Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae, 7: XX–XX, 2022 ISSN 2543-8832, e-ISSN 2545-0999 DOI: 10.24917/25438832.7.X Revision of the genus Daldinia in the KRAM herbarium collection: Daldinia childiae, D. loculata and D. loculatoides, three new species for Poland Andrzej Chlebicki W. Szafer Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland; email: a.chlebicki@botany.pl Introduction The fungi from the genus Daldinia were neglected for a long time. The genus was erected by two mycologists (Cesati, De Notaris, 1863) and devoted to the monk, Agostino Daldini. The first important monograph was prepared in 1932 (Child, 1932) and after that, important elaborations appeared (You et al., 1997; Stadler et al., 2014) that enabled progress in the taxonomy of this genus. The species of the genus Daldinia, according to Cesati and De Notaris (1863), are conspicuous because of their relatively large stromata. Most of them possess internal alternating zones. The genus comprises ca. 50 species that occur on angiosperm hosts. Only D. lloydii, D. eschscholtzii and D. childiae occasionally were noted on gymnosperm hosts (Pinus and Cryptomeria). Daldinia hawksworthii is known only in its anamorph state (Stadler et al., 2014). However, anamorph states of other species can occur in a wide range of angiosperms as endophytes. The taxonomy of this genus is based on morphological characters, colour of stromatal pigments, secondary metabolites, anamorph structures and molecular methods (Stadler et al., 2001, 2014; Guidot et al., 2003; Stadler, 2011; Helay et al., 2018). The anamorphic structures are most often referred to as the genus Nodulisporium Preuss that produces conidia from percurrent proliferating conidiogenous cells (Petrini, Müller, 1986; You et al., 1997). Conidia are formed on young stromata or on invaded wood. Stromata attached to the tree branches can actively discharge ascospores for more than 100 days (Ingold, 1965) and finish their discharge in late autumn. Fungi from the Daldinia concentrica complex produce volatile antibiotics that are active against plant pathogenic nematodes (Liarzi et al., 2016a, b) and D. hawksworthii is an insect-associated endophytic species that can produce volatile, small polyketide dalsymbiopyrone (Pažoutová et al. 2013). Mycelia of Daldinia have been characterised as “early colonisers”. They are present in the tissue of the host plants for a very long time without causing any symptoms of parasitism (Stadler et al., 2014). For a long time, D. concentrica was the only species reported from Poland (Mułenko et al., 2008). However, in light of recent taxonomic revisions of the genus Daldinia it appears that this species does not occur in Poland! Almost all Polish collections cited by Mułenko et al. (2008) were possibly wrongly determined and it is necessary to check and revise all Polish collections of this species. Apart from the doubtful collections of D. concentrica, only five species have been reported from Poland: D. decipiens (Karasiński, 2009; Ruszkiewicz- Michalska et al., 2015; Gierczyk et al., 2017), D. petriniae (Wojewoda et al., 2013; Stadler et al., 2014), D. pyrenaica (Karasiński, 2009), D. vernicosa (Stadler et al., 2014; Gierczyk et al., 2017) and D. lloydi (Stadler et al., 2014). The aim of the present study was the revision of the part of the richest Polish collection of Daldinia species, preserved in the fungal collection of the herbarium of the W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, in Kraków (KRAM F). Material and Methods Morphological characters of stromata were examined under a stereo microscope Nikon SMZ 1500. Ascospores were examined in water, glycerol and lactophenol under a light microscope Nikon Eclipse 80i with an oil immersion lens. Twenty spores of each specimen were measured. Also, the colour of stromatal pigments in 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used to determine the fungal material. Fungi presented in this article are deposited in KRAM F. Information about the localities and habitats follow those on the original labels. Results Daldinia childiae J. D. Rogers & Y. -M. Ju, Mycotaxon 72: 512-513, 1999. Stromata subglobose