchenko and Timchenko (2002) indicated the fast spreading of B. fron- dosa throughout Ukraine. Danylyk and Danylyk (2009) showed the habitat of two new species (B. frondosa, B. connata) as a part of Shatsky National Park �ora though they haven’t been met there before. �e authors explain this fast spreading of in- vasive species throughout Ukraine as the increase of the vegetation anthropogenic transformation. Some of Makhynia’s publications (2005, 2009, 2012, 2015), as well as Makhynya and Strumens’ka’s ones (2010), are devoted to the issues of spreading and fast exploration of new, especially transformed areas, and extruding other indigenous species – B. tripartitа. 86 La ry sa M . M ak hy ni a �e conditions prevailing on the study area, i.e. the intensive development of the riverside territories for the management (creating private areas, �sh farms, treatment plants etc.) contribute to more and more successful occupation of transformed terri- tories by the invasive species. �e next 10–15 years will have a signi�cant impact on B. tripartitа spreading and resources. Due to this, topical is the search of objects with the analogous or similar chemical composition, su�cient and accessible resource base. It is obvious that a successful candidate for such research is B. frondosa, industrial stor- ing of which may negatively in�uence the species further expansion. B. frondosa is not used in Ukraine, but due to the research of foreign authors it may be rather a promising species. In the USA it refers to the pharmacopeia is used in gynecology and otolaryngology (Morton, 1962; Mitich, 1994). In Northern America infusions from its roots and leaves are used in arrhythmias, bronchitis and laryngitis, and its fruits – in metrorrhagia (Kolla, 1985). �e researches of Japanese scientists show the antioxidant activity of tetrahydroxyаuronе of B. frondosa. It supports the issue on the prospects of the use of the raw material of this species and the topicality of its resource (Venkateswarlu et al., 2004). �e aim of the study was to investigate the B. frondosa resources in the Dnipro river bottomland as a promising substitute of B. tripartitа. Study area �e bottomland of the medium forest steppe of the Dnipro is located between Kyiv and Kremenchuk (Fig. 1) and di�ers signi�cantly from those parts of the Dnipro which are in the north in forest zone and in the south in the steppe zone by the nature of its bottomland, stream �ow and �oodplains with its plant and ground coating (Afa- nas’yev, 1950). �e Dnipro bottomland which occupies accumulative terrace is 120 km wide near Kyiv and consists of �oodplains, upland, and loess terraces up to 35–40 m height above the river level (Marynych, Shyshchenko, 2006). Due to its layering relief the bottomland belongs to the Bug–Dnipro level, the heights of which reach 200–300 m. It is located within the Ukrainian shield. Its sur- face looks like a  slightly wavy plain dissected by valleys and gullies. �ere are not many lowland inter�uves. Bedrock exfoliates on the slopes of river valleys and gullies (Marynych, Shyshchenko, 2006). In accordance with agro-ground zoning of Ukraine, the Dnipro bottomland is in the northern sub-province of the right bank central high province of forest steppe zone of typical black earth and gray ashed soils (Vernander, 1986). Floodplain soils and sandy terraces lie on eluvium, the rest are formed on loess. Riverine �oodplain is characterized as consisting of little turf, turf sand, rarely – sandy soils. Soils of central �oodplain are wet meadow, sandy, and loamy soils. Among soils of pre-terrace �oodplain there prevail meadow marsh and swamp loam ones. On 87 the major part of pre-terrace �oodplain, alluvial deposits of organic–mineral charac- ter are concentrated (Afanas’yev, 1950). Upland terraces of the Psel and Sula bottomlands, as well as the one of the Dnipro, are covered with sod low-podzolic sandy soils. �e duration of spring �ood varies widely from the beginning of April till July. �e long spring �ood determines con- siderable dynamics of �ood plains, the development of which is fully linked with the Dnipro �oodwaters. �e Dnipro signi�cant solid �ow is of great importance for �ood- plain formation (Poryvkyna, 1986). �e vegetation of the study area is formed under the in�uence of the arti�cial reser- voirs (Kаniv and Kremenchuk), created in 60s–70s as a result of the Dnipro channel reg- ulation and the construction of hydroelectric power plants. Total water area constitutes 292 ha. Reservoirs are characterized by a variable hydro regime due to which huge areas Fig. 1. Map scheme of resource areas placement of the Dnipro