Anna Sołtys-Lelek1*, Wojciech Gruszka2 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae, 7: XX–XX, 2022 ISSN 2543-8832 DOI: 10.24917/25438832.7.x Anna Sołtys-Lelek 1* , Wojciech Gruszka 2 1 Ojców National Park, 32-045 Sułoszowa, Ojców 9, Poland; *ana_soltys@wp.pl 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp., Poznań University School of Physical Education, Estkowskiego 13, 66-400 Gorzów Wlkp., Poland Occurrence of the red-leaved rose, Rosa glauca Pourr. (Rosaceae), in Poland Introduction The red-leaved rose, Rosa glauca Pourr., is a mountain species endemic to Europe, found in its southern, western and central areas. Its original range included the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Vosges, the Swabian Jura, the Carpathians, the Apennines and the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula (Zieliński, 1987; Popek, 2007; Khapugin et al., 2021). In addition, it is cultivated and feral in Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, Scandinavian countries, the United States and Canada (Tutin et al., 1968; Zieliński, 1987; Popek, 2007; Khapugin et al., 2021; Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2022). R. glauca was introduced to Poland in 1817. From cultivation, it began to mainly penetrate anthropogenic habitats and communities. It has now been granted the status of a non-invasive kenophyte, permanently established in the national flora (Tokarska-Guzik et al., 2012). There is practically no information on the distribution of this species in the national botanical literature. This is most likely due to the fact, that its localities, apart from cultivation in botanical gardens or arboretums, are not very numerous. Zieliński (1987) reported it as a frequently cultivated species in many places, especially in the west of Poland where it may have appeared as an escapee from cultivation. Its closest natural sites are in the mountains near Bielsko in Slovakia (Zieliński, 1987). Hybrids of the native species Rosa pendulina L. with R. dumalis Becht or with R. canina L. may be mistaken with R. glauca (Zieliński, 1987). Characteristic features of this rosa are glaucous leaves with a purplish bloom, red-brown bark, and curved or declined prickles, subulate. Leaflets 5–7(–9) have blades narrowly elliptic to ovate, leathery, margins 1-serrate, eglandular or few gland-tipped, glaucous, dull, glabrous. Inflorescences are 1–5- flowered. Pedicels are glabrous, stipitate-glandular. Flowers have 2–3 cm diameter (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Flower of red-leaved rose Rosa glauca Pourr. (Photo. W. Gruszka, Motylewo village, 2022) Petals are single, with color from deep pink to crimson-red, sometimes white basally, styles exsert 1–2 mm beyond stylar orifice (1.5–2 mm diameter) of hypanthial disc (3 mm diameter). Hypanthium is narrowly ovoid, glabrous, glandular or eglandular, neck purplish, sepals spreading, lanceolate, margins entire, and sometimes pinnatifid. Hips are dark brownish red to crimson red, globose, ovoid, or obovoid. Sepals deciduous as hips mature, erect to spreading (Popek, 2007; Lewis et al., 2014, Fig. 2). It is a tall shrub reaching 2–3 m in height, with erect purple-colored shoots, without or only with very short stolons (Seneta, Dolatowski, 2004, Fig. 3). In 2021, during field research carried out in the vicinity of Gorzów Wielkopolski, the authors came across a site (AC6672 square) where R. glauca was growing in a cluster of approximately 30 m 2 . This finding provided the impetus to undertake this research study, which was aimed at presenting all the currently identified R. glauca sites in Poland and determining its ability to establish and spread. Fig. 2. Red-leaved rose Rosa glauca Pourr. (Photo. 