152 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae, 3: 152–161, 2018, ISSN 2543-8832 DOI: 10.24917/25438832.3.12 Arkadiusz Gruca Institute of Biology, Faculty of Geography and Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland, Arkadiusz.gruca@up.krakow.pl A brief review of microbial induced corrosion research Corrosion is a natural process of the gradual conversion of re�ned materials, such as metal or concrete, into a more chemically stable form, e.g., sulphide, nitrate, or oxide. Corrosion closely corresponds with destruction of materials exposed to the environ- ment (Schweitzer, 2010). Some microorganisms possess the ability to accelerate corrosion. �is process is called Microbial Induced Corrosion (MIC). MIC is associated with formation of bac- terial bio�lms. Bio�lm is a bacterial community embedded in extracellular matrix formed by EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) secreted by bacteria. Products of bacterial metabolism are very corrosive to metal and concrete surfaces that the bio�lm is attached to, and so microbial induced corrosion is a signi�cant threat to metal and concrete surfaces (Javed et al., 2015). Pipelines, fuel tanks, ship hulls, sewage systems, and other elements exposed to freshwater, seawater, sewage, or soil are especially sus- ceptible to MIC (Cayford et al., 2017; Hunsucker et al., 2018; Grengg et al., 2018). Repairing damage caused by bacteria costs billions of dollars a year (Koch et al., 2002). Scientists recognise the threat posed by microorganisms and are conducting ex- tensive research. Mine study goals are the identi�cation of bacterial communities re- sponsible for accelerated corrosion of materials, the explanation of the main microbial induced corrosion mechanisms and e�ective inhibitors of this kind of corrosion, and the creation of MIC resistant materials. �e aim of this study is review the latest advances in Microbial Induced Corrosion research, compare currently used biocorrosion prevention methods, and to discuss chemical and biological processes behind microbial induced corrosion. Corrosion inducing bacteria Corrosion is induced by wide range of bacteria. �e most prevalent of over 13 phyla related to biocorrosion in various environments are Bacterioidetes Krieg et al. 2012, A brief review of m icrobial induced corrosion research 153 Proteobacteria Stackebrandt et al., 1988 and Firmicutes Gibbons & Murray 1978 (Cayford et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017a; Hunsucker et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018). Overall, more than 20 classes of bacteria were proven to induce corrosion (Li et al., 2017), the most abundant of them being Deltaproteobacteria Stackebrandt et al. 1988, Clostridia Rainey 2010 and Gammaproteobacteria Stackebrandt et al. 1988 (Cayford et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017a; Hunsucker et al., 2018). On the genera level, the most common MIC causing bacteria are Desulfovibrio Kluyver & van Niel 1936, Desulfobacter Widdel 1981 and Desulfotomaculum Campbell & Postgate 1965, all three belonging to Sulphate Re- ducing Bacteria (SRB) group (Hamilton, 1985; Jia et al., 2017; Wan et al., 2018). Sulphate reducing bacteria are considered to be the typical MIC causing micro- organisms, thanks to their ability to accelerate corrosion in anaerobic environments (Videla, 1986; Sherar et al., 2011; Dec et al., 2016). Studies have shown that SRB, apart from corrosion acceleration, can also lead to corrosion inhibition. Sulphides created by bacteria can form �lms on the surface. �in �lms work as corrosion inhibitors, while more bulky �lms can accelerate the corrosion rate (Videla et al., 2005; Xu et al., 2013). As SRBs are strictly anaerobic, most of the research regarding corrosion e�ects of SRBs is focused around anaerobic environments. In recent years, another group of corrosion inducing bacteria has gained a lot of researchers’ attention, that group being Nitrate Reducing Bacteria (NRB). NRBs have proven to induce corrosion include gene Bacillus Cohn 1872, Acidithiobacillus Kelly & Wood 2000 and Alcaligenes Castellani & Chalmers 1919, (Wang et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2016; Herisson et al., 2017). Studies have shown that corrosion caused by NRBs can be more serious that that caused by SRBs (Wan et al., 2018). Despite the intensive research, corrosion the mechanism of NRB still needs more investigation. MIC as a topic of scientific research In recent years, microbial