25 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae, 5: 25–33, 2020, ISSN 2543-8832 DOI: 10.24917/25438832.5.2 Anna Sołtys-Lelek1*, Wojciech Gruszka2 1Ojców National Park, 32-045 Sułoszowa, Ojców 9, Poland; *ana_soltys@wp.pl 2Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski., Poznań University School of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland Occurrence of Rosa blanda Ait. (Rosaceae) in Poland Introduction Rosa blanda Ait. (sect. Cinnamomeae) is a North American species of rose, growing in Canada and the United States. Its natural range extends from Quebec to Ontario, south to Kansas, and east to Missouri and Ohio (Stephens, 1973; Gleason, Cronquist, 1991; Lewis et al., 2014). However, it has been cultivated and grown wild in Poland, Finland, Austria, Germany, and France (Tutin et al., 1968; Zieliński, 1987; Czarna, 2016; Rosa blanda Ait.…). Mirek et al. (2002) granted R. blanda the status of an an- thropophyte permanently established in Polish �ora. Fig. 2. Flower of Rosa blanda Ait. (Photo. 2013, W. Gruszka, Dendrological Garden in Przelewice) A nn a S oł ty s- Le le k, W oj ci ec h G ru sz ka 26 R. blanda is morphologically similar to the native species R. majalis Herrm., for which it is a vicarious species (Zieliński, 1987). Characteristic features of this rose are needle-like thorns at the base of long shoots; �owering stems usually without thorns; lea�ets blade elliptic or ovate, sometimes obovate; margins 1-serrate; teeth 10–26 per side; acute; and in�orescences corymbs, 1–5(–10)-�owered (Stephens, 1973; Zieliński, 1987; Lewis et al., 2014; Minnesota Wild�owers a �eld…; Fig. 1 – Appendix 1, Fig. 2). �ere is almost no information on the distribution of this species in the Polish botanical literature, probably due to the fact that, outside of cultivation in botanical gardens or arboreta, few specimens are seen. In 2017, during �eld research carried out in the vicinity of Gorzów Wielkopolski, the authors came across a site where R. blanda was growing in 17 di�erent-sized clusters. �is �nding provided the impetus to undertake this research study aimed at presenting all the R. blanda sites in Poland so far identi�ed and determining its ability to establish and spread. Materials and methods In order to establish the distribution of spontaneous sites of this species in the coun- try, the authors, in addition to their own observations, consulted collections in the largest national herbariums via e-mail. Information was obtained from the following herbariums: the Herbarium of the Białowieża Geobotanical Station at the University of Warsaw (BSG), the Herbarium of the Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Acad- emy of Sciences in Kórnik (KOR), the Scienti�c Herbarium of the University of Sile- sia (KTU), the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow (KRA), the Herbarium of Vascular Plants at the Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences (KRAM), the Herbarium of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (LBL), the Herbarium of the Faculty of Biology at the University of Warsaw (WA), and the Herbarium of the Department of Taxonomy and Plant Geography at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (TRN). Data published in papers by Zieliński (1977, 1987) and Czarna (2009, 2011, 2016) and unpublished information made available by researchers, Prof. Błażej Gierczyk from the Adam Mickiewicz Uni- versity in Poznań and Lucjan Rutkowski, PhD from the Nicolaus Copernicus Univer- sity in Toruń, were also included. All the collected data are shown on the map (Fig. 3). �e list of sites and the distri- bution map includes only sites that have been created spontaneously or those that are remnants of an old local cultivation (feral). Sites of specimens in private collections, botanical gardens, arboreta, etc. have not been recorded. �e sites are located in rela- tion to ATPOL (ATlas of POLand) squares, 10 × 10 km, (Zając, Zając, 2001) and the nearest village. Abbreviations used: obs. – observation, com. – compartment. 