Multi-quasi-parabolic ionosphere model with EF-valley ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, 59, 2, 2016, A0213; doi:10.4401/ag-6780 A0213 Multi-quasi-parabolic ionosphere model with EF-valley Jie Sun1,2, Xiao-Juan Zhang1,*, Shun Wang1, Zhao-Qian Gong1, Guang-You Fang1 1 Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ABSTRACT We improve the conventional multi-quasi-parabolic (MQP) model and de- velop two MQP models with EF-valley by applying the predicted EF-val- ley parameter of the newest version of the International Reference Ionosphere. On the basis of the conventional MQP model and these two improved MQP models with EF-valley, we generate one-hop oblique sounding ionograms between Wuhan and Beijing. Comparisons between the generated ionograms and the sounding ionogram in the experiments illustrate that the improved MQP models are more suitable for describing the true ionosphere than the conventional MQP model is. In contrast to the conventional MQP model, the improved MQP models can increase the accuracy of ray tracing and reduce the errors in shortwave single location and over-the-horizon-radar registration. 1. Introduction Radio propagation depends uniquely on ionos- pheric electron density. Research on radio propagation usually refers to the mathematical description of ionos- pheric electron concentration as the ionosphere model. This model significantly affects the prediction and eval- uation of shortwave communication, and the accuracy of this model determines the positioning precision of over-the-horizon-radar (OTHR) and satellite navigation [Li (W.M.) et al. 2012]. The International Reference Ion- osphere (IRI) is the most frequently used ionosphere model in qualitative analysis and is an empirical standard model. The major data sources of IRI are the worldwide network of ionosondes, and the newest version of this model is labelled IRI2012. IRI is a statistical prediction model; thus, the provided parameters differ from the real-time data. A common ionosphere model in engi- neering application (particularly in the field of OTHR) is the multi-quasi-parabolic (MQP) model because this model can represent the real-time ionosphere when the parameters of the various layers are updated in a timely manner. The MQP model describes different iono- sphere layers with several quasi-parabolic segments, and the linking segment among layers is a counter-par- abolic function. After Dyson and Bennett [1988] intro- duced the MQP model, this model has been used in various engineering fields. Bourgeois et al. [2005, 2006] applied the MQP model for target tracking in OTHR. Baker and Lambert [1989] and Wang et al. [2009] esti- mated ranges for high-frequency single station location with this model. Gasse et al. [1999] estimated mean bearing derivations with the MQP model. Hou et al. [2015] employed the dynamic MQP model to compute sky-wave radar detection performance. Li (X.D.) et al. [2012] developed a signal model by utilizing the MQP ionospheric model to derive an optimum detector for MIMO-OTHR. Liu (R.Y.) et al. [2008] applied the MQP model to shortwave ray tracing in the ionosphere. Wang et al. [2010] presented an F1 layer inversion method based on MQP model. The data obtained from the incoherent scatter radar indicate the presence of a valley between the E and F layers; the depth and width of the valley are significantly less in daytime than at night [Mahajan et al. 1990], but ionosonde could not sound that region. No incoherent scatter radar has been developed in China; therefore, the MQP model used at present does not include an EF- valley. This lack reduces the accuracy of systems which use the ionosphere model. The depth of the valley from IRI2012 is a relative value, and the corresponding width is an absolute value; the former is closer to the actual situation than the latter is. The current work combines the predicted values of the EF-valley from IRI2012 with the other QP layer parameters derived from vertical sounding to generate two improved MQP models with EF-valley, namely, the MQP model which uses the depth of valley (MQP-VD) and the MQP model which uses the depth and width of valley (MQP-VDW). Oblique sounding ionograms demonstrate the group delay de- pendence over a defined frequency range; this group Article history Received April 29, 2015; accepted January 12, 2016. Subject classification: Wave propagation, Ionosphere model, EF-valley, Ray-tracing, Oblique sounding ionogram. delay function depends upon the ionospheric structure in a significantly more complex manner than it does for vertical sounding [Krasheninnikov et al. 1996]. Thus, we generate one-hop oblique sounding ionograms be- tween Wuhan and Beijing with the two improved MQP models and a conventional MQP model. We also com- pare the three oblique sounding ionograms with the ex- perimental ionogram from the ionosonde. The results illustrate that in contrast to the conventional MQP model, the improved MQP models effectively increase the accuracy of ray tracing and reduce the errors in shortwave single location and OTHR registration. 