Hecent investigations of a Bronze Age eruprion (*) P. f-fÉDERVA.ltI (**) Rieevntu il 25 Agustu 19;0 SU~U[AltY - 'l'he firHt part of the paper i8 a sllOrt account about. tllC «Int.ernational Seientific Congn'ss on thf', Volcano of Thera >, organized by the Greek Arehaeological Serviee. In t.he seeond part, the author deal~ with the prolJlcm uf the so-called Minoan tsnnami of vulcano Santurin. Kome ('alculatiolls are ma(le concerning the energy of this tHullami in c,ase of (lii- fer('nt waye_heights. 'l'he noj.jon of free tcetonie fmergy is introduccd and treated. The aut.hor states that the relationship betwcen the height amI the energy of a tsnnami, expressed mathematically by Ii(la i8 nsefnl in tllC eaHe of t he Santorin Minoan '·Tupt.ion, too. RIASSUNTO. - La prima parto dell'articulo è una breve relazione Hnl CongreHMI Keientil1co Internazionale sul Vnleauo ,Ii Thera, organizzato ,lal 8ervi1.io Arcllflologko Gre('·o. ~ella ~econ(la parte l'autore tratta il problema del cosiddetto Minoan tsunami dci Vuleano Santorin. Sono st.ati BSf',guiti alcuni l'alcoli snll'enCI'gia di qnooto t8unami nel caso ,Ii varie altezze ,1'ulHla. Si introdw.'e e si tratta il concetto (li energia lilJera tettonica. L'antore prccisa che il rapport.o tra l'altezza e l'energia di un tsunll.mi, cspn~s~o matt·. lIIaticalllente da lilla, è utile anche nel easo dell'eruzione )finoan di Santorin. Volcano Sa.nt.ol'in (Sa.ntorini, Thera.) is situa.ted in the Aegea.n- sea., :North from Centra.I Cl'etc, 36°24' N and 25°24' }J abont. ft is a h'TOUp of three volcanic border islands and (at prescnt) two (*) Report alJOnt the Intemational Scientific Congres,'1 on the Voleano of 'l'hera. (**) .\L Se., F. R.A.S., geographCI', Vice·Presi(lent uf Internatiunal A,;- soeiation of Planetolugy (IUGS-UNESCO); Se(uetary of CumllliHsiun of Planetary Physics uf IAP; President of International Lunar Society. VI. Lenin·bly,l. K2. III. 6a, llllliapest, (1Inngary). 1!j~ [JfWlm".·\I\1 l'. centrai iHlandH, one of them .~till l101v-a-days is aetive, in a cl~l(hml. . 'fIlO tlimcIL~ions of the (mldpm l~re !(,s follows: db~nwhll' in H- ". tli- rection is -;,ti km, in \' -f; 11.0 km; its ,!...'l·pl ~t~;~t (h'pth l1t iti; northem p a rI ii! ahoHt :l!)1) ml'1J·('.~ lllll!el' tlw fWl ~-levd; 11m Iwight or tl1(\ walli! TI1ERASIA c? ASPRON ISI o L o .. • P ALAEA J(AMENI .hrotiri ",i l~ • PI1era • Me s s ar j :l. Z ood oChOS' T K E R A / ViI!. .\Ial' "r t II(' j"lawl .. or Sa nlorin. \ ( • in ~onw phceH exeeedi! 300 l1lelrllH. 'fhe nmnes of t.lle l'entra] i.~]allds an', l'a bea lmd Xea Kalllllni; the lUb1lleS or the ho!'de1'('.1' i.~]alld.~ - th a l l~!'C t.lw wall ... or tlte (',aldera- l~l'O 'l'llllm (t.lw h l.rgeHt p a rt), Th(Jnl .. ~i<1 !(,nd AHpronii'li (1:he sl1mlle.~1: part.) respl'd,ively. 'fhe highest ]loint or t.he T;;:mnellae-ish l.ll(l~ is !(,hollj, 131 metres l1hove t]w Sel l.-]eYel. 