27 O ccurrence of R osa blanda A it. (R osaceae) in P oland Glossary of geographical names in article �e list includes geographical coordinates for the villages in article: Białowieża 52°42ʹ04,9ʺN; 23°52ʹ10,2ʺE (GC65) Budachów 52°9ʹ14,88ʺN; 15°5ʹ3,56ʺE (AD26) Dobrosułów 52°11ʹ37ʺN; 15°07ʹ28,99ʺE (AD26) Konin 52°13ʹ39ʹʹN; 18°15ʹ41ʹʹE (CD27) Poznań 52°24ʹ52ʹʹN; 16°55ʹ16ʹʹE (BC98, BC99, BD08, BD18, BD19) Puck 54°42‘59,93“N; 18°24‘27,21“E (CA49) Pyzdry 52°10ʹ13ʹʹN; 17°41ʹ24ʹʹE (CD24) Skwierzyna 52°35ʹ46,58ʺN; 15°30ʹ10,38ʺE (AC89) Strzelce Krajeńskie 52°52ʹ43,22ʺN; 15°31ʹ58,16ʺE (AC49) Fig. 3. Current distribution of Rosa blanda Ait. in Poland based on the ATPOL grid square system; ● – squares in which single sites were recorded for the species, ▲ – squares in which two sites were recorded for the species, ■ – squares in which four sites were recorded for the species A nn a S oł ty s- Le le k, W oj ci ec h G ru sz ka 28 Szczecin 53°26‘N; 14°34‘E (AB74) Śrem 52°05‘N; 17°01‘E (BD39) Toruń 53°02ʹN; 18°37ʹE (DC30) Wielisławice 52°53ʹ51,28ʺN; 15°27ʹ58,91ʺE (AC49) Zemsko 52°16‘20,0“N; 16°34‘45,4“E (AC89) Results Unpublished sites in ATPOL grid squares AC4944, AC4955: between Strzelce Krajeńskie and Wielisławice, roadside trench, 2017, W. Gruszka, AD2615: Dobrosułów near Torzym, 2010, A. Czarna, (KOR 52896), BC9897: Poznań, 100 m from the intersection of Solidarności Avenue and Dojazd Street, roadside, obs. 2019, B. Gierczyk (e-mail information), BC9961: Poznań, Bożywoja Street, hedges, 2010, J. Zieliński, (KOR 48896), BD0814: Poznań, near Żwirki and Wigury II Family Allotment Gardens, 800 m from Bukowska Street, obs. 2019, B. Gierczyk (e-mail information), BD0831: Poznań, at Owczej Street, near Marceliński Forest, com. 85lx, obs. 2019, B. Gierczyk (e-mail information), BD1883: Poznań, Greater Poland National Park, com. 76c, woodland, 2004, A. Purcel, 2004 (KOR 47092), CD27: Konin, roadside slope, 1975, K. Balcerzak, 1975 (KOR 8975), DC3021: Toruń, Pawia Street, remnant of former local cultivation, obs. 2019, L. Rut- kowski (e-mail information), and DC3061: Toruń, Sienkiewicza Street, remnant of former local cultivation, obs. 2019, L. Rutkowski (e-mail information). Published sites in ATPOL grid squares AB74: Szczecin area, (Zieliński, 1987), AC89: between Skwierzyna and Zemsko, remnant of former local cultivation (Ziel- iński, 1977), AD2662: Budachów, on the road from Osiecznica (Zieliński, 1977), AD3624: Lubuskie Lakeland, before Dobrosołów from Budachowo, remnant of an old hedge, 1974, J. Zieliński (KOR 6633, Zieliński, 1977), BD0845: Poznań, old Górczyński cemetery, remnant of former local cultivation (Czar- na et al., 2011; Czarna 2016), BD0853: Poznań, near Junikowska Street, side of fence of plot no. 54, B. Gierczyk 11.06.2006 (Rosa blanda Aiton…), BD19: Poznań area, (Zieliński, 1987), 29 BD39: Śrem, hedges at the “Śrem” Iron Foundry (Czarna, 2009), CA49: Puck area, (Zieliński, 1987), CD2400: Pyzdry, old cemetery, remnant of former local cultivation (Czarna, 2016), and GC6508: Białowieża, Białowieski National Park, Polana Białowieska, 1991, Ł. Łuczaj, Herbarium BSG Vascular Plants (catalogue number A20192) published in: Global Biodiversity Information Facility database (Rosa blanda Ait.