2022. A. Sołtys-Lelek, specimen from Poland, Motylewo, 2022, W. Gruszka); A: Part of a fruiting short shoot; B: Part of a long shoot; C: Leaf; D: Stipule; E: Fruit with glandular sepals; F: Glandular petiole; H, I: The top part of the hypanthium; J, K: Leaflet; L: Leaf margin. Solid bar = 1 cm. Double bar = 0.5 cm Fig. 3. Red-leaved rose Rosa glauca Pourr. (Photo. W. Gruszka, Motylewo village, 2022) Materials and methods In order to explore discover the distribution of spontaneous localities of Rosa glauca in Poland, the authors, in addition to their own observations, verified collections gathered in the herbaria of national universities. Specimens were found in: University of Silesia in Katowice (KTU), Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (LBL), Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Wroclaw University (WRSL), University of Warsaw (WA), Jagiellonian University (KRA), W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences (KRAM), Adam Mickiewicz University (POZ), Forest Research Institute (BIL) Institute of Dendrology (KOR). Data published in the available literature were also taken into account. All the collected data are included on the map (Fig. 4). In the list of sites and on the distribution map, only sites that arose spontaneously or those that are remnants of former cultivation (feral) are included. Sites in private collections, botanical gardens, arboretums, etc. were not included. These sites were located within 10 km of ATPOL square (Zając, Zając, 2001) and the nearest village. Fig. 4. Current distribution of Rosa glauca Pourr. in Poland on the ATPOL grid square system. Explanation of symbols: ● – squares in which single stands of the species were reported; ● – new stand found by the authors; ▲ – squares in which two stands of the species were reported Glossary of geographical names in the study This list includes the geographical coordinates for the villages in the article: Bakałarzewo 54°05ʹ30ʹN; 22°39ʹ17ʹʹE (FB16) Białka 49°41ʹ36ʹN; 19°40ʹ21ʹʹE (DG07) Białowieża 52°42ʹ02ʹN; 23°52ʹ00ʹʹE (GC65) Bojszowy 50°03ʹ25ʺN; 19°06ʹ03ʺE (DF63) Borawskie 54°05ʹ58ʹN; 22°37ʹ48ʹʹE (FB16) Dębówka 52°11ʹ14ʹN; 20°20ʹ51ʹʹE (ED22) Gołuchów 51°50ʹ55ʹN; 17°55ʹ50ʹʹE (CD65) Huwniki 49°39ʹ20ʺN; 22°42ʹ14ʺE (FG09) Kamienna Góra 50°46ʹ59ʹN; 16°01ʹ59ʹʹE (BE82) Kępno 51°16ʹ42ʹN; 17°59ʹ16ʹʹE (CE25) Klęka 52°04ʹ32ʹN; 17°25ʹ18ʹʹE (CD42) Kowary 50°47ʹ27ʹN; 15°50ʹ14ʹʹE (BE80) Lubawka 50°42ʹ09ʹN; 15°59ʹ57ʹʹE (BE91) Lublin 51°14ʹ42ʹN; 22°34ʹ00ʹʹE (FE27) Luboń 52°20ʹ38ʹN; 16°52ʹ35ʹʹE (BD08) Motylewo 52°40ʹ56ʺN; 15°03ʹ06ʺE (AC66) Nałęczów 51°17ʹ19ʹN; 22°12ʹ49ʹʹE (FE25) Orzeszków 51°24ʹ02ʹN; 16°30ʹ25ʹʹE (BE15) Ożarów Mazowiecki 52°12ʹ37ʹN; 20°47ʹ56ʹʹE (ED25) Pacław 49°37ʹ31ʺN; 22°42ʹ24ʺE (FG09) Parkowo 52°42ʹ13ʺN; 16°54ʹ59ʺE (BC68) Pawłów 50°06ʹ39ʹN; 18°07ʹ43ʹʹE (CF66) Piaseczno 53°03'40"N 14°41'59"E (AC24) Piastów 52°11ʹ02ʹN; 20°50ʹ24ʹʹE (ED25) Piła 53°08'31"N 16°45'44"E (BC28) Pogroszew 52°13ʹ48ʹN; 20°44ʹ34ʹʹE (ED24) Poznań 52°24ʹ52ʹʹN; 16°55ʹ16ʹʹE (BD08) Puszczykowo 52°16ʹ58ʹN; 16°50ʹ54ʹʹE (BD18) Radonice 52°10ʹ15ʹN; 20°36ʹ41ʹʹE (ED24) Rzeki Wielkie 50°52ʹ36ʹʹN; 19°23ʹ19ʹʹE (DE75) Rzepin 52°20ʹ44ʺN; 14°49ʹ48ʺE (AD04) Sompolno 52°23ʹ17ʺN; 18°30ʹ09ʺE (CD09) Szczyglice 51°37ʹ47ʹN; 16°07ʹ32ʹʹE (BD83) Sieraków 52°18ʹ44ʹN; 20°48ʹ47ʹʹE (ED15) Stańczyki 54°17ʹ31ʹN; 22°39ʹ12ʹʹE (FA86) Staropole 52°20ʹ44ʺN; 15°26ʹ40ʺE (AD08) Stojków 50°19ʹ13ʹN; 16°53ʹ14ʹʹE (BF37) Szydłowo 53°04ʹ47ʹN; 20°26ʹ54ʹʹE EC22 Turew 52°03ʹ32ʺN; 16°49ʹ38ʺE (BD48) Tychy 50°07ʹ34ʺN; 19°00ʹ30ʺE (DF53) Warszawa 52°14ʹ32ʹN; 21°01ʹ02ʹʹE (ED26) Wyry 50°07ʹ33ʺN; 18°53ʹ27ʺE (DF52) Zachełmie 50°49ʹ32ʹN; 15°39ʹ39ʹʹE (AE79) Zawoja 49°40ʹ04ʹN; 19°34ʹ55ʹʹE (DG17) Żernica 50°14ʹ47ʺN; 18°36ʹ56ʺE (DF40) Results Unpublished sites in the ATPOL grid squares AC6672: village of Motylewo near Bogdaniec, roadside of voivodeship road 132, 2021, leg. W. Gruszka, AE79: Karkonosze, Zachełmie, on the northern slope of Kopa, 1982, A. Boratyński (KOR029803, KOR029804, KOR029805) BD08: Luboń, Wielkopolska National Park, edge of willow scrub, 1977, M. Ratajczak (POZ-V-0089053) BD18: Puszczykowo, on the Warta River Wielkopolska National Park, 2004, A Purcel (KOR027974, KOR027975) BD83: Szczyglice, Głogów municipality, in roadside ditch 1973, E. Kozioł (WRSL 32303) BD83: Krzepów, city of Głogów, in scrubland. 1973, E. Kozioł (KRAM 264848, POZ-V-0089469) BE15: south side of road from Małoiwce to Orzeszków, near Ścinawa, roadside ditch. 1961 K. Borowicz (KOR027976, KOR027977). BE80: Karkonosze, Kowarska Pass, 1982, A. Boratyński (KOR027983, KOR027984, KOR027985) BE82: Kamienne Mountains, Sadowa Góra, 1982, A. Boratyński (KOR027991, KOR027992 KOR027993, KOR027696, KOR027970, KOR027971, KOR027972) BE91: Krucze Mountains near Lubawka, on rocks, 1982, A. Boratyński (KOR027988, KOR027989, KOR027990) BF37: Lądek, Stojków, Złote Mountains, Biała Lądecka Valley, roadside, scrub, near railroad tracks. P. Kosiński (KOR027973) CD42: Klęka, Nowe Miasto municipality, by the road to Książ, 1995, A. Czarna (POZ-V-0089052). CD65: Gołuchów, commune. Gołuchów, on the outskirts of the palace in palace park, 2000, A. Czarna (POZ-V- 0089050) CE25: Kepno, by road south of the village, 1934, F. Krawiec (POZ-V-0089055) CF66: Pawłów district of Racibórz, palace park, 1963 (KRA 0138864) DE75: Rzeki Wielkie, remnant of a park, 1978, T. Muras, (KTU 022280), DG07: Białka near Maków Podhalański, on the road to Zawoja (and Zubrzyca), 2004, W. Bartoszek (KRA 0260719, KRA 0260718, KRA 0260714, KRA 0260720, KRA 0260721) DG17: Zawoja, roadside, 1984, A. Mach, (KTU 144448); EC22: between Szydłowo a Kluszewo, east of Mława, scrubby roadside 1980, J. Zieliński (KOR027965, KOR027966). ED15: Sieraków, roadside, 1970, K. Nowak (WA 0000092957) ED16: Warsaw Młociny, edge of the forest, 1978, K. Wichowicz (WA 0000092956) ED22: Dębówka, ditch, 1968, K. Nowak (WA 0000092960, WA 0000092961, WA 0000092963, WA 0000092967) ED24: Pogroszew, ditch, 1967, K. Nowak (WA 0000092965) ED24: Radonice, buttress, 1968, K. Nowak (WA 0000092968) ED25: Ożarówek, roadside fence, 1968, K. Nowak (WA 0000092962, WA 0000092966) ED25: Piastów, buttress, 1968, K. Nowak (WA 0000092964) FA86: village of Stańczyki, municipality of Gubieniki, scrub on a roadside escarpment near the ruins of an old farmhouse, 2010, A Pliszko (KRA 0417638, KRA 0417637) FB16: Bakałarzewo village, edge of pine forest, 2011, A. Pliszko (KRA 0419605, KRA 0419606, KRA 0419607) FB16: village of Borawskie, municipality of Olecko, edge of the forest near the ruins of an old farmhouse, 2009, A. Pliszko (KRA 0417665, KRA 0417664, KRA 