'L'hl' vo!nme of t.lw lIa]I!I'.]'u, lIIHh'r t11e leve! of t.he wM,(\]' ii! eslilllMI',rl lo he RE('EKT IKVESTWATIONS 01' A IlJWNZE .IOE ElWl"'l'lON Hl::! n,hout 40-·15 k1ll3, tlmt ifl lllur.h biggel' t.lW.ll the yohuno of Kra katoa ealcler: l. . The surface of the wat.cr imide t·he wall~ of the c:.lclem i~ 83 k1ll2 • 1t is generally accept0d that tl1ll'ing the formatiOlI of t.he Fig. 2 - .'IIodf'l of .':iallt.orill, lIIa.!\' Oll !ile h:.t8is of Lile BrH.il'h AI!lIIindity dmrt {aftllr (Jalalwl)(lI,I".~. Atlullti8. Thollla~ KI·l~llll alli! :-;Oll~ LTD, L"JlllOll, J l)H\J) Santorin ealdem about 7:! km 3 of material "disappeal'etl n from the SUl'f: l.ce of the Barth, clue in !.In ver eent to the collapse phenOnU\llOIl awl in 1pel' el111t. to (,fI'nct.ivl1 CXploflions. The layas of Pabea lfl..J- IIt:l>Jm\'.\IU T'. Kmueni as well lI .. 'l t.hose of t.he lllOl'l'. I·e(lent. er·lI]ltioll.'l were fil"sL elm- 1"l1ctel'ized a.H Irlll/(';;it('8 with hypt'rslhl'lIt II/Id (tu.yi/,' . Now Geol'ga- la~ (1) prefer.'l t.o call the layas "d,wiloidts". Coucer'nilll-{ 11m lllosl an(,ient el'u}lt.ionH, l~S [al' al> Wl', Cl1n see for them !mck in t.he t.ime, R.nHI l'eceutly stated (Heezen(~)) that a gnH~t. mU}ltùm oeclll'l'ed a,lJOut. 80.000 ymws ag-o. ,\eml1"llilll-{ t.o Heezeu a,llIi Kinkovich (a) the ~e(H)llIi eata,~t.rophie erll]llioll of YOleallO Sl~ntoriu (on it..'l fo1"ltwl" tmIlle: Slronghyle) had taken }lbl.<~.e in the Bl'onzo .Age, M. l1hollt. 1·10\)·1500 y(%~I'S RC. This latteI' et'U}lt.ion generally is ealled l1.'l t.he ".:\linoan" one, .'lince - a(lcol'dillg- t,o t,he al'chaeological re- sel~l'ehes, cal'l'ied Ollt hy .:\bl'iuatos (~.5.".7) - this g-iwmt.ie ollthul'st de- .'lt.1"OyBli l111 the .:\linoan sett.lellwnt.s on St,l'onghyle itmlf and lllany ::\IilHlltn set.tlelllent,,> on ('l'ete, as \\·(\1J l ~S ou the neig-Ithoul'illl-{ ishnds, too. 'l'he f()]·ltmt.iou of t.lte ltlight.y m.lllen~ wa~ the direet eouseqllellee of thi~ .\linol1u (;J"lI]ltion. ..\t. lhe Sl~llle t.ime ot.lH'r m~t.lIl"al eveut.s al.'lo oeellrl"ed: elwt.hqllakes, t.I>Ulmmis and even t.ol"nadoes, t.oo [see fOI" instanee (blanopoulos (~), van Bellllnelen (~), l\Jlwinos (1")]. ('on- cel'uing- it.s illtensity, the l·es]lp(l1.ive Sl ~ut()]'iu ('rllptiou iH eOlllparahle with that of HOllW Iudouesia.n "olefluoPH; Kmka,tm~ in Hn:1, 'l'l~lttbom in 1815, el(,. ("). The lollr/ 1'!lt1'Y:l! relel~sed hll.t,ol'y or t.he lmtiollH in t.he }lroximit,y, li .. '> [al' l~S ali the Cy(',bl. and otlll'l' eX}lert,'1. Tlw t.ime or lhe eon- gnl.'lS wa .. 'l (llto~eu as SepteltlllOl', 1 \HW, siltee t.his eal'ly-allt.ultln hltle is very [aYourl~hle in Orl\oee to b.ke a jonnwy frOltl Atheu~ t.o Sant.uriu lHHl to ('ret.e hy ship. Rel111y, t,he ('.ongTcHs had heen b~ken l'bel', het- welln tlw IM,h l11Hl 2.3rd, Sllp1.mnhpr, 1\100. All 1.111'- part.ieipauts wm'o glle.'lt,,> of t.he Glw>,k GovernllllWnt lllld of l he Hret'k Ardmeologi(',l~1 SerYiee whieh is lInder the dil'e(~tionshi}l of Professor Dr. h. {'o Sllyrido!t ::\larinat,os, llwln!wr of the ,\ealle1ny. 'l'here 'were l1hollt. 120 seieltti.'lt.s [rom lG countries. Tlw 1lJ(~tnre:-; hall taken 111l><:H\ pl.rHy iu .\t.hmts atHi lll.rtly on the .'lhi}l "KnosHos" (10.000 t,on). All t.he pallCl'S al\(l t.lw lImt.!