bottomland (within the forest steppe of the Ukraine). Resource areas: I – Kyiv, II – Protsivsko–Kozynsriy, III – Pereyaslav–Khmelnitsky, IV – Kаniv, V – Zolo- tonosha, VI – Cherkasy, VII – Chygyryn, VIII – Protsenky, IX – Kremenchuk Bidens frondosa L. resource evaluation in the D nipro R iver bottom land (in range of the forest steppes of U kraine) 88 La ry sa M . M ak hy ni a with periodic �ooding water are formed. �ey became biotopes of mass distribution of B. frondosa. Vegetation is represented by �oodplain forest, meadow, psamophytic, marsh, higher aquatic, and ruderal types (Afanas’yev, 1950; Voytyuk, 1999). Flood- plain forests are spread fragmentary and occupy in average 10–15%, their distribution is determined by the �oodplain regime. Meadow vegetation in respect of the �oristic is the richest and most widely spread, having an average of 70–75% of the total area. It includes steppe, real and marshy meadows. Marshy meadows account for 12–15%. �ey occur sporadically, mainly in central and pre-terrace �oodplains. Psammothytic vegetation occupies small areas and is represented by few communities (about 3–5%). �e vegetation of new ecotypes, among which the most frequently spread are, as it is already been mentioned, B. frondosa and B. tripartita, occupies rather signi�cant territories (about 20–35%) and is di�erentiated in relation to humidity on aquatic, riverside and ruderal communities with Lemna minor L., Salvinia natans All., Tra- pa natans L. s. str., Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. et Sm., which belong to higher aquatic vegetation which occurs fragmentarily (about 25–30%). �e vegetation of riverside ecotypes (5–15%) consists of Typha angustifolia L., Scirpus lacustris L., Glyceria max- ima (Hartm.) Holmb., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Sagittaria sagitti- folia L., Bidens tripartita, B. cernua, B. connata and B. frondosa. Ruderal vegetation is formed from violations, azotized areas and occupies 7–15%. In relation to the in- creased anthropogenic in�uence (recreational in particular) the communities of rud- eral vegetation rather quickly supersede the natural ones and its areas increase. �e dominant communities were formed by Xanthium albinum H. Scholz., Chenopodium album L., Tussilago farfara L., Polygonum hydropiper L. and Bidens frondosa. Material and methods Resource research was carried out on the basis of the method of registration plots (Borisova, Shreter, 1966; Borisova et al., 1982; Kryilova, Shreter, 1971; Kryilova, 1973, 1981; Shreter, 1986; Kryilova et al., 1989; Kryilova, Kaporova, 1992). �e size of regis- tration plots depends on the location of masses on the study area. Registration plots were diagonally located on the area occupied by the community of species (if its size was not more than 0.5 ha) or were placed as parallel or separated transects on the extended areas (riverside territories). �e number of registration plots depended on the sample size (Kryilova, Shreter, 1971; Kryilova, 1973, 1981; Kryilova, Kaporova, 1992). In all, 347 plots were laid. Raw material collected on every sample plot was weighed. Weighed data was entered into the associations description form. Freshly gathered raw material was put in separate paper-bags with weight, place and date of collection being �xed on them. Raw material drying was performed in accord- ance with conventional methods as required (Gosudarstvennaya farmakopeya SSSR, 89 1989). A�er drying the re-weighting was carried out. Data on dry weight was entered into the form. Main calculations were performed under camera conditions. Recal- culating, we received data about raw material weight averages of every investigated species in g/m2. Drying coe�cient was determined by the formula С = 100×(А–В)/А, where А – freshly gathered raw material weight, В – dry weight (Salo, 1972). Biological reserve of raw material was determined as the sum of the area and phytomass from g/ m2. Operational reserve of raw material was determined as the rate of 50% to the bio- logical reserve since Bidens frondosa is a herbaceous annual, the raw material of which is the aboveground organs. �is very amount of single use provides the minimal pop- ulation ability to recover a�er raw material collection (Kovalev, Zhuravlev, 1989; Yak- ovlevа, Blinovoy, 2004; Minarchenko, Minarchenko, 2004; Minarchenko, 2012). �e rotation of the possible volume of collection for these species must be carried out every two years (Kovalev, Zhuravlev, 1989; Yakovlevа, Blinovoy, 2004). Statistical data processing was performed by the applied computer program Excel for Windows O�ce 2007 and Windows XP, as well as