0417663) FE25: Nałęczów, 1959, M. Strasburger (WA 0000092954, WA 0000092955) FE27: Lublin, by the street in a hawthorn hedge, 1978, W. Kraczek (LBL, no specimen number) GC65: Białowieża, Polana Białowieska near PTTK building, 1973, A. Sokolowski (BIL 57199), 1971 (BIL 46622, 46623) Published sites in the ATPOL grid squares AC24: vicinity of Piaseczno village (Startek B., et al. 2020). AD04: beaches between Rzepin and Boczow (Zieliński 1976, KRAM 408818, KOR027964) AD08: between Staropol and Wysoka, feral in the area of the old park (Zieliński 1976, KRAM 408819, KOR 077986, KOR 077987) BC28: Piła; a cultivated specimen running wild (Sołtys-Lelek, Gruszka 2016) BC68: Parkowo near Oborniki (Stefanek 1984, KOR027978; KOR027979; KOR027980, KOR027981; KOR027982) BD08: Poznań, Rusałka Lake area (Dyderski et al. 2016) BD48: Turew, Kościan municipality, in the manor park (Czarna 2009, POZ-V-0089051) CD09: Sompolno, old cementary (Czarna 2016) DF40: north of Żernica, scrub on roadside (Urbisz 2021) (KTU 0124309) DF52: Wyry, near the former State Farm (Urbisz 2021) (KTU 0124308) DF53: Tychy (Urbisz 2021) DF63: Bojszowy (Urbisz 2021) FG09: Chyb Mountain in Huwniki, Ubocz wilderness in Pacław (Piórecki 2013) Discussion Rosa glauca has the status of an established, non-invasive kenophyte species in Poland (Tokarska-Guzik et al., 2012). In the 1970s, it was reported to be commonly cultivated (Kościelny, Sękowski, 1971). Since the second half of the 20th century, there have been reports in the literature of its spontaneous, sporadic spread from cultivated areas, especially in the west of the country (Zieliński, 1987). R. glauca, as an escapee from cultivation, is a rare species in Poland. A total of 45 sites have been identified, where R. glauca grows; all of which were either spontaneously established or are remnants of former cultivation. The sites are located in 40 quadrants of the ATPOL grid (Fig. 4). Its current range covers the entire country, although it seems to be more frequent in the western portion of the country. This confirms the literature data, which stated that the species was cultivated and wild mainly in the western part of Poland (Zieliński, 1987). However, it can be assumed that the distribution image of this species in Poland is probably affected by the insufficient state of field research. Therefore, the list of sites presented in the publication can be expected to be supplemented in the future. The spread of this species in the country may be favored by its wide tolerance, both with regard to climatic and habitat conditions. It can tolerate frost down to -42.8°C (USDA zone 2a). It has no special soil requirements. But, it does require a plenty of sunshine although it can tolerate sites in partial shade. R. glauca is a species penetrating plant communities and developing on anthropogenic habitats, i.e. habitats created by humans, semi-natural communities, or communities/habitats partly transformed. Its spread may be aided by birds, such as jays (Lewis et al., 2014). This rose has been listed as an alien species in Poland. Although its possible negative impacts on native species of flora or on other elements of the habitats in which it grows has not yet been thoroughly studied. However, such an impact cannot be ruled out in the future, because in the case of many species of foreign origin their invasive behavior becomes delayed (lag phase) (Hobbs, Humpheries, 1995; Richardson, Pyšek, 