\l'i a l of lIisells~ious l ~re iltterllied t.o hl.', pnhlished as l1 .'l}lecial " Aet,l~" or t.he (long-ress. 'l'1m partl(lilmnt.s Imd OPllOl't.lInit.ipH tu yisil ! !l;'; t he ~~et,ive yo[(mllic ('ellt,eI'S of t he 8ant oriu, KhC["e l'l"Ofl'~~ol" ì: Oko.\";tIlla of l1okkal~lo (',al'1'ied oui" gnl.Yl111ot,l"ie ()hS~'Tya.tion~, eontinlliihg" lti~ l'eHeal'"tl('~ on t.ltiH Hubjel\t" i~~ l'(\ga.rd~ t,lw gn~yi1-y HollOmalil's of Yol('~~nil\ ca]llpJ'a.H; fUl't1wnnon' t.o b~lw visit,s Oll tlle sitoH or l'Cl',ent, i1l'(',hapo]ogienl l'eHeat""hes of .:\Ia.riuH.t,os i~t Akrotiri (Sil.n1orin) HolHl a.t -,\lllnisHO~ (C'l'et l'}. \Ve have fweu the worl~l-falllo\l~ )linm~n pa!alw H.t Kno~so~, ('l'(\te a~ Kell a,,~ Honle InIlSe\lln.~, t 00. Pil-!:_ 3 - 'l'hp XI':l 1\:all1l'lli ,"oh'allil' i~lalld, yip,KP,l frolli Ea,.t (]llwto of 11[(' authol'). '['IH1 [e('.t\ll"O.~ ~~nd the di~e1L.~HioIlH ~l('alt wi1h t,hE' mos1 (iiffel"('ut pl'ohlcllls. FOI" ('Xltlllp[(\: ~'x~w.t, tinw of tlw .:\lilloa n ol\th\ll".~i": a.l"eha- ('o]ogi"al (·x}Jla.lmt.ion~ of 11w til)(lillg.~; 11w tC('toll1eS of 1 [l{' ì\le~li­ t.ctTa U(·a.n: (·OllljlH.l"isou ,d1h yo[eauie l']"(lptiollH ou o11wr p~wts of the wor!d: 1>,ITed,~ of t!w ::\linoan Yoleani(' ('M a stl'O}Jhe on Eg.,"pt, 01l C'rd.l> aIHl OH otllel" bi.(\(b; 1>IWl'gi('.~ of 1"1w el"uptioll: }J1"(·.~(·ut Pl'Oblt'lll of Inmw vole a uislll iu the ligh1 of the ",\pollo-11 E'Xperillwnt, elt·,. Thel'e wa·s ~~ debM.e couceming lire height 01 /II(' Jlùwan t.'lwwmi. 8iuee it, 196 Uf:IJEltVAItl p, is very i1ll1)Ortant fl'om t1Hl ]Joiut of view of my ealculatiollS of euer.!,'"}', I f;hould Iike to deal with t,his illt.erest,ing l)roblem hen) iu it.f; !llltails, Aecordillg to G11lauOIJOnlo~ (8): '''l'here is uo\\' IJIllut.y evidencll that the co11aIJS(\ of tIte CCII traI part of the fomwr St.l'onghyIe isIand wa~ abrUl)t, ellough t,o set lilJ slla-w aves of pl'odigioUH height tlmt swc]Jt clean 30 11 the coaf;t~ of the ca.st.ern }Iediterranea n, Fumice catTicd by the ~ea wave~ waf; found in 8cdimcntf; of a IJOf;t-gI:\ciaI tenace ti m Fig, -J. - Kamcni. IslalHl Thcra, In tlte for!1gnl1llll1 tltere is t.hc snrfacc of Ncn. Thc ship i~ thc "Kno~s(),," ()f ]()()()() t.on, Tlte t.own on t.hll {'Hldem-wall i;; P]lC'l'lt (photo or thp allthol'), allove sello levlll N ort.ll of Jaffa-Te1 ~\viv, According' to }I, Pfannenstilll, tlHl ]Jnmice ca.me from t.he Santorin crul)tion, Fll1'thcr, arclmeological evidcncc l)oints ont t.hat the l)Ol't aud Imlf of the citr of Ug11rit, in Syria, were !l(I.'lI;l'Oy(\d abollt 140() Re. br a tf!IUl,òmi. .. \ssmHiug 11H ensta,tic rise of thc Bea-Ievel b,v 2 In in t.he time interval of abont 3 ~2 thonsand ycars, t.hc height or the sca wa.ves in Ja.ffa - Tel Avi" should have been at least 7 m, Disreglwding now the IOS8 from ab- R~;CES1' INVES1'IGA1'IOSS OF A BRON7.E A(;E ERllP1'lOS I!J, HorIltion and taking into account that Lhe Kea wavei> produced during thc bil'th of the caldcra Imd at a distancn of a bout 900 klll a height of more than 7 m, we may