…). Species were previously generally reported in the Białowieska Forest (Zieliński, 1987). Discussion Rosa blanda Ait. has the status of an established, non-invasive kenophyte in Poland. Its introduction into Poland is estimated to be 1817 (Tokarska-Guzik et al., 2012). Since the second half of the 20th century, information about its sporadic spread beyond cultivation in gardens, arboreta, or botanical gardens has appeared in the literature (Zieliński, 1977, 1987). R. blanda, as a foreign escapee species, is a rare species in Poland. A total of 22 sites, created spontaneously or as a remnant of old local cultivations, were identi- �ed. Its current range is mainly restricted to central and north-western Poland, with isolated sites in the north and east of the country (Fig. 3). However, it can be assumed that the distribution of the species in Poland is probably in�uenced by insu�cient �eld research, particularly in the central and eastern part of the country. �erefore, it may be expected that the list of published sites will be supplemented with additional records in the future. �e spread of this species within the country may be facilitated by its wide toler- ance, both in terms of climate and habitat conditions. R. blanda Ait. is a frost-resist- ant species; it tolerates temperatures to −42.8°C (USDA zones 2 to 6; United States Department of Agriculture). It is also shade resistant. In Polish climatic conditions it blooms abundantly and bears fruit; it also propagates very e�ectively by stolons (au- thors’ observation). Usually occurring in sunny, dry to moist sites (Minnesota Wild�owers a �eld…), it tolerates dry, sandy habitats that are poor in nutrients, such as roadsides (Stephen, 1973) and heavy clay soils. In terms of pH, it grows on acidic, alkaline, and neutral soils (Plants for a future…). Most o�en, it occurs in anthropogenic, partially trans- formed habitats (Tokarska et al., 2012). Although rose has been included in the alien species list for Poland (Gatunki obce w Polsce…) its negative impact on native species of �ora or other elements of the hab- itats in which it grows has not yet been described. Nevertheless, the possibility that such impacts exist cannot be excluded. For many alien species a so-called delay phase, O ccurrence of R osa blanda A it. (R osaceae) in P oland A nn a S oł ty s- Le le k, W oj ci ec h G ru sz ka 30 also known in the literature as a lag phase, has been observed between the appearance of the species and the discovery of its invasive behaviour (Hobbs, Humphries, 1995; Richardson, Pyšek, 2006). �erefore, it is important to know the current distribution of the plant’s spontaneous sites and, in the long term, to undertake research aimed at determining its impact on the native �ora. Furthermore, it has been proven that the species has a tendency to spontaneously cross with other species, for example R. acic- ularis Lindl., R. carolina L., and R. virginiana Mill. (Lewis, 2016; Lewis, Elvin-Lewis, 2017). A dangerous phenomenon may have been described by Mercure and Bruneau (2008) when they con�rmed spontaneous crossing between R. blanda and R. rugosa �unb. �ese are two species with great potential for range expansion that could pose a serious threat to the native �ora. Although R. rugosa is widespread throughout Po- land (and its abundance is increasing), as mentioned earlier, R. blanda occurs in few sites outside of cultivation. However, it should be noted that the hybrid form between R. rugosa and most probably R. blanda was observed by Zieliński (2014) in Poland in 1988; not as an F1 hybrid but as a next-generation segregant. In this context, it should be mentioned that R. blanda occurs in two places together with R. rugosa in the site between Strzelce Krajeńskie and Wielisławice, so the emergence of a hybrid between these species seems possible. Acknowledgements �e authors would like to thank Prof. Jerzy Zieliński for the data sent from the herbarium of the Institute of Dendrol- ogy PAS in Kórnik. We would also like to thank Lucjan Rutkowski, PhD from the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń and Prof. Błażej Gierczyk, from the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań for making available their unpub- lished data. 