the methods of variation statis- tics. a true average (М) and the error of the average (m) with an acceptable accuracy coe�cient (P) to 15% were calculated (Lakin, 1990; Tsarenko et al., 2000). Results and discussion �e main reserve of Bidens frondosa is located on low riverside areas of �oodplain and riverine parts of rivers, lakes, ponds, oxbow lakes, marshy forests, islands, riverside areas of water reservoirs mainly of the le� bank bottomland and less of the right bank. �ey create continuous tracks of undergrowth, occur sporadically, but also can be found in small groups. As to spreading B. frondosa occupies about 70% of growing areas of all representatives of the genus (Tab. 1). �e largest areas are concentrated in Cher- kasy region (ІV, V, VII resource areas), Kyiv region (ІІ resource area) and on islands in Poltava region (ІХ resource area). �e fewest ones are in Kyiv region (І, ІІI resource ar- eas) and on the outskirts of villages of Poltava region (VIIІ, ІХ resource areas) (Fig. 1). Much rarer spreading and signi�cantly smaller reserve are characteristic of B. tripartita (Tab. 2). Firstly, it is caused by its lower ecologic amplitude (Vinogradova, 2003; Vinogradova et al., 2009; Vasileva, Papchenkov, 2011; Makhynya, 2009, 2011); secondly, by the conditions which have developed on the study area, that is, active conquering of riverside territories for management needs (the creation of private are- as, �sh farms, treatment plants etc.) and excessive �uctuations in water levels of arti�- cial reservoirs. Another aspect which in�uences the intensity of B. tripartita extrusion is the speed of seed germination of B. frondosa in comparison with the aboriginal type and the tempos of development under the juvenile condition (Vinogradova et al., 2009; Makhynya, 2011). In the region B. tripartita occupies about 20% of growing Bidens frondosa L. resource evaluation in the D nipro R iver bottom land (in range of the forest steppes of U kraine) 90 La ry sa M . M ak hy ni a area. Its largest areas are concentrated in Cherkasy region (V, VI resource areas) and in Kyiv region (ІI resource area). �e smallest are in Kyiv region (І, ІІІ resource areas) and Poltava region (VІІІ resource area) (Fig. 1). �e peculiarities of territorial and ecological reserve di�erentiation of B. frondosa and B. tripartitа are established. �e main reasons for the reduction of this species are its narrow ecological amplitude. �ey are intensi�ed by the condition changes prevail- ing on the study area and being negative for this species. It is found that the largest raw material reserves are peculiar of B. frondosa in Cher- kasy region (ІV, V, VII resource areas), Kyiv region (ІІ resource area) and on the is- lands in Poltava region (ІХ resource area). According to the features of annual use and the reserve accessibility of the areas B. frondosa are concentrated in Cherkasy region (V resource area). Total area constitutes 32 648 ha; biological reserve is correspond- ingly between 1130–1190 t, operational – between 565–595 t of dry raw material (Tab. 1). B. tripartita occupies only 25 573 ha; biological reserve is 108–124 t, operational – 54–62 t of dry raw material (Tab. 2). �e relevance of further resource research in other parts of the bottomland and monitoring by the resources dynamics of B. frondosa under the conditions of arti�- cial reservoirs is obvious. �is species harvesting will assist its negative in�uence re- duction on natural reproduction of B. tripartita. For more successful conservation of resources B. tripartita needs some passive protection measures of its reserves creating natural reserves objects of both state and regional levels. Main objects of protection have to be herb resources, the reserves of which are sharply decreasing in Ukraine. Tab. 1. Bidens frondosa raw material reserves Resource area Total spreading area [ha] Total thickets area [ha] Raw material phytomass [g/m2]; ±SD Biological reserves of dry raw material [t] Operational reserves of dry raw material [t] Amount of possible annual use of dry raw material [t] Kyiv 448 2.48 868.90 ±59.80 6.02–6.91 3.01–3.45 1.50–1.73 Protsivsko– Kozynsriy 5200 56.22 882.96 ±22.05 145.30–151.74 72.65–75.87 36.32–37.94 Pereyaslav– Khmelnitsky 1300 20.45 856.50 ±13.70 51.70–53.39 25.85–26.69 12.93–13.35 Kаniv 4150 78.13 862.70 ±22.80 198.55–208.32 99.27–104.16 49.64–52.08 Zolotonosha 4500 117.09 837.24 ±26.12 289.91–308.41 144.95–154.21 72.48–77.10 Cherkasy 3900 42.89 779.70 ±30.03 103.44–109.83 51.72–54.92 25.86–27.46 Chygyryn 8000 57.95 879.20 ±20.08 149.03–155.93 74.52–77.97 37.26–38.98 Protsenkiv 1550 29.23 892.50 ±14.70 76.97–79.55 