2006). Therefore, it is important to know the current distribution of spontaneously established populations of this species and, in the long run, undertake research aimed at determining its impact on native floral elements. In addition, it has been proven that the species tends to hybridise with other rose species spontaneously, including native species. It forms spontaneous hybrids with Rosa dumalis, R. pendulina, R. spinosissima and R. gallica (Szafer, 1935; Szafer et al., 1986). Thus, it may pose a potential threat to native floral elements by being able to hybridise with domestic rose taxa. Acknowledgments The authors of this paper would like to thank Ms. Joanna Ostapiuk-Karolczuk for her help in field research. 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In the 1970s, it was reported to be commonly cultivated, and since the second half of the 20 th century, information about its spontaneous spread, mainly in the western part of the country, has appeared in the literature. The aim of this study was to present the current distribution of Rosa glauca sites in Poland. The possible invasive potential of this species was also studied. Key words: Rosaceae, distribution of stands, invasive potential, kenophyte Received: [2022.10.11] Accepted: [2022.11.15] Występowanie róży francuskiej Rosa glauca Pourr. (Rosaceae), w Polsce Streszczenie Róża francuska Rosa glauca Pourr. jest gatunkiem górskim, endemicznym dla Europy. Jej pierwotny zasięg obejmował Pireneje, Alpy, Wogezy, Jurę Szwabską, Karpaty, Apeniny oraz góry Półwyspu Bałkańskiego (Zieliński 1987; Popek 2007; Khapugin i in. 2021). R. glauca została sprowadzona do Polski w 1817 roku. Z uprawy zaczęła przenikać głównie w siedliska i zbiorowiska antropogeniczne. Obecnie uzyskała status nieinwazyjnego kenofita, trwale zadomowionego we rodzimej florze (Tokarska-Guzik i in., 2012). W bibliografii krajowej nie ma wiele informacji na temat rozmieszczenia tego gatunku. Dlatego autorzy niniejszej pracy w celu określenia rozmieszczenia spontanicznych stanowisk tego gatunku w Polsce zebrali dane z krajowego zielnika i dostępnej bibliografii. R. glauca, jako uciekinier z hodowli, jest w Polsce gatunkiem rzadkim. Sumarycznie zidentyfikowano 45 jej stanowisk, powstałych samoistnie lub będących pozostałościami po dawnej uprawie (zlokalizowanych w 40 kwadrantach sieci ATPOL). Rozprzestrzenianiu się tego gatunku może sprzyjać jego szeroka tolerancja, zarówno w odniesieniu do warunków klimatycznych, jak i siedliskowych. W związku z tym można się spodziewać, że w przyszłości lista stanowisk będzie wzrastać. Słowa kluczowe: Rosaceae, rozmieszczenie stanowisk, potencjał inwazyjny, kenophyte Information on the authors Anna Soltys-Lelek https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9595-3167 Author of numerous scientific and popular science studies in the field of botany and environmental protection. Her research interests relate particularly to critical types of roses (Rosa) and hawthorns (Crataegus). Member of the Polish and Slovak Botanical Society. Wojciech Gruszka http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6229-8397 Author and co-author of scientific and popular science studies in lichenology and botany. His main research interests relate to the ecology and protection of lichens. In addition, he participates in research on the distribution of representatives of rose (Rosa) and hawthorn (Crataegus) species in Poland.