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Kraków: Laboratory of Com- puter Chorology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University. Zieliński, J. (1977). Roses of the Lubusz Upland. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica, 23(2), 125–140. Zieliński, J. (1987). Rosa L. In: A. Jasiewicz (ed.), Flora of Poland, 5, 48 pp. Kraków: Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences. Zieliński, J. (2014). Dwa różne kultywary o nazwie Rosa ‘Poznań’ (Two di�erent cultivars called Rosa ‘Poznań’). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Dendrologicznego, 62, 63–66. [In Polish] Abstract �e article presents the Smooth rose, Rosa blanda Ait. distribution in Poland based on literature data, avail- able herbarium materials, and shared unpublished data. R. blanda is a North American species that is cul- tivated and has become wild throughout Poland, where it has the status of a domestic, non-invasive keno- phyte. �is species is rare in Poland. Only 22 sites have been identi�ed (mainly in the central and northwest- ern part of the country), as created spontaneously or as remaining from old, local cultivations. However, it cannot be excluded that this species will become invasive in the future and will negatively a�ect native �ora species, especially through its ability to cross with other rose species (including invasive R. rugosa �unb.). Key words: Rosaceae, distribution of stands, invasive potential, kenophytes Received: [2020.07.02] Accepted: [2020.09.06] O ccurrence of R osa blanda A it. (R osaceae) in P oland A nn a S oł ty s- Le le k, W oj ci ec h G ru sz ka 32 Występowanie róży labradorskiej, Rosa blanda Ait. (Rosaceae) w Polsce Streszczenie W artykule przedstawiono rozmieszczenie w Polsce róży labradorskiej Rosa blanda Ait. na podstawie da- nych z literatury, dostępnych materiałów zielnikowych, a także udostępnionych danych niepublikowanych. R. blanda jest gatunkiem północnoamerykańskim, który jest uprawiany i zdziczał na terytorium całej Pol- ski, gdzie posiada status zadomowionego, nieinwazyjnego keno�ta. Gatunek ten jest rzadki w Polsce. Zi- denty�kowano tylko 22 stanowiska (głównie w środkowej i północno-zachodniej części kraju), powstałe prawdopodobnie spontanicznie lub będące pozostałością starych, lokalnych upraw. Nie można jednak wy- kluczyć w przyszłości zachowania inwazyjnego i negatywnego wpływu na rodzime gatunki �ory, zwłaszcza że gatunek ten ma tendencję do krzyżowania się z innymi gatunkami (w tym inwazyjną R. rugosa �unb.). Słowa kluczowe: Rosaceae, rozmieszczenie stanowisk, potencjał inwazyjny, keno�ty Information on the authors Anna Sołtys-Lelek https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9595-3167 Author of numerous scienti�c and popular science studies in the �eld of botany and environmental pro- tection. Her research interests relate particularly to the critical type of rose (Rosa) and hawthorn (Cratae- gus). Member of the Polish and Slovak Botanical Society. Wojciech Gruszka http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6229-8397 Author and co-author of scienti�c and popular science studies in lichenology and botany. His main rese- arch interests relate to the ecology and protection of lichen. In addition, he participates in the research on the distribution of representatives of the rose (Rosa) and hawthorn (Crataegus) species in Poland. 33 Fig. 1. Smooth Rose, Rosa blanda Ait. (Photo. 2018, A. Sołtys-Lelek, specimen from Poland, between Strzelce Krajeńskie and Wielisławice, 2017, W. Gruszka); A – part of long shoot, B – part of fruiting short shoot, C – stipule, D, E – fruit, F – fruit with glandular sepal, G – leaf. Solid bar = 1 cm Appendix 1 O ccurrence of R osa blanda A it. (R osaceae) in P oland