casily calculate that their height, at the start,ing poillj; sllOuld have been at lea st 210 m, The ca lrml atioll of the initial height of t.lll:l tSlllmmi is in accorda ncc with )Ia.rinos' rc- cellt estimation (lO). G. ì\larinos alld his associa.te havc found layers of pumice in thrtle IllaC(~~ on the island of Anaphi, situated at a distmlCtl of about 25 km East of Sant,orino Ali thcse la:rers wcrc fOlllld a l t.he lwads or mvincs or v alleys on tlw ishmd. ì\larinos and hig a~· Fil:\". :; TIl(' ",Igo of Ihé t!aldcfll· wa ll, \"i c wed from thu 1'uuth. 'l'Ile tOWll is lJhcra (pIlOto of the anthor). wciate h avc good reasons to believe that t./w puntice on A.naphi was carried by the tsmmmi following the format,ion of t,he VOlC.'lllic cavity or Santorill ". It is 1I0t.ewOl"th~- that one of thcse three laynrs were found 250 met,res above t,he level of t,he sea , at, a distanctl of 1650 met,res [rom the coast. 1Lme D. Vitaliano and Prof. Ch. Vitaliano (13) have argued a gainst this st,atmnent, writ.ing a.s follows: " fnasmuch as Ana phi lies close enough t,o Santorin to have received airborne Ilumice in the climatic explosions, tlw AnaIlhi TlIllniee lllUSt. be viewcd ·with rcservatiolls as evidence or thc hcight or the }Iinoan tsunami ". This may be also true, of course, however I do not sharc the M.me and Prof. VH,a liano's opinion. As H, was ment,ioned above, namel)', 11m 1I~;IH~Jt\'A]{1 l'. all tI/ree 1(/.IIer.~ of jlnmice were fvu,ud al Uw }wad,~ of /'(U'iile.~ or Nllley.~. SU}l}lo~inl! t.ha.t, thc pLUnicc 1w.d been ca.\Ticd by thc air-shockH, throu- ghOlLt the ail', t.hc }lumice would dist.ributcc1 ovcr a I!rel ~t.er pal't of Uw i.~lanli An~~l'hi, by allli large in the sa.me I!eneml diHtl'iblltùm, Bnt ~illCC tlw t}Ii'/'(: la.yers were fOlLnli jw;t a.t. t.lw lma ds of vallers, thcy 1mc1 to calTied really by Ow wa1.er of 11m ::;ea alonu, This wa.tc1' ha li heeIl l ~(\eturl1!la1(\{i a.t t.hc Illouth of thc v a llcy ~~Jl(1 rm1chcc1 hig-he1' all(I higlw1' luvcls linrilll! it~ fu1'thcr wa.y th1'oul!hout the nalTo\\' vallcy to its u}l}lcr cneL Owinl! to t.lwse (~on~i(lemtions I I)l'efel' t.lw valne of 21 () metl'eH a.~ the init.bl heil!ht. of t!HJ Mino a n t.slLnami, in a~\(lo1'da.Jlec with t.he ~llgg():';tion of l'l·Of. Cbla.JlopOlllos ~md P1'oL Ma1'inoH, 1'cs}lcc- tivdy. In sonw of my own na.lcub1tioll8 I mcc1 thi.~ va.lue. However I dcebrcd tlmt I mn willinl! to relwat the (\alcnl a tiol!H on the basis of othe1' V~.hlCS for the height of the tSlLIla.mi. I shonld like t.o maue H here , in t·he pre::;ent, paper, '['lle followinl! v,blues werc c1lOsun: 30 m - eOlTCs}loilllinl! roul!hly to the t.:-mIlami-height aft·m' the Kmka.toa. eruption ('l') - 60 In, 90 In, 1:20 In, 1fiO m, a,nd 1MO m, l"I\,~pcd,ivdy, I Il the eOUl .. ~e of pnwtim11 nH,lmLiation I was for/lcù to lLSC tlw l'cl~1tionsltip bct.wccn thc hcig-ht ~md cnc1'gy of tsunmnis, csta.blishec1 by Iic1~1 (14) sinec - ~1S far a.