induced corrosion has been gaining more and more attention among scientists from a range of scienti�c �elds. Due to the material destructing nature of MIC, most of the research revolves around the development of corrosion resistant materials, corrosion inhibitors, and the recognition of MIC mechanisms. MIC has been proven as one of the main factors in concrete degradation. Corro- sion of wastewater networks poses a high risk to the environment and public health (World Health Organisation, 2000; Li et al., 2017b). �e range of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) produced as bacterial metabolites constitute considerable health and safety issues for sewage systems operators and community workers (Alexander et al., 2013; Gutierrez et al., 2014). Despite intensive in situ and lab research, corro- sion resistant concrete is still not available for wide usage. Not one of the currently A rk ad iu sz G ru ca 154 used concrete mixtures can resist MIC for their projected operating lifetime (Goyns, Alexander, 2014; Herisson et al., 2014). Experience has shown that physiochemical concrete parameters are very important for MIC resistance (Vincke et al., 2002; Heris- son et al., 2014). Mixtures with high bacterial created acid neutralisation capacity and small pores were proven to be especially resistant to corrosion (Gu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2017b). Antibacterial additives, such as ZnO powder, were also proven to be e�ective in slowing down MIC (Schultz et al., 2011). Water transportation is another �eld in which MIC causes considerable loses every year. Ship hulls, and fuel and ballast tanks are especially endangered. Seawater is a  perfect environment for bacteria, thanks to abundance of organic and mineral compounds necessary for bacteria to thrive, and a relatively stable temperature. Inter- continental water transport highly contributes to the propagation of bacteria around the globe (Souza et al., 2016). �e accumulation of bacterial bio�lm, responsible for corrosion on ship hulls causes increased drag, which leads to higher fuel consumption and increased exhaust emissions (Swain, 2010). To negate this problem, biocides and anti-adhesion coat- ings are used (Lee et al., 2012). Because of high toxicity of biocides, new methods of protecting ship hulls are being developed. One of the new methods that show prom- ise is grooming (Hunsucker et al., 2018). Grooming is based on brushing the surface attacked by bacteria and removing bio�lms, and other contaminations. �e groomed surface is smoother and thereby more resistant to bacterial adhesion. However, more research is required to re�ne grooming tools and procedures. Studies have shown that biodiesel fuels can accelerate the corrosion of carbon steel fuel tanks in contact with marine microbes (Bellige et al., 2015). Cu-Ni coatings used for protection of fuel tanks against corrosion were proven to be not e�ective against MIC. Bacterial sulphate reduction corresponding with fuel biodegradation can lead to rapid penetration of the protecting coating and the corrosion of external steel layers (Lv et al., 2017). Latest research shows that the type of fuel is a major factor in Cu-Ni coating corrosion (Hunsucker et al., 2018). To �ght this, new generations of biofuels are being implemented (Liang et al., 2017). �e environment of the oral cavity is a perfect incubator for bacteria (Long, Rack, 1998). Because of that, large emphasis is given for development of MIC resistant dental implants. �e most widely used material for implant production is titanium, known for its biocompatibility and corrosion resistance (Navarro et al., 2008; Diaz et al., 2018). �e corrosion resistance of titanium comes from its ability to passivate and create a 2-5 nm thick protective oxide layer on the implant surface. However, recent studies have shown that bacteria can accelerate titanium corrosion in the oral cavity environment (Li et al., 2017). Roughness of the implant surface also plays a major role in MIC resistance, and because of that, a range of surface modi�cations are being A brief review of m icrobial induced corrosion research 155 extensively tested (Souza et al., 2016). �e goal is to achieve high corrosion resistance without lowering biocompatibility of the implant. MIC prevention methods Because of high maintenance costs of elements a�ected by MIC, a lot of emphasis is given to the development of e�ective anti-corrosion agents, coatings, and corrosion resistant materials. �e