38.49–39.78 19.24–19.89 Kremenchuk 3600 48.44 829.54 ±28.43 109.50–116.29 54.75–58.14 27.37–29.07 Total 32648 452.88 854.36 ±26.41 1130.43–1190.39 565.21–595.19 282.61–297.60 91 Tab. 2. Bidens tripartita raw material reserves Resource area Total spreading area [ha] Total thickets area [ha] Raw material phytomass [g/m2]; ±SD Biological reserves of dry raw material [t] Operational reserves of dry raw material [t] Amount of possible annual use of dry raw material [t] Kyiv 248 1.05 428.80 ±48.50 0.59–0.75 0.30–0.38 0.15–0.19 Protsivsko– Kozynsriy 4825 42.24 266.60 ±21.30 15.28–18.05 7.64–9.03 3.82–4.51 Pereyaslav– Khmelnitsky 1300 14.85 243.20 ±12.60 5.14–5.70 2.57–2.85 1.28–1.42 Kаniv 3750 45.25 230.00 ±14.60 14.15–15.93 7.08–7.96 3.54–3.98 Zolotonosha 3920 53.50 327.23 ±25.50 23.16–27.09 11.58–13.55 5.79–6.77 Cherkasy 3440 40.07 307.40 ±18.80 17.09–19.37 8.54–9.69 4.27–4.84 Chygyryn 4200 28.62 311.70 ±12.70 12.93–14.04 6.47–7.02 3.23–3.51 Protsenkiv 1550 7.14 282.20 ±22.50 2.78–3.26 1.39–1.63 0.69–0.81 Kremenchuk 2340 31.17 396.40 ±34.20 16.95–20.18 8.47–10.09 4.24–5.04 Total 25573 263.89 310.40 ±23.40 108.08–124.38 54.04–62.19 27.02–31.09 References Afanas’yev, D.Y. 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[In Russian] Abstract �e article concentrates on the investigation of Bidens frondosa L. resources in the Dnipro River bottom- land as a promising substitute of B. tripartitа L. due to its phyto-resources deterioration on the territory of Ukraine. �e features of their distribution, ecological and cenotic components, and these species reserve at the most perspective raw material signi�cant territories are identi�ed. �reat factors for B. tripartitа resources are clari�ed. �e research was performed on the basis of the method of registration plots with the subse- quent calculation of the biological and operational reserves and the possible volume of the annual collection of dry raw material. Registration plots were diagonally located on the area occupied by the community of species. In the extended areas they are placed as parallel or separated transects. B. frondosa plant raw mate- rial reserve is established and the decrease for B. tripartitа is proved. In connection with the increase of B. frondosa resource base, the prospects of using its raw material as a successful substitute of B. tripartitа are jus- ti�ed. Corresponding proposals are submitted to the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine. Key words: Bidens frondosa, B. tripartita, bottomland, Dnipro River, raw material Received: [2016.05.29] Accepted: [2016.09.04] Bidens frondosa L. resource evaluation in the D nipro R iver bottom land (in range of the forest steppes of U kraine) 94 La ry sa M . M ak hy ni a Uczep amerykański Bidens frondosa L. ocena zasobów w terasie rzecznej Dniepru (w zasięgu lasostepu Ukrainy) Streszczenie Artykuł dotyczy badań zasobów uczepu amerykańskiego Bidens frondosa L. w terasie rzecznej Dniepru jako ekspansywnego następcy uczepu trójlistkowego B. tripartitа L., w połączeniu z pogorszeniem �to-zasobów drugiego z wymienionych gatunków na terenie Ukrainy. Określono cechy ich rozmieszczenia, ekologiczne i cenotyczne składniki oraz ich rezerwuar gatunkowy na znacznej części badanego terenu. Sprecyzowano również czynniki zagrożenia zasobów dla B. tripartitа. Badania przeprowadzono w oparciu o metodykę po- letek z późniejszym wyznaczeniem biologicznych, operatywnych zasobów oraz wielkości pozyskania rocz- nego surowca suchej masy. Stałe poletka były rozmieszczone diagonalnie na obszarze zajmowanym przez zbiorowiska z tymi gatunkami. Na rozległych powierzchniach były one umiejscowione w równoległych lub odrębnych transektach. Zasoby surowca roślinnego B. frondosa okazały się być stabilne, a  ich obniżanie udowodniono u B. tripartitа. W połączeniu ze wzrostem bazy surowcowej B. frondosa, perspektywy wyko- rzystania jego surowca jako substytutu B. tripartitа są uzasadnione. Stosowne wnioski złożono do Minister- stwa Ekologii i Zasobów Naturalnych Ukrainy. Słowa kluczowe: Bidens frondosa, B. tripartita, terasa rzeczna, Dniepr, surowiec zielarski Information on the author Larysa М. Makhynia Currently she is researching the species of the genus Bidens L. resource evaluation in the Dnipro River bottomland (in range of the forest steppes of Ukraine). Also, she investigated the distribution, ecological and cenological features of new association communities of Bidenti frondosae – Bidentetum connatae. She has previously examined distribution, ontogeny, ecology, cenology, ecolo-cenotic strategy of the genus Bidens (B. tripartita L., B. cernua L., B. frondosa L., B. connata Muehl.).