~ [ know - H}leeial mathmllatiea.1 exprpssion f()]' the tsulmllliH of volc:mie-(\()lIa.pse ol'igin is not. uxist a,::; ret. I think tlmt tlw ::;iIllplu l'ebtion, CXIll'Csscd a." ~1 t~.blc in rida.'s (H) }laper i~ mctul in evc1'y m~~cs wltcn there is a tSUlmmi in t.lte sea, t.he nmxi- mal hcig-ht of which is kIlown, - independent.ly trom t.he origin (mlollse) of the respedive ,~(\a wa,ve, tlmt. is independen1 from t.1w p1'ohll'.m wllPtlwl' it is a. W~1VC (lalL,~(\{i by a m'lL,~ta,1 Iicfo1'mation of t!w sea bottom c1uc to ~. tcct.onic ca.1't.hquakc or it is a tSUlmmi of volm~nic-collapse orig-in. (Sec later, too). (.) Ilnrillg UlC Krakat.oa,l~nllaIlli ill 1.883 UIO hpighl of sca wavc~ readlell a vallle of aholll 30-31i JIlet,re~ Oli lhe (:oa~lal area. AcconLillg- Lo li,la (l') t.he Pllergy of a t,sllnami, (:ansfHI by /'art.hqllake, wit,h a [wig-hL of 32 mp_t,re,~ on the eoa~L i~ aboll1 2.50· 1(J!~ crgs. Il is vcry probable 1ha1.. a "/'Tt,ain parl of Lhe ollcrg-'y ill lhc ~ea wave \\'a~ t.rall~ferrcd lo t.l1C waler from t,Iw air wave (10). 'l'he ellerg-y of t.he air hla~L in t.he KrakaLoa ea~1' was e~tilllalcd also hy !larkridllr amI Pr/'H~ (15) ao; hig-h aH the tot,al Ilxplosive ellerg'y of a lludear homh, eqllivat/'nt lo [OO-l;'i() megatmlH of 'l'KT. It is e(!ual Lo 4,IS,[()"-(i,27·[O~~ ergs, sim'/' - al'('(,nlillg to Imho (lO) _ [ megaLoll COI'- r/'HpOlHIs t,o 4,18·1U" erg,,;. IL i~ very reaflollable to aSSllmc t,Iwt t11e energ-y of the Milloan l~llJla!lli of SallLorill Imd a g-reat.er heighl alld greater cncrgy Lhall llmL of t.he L~\lJlallli of Krakatoa allll Lhe clicrg-y of air wa\'cs was at. lea~t. a~ high a.~ t,hat. of tl11' air hlaHt, of Krakatoa. HECEST [>;Yl>;STT(HTTOSf< OF A BRO"'\ZE A(;E ERl:PTIO>; 199 By thc cxt.mpobl,tion of t.ltc data of lida (14) ~~nd b~king int.o ac.eount thc [wcmgc vallle~, I ohtained thc followiug re:mltH as reg~1l'd the ellergy of tS1!w\lllis of diffe1'(mt Illaxiuml lwight 011 thp (i(Ja'/;t: THllll:tmi-lH'ight T~llllaJlli-lJIugllitlld(' T~IlI111mi-nll!:'rgy (H r. ) lIw-trl'~ ('rgo 30 -I-,!i-l- 1 ,ii2){ ·10" fiO ",UU u,252'IO" (Hl (i.23 1.37-1- '102' 120 (Ui!) 2,-1-55 ·I02s 1::;0 7,00 3,USI ·IO·s 180 -" 1,_- 5,39" '10" 210 7,-1-;, 7,-I-13·10!' !og 1~'I~ = 21,-i + 0,0 m [lJ wlwre "In iH the s()-(\[~lIed tSlllmllli-uu~gnihlde, H is gOlwr ally aMwptml tll1l,t. a~ a (HJnSeljlH'.nee of cel"t. aiu vo!e~~nie l'I·llpt.ions largc caldcn\s lW\y foruH-ld d1l(~ t.o thc elllTltyillg TlI'oecs~ of t1w 1ll;1gllla "cl mmhcl" Illllicl' thc vokano (Il). Sueh }lhenolllcnon 01)- ('.u!"r('d in thc m\sc or lIIolint. .?IIaZ;\llia (Oregou), too. Owing t.o SllCh iL proccss migltty cncrgics ;wc rc1e;\sing- in dilIcrcnt fOl"lll~. One of t.heHe encl'gies iH thc tot~~l collapse cncr,!,.']', ge, whieh N1n hc (lOlllTllIted h~' t.he following w~~~': Iu expr. [2J ..lI is thc total mll.'!s collapscd, fJ t.hc acceJcmt.ion due to ,!,.'1·iw ity ,I,ml h thc toh~1 way of thc lllOVelll(wt of t.he um~H "lf in t.he vm-ti('al dircoLion. If thc volmmo - t.lte collap:;c or which is ullde,r considemtion - is situatcd on the open sea or oeean (e.g. Kmbl,h m. , S,l,ut.o1"iu), it. lllll.y o(,eUI" Llmt thc (nlden~ will lilI up with watm' ;md li.'