and turbinate, measuring up to 2 cm in diameter. The KOH-extractable stromatal pigments yellowish or yellow-brown in colour (Fig. 1A). Ascospores with narrowly- rounded ends, 13–14 × 6.3–7 µm (Fig. 2C). The transverse striation of episporium mostly loosely distributed (Fig. 3). Fig. 1. KOH-extractable stromatal pigments: A – Daldinia childiae, B – D. concentrica, C – D. eschscholtzii, D – D. lloydii, E – D. loculata, F – D. loculatoides, G – D. decipiens, H – D. vernicosa, I – D. petriniae (Photo. A. Chlebicki) Specimens examined: 1. Poland: the Sudetes, the Bystrzyckie Mts., the Topieliska Nature Reserve near Zieleniec, on a branch of Betula sp., 29 August 1984, leg. A. Chlebicki, KRAM F 40392 (as D. concentrica). 2. Poland: Western Carpathians, Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin, near the road from Rogoźnik to Stare Bystre, ca. eight km southwest of Nowy Targ, ca. 620 m a.s.l., on a trunk of Salix sp., 7 June 1970, leg. Z. Heinrich, KRAM F 27202 (as D. concentrica). 3. Poland: Western Carpathians, the Pieniny Mts., the Skalice Range, in the forest near Łapsze Niżne, 18 km southeast from Nowy Targ, ca. 600 m a.s.l., on dead wood (possibly Salix sp.), 1 June 1979, collector unknown, KRAM F 31870 (as D. concentrica). 4. Poland: Western Carpathians, the Bieszczady Zachodnie Mts., Nasiczne, on a dead trunk of Alnus incana (L.) Moench, 26 December 2011, leg. A. Wilczek, KRAM F without number. Fig. 2. Ascospores: A – Daldinia loculata, B – D. decipiens C – D. childiae, D – D. vernicosa (Photo. A. Chlebicki) Comments: The perfect state of D. childiae is host-limited to the angiosperm trees but its anamorph can inhabit a wide range of angiosperms as an endophyte (Stadler et al., 2014). It also occasionally occurs on gymnosperm hosts (i.e., Cryptomeria). The transverse striation of the spores of D. childiae is conspicuous and loosely distributed as compared to D. concentrica and D. eschscholtzii (Fig. 3). In the autumn of 2011, an insect larva inside of D. childiae stromata was noted (Eastern Carpathians, Bieszczady Zachodnie Mts, Nasiczne). In the spring of 2012, the imago of a fly was found inside a box with Daldinia (Fig. 4). This fly possibly belongs to the old branch of wood-inhabiting Agromyzidae (T. Zatwarnicki and A. Palaczyk, pers. comm.). Fig. 3. Ascospores of Daldinia childiae (Photo. A. Chlebicki) Fig. 4. Larva and imago of fly possibly from the family Agromyzidae, noted on old stromata of Daldinia childiae (Photo. A. Chlebicki) Daldinia concentrica (Bolton: Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1 (no. 4): 197. 1863. Stromata semi-spherical, sessile, widely attached to the substrate, smooth, up to 4.4 cm in diameter. The KOH-extractable stromatal pigments dark purple (Fig. 1B). Ascospores brown, ellipsoid, with narrowly rounded ends, 13.4–16.3 × 6.8–9 µm (Fig. 5). Fig. 5. Ascospores of Daldinia concentrica from Bulgaria, KRAM F 47531 (Photo. A. Chlebicki) Specimens examined: 1. Bulgaria: Stranja Mts., the Ropotamo National Park, 5 km from an estuary, on Acer campestre L., 18 May 1981, leg. A. Chlebicki, KRAM F 47531 (as D. concentrica). Comments: It is a the only specimen of D. concentrica in the KRAM F collection. Stadler et al. (2014) reported D. concentrica from the same locality in the Ropotamo National Park. Daldinia decipiens H. Wollweber & M. Stadler, Mycotaxon 80: 168. 2001. Stromata semiglobose and often subsessile. The KOH-extractable stromatal pigment vinaceous purple (Fig. 1G). Ascospores brown and amygdaliform with hyaline appendages at both ends, (16)17.5–20 × 7.5–9.6 µm (Fig. 2B). Specimens examined: 1. Poland: the Ochojec Nature Reserve, on a Betula sp. branch, 12 July 2008, leg. D. Karasiński, KRAM F 5662 (as D. decipiens). 2. Poland: Wysoczyzny Podlasko-Białoruskie, in the Białowieża National Park, section 256, Square G4, in a Peucedano-Pinetum W.Mat. (1962) W.Mat. et J.Mat. 1973 forest, 27 October 1988, leg. A. Chlebicki, KRAM F 41088 (as D. concentrica). 3. Poland: Pojezierza Wschodniobałtyckie, in Puszcza Augustowska primeval forest, in a birch forest near Płaska Lake, on twigs of Betula pendula Roth, 2 May 2007, leg. A. Chlebicki, KRAM F 56344 (as D. concentrica). 