application of biocides, such as bronopol and innovative coat- ings containing antibacterial nanoparticles are being tested. Bronopol (2-bromo 2-nitropropane-1.3-diol) is a well-known anti-microbial agent. It can form a protective layer on the surface of metal, thus protecting it against bacteria. Studies have shown that bronopol can considerably reduce the corrosion rate of mild steel (Narenkumar et al., 2018). However, according to Sharma et al. (2017), high concentrations of bronopol can lead to an increase in the corrosion rate. Because of that, high dosages of bronopol should be avoided. �e use of bioengineered silver nanoparticles (NPs) is an innovative method of preventing MIC (Narenkumar et al., 2018). �anks to their high antibacterial poten- tial, silver nanoparticles are very e�ective in stopping bio�lm development (Sondi, Salopek-Sondi, 2004; Kim et al., 2007; Narenkumar et al., 2018). Analyses have shown that silver NPs can be absorbed by the metal surface and form a protective layer, which adds to their anticorrosive properties. Unfortunately, silver NPs have been proven as highly toxic and hazardous for the environment (Hajipour et al., 2012; Bondarenko et al., 2013; Yuan et al., 2017). �e usage of many anti MIC agents is very limited due to their high toxicity and destructing in�uence on the natural environment. Because of that, eco-friendly alter- native solutions are being developed. One of them is the usage of plant-based natural corrosion inhibitors (Narenkumar et al., 2017; Punniyakotti et al., 2017). Many plants are well known for their antibacterial properties (Raja, Sethuraman, 2008; Narenku- mar et al., 2017; Punniyakotti et al., 2017; Aribo et al., 2017), and can be used to prevent corrosion. Studies have shown that ginger (Zingiber o�cinale Rosc.) in con- centrations as low as 20 ppm inhibits MIC with over 80% e�ciency (Narenkumar et al., 2017). Despite high potential of natural inhibitors, more research is required to develop e�ective ways of implementing them in in situ conditions. MIC mechanisms Anaerobic bacterial metabolism can be divided into two types: fermentation and respi- ration (Błaszczyk, 2010). With that classi�cation, anaerobic microbial induced corrosion can be divided into three main categories (Xu, Gu, 2011; Gu, 2012; Xu et al., 2013). A rk ad iu sz G ru ca 156 In standard conditions, organic carbon is a main source of nourishment for mi- crobes. Bacteria subjected to carbon starvation have been shown to accelerate carbon steel corrosion. With the lack of carbon, bacteria were using metallic iron as a source of electrons needed for the oxidation process (Jia et al., 2017). Metals that can be used as electron donors are more susceptible to biocorrosion (Xu et al., 2016). In MIC I, extracellular electrons realised in oxidation of iron are used by bacteria to reduce oxi- dants such as sulphate or nitrate in their cytoplasm. For this to happen, electrons must be transported through a cell wall, this is called extracellular electron transfer (EET). Two main methods of EET are used by bacteria: mediated electron transfer (MET) and direct electron transfer (DET). �e addition of electron mediator into Desulfovi- brio vulgaris (Hildenbor) culture medium accelerated corrosion (Zhang et al., 2015). �is shows that electron transfer is a limiting factor in MIC. A theory called Biocat- alytic Cathodic Sulphate Reduction (BCSR) was proposed to describe the thermody- namics of microbial induced corrosion caused by SRB (Gu et al., 2009). In this theory, sulphate is the terminal electron acceptor, and iron oxidation occurs extracellulary, and sulphate reduction occurs in the SRB cytoplasm. BCSR can be used as a base for computer modelling of MIC caused by sulphate reducing bacteria. Various factors (i.e., temperature, bio�lm aggressiveness, pH, [SO42-]) in�uencing corrosion speed can be investigated through computer simulation (Xu et al., 2016). Biocatalytic Cathodic Nitrate Reduction (BCNR) is a theory parallel to BCSR, and it can explain MIC caused by nitrate reducing bacteria. Nitrate reduction associated with extracellular iron oxidation can cause corrosion more severe than that linked to sulphate reduction (Gu, 2012; Xu et al., 2016). MIC II is caused by corrosive bacterial metabolites (i.e., organic acids and sul- phides) released into bio�lm. In this type of MIC, metabolites are used by bacteria to achieve redox balance (Shuler, Kargi, 2002). �e pH di�erence between bio�lm and surrounding liquid leads to