2. Conventional MQP model The QP model describes the profile of electron concentration in the ionosphere with a quasi-parabolic segment. A relationship exists between plasma fre- quency and electron concentration ( fN 2 = 80.8Ne ); therefore, the QP model for a single layer is often de- termined with Equations (1a) and (1b) [Dyson and Ben- nett 1988]. where r is the radial distance from the Earth’s center, rb is the value of r at the layer base, ym is the layer semi- thickness, rm= rb + ym is the value of r where the plasma frequency reaches maximum, a = f0 2 ( f0 is the critical frequency of the layer), b is given by Equation (2a) and rt is given by Equation (2b). The MQP model is developed in this manner (see Figure 1). The E and F1 layers are joined by the J1 join- ing layer, and the joining points are points A and B. The F1 and F2 layers are joined by the J2 joining layer, and the joining points are points C and D. The equations which describe the MQP ionosphere model can be written as Equations (3a)-(3e); the parameters in these equations are similar to those in Equation (1). The join- ing layers are described by the counter-QP function, as mentioned above; therefore, rmJ1 and rmJ2 represent the minimum radial distance of the J1 and J2 layers, re- spectively. The parameters of the joining layers and the val- ues of the joining points are determined as follows: Firstly, we assume that the J1 and E layers join at the peak of the latter. Then aJ1= aE, rmJ1= rmE. The J2 and F1 layers converge at the peak of the latter; subse- quently, aJ2= aF1, rmJ2= rmF1. rtF2 is the rt value of the F2 layer. Secondly, the parameter of the J1 layer bJ1 and the height of joining point B are computed by matching the plasma frequency and its gradient according to Equations (4a) and (4b). Then, the answers are given by Equations (5a) and (5b). otherwiwise f N a b r r rb r rt1 0 f N m rb rt 2 2X 1 1= - -S 2XG b a y rb rt rb y r rb m rb rt rb m m rb 2 = = - T YZ] []] \ ]] Z]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]][]]][] ]][]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] \ * E * * J1 * * * F1 * * * * J2 * * * * * F2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * f N a b r r f N aJ bJ r r f N a b r r f N aJ bJ r r f N a b r r lalayayer rb r rA joiningng lal yayer rA r rB lal yayer rB r rC joiningng lal yayer rC r rD lalayayer rD r rt 1 1 1 1 1 f NE E E E f NJNJ1 aJ1 bJ1 Jm 1 f NF1 F1 F1 F1 f NJNJ2 aJ2 bJ2 Jm 2 f NF2 F2 F2 F2 rA rQA rB rQB rC rQC rD rQD F2 m Jm m Jm m rt rQ b 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 # # # # # = - - = - - = - - = - - = - - S rQ S S rQ S S rQ rQ rQ X X X X X V V V V V Z] [] \ ]] Z]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]][] ][]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] \ ]]] \ ]] f N f N r f N r f N rB a a b rF rE rF b rF rE bJ rE rE rB rF b rF rB 1 1 1 1 f NF f NJNJ f2 NF f2 NJNJ rB F E F rF rE rF F rF rE bJ rE rE rB rF F rF rB r r r r r r r r 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B B B B 2 f2 2 f2 = = = - + - - = - - - = = = = R R R R W W W W Z] [] \ ]] Z]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]][] ][]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] \ Z] [] \ ]] Z]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]][] ][]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] \ SUN ET AL. 2 Figure 1. MQP ionosphere model. (1a) (2a) (2b) (1b) (3a) (4a) (4b) (5a) (5b) (3b) (3c) (3d) (3e) 3 Finally, the parameter bJ2 of the J2 layer and the height rD of joining point D are computed as described above. The values are represented by Equations (6a) and (6b) 3. Improved MQP model The vertical sounding ionosonde cannot obtain in- formation with regard to the EF-valley. In this study, the parameters of this factor are obtained from IRI2012. The real-time data from vertical sounding ionosonde are combined with the predicted data from IRI2012 to develop the improved MQP models with EF-valley. The joining parameters of the EF-valley with the E and F layers are computed as follows. A. MQP-VD model The relative depth “m” value of the EF-valley can be obtained based on IRI2012. The value of aV is com- puted by aV = m · aE. The heights rA and rB of joining points A and B are given by Equations (7a) and (7b). The EF-valley of MQP-VD is denoted in Figure 2 by a solid line. The functions which describe the MQP-VD model are represented by Equations (8a)–(8c). B. MQP-VDW model Both the relative depth “m” and absolute width “W” of the EF-Valley obtained from IRI2012 are used in the MQP-VDW model. The parameters of the joining layer are computed according to the values of aV and W, and the joining segment should pass through point (aE, rQ), (where rQ= rE+W) and converge with the straight line at the bottom of the valley, i.e., aJ = aV. The joining layer intersects with the F2 layer at point M (see Figure 2). The gradients of this layer are continuous at point M. We obtain Equation (9) according to the afore- mentioned rules, where rM, bJ and rmJ are unknown pa- rameters. The valley of MQP-VDW is highlighted by the dotted and dashed line in Figure 2. If the computed rmJ value is smaller than rA, which reduces the valley depth, then only the first two formulas in Equations (9a)-(9c) are used to compute rM and bJ. This procedure maintains a satisfactory valley depth (i.e., rmJ= rA). The values of rM and bJ are given by Equations (10a) and (10b). 