4. Poland: Górny Śląsk, Wyżyna Śląsko-Krakowska, Jastrzębie Zdrój district, Wodzisław Śląski, in the forest on the branches of Betula sp., 3 March 1972, leg. K. Filipowska, KRAM F 12634 (as D. concentrica). Comments: The species belongs to the D. petriniae group. It is characterised by the long spores (up to 20 μm) and purple stromatal pigment. It occurs mostly on burnt substrates. The species was already noted by Karasiński (2009), Ruszkiewicz-Michalska et al. (2015) and Gierczyk et al. (2017). Daldinia eschscholtzii (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Rehm, Annals mycol. 2(2): 175. 1904 Stromata turbinate and sessile. Surface without any conspicuous perithecial outlines and with slightly papillate ostioles. The KOH-extractable stromatal pigment vivid vinaceous purple (Fig. 1C). Ascospores brown, inequilateral with narrowly rounded ends, 11.5–13.4 × 5–6 µm. Specimen examined: 1. Cameroon: in East Province, Department Lom et Djérem, between Koumé and Koundi, ca. 15 km northwest from Bertoua, ca. 710 m a.s.l., in the Guineo-Congolian tropical rainforest, on a fallen trunk of a deciduous tree, 15 December 2007, leg. J. Piątek and M. Piątek, KRAM F 59661 (as Daldinia sp.). Comments: It is a common species in warmer climates, that occurs frequently in Africa and was also noted in Cameroon (Stadler et al., 2014). Daldinia lloydii Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & F. San Martín, Mycotaxon 61: 273. 1997. Stromata fulvous with a surface cracked into polygonal scales. The KOH-extractable stromatal pigments olivaceous green (Fig. 1D). Specimens examined: 1. Ukraine: Zhulkev Region, Dublany, the Botanical Garden, on handrail made of a birch wood (Betula sp.), August 1928, leg. K. Rouppert, KRAM F 1588 (as D. concentrica). Comments: The species was reported from Poland by Stadler et al. (2014) from Myszyniec. Daldinia loculata (Lév.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. I: 394 (1882). Stromata hemispherical and sessile, from 2.5 up to 4 cm in diameter. The KOH reaction of stromatal materials mostly yields a dense purple pigment (Fig. 1E). Ascospores dark brown, with broadly rounded ends, (13)14–15(16) × 7–8.3 µm (Fig. 2A). Specimens examined: 1. Poland: Niziny Sasko-Łużyckie, Zielona Góra voivodeship, Zasieki and Lubsko, near the Polish-German border, on burned trunks of Betula sp. April 1984, leg. B. Ginko, KRAM F 39306 (as D. concentrica). 2. Poland: Wyżyna Środkowomałopolska, Małopolska voivodeship, the Ojców National Park, Sępówka Valley, on a burned trunk of Fagus sylvatica L., 7 November 1964, leg. W. Wojewoda, KRAM F 13033 (as D. concentrica). 3. Poland: Pojezierze Wschodniobałtyckie, in Puszcza Augustowska Forest, Sosnowo Island in Serwy Lake, on a dead trunk of Betula pendula, 10 July 2003, leg. A. Chlebicki, KRAMF 55322, (as D. concentrica). Comments: This species is associated with Betula sp. but was also noted on Salicaceae Mirb. (Stadler et al., 2014). It differs from D. vernicosa by its sessile stromata and the granules in its stromatal morphology. Daldinia loculatoides Wollw. & M. Stadler, Mycol. Res. 108(9): 1030. 2004. Stromata semiglobose, sessile, black, up to 4 cm in diameter. The KOH-extractable stromatal pigment vinaceous purple (Fig. 1F). Ascospores dark brown, shaped like a Rugby ball, with broadly rounded ends, 15–17(20) × 7–8 µm (Fig. 6). Specimens examined: 1. Poland: Wyżyna Środkowomałopolska, Małopolska Region, Kraków, Rakowicki cemetery, on a burned trunk of Acer platanoides L., 27 October 1993, leg. W. Wojewoda, KRAM F 34899 (as D. concentrica). Comments: This is a rare species that differs from D. loculata by its larger ascospores and semiglobose stromata (Fig. 6). Fig. 6. Ascospores of Daldinia loculatoides (KRAM F 34 899) (Photo. A. Chlebicki) Daldinia petriniae Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & F. San Martín, Mycotaxon 61: 275 (1997) Stromata semiglobose, aggregated and sessile. The KOH-extractable stromatal pigments vinaceous to vivid purple (Fig. 1I). Ascospores inequilateral, dark brown, 10–14 × 6–7 µm. Specimens examined: 1. Poland: Western Carpathians, the Bieszczady Zachodnie Mts., Duszatyn, the Przełom Osławy Reserve, on a standing