! a (mnscqllcncc of thc eolla}lsc-pltcnolllcnon and suddcn clmngcH in thc topogmvhy of thc SB~~ - ocea.n - hottOlll, ,!,.'1·e~~t w~~ves, t1mt iH tSllnallliH origillaLcd from t:.lw lll"Oxilllity of the VO!NloIli(\ i.~h\nd. Ael)ol"ding t.o Scltuiling ;1nd Yink (,a) fili' fo/al ('ollarme ellerfi./I i.~1tserl for curfhquf/kcB, t,~j/,/wmill alHI 200 IItlll;nVAnT P. for other geophysical phenomena. On t.his basis wc can introduce thc not.ion of free tectonic energlJ: [3] where 1118 is the ellergy of t.sunami. Let. UH calculatc the Y>blue of free t.ectonie enel'gy in case of Sa.n- t.ol'ill :\linmm etllption, using' di1Tel'Ont va.lucs for thc depth of lllagma- clmmbul' and COI' the height of the tsmmmi. 'Ve used the follo\\'illg suppositiollS: a) - total energy of wa.t.er, filling the ]ntsin, llOrdel'e!! by the wa lls oC t.he caldera: 0,2,10 25 ergs (H), is ilulicafed with Ew; h) - the total way or colla}lse in thc vcrtiwl .~(\llSC is H = " + 1 \cm, [.t] where 11 is the delJth of the l'oof of m agma -elmmh(\l' lIndel' t.he sea level and H is the depth of the lillal magma-Iey(1\ illside tlw llmgnm- chamhel' (a t t.he moment of the beginnin g or the colla}li'ie), me>bHIll'{'d hOlll t.he se>b level (the chosen value of 1 km is ,I, rather arbitra,r~' one, oC COUl'sc); c) a.ccclcration of gra.vity 9 roughly is 10:1 cm see-!; d) f,he m ass of the sll!Jvolca.nic eolumn is J[, its demity iH 2,8 9 Clll,si e) - t.he ma;!s of t.he colbpsed m>bterial, inclllding the }lreexisted volcallic mOllnt is ~1fl, its den.~ity is 2,G fj em-3 , its total volume is 72 km3 and thus Jf1 = j}[ -1- 1,8,1017 g; [5J and - lasUy - the hU,S!l of t.he preexist.ed vole>bllic moutlt. 1m!! 1m a.rea oC S = jO km2 , ]ll these NI.SeS we obtain the following vl~IIlCf;; Talolfl TT h /I N, I E< = (M 1yll) + E,. km klll [On 'I IO'· (',l'!;H ~ - l 2 ::l,OliO fi.32 2 , 4,020 12,2li :J , li,080 21>,12 , 5 8,070 45,0:; :; " 1O,!J30 ti:),78 lO Il 20,700 227,00 15 lO 31,200 499,40 20 I 21 i 40,200 844,40 COlll11ininl! tlWfW (!: ~ \.a, :'lll! the (!;1.t: ~ , ])l'eSmllNl iii '1':.111" I, hu'tIIl'I'- 1ll00'e t l\king into :~ceoun1., C'xll1'. [:~J, wc rccpiYl'd Ih(' fulluwÌlI1! v i.lnes fOl' !.lIC frC'c tcdonie cnOl'j.,':\': 'l'al,l(' III " bI! ;JO (jO \)(1 IZO l 50 IHO 2111 fn·.E'. t('('t()nÌ(~ f'IWl'gy in l ()2~ 1'1'1\'~ , 0,lIj7 li. (j\Ji, .J-.n·w ;UW5 Z.:l:lll 0,llZ5 < l> 2 12,107 I 1,(,;J;'i 10,,'1,% !I,SOii K,Z7ll (UlO5 .J-,K.J-7 " 27.%7 27 ,.J-~j5 21).7.J-I) 25,1)1)5 Z.J-.l ;:jj) 22.7Z,') ZO,707 , H,R!J7 H.,J-:!i, .J-;U,i(j .J-Z,5!1,') .J- I • I)(j~j :llJ,(;[i[i :n.(j;J7 5 H.';,(,27 mi. I i;fi O.J-,.J-O(j 0;1.;IZ5 (j I , ,!Jll (i(J.:JR5 5S.:I(j7 'l> 227,H7 227,275 221),52(, 22,;.,J-.J-,; ZZ:I.~llll 222.505 ZZO,.J-S7 I,; .J-!HI,2.J-7 .J-!lR,7i,; .J-BS.OZO .J-~j().n.J-5 .J-n,j.,J-l!J .J-B.J-.OO;; .J-Bl,mn 20 SH,2.J-7 K.J-3,iii; K.J-;I.OZ(, S.J-I.B.J-,; K.J-O.,J-I!J K:l~j.()()5 S;JH.~jS7 Vel''y ,~illlihl' valnes m a y !w ohL:~ illed if 8 =- 80 klll\ iJl.~1ea(1 of iO' 'l'u eal(\nh1.