the acidic corrosion of surface underneath the bio�lm (Xu et al., 2016). It is still unknown if this process is deliberate and if bacteria secrete corrosive metabolites for the purpose of harvesting energy (Li et al., 2018). Type III MIC can be best described as the biodegradation of organic materials caused by microbes. In humid environments, microorganisms, such as fungi, excrete enzymes that digest organic matter transforming it into substances that can be ab- sorbed into cells. �is kind of microbial induced corrosion can damage polymer insu- lations and lead to the failure of electrical systems (Gu, 2003). Conclusions �e state of the art knowledge of microbial induced corrosion was reviewed in this study. Despite major advances in recent years, more research is still required to accu- A brief review of m icrobial induced corrosion research 157 rate the description of MIC process in nature and the development of more e�ective biocorrosion inhibitors. Computer simulation can help accelerate research speed and largely contribute towards new discoveries in MIC studies. Better understanding of MIC mechanisms allowed for the development of corrosion resistant materials and new ways of �ghting corrosive microbes. Scientists are on the right path, and rapid pro- gress in microbial induced corrosion research is becoming more and more apparent. References Alexander, M., Bertron, A., De Belie, N. (2013). Performance of cement-based materials in aggressive aque- ous environments. 1st ed. Ghent: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5413-3 Aribo, S., Olusegun, S.J., Ibhadiyi, L.J., Oyetunji, A., Folorunso, D.O. (2017). Green inhibitors for corro- sion protection in acidizing oil�eld environment. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences, 24, 34–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaubas.2016.08.001 Bellige, S., Elias, L., Hegde, A.C (2015). Electrodeposition of Cu-Ni coatings for marine protection of mild steel. Innovations in Corrosion and Materials Science, 5(2), 127–131. DOI: 10.2174/235209490 502151106195950 Błaszczyk, M.K. (2010). Mikrobiologia środowisk. Warszawa: PWN. [In Polish] Bondarenko, O., Juganson, K., Ivask, A., Kasemets, K., Mortimer, M., Kahru, A. (2013). Toxicity of Ag, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles to selected environmentally relevant test organisms and mammalian cells in vitro: a critical review. Archives of Toxicology, 87(7), 1181–1200. DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1079-4 Cayford, B.I., Jiang, G., Keller, J., Tyson, G., Bond, P.L. (2017). Comparison of microbial communities across sections of a corroding sewer pipe and the e�ects of wastewater �ooding. Biofouling, 33(9), 780–792. DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1369050 Dec, W., Mosiałek, M., Socha, R.P., Jaworska-Kik, M., Simka, W., Michalska, J. (2016). �e e�ect of sul- phate-reducing bacteria bio�lm on passivity and development of pitting on 2205 duplex stainless steel. Electrochimica Acta, 212, 225–236. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.043 Diaz, I., Pacha-Olivenza, M.Á., Tejero, R., Aniuta, E., González-Martín, M.L., Escudero, M.L., Gar- cia-Alonso, M.C. (2018). Corrosion behavior of surface modi�cations on titanium dental implant. In situ bacteria monitoring by electrochemical techniques. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials, 106(3), 997–1009. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33906 Goyns, A.M., Alexander, M. (2014). Performance of various concretes in the Virginia experimental sewer over 20 years. Calcium Aluminates, Balkema, 573–584. Grengg, C., Mittermayr, F., Ukrainczyk, N., Koraimann, G., Kienesberger, S., Dietzel, M. (2018). Ad- vances in concrete materials for sewer systems a�ected by microbial induced concrete corrosion: A review. Water Research, 134(1), 341–352. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.043 Gu, J.D. (2003). Microbiological deterioration and degradation of synthetic polymeric materials: recent research advances. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 52(2), 69–91. DOI: 10.1016/ S0964-8305(02)00177-4 Gu, J.D., Ford, T.E., Mitchellm, R. (2011). Microbiological corrosion of concrete. Uhlig’s Corrosion Hand- book, John Wiley & Sons, 451–460. Gu, T. (2012). Can acid producing bacteria be responsible for very fast MIC pitting. Corrosion 2012, p. C2012-0001214, Salt Lake City: UT. Gu, T., Zhao, K., Nešic, S. (2009). A practical mechanistic model for MIC based on a Biocatalytic Cathodic Sulfate Reduction (BCSR) theory. Corrosion 2009, p. 09390, Atlanta: GA. A rk ad iu sz G ru ca 158 Gutierrez, O., Sudarjanto, G., Ren, G., Ganigué, R., Jiang, G., Yuan, Z. (2014). Assessment of pH shock as a method for controlling sul�de and methane formation in pressure main sewer systems. Water Research, 48, 569–578. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.021 Hajipour, M.J., Fromm, K.M., Ashkarran, A.A., Jimenez de Aberasturi, D., de Larramendi, I.R., Rojo, T., Serpooshan, V., Parak, W.J., Mahmoudi, M. (2012). Antibacterial properties of nanoparticles. Trends in Biotechnology, 30(10), 499–511. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.06.004 Hamilton, W.A. (1985). Sulphate-reducing bacteria and anaerobic corrosion. Annual Review of Microbi- ology, 39, 195–217. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.mi.39.100185.001211 Herisson, J., Gueguen-Minerbe, M., Van Hullebusch, E.D., Chaussadent, T. (2014). Biogenic corrosion mechanism: Study of parameters explaining calcium aluminate cement durability. Calcium Aluminates, Balkema, 645–58. Herisson, J., Guéguen-Minerbe, M., van Hullebusch, E.D., Chaussadent, T. (2017). In�uence of the binder on the behaviour of mortars exposed to H2S in sewer networks: a long-term durability study. Materi- als and Structures, 50(1), 8, DOI: 10.1617/s11527-016-0919-0 Hunsucker, K.Z., Vora, G.J., Hunsucker, J.T., Gardner, H., Leary, D.H., Kim, S., Lin, B., Swain, G. (2018). Bio�lm community structure and the associated drag penalties of a groomed fouling release ship hull coating. Biofouling, 34(2), 162–172. DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1417395 Javed, M.A., Stoddart, P.R., Wade, S.A. (2015). Corrosion of carbon steel by sulphate reducing bacteria: initial attachment and the role of ferrous ions. Corrosion Science, 93, 48–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.cors- ci.2015.01.006 Jia, R., Yang, D., Xu, D., Gu, T. (2017). Electron transfer mediators accelerated the microbiologically in�uence corrosion against carbon steel by nitrate reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa bio�lm. Bioel- ectrochemistry, 118, 38–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.06.013 Jia, R., Yang, D., Xu, J., Xu, D., Gu, T. (2017). Microbiologically in�uenced corrosion of C1018 carbon steel by nitrate reducing Pseudomonas aeruginosa bio�lm under organic carbon starvation. Corrosion Science, 127, 1–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2017.08.007 Kim, J.S., Kuk, E., Yu, K.N., Kim, J.H, Park, S.J., Lee, H.J., Kim, S.H., Park, Y.K., Park, Y.H., Hwang, C.Y., Kim, Y.K., Lee, Y.S., Jeong, D.H., Cho,M.H. (2007). Antimicrobial e�ects of silver nanoparticles. Na- nomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 3(1), 95–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2006.12.001 Koch, J.H., Brongers, M.P.H., �ompson, N.G., Virmani, Y.P., Payer, J.H. (2002). Corrosion cost and pre- ventive strategies in the United States. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, Report No. FHWA-RD 01-156. Lee, J.S., Ray, R.I., Little, B.J., Duncan, K.E., Oldham, A.L., Davidova, I.A., Su�ita, J.M. (2012). Sulphide production and corrosion in seawaters during exposure to FAME diesel. Biofouling, 28(5), 465–478. DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.687723 Li, L., Li, S., Qu, Q., Zuo, L., He, Y., Zhu, B., Li, C. (2017). Streptococcus sanguis bio�lm architecture and its in�uence on titanium corrosion in enriched arti�cial saliva. Materials, 10(3), 255. DOI: 10.3390/ ma10030255 Li, Q., Wang, J., Xing, X., Hu, W. (2018). Corrosion behavior of X65 steel in seawater containing sulfate reducing bacteria under aerobic conditions. Bioelectrochemistry, 122, 40–50. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioel- echem.2018.03.003 Li, X., Duan, J., Xiao, H., Li, Y., Liu, H., Guan, F., Zhai, X. (2017a). Analysis of bacterial community com- position of corroded steel immersed in Sanya and Xiamen Seawaters in China via method of illumina MiSeq Sequencing. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 1737. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01737 Li, X., Jiang, G., Kappler, U., Bond, P. (2017b). �e ecology of acidophilic microorganisms in the corrod- ing concrete sewer environment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 683. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00683 Li, Y., Xu, D., Chen, C., Li, X., Jia, R., Zhang, D., Sand, W., Wang, F., Gu, T. (2018). Anaerobic mi- A brief review of m icrobial induced corrosion research 159 crobiologically in�uenced corrosion mechanisms interpreted using bioenergetics and bioelec- trochemistry: A review. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. [In Press]. DOI: 10.1016/j. jmst.2018.02.023 Liang, R., Aydin, E., Le Borgne, S., Sunner, J., Duncan, K.E., Su�ita, J.M. (2017). Anaerobic biodeg- radation of biofuels and their impact on the corrosion of a Cu-Ni alloy in marine environments. Chemosphere, 195, 427–436. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.082 Liu, H., Gu, T., Zhang, G., Wang, W., Dong, S., Cheng, Y., Liu, H. (2016). Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in CO 2 -containing oil�eld produced water in the presence of iron-oxidizing bacteria and in- hibitors. Corrosion Science, 105, 149–160. DOI: 10.12783/issn.1544-8053/13/2/10 Long, M., Rack, H.J. (1998). Titanium alloys in total joint replacement – A materials science perspective. Biomaterials, 19(18), 1621–1639. DOI: 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00146-4 Lv, B., Cui, Y., Tian, W., Feng, D. (2017). Composition and in�uencing factors of bacterial communities in ballast tank sediments: Implications for ballast water and sediment management. Marine Environ- mental Research, 132, 14–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.10.005 Narenkumar, J., Parthipan, P., Madhavan, J., Murugan, K., Marpu, S.B., Suresh, A.K., Rajaskear, A. (2018). Bioengineered silver nanoparticles as potent anti-corrosive inhibitor for mild steel in cooling towers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 25(6), 5412–5420. DOI: 10.1007/s11356- 017-0768-6 Narenkumar, J., Parthipan, P., Usha Raja Nanthini, A., Benelli, G., Murugan, K., Rajasekar, A. (2017). Ginger extract as green biocide to control microbial corrosion of mild steel. �ree Biotech, 7(2), 133. DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0783-9 Narenkumar, J., Ramesh, N., Rajasekar, A. (2018). Control of corrosive bacterial community by bronopol in industrial water system. �ree Biotech, 8(1), 55. DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1071-4 Navarro, M., Michiardi, A., Castano, O., Planell, J.A. (2008). Biomaterials in orthopedics. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 5(27), 1137–1158. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0151 Punniyakotti, P., Jayaraman, N., Punniyakotti, E., Parameswaran, S.P., Ayyakkannu, U.R.N., Akhil, A., Aruliah, R. (2017). Neem extract as a green inhibitor for microbiologically in�uenced corrosion of carbon steel API 5LX in a hypersaline environments. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 240, 121–127. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.05.059 Raja, P.B., Sethuraman, M.G. (2008). Inhibitive e�ect of black pepper extract on the sulphuric acid corro- sion of mild steel. Materials Letters, 62(17–18), 2977–2979. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2008.01.087 Schultz, M.P., Bendick, J.A., Holm, E.R., Hertel, W.M. (2011). Economic impact of biofouling on a naval surface ship. Biofouling, 27, 87–98. DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.542809 Schweitzer, P.A.P.E. (2010). Fundamentals of corrosion – Mechanisms, Causes and Preventative Methods. CRC Press, p. 25. Sharma, M.A.D., Liu, T., Pinnock, T., Cheng, F., Voordouw, G. (2017). Biocide-mediated corrosion of coiled tubing. Public Library of Science One, 12(7), e0181934. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181934 Sherar, B.W.A., Power, I.M., Keech, P.G., Mitlin, S., Southam, G., Shoesmith, D.W. (2011). Characterizing the e�ect of carbon steel exposure in sul�de containing solutions to microbially induced corrosion. Corrosion Science, 53(3), 955–960. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.11.027 Shuler, M.L., Kargi, F. (2002). Bioprocess engineering. New York: Prentice Hall. Sondi, I., Salopek-Sondi, B. (2004). Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 275(1), 177–182. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.02.012 Souza, J.C.M., Mota, R.R.C., Sordi, M.B., Passoni, B.B., Benfatti, C.A.M., Magin, R.S. (2016). Bio�lm formation on di�erent materials used in oral rehabilitation. Brazilian Dental Journal, 27(2), 141–147. DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600625 A rk ad iu sz G ru ca 160 Swain, G.W. (2010). �e importance of ship hull coatings and maintenance as drivers for environmental sustainability. Proceedings of Ship Design and Operation for Environmental Sustainability, London: Royal Institute of Naval Architects – Ship Design and Operation for Environmental Sustainability – Papers, 55–62. �auer, R.K., Stackebrandt, E., Hamilton, W.A. (2007). Energy metabolism phylogeneticdiversity of sul- phate-reducing bacteria, in: Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria: Environmental and Engineered Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–27. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511541490.002 Videla, H.A. (1986). Corrosion of mild steel induced by sulfate-reducing bacteria. A study of passivity break- down by biogenic sulphides. Texas: NACE-8 International Corrosion Conference Series, NACE Inter- national, Houston, 162–171. Videla, H.A., Herrera, L.K., Edyvean, R.G.J. (2005). An updated overview of SRB induced corrosion and protection of carbon steel. Corrosion, NACE International, Texas: Houston. Vincke, E., Wanseele, E. Van, Monteny, J., Beeldens, A., Belie, N., De, Taerwe, L., Gemert, D. Van, Ver- straete, W. (2002). In�uence of polymer addition on biogenic sulfuric acid attack of concrete. Inter- national Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 49(4), 283–292. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00055-0 Wan, H., Song, D., Zhang, D., Du, C., Xu, D., Liu, Z., Ding, D., Li, X. (2018). Corrosion e�ect of Bacillus cereus on X80 pipeline steel in a Beijing soil environment. Bioelectrochemistry, 121, 18–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.12.011 Wang, H., Ju, L.K., Castaneda, H., Cheng, G., Newby, B.M.Z. (2014). Corrosion of carbon steel C1010 in the presence of iron oxidizing bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Corrosion Science, 89, 250–257. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2014.09.005 World Health Organisation (2000). Hydrogen Sul�de, in: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. Copenhagen, p. 7. Xu, D., Gu, T. (2011). Bioenergetics Explains When and Why More Severe MIC Pitting by SRB Can Occur. Corrosion/2011, NACE International, Texas: Houston. Xu, D., Li, Y., Gu, T. (2016). Mechanistic modeling of biocorrosion caused by bio�lms of sulfate reduc- ing bacteria and acid producing bacteria. Bioelectrochemistry, 110, 52–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelech- em.2016.03.003 Xu, D., Li, Y., Song, F., Gu, T. (2013). Laboratory investigation of microbiologically in�uenced corrosion of C1018 carbon steel by nitrate reducing bacterium Bacillus licheniformis. Corrosion Science, 77, 385–390. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2013.07.044 Yuan, L., Gao, T., He, H., Jiang, F.L., Liu, Y. (2017). Silver ion-induced mitochondrial dysfunction via a nonspeci�c pathway. Toxicology Research, 6(5), 621–630. DOI: 10.1039/C7TX00079K Zhang, P., Xu, D., Li, Y., Yang, K., Gu, T. (2015). Electron mediators accelerate the microbiologically in�u- enced corrosion of 304 stainless steel by the Desulfovibrio vulgaris bio�lm. Bioelectrochemistry, 101, 14–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.06.010 Krótki przegląd badań nad biokorozją Streszczenie Korozja to ogół procesów prowadzących do niszczenia materiałów. Jednym z  typów korozji jest korozja powodowana działaniem mikroorganizmów. Tak zwana Biokorozja w  znacznym stopniu przyczynia się do degradacji konstrukcji metalowych i betonowych. Niektóre elementy tych konstrukcji, w szczególności te wystawione na działanie wody słodkiej, słonej, ścieków albo ziemi są szczególnie narażone na destruk- cyjny wpływ mikrobów. Korozja mikrobiologiczna w największym stopniu dotyka przemysłu na�owo-ga- zowego, transportu wodnego i  instalacji sanitarnych. Niebagatelny problem stanowi także, powodowana przez bakterie znajdujące się w  jamie ustnej, korozja implantów dentystycznych. Mimo, że mechanizmy A brief review of m icrobial induced corrosion research 161 powodujące biokorozję nie są dobrze znane, walka z tym zjawiskiem jest przedmiotem badań instytutów na całym świecie. Ważnym zagadnieniem jest również projektowanie materiałów o zwiększonej odporności na biokorozję. Celem tego artykułu jest podsumowanie dotychczasowego stanu wiedzy o zjawisku biokorozji, przybliżenie obecnie stosowanych metod jej zapobiegania, oraz omówienie procesów chemicznych i biolo- gicznych stojących za korozją indukowaną przez mikroorganizmy. Key words: bacteria, bio�lm, inhibitors, mechanism, microbial induced corrosion Received: [2018.07.10] Accepted: [2018.09.25]