dead trunk (ca. 6 cm in diameter) of Alnus incana, 6 April 2012, leg. A. Chlebicki, KRAM F without number 2. Poland: Western Carpathians, the Bieszczady Zachodnie Mts., Prełuki near Komańcza and Osławica River, on a dead, small trunk (7 cm in diameter) of Alnus incana, 9 April 2012, leg. A. Chlebicki, KRAM F without number 3. Poland: Western Carpathians, the Bieszczady Zachodnie Mts., Nasiczne, on a dead trunk of Alnus incana, 26 December 2011, leg. A. Wilczek, KRAM F without number Comments: It was collected and determined by P. Drzewiecki in Mohle, Kujawsko-Pomorskie Region, on the trunk of a young alder (Snowarski, 2014). Karasiński (Wojewoda et al., 2016) also noted this species in the Gorce Mts. and Domański et al. (1967) reported it from branches of Alnus incana (as D. concentrica) in the Bieszczady Zachodnie Mts. The fructification of the species begins in autumn. It is the most common species of Daldinia in KRAM F. This species differs from D. concentrica by its vivid purple pigments and smaller ascospores. Daldinia petriniae is similar to D. eschscholtzii but the latter species occurs in tropical zones. Daldinia vernicosa Ces. & De Not., Comment. Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1: 198. 1863 Stromata subglobose, sessile, shortly stipitate to distinctly stipitate. The KOH-extractable stromatal pigment purple, vivid violet to vivid brown, or vinaceous purple (Fig. 1H). Ascospores dark brown with broadly to narrowly rounded ends: (10,5)12–14 × 6.2–7.3 µm (Fig. 2D). Specimens examined: 1. Poland: Eastern Podkarpacie, Sandomierz Dell, Przemyśl, near the railway station in Przemyśl-Pikulice towards Sielec, near Wiar River, on dead wood, 14 September 1979, leg. W. Wojewoda, KRAM F 33838 (as D. concentrica). 2. Poland: Niziny Sasko-Łużyckie, in Zielona Góra voivodeship, close to Zasieki and Lubsko, near the Polish-German border, on burned trunks of Betula sp., April 1984, leg. B. Ginko, KRAM F 39306 (as D. concentrica). 3. Poland: Lakelands Wschodniobałtyckie, in Augustowska Forest, the Perkuć Nature Reserve, Vaccinio myrtylli-Pinetum Juraszek 1928 forest, on a lying Betula trunk, 16 September 1974, leg. W. Wojewoda KRAMF 32456 (as D. concentrica). 4. Poland: Lower Silesia, Sudety Mts., Przedgórze Sudeckie, Strzelińskie Hills, 1 km northeast of Biały Kościół, on a burned trunk of Prunus spinosa L., 26 March 1985, leg & det. A. Chlebicki, KRAM F 55346 (as D. fissa C. G. Lloyd). 5. Poland: in Biebrza Valley, the Biebrza National Park, Ciszewo, Brzeziny Ciszewskie Forest, on a Frangula alnus Mill. host, 17 August 1991, leg. & det. A. Chlebicki, KRAM F 43103 (as D. fissa). 6. Poland: Małopolska Region, Tarnów, near Lipie forest, on a dead trunk of Betula pendula, 31 June 1997, leg. M. Piątek, det. A. Chlebicki, KRAM F 56616, (as D. fissa). Comments: The species was reported from Poland by Stadler et al. (2014) and Gierczyk et al. (2017). Chlebicki (2008) noted this species on Prunus spinosa, Frangula alnus and Betula pendula (as Daldinia fissa). Stromata of this species are reported also on fire-damaged trees (Stadler et al., 2014; Chlebicki, 2008). Stadler et al. (2014) recognized D. fissa as a synonym of D. vernicosa and suggested that D. fissa is an aberrant form with compressed stromata, damaged by insect larvae. Discussion The use of chemotaxonomic evidence, molecular phylogeny and anamorphic characters enable to divide the members of the genus Daldinia into five major groups (Stadler et al., 2014). The colour of stromatal pigments appears to be very useful in identification of the specimens (Stadler et al., 2014) and it was successfully used to determine Polish collections from KRAM F. After the revision, the exsiccata of the following Daldinia species are present in the KRAM F: D. childiae (the D. childiae group), D. eschscholtzii (the D. eschscholtzii group), D. loculata, D. loculatoides and D. vernicosa (the D. vernicosa-D. loculata group), D. decipiens, D. lloidii and D. petriniae (the D. petriniae group). From these species, three are reported here from Poland for the first time: D. childiae, D. loculata and D. loculatoides. Three species, which specimens are present in KRAM F were gathered outside