~l tlw~e v:~lncs - howcvcr - is nut Iwcc.'lS a r'y, siww t,I te (IMa 1ll'l\sonLC(1 in 'l'a,ble III shuw dca,rly that, bc).:'innÌn).:' frolll a ecrtain v alnc uf h, Hw fre(\ tc(·,tonie cm>.I'gies :>l'e :l,llllo,~t t,lte S:l,lIlC tlmn 111{'. Re, th:l,t is onl~, i> small Ilei' (\1'-111, uf Ec is nSNI fOl' 1.,SHIIU,lIli. rl'he,~e ellel'gies, e:qln>.ssoll in 'l' ahlc lll, a rc C'norlllUm; unc.'l, li'ol' COlllIJ!wisOIl we f! a n l'dcI' lo thc fa,et tlmt the tot a l scislilio cnor).:'y, l'cleaoHcd on thc wholc surfa,ec of tlw E a rl-h !Wl\HW.1I .1i>llna,I'Y 1, lK9H :l,tHl thc cnd of Ma y, 1 !W~ W:I,S sOllwwh a t ,~mallcr 1 h a n HO ,l O~~ cr).:'s ('9). Whi>t lmll h:I,]I])('IIlH! wi111 thc frco tcntonie O1Wl'g:\'1 lt iH :1, Vl'ohh·.l\l of ca pit a i illlliurtannc, 'l'hc }ll'cscnt :lnthol' i.~ l',ollyilwm! th a t, a l: le:l..'\t a 1m!'! of lhifl free t,cetonie enel'gy, h:l,ll tn 1'll111 a M>,d :\.'<; c:~rthqu:~ke.~, lllure cxaetl~·: in tlll' fOJ'lIl of Il lOIl!! IIl'1'il'8 o/ m/ha !Jtrong (,1rI1hfJ/wkc8. A sÌlIlih ~I' c: l.'le 1m(! hecn eXllcrience(1 durillg all(! i ~ftm' tlw eolla,]lse of Fel'n a ll(lÌlIa, caldcr:" of t.he (hlall:1go~ Yoh:a,nie gl'oHl1 ili 10H8 ("~) w1lcrc m any sltoekii h:l,ll bee!l oec\lI'\'{>.ll a ll(! flOllW of l11cm readwd the lll:.gnitUlle ;";,0 (H.i(\h 1,1'1'). 1 t i~ V(\)'y (!ifli(mlL tu illmgi!le a lIligh ly eolla]l~e-]lh('IIUI\WlIOn uf ).:'iga ntie llla~~ witltuut :ony slul,ke of t,lw gl'ulJIHL IlOWeYC1' it i,~ }lrolmblc th a t unly a relMiyely ~lIli .ll ]leI' ecnl uf frcc ter:1uni(~ ellel'g~' \\·i\.~ lJKt,r! fUl' ).:'(\Jl(·Ti>1Ìllg ,~twh i. SCC]lWIH',C of ,~ho(·.k~. [lImy ,~lJgge~t 202 IlEDBR\' ARI P. that Iho rClIldinilly l'MI 01 Il'ee leclonic elleryy wasused lo cause certain ellU,n!le,~ in the lerel 01 Ihe bollom 01 Ille Aeyean-sea around the rolNIIW San/orino Sorry, at proSCllt - that is about 3400 years after the event, - \\'0. are Ilot abIe to mea.snre the dimensions of the crusta.l tlefOl'llla1iom, lmppened a~ a diroct consequence of the collapse- phellomelloll. However if the clmnges in thc sea-hottom topogral)hy wero high enough, bot,h in the horizonta l a ntl vert,iea l tlireetion, t,hen thc mwrgy, lleee~sary to lll'mince Uwm might lUl.Ve l)eell in th{t oJ'(leJ of 1()2;j_I()~6 mg's 01' l)erlmps 10 27 ergs, tha.t is in the ortler oI 1he free tectollic mwl'g'y. A~ Prof. Milla ka mi of Java.n Imd expre~sctl on the ocea~ion 01 the eongress, Ille t.~ul/amis fife duc lo sudrlell topo,fJl'lIpld(,lIl c1/1lnycs 011 the sea-bot/om, 'l'hese tOl)ogmphh: al changes (crustal deformations) are the dil'cr:t 4lO1Uwqtlenee8 of strong carthqllake~, a~ it, OCClllTetl - for il1~tance - ili ('a~(\ of tlw great, 'l'okro-~hoek on tlw 1 ~t, SC1Jtmnber, 1023, But :tccol'tling' to the ('onflitlel'atiollS 01 the lll'eflent, a ([thol', di~cuss('d nbove, ,~om(' {dnd 01 ('mslal rlclonnaliolls may bc aIO ('O/(sc- rlUCI/Cc 01 raldr'}"II-lIur!.iIl!l collap.