of Poland: D. lloydii from Ukraine, D. concentrica from Bulgaria and D. eschscholtzii from Cameroon. The most common species of the genus preserved in KRAM F appears to be D. petriniae noted on the Alnus incana. However, in the world D. childiae is the most commonly encountered species (Stadler et al. 2014). In the case of one species from KRAM F, namely D childiae, a larva and an imago of a fly from the family Agromyzidae was found inside stromata. Insect-fungus interactions are known very well. They include dispersal, protection, nutrition and all kinds of symbiosis. Information about insects living on stromata of Daldinia is very scary. Alex Hyde (2020) noted Platyrhinus resinosus eating stromata of D. concentrica in Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, UK. Some insects, such as Xiphydria wood wasps, were noted inside stromata of D. decipiens. This insect can appear highly suitable as a vector for Daldinia (Šrutka et al., 2007; Pažoutová et al., 2013). Probably also the fly noted on stromata of D. childiae preserved in KRAM F can be considered as a vector for the fungus. Parasitic species can be used as aids in the host biogeography (Savile, 1975). However, our knowledge of the insects parasitizing Daldinia are to scarce to draw any conclusions. Acknowledgements I would like to thank M. Stadler for his comments, suggestions and important article on secondary metabolites, A. Wilczek for collecting Daldinia petriniae specimens from the Bieszczady Zachodnie Mts. and T. Zatwarnicki and A. Palaczyk for suggesting that the fly could be Agromyzidae. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this article. References Cesati,V., De Notaris, G. (1863). Schema di classificazione degle sferiacei italici aschigeri piu’ o meno appartenenti al genere Sphaeria nell’antico significato attribuitoglide Persoon. Commentario della Società Crittogamologica Italiana, 1(4), 177–420. [In Italian] Child, M. (1932). The genus Daldinia. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 19, 429–496. Chlebicki, A. (2008). Some overlooked and rare xylariaceous fungi from Poland. Polish Botanical Studies, 53(1), 71–80. Domański, S., Lisiewska, M., Majewski, T., Skirgiełło, A., Truszkowska, W., Wojewoda, W. (1970). Mycoflora of West Bieszczady. IV. 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Instytut Botaniki im. W. Szafera, Polska Akademia Nauk, ss. 192. [In Polish] Abstract The article presents the results of the revision of Daldinia (Ascomycota) specimens preserved in KRAM F (Kraków, Poland). The following species were identified: Daldinia childiae, D. decipiens, D. loculata, D. loculatoides, D. petriniae and D. vernicosa. Three of them were not reported from Poland so far: D. childiae, D. loculata, D. loculatoides. Aditionaly to Polish specimens, also some collections from outside Poland are kept in KRAM F: one specimen of D. concentrica from Bulgaria, D. lloydii from Ukraine and D. eschscholtzii from Cameroon. Key words: Daldinia, stromatal pigments, wood-inhabiting fungi, fungi-associated insects Received: [2022.03.01] Accepted: [2022.07.12 Rewizja okazów z rodzaju Daldinia w kolekcji zielnika KRAM: Daldinia childiae, D. loculata i D. loculatoides, trzy nowe gatunki dla Polski Artykuł zawiera wyniki rewizji okazów z rodzaju Daldinia (Ascomycota), przechowywanych w zbiorach KRAM F. W kolekcjach stwierdzono następujące gatunki: D. childiae, D. decipiens, D. loculata, D. loculatoides, D. petriniae i D. vernicosa. Trzy z nich nie były do tej pory podawane z terenu Polski: D. childiae, D. loculata, D. loculatoides. W zbiorach KRAM F znajdują się również kolekcje spoza Polski: jeden okaz D. concentrica z Bułgarii, D. lloydii z Ukrainy i D. eschscholtzii z Kamerunu. Słowa kluczowe: Daldinia, barwniki podkładek, grzyby zasiedlające drewno, owady związane z grzybami Information on the authors Andrzej Chlebicki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7001-2782 His research to date has focused on fungi found on Arctic-Alpine plants. In addition, in recent years he has dealt with extremophiles found on rocks, mainly black yeast, and the influence of the electromagnetic field on the development of fungal colonies.