~o-proe(,lIl1, /00. It i~ now quite denr awl evitlent that s'n('h tYl'r; 01 ('1'1tst,,1 dolonnatiol/s may al,~o cau,w! tS'lt/uonill, 'l'herefore Jitla's fOl'mula (l~), t,hat is eX1JI' , [IJ, ean 1)(: used in ca,se 01 /sullamill 01 'vol('((nic ('ollapso-odyin and HOt only in ('((se 01 t.nw(l,mi,~ 01 earlhquflkc-ol'iyin. AceordingJy to use thc l'espect,ivo for- mula in the eaIcnlu.tion of the energy or Sfllltorini Jtino1t1l t~nllami i~ quite rig'htfll1 - q,ltod (!J'lIt dClnol/.l'trawlum, REFE RENCES (I) GEOR(;AI.AS, H. C., Oalalog!ll~ of .-[dive l'o/cruw('8 of l,h,' Wor/d fncl!Hling .','olfa/arll Fie/tiN, l'art XIT, Gn'll<'E', Roma (1!Hi2). l') Il,,,,,, Il. C., A 'l'{,,,, ",,,,/, /",. W,'",y . • ',t,,,",y Il,,,,,,,", D,,,. O (IDOn). (l) IlEEZE:\ H, C. - NIXKOV!C(( D., .','un/orini 1'cphra, "CoL.,loll Papen,,,. XVII (Iun,i), (4) MARINATOS 81'., AI,IÙl'lti/y, XIII. pp, 425_43U (1\13\1), (~) i\IAlUNATOS 81'" O-n the Legcnrl of Allanl-i:;, 'l'l'all~lated frum, • Critica Chrunica . I V (I (0), (G) }'L<\.!H~ATOS 8('" 80me WO/'l/:; ulJOul 0/6 Lcgrnd of Al-llllll-is, Atlwn8 (ID09). (1) J'.IAHIl'OIJ1,O,~ A, G., 'P/w T~a8/.c1'/~ .lfetlilurunl'l/"n 'l'ri/()gy iii Ihe Bronzr Age, [,/l'd,nr!', Oli T8CV'l' (1%9). l{ECE~T l"'IVESTlGATIO:'>~ OF A BRO"':t.E .Hm ERUPTION 203 (' ) VA:'> HE~nIELE:'>, R. W., FOl1r l"olcrwic ()lIl1mrsls 1.11.(11 InjllM!!leed 11ulll11ll JJistory. "L(~l"~ll!"{'. Oll the lllteml).t.iollui SeiC'uiific COllgn~~H Oll t.he \·oletlllo of TlWi"a n. ISCV'l' (1!Hi!l). (I") \r,\lUXOS G., Un I./IC !:Ii:;c 01 lhc Sca !Vtlt'e ('l'~ullwni) /)lIrilil/ the l're_ hùloriv ErI/pIù)!! uj 8all/orilli . • LecLlIi"e ou [i;CYT> (lll6U). (11) XI'~U1IA"" VA" PAIlA:-;o:.: .:\1., 1'II"u {)altP,·tr())lhic Eruptiolls iii Ilidolle~ia, CUlII-jHlrablelrilh Ihr Flinian Oullllll"8l. ()J I1w VolCrl/lo ()J Thera (Salilorini) in Jlinow. 'l'ime. " Lettllre Oli ISCVT> (1!l0!l). ('") lIÉ1>El\vA1U l'., EIle/"ycUca./ {)a/eu/aliolls CrHlcCI"ninylhe "lfilwnn j<,'ruptioll oj !:Iclllt()rini (lillal ver~iOll) . .: LocLlIi"o on rSCVT» (IUOn). ('") VITALIA"'IO U. Il. Vl'r,\.LIA"'O CII. J., l'lili lan Erl/pUol,~, ErulhfjlUlkes (!/Id ,)'(!I,lorin - A R(~Yiew . .:\Iallu8Ci"ipt for l.he < ACTA of ISCVT J) (1 !l70). (") IlDA K., .Jlaynitlldc, j<,'nCl"[}!J and Generalioll .lIre/lnlti:,;//; uJ 'l'sunamis ... " 'l'lw T(,ll~h Pal."ific SciellCC CUll~l"ess . l'apeI" (1!l61). (") llAHKHllllm D. - l'RI"SS F .. The Krakaloa air-seawnve:,; ... "Tlw Geo- phy~ÌI."ul Journal» 13. 1·3 (1!l67). (1ft) [)fIIÙ G., Eruplirc 1~lIrrl/ies . • Allllaii (lelI"Osservu,[.orio Veomyi;l.110 > Se~[.a :-;orie, VII (1U05). (l') VA" n 1';11 11 1"1.1"" R. "T., 1Ie/. (!aldern l'rublcem. De .:\lijnill,!l,"l'nienr (1!l2!l). (l") ScrWILI:'>G R. D. - Yl:'>K n. \\'., Es/iIlW{Cò' 010 I1w jTrHiou., 'l'ypes oj Enaqy Neleascrl by /.ItC Erl/pllon uJ 'l'h era·. Grecce, (It a/wul 1100 R. C. - .. Jppendi.c tu R. IV. va·n 1Jelll lnell~n's paper -. < Lectme un ISC\''l' . (HJ6n). ('") lIÉJlEltY.lRl l'., lllvl'~tilJation.~ RNJarrUnl/ Iho Earlh N SeismicUy. l'art ilI . • G(~rJall<]R nllitrilgl' 7.n!" Gllophy,;ik . , 74, il (l!l(ji5). ("") S li l'I'IISO:'>IA 'il J 'i/S'I'I'l'C".I·ION, Clllltcr Ior ShOi"t-li \'0(1 pllOllUIJlOlla: < Allllnal Pi"O,l(rc~~ Hepoi"t IU08 >. Publishe(l: I i"ebl"nar.y (lf)(jfJ).