4. Regional reconstruction technology for the iono- sphere parameters The transmitter is located in Wuhan, and the re- ceiver is located in Beijing. Therefore, we could obtain vertical sounding data of the two places only. We employ regional reconstruction technology for the ionosphere parameters to determine the parameters of various lay- ers in the midpoint along the great circle path. The method is described below [Liu (W.) et al. 2008]. Firstly, ionosphere distance dij is computed by using Equation (11), in which Loni and Lati represent the longitude and latitude of the ith place, respectively; the unit is degree; and i =1, 2; j =1, 2. The parameter SF refers to the scalar factor. The value of SF is 2 in the middle latitude area. rA a a rE rB a a b rF rb r rA rA r rB f N a b r r rB r rt b f N a b r r f V a 1 1 1 1 rA E V rE V rA rA rB f N F2 F2 E f NE E E E f V V rt rB F F rF F F rB F rb m m 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 # # # = - - = - - = - - = - - = Q Q S S Q Q Q V V X X V V V Z] [] \ ]] Z]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]][] ][]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] \ ]]] \ ]] Z] [] \ ]] Z]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]][] ][]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] \ ]]] \ ]] rD a a b rF rF rF b rF rF bJ rF rF rD rF b rF rD 1 1 1 1 F F F rF rF rF F rF rF bJ rF rF rF F rF rD rD rD 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = - + - - = - - - R R R R W W W W Z] [] \ ]]] Z]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]][] ][]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] \ ]]]]]] \ f N f N r f N r f N f N a bJ r r bJ b r b r J a r J a r J b rJ rF a a b r rM bJ rJ b rF bJ r J b r 1 2 f NJNJ f NF2 f2 NJNJ f2 NF2 f NJNJ V bJ Jm bJ F F F r J F r J V r J F rJ rF F V F F rM bJ rJ F rF bJ r J F F r r r r r r r r Jm 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 M M M M 2 f2 2 f2 = = = + - = + - + - - = + + = = = = S Q X V Z] [] \ ]] Z]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]][] ][]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] \ ]]]] \ Z] [] \ ]] Z]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]][] ][]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] \ ]]] \ ]] MQP IONOSPHERE MODEL WITH EF-VALLEY Figure 2. MQP-VD ionosphere model. (6a) (7a) (7b) (8a) (9a) (10a) (8b) (9b) (10b) (8c) (9c) (6b) Secondly, weight coefficients W1 and W2 are com- puted with Equations (12a) and (12b), in which n denotes the Lagrange multipliers, and di0 is the ionosphere dis- tance between the ith place and the midpoint. Lastly, the parameters in the midpoint are estimated with the computed weight coefficients and the known parameters of the transmitting and receiving regions. For the parameters that could be obtained from IRI2012, such as the peak heights and the critical frequencies of different layers, we utilise Equation (13) as follows: The parameters of IRI2012 are used as the back- ground to retain the regional character of the ionosphere and to improve the accuracy of the reconstructed pa- rameters, where z0 is the estimated parameter, and −zj j = 0,1,2 is the counterpart to parameter zj from IRI2012. For the parameters which cannot be found in IRI2012, we apply Equation (14). 5. Experiments Three oblique sounding ionograms between Wuhan and Beijing are selected. The times at which the data were collected are listed as follows: January 3, 2014, at 16:22 (UT), January 4, 2014, at 03:07 (UT) and May 25, 2014, at 02:07 (UT), which correspond to the nighttime scenario without the F1 layer, the daytime scenario without the F1 layer and the daytime scenario with the F1 layer, respectively. The one-hop oblique sounding ionograms generated with the three MQP models are compared with the experimental oblique sounding ionogram, as depicted in Figures 3, 4, and 5. The group path of the one-hop E layer is unaffected by the EF valley; therefore, the E layer group paths are not Lon Lonj LatjLatd SFijij i nj i tj 2V 2V= - + -Q Q2V 2V Wj Wj ,d d i 1 1 2ijij Wj i j Wj j 0 1 2 1 2 n+ = = = = = Z] [] \ ]] Z]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]][] ][]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] \ ]]] \ ]] | | Wz z z j0 0 0 1 2- = = r r |Wj zj zj zj zj zj zj Wj - r r Wjz zjWj zj j 0 1 2 = = | SUN ET AL. 4 f(MHz) 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 Pexp - PMQP-V (km) -10 -14 -13 -21 -23 -26 -28 -24 -24 -24 -33 -110 Pexp - PMQP-VD (km) -79 -75 -65 -64 -56 -46 -35 -16 -1 16 25 -34 Pexp - PMQP (km) -93 -89 -78 -75 -66 -55 -40 -19 0 21 35 -19 Figure 3. One-hop oblique sounding ionograms generated with the three MQP models and the experimental ionogram. Time: January 3, 2014, at 16:22 (UT). Table 1. Difference values in the one-hop group paths of the experimental oblique sounding and of the simulation results. Time: January 3, 2014, at 16:22 (UT). (11) (12a) (14) (12b) (13) 5 displayed in the figures. The corresponding difference values in the one-hop group paths of the experimental oblique sounding and of the simulation results of the three MQP models are listed in Tables 1, 2 and 3, re- spectively. Pexp- PMQP-V represents the one-hop group path of the experimental oblique sounding minus one- hop group path of the MQP-V model, Pexp- PMQP-VD represents the one-hop group path of the experimental oblique sounding minus the one-hop group path of MQP-VD model, Pexp- PMQP represents the one-hop group path of the experimental oblique sounding minus the one-hop group path of the MQP model. Figure 3 and Table 1 illustrate that the oblique sounding ionogram generated by using the MQP-V model is similar to the experimental sounding iono- gram and that the group path error is small, except for high frequencies close to MUF. Meanwhile, the iono- grams generated with MQP-VW and the conventional MQP are less similar to the measured ionogram, and the group paths of the former change rapidly, but those of the latter shift gradually. The group path error ob- served at low frequencies is greater than 50 km; nonethe- less, the ionogram generated with the MQP-VW model is slightly superior to that which was generated by using the conventional MQP model. Abrupt changes do not occur in the ionograms generated with the three MQP models, unlike in the measured ionogram near MUF, because the vertical data utilised to obtain the pa- rameters of various layers are not highly accurate. Figure 4 and Table 2 illustrate that the oblique sounding ionogram generated by employing the MQP- V model is highly similar to that of the measured iono- gram. The group path error is small, and the changes at MUF are also similar. Meanwhile, the ionograms gen- erated with MQP-VW and the conventional MQP are less similar to the experimental ionogram; the group paths change evidently with frequency, and the varia- tions in MUFs are greater than those in its experimen- tal counterpart. The MUF of MQP-V is 0.3 MHz less than that of the experimental counterpart, whereas the MUFs of MQP-VW and MQP are 1.3 MHz less than that of the experimental ionogram. The errors observed at low frequencies of MQP-VW and MQP are large, and the maximum errors at 10 MHz are 40 and 44 km for MQP- VW and MQP, respectively. Nonetheless, the oblique sounding ionogram generated with the MQP-VW MQP IONOSPHERE MODEL WITH EF-VALLEY f(MHz) F2 at a low angle F2 at a high angle 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.5 17.5 18.5 19.5 18.5 Pexp - PMQP-V (km) -19 -26 -22 -27 -21 -18 -19 -13 -14 -13 -40 Pexp - PMQP-VD (km) -40 -40 -29 -26 -11 -1 6 20 25 ---- -46 Pexp - PMQP (km) -44 -43 -31 -27 -11 1 10 25 33 ---- -48 Figure 4. One-hop oblique sounding ionograms generated with the three MQP models and the experimental ionogram. Time: January 4, 2014, at 03:07 (UT). Table 2. Difference values in the one-hop group paths of the experimental oblique sounding and of the simulation results. Time: January 4, 2014, at 03:07 (UT). model is slightly superior to the oblique ionogram gen- erated with the conventional MQP model. Figure 5 and Table 3 indicate that the oblique sound- ing ionograms generated with the three MQP models differ slightly from one another. This variation is at- tributed to the low predicted depth and width values of the EF-valley from IRI2012 in the daytime with F1, thereby leading to a shallow EF valley and a slight effect on radio propagation. 6. Conclusion For the ionosphere in the daytime with the F1 layer, the oblique sounding ionograms generated by the three MQP models are less similar to the measured ionogram. By contrast, for the ionosphere without the F1 layer, the ionogram generated by using the MQP-V model is superior to those generated by using MQP- VW and the conventional MQP model. The MQP-VD model maintains not only the valley depth parameter, but also the width of the valley bottom, whereas the MQP-VDW cannot guarantee the width of the valley bottom. This finding suggests that the depth and width of the valley bottom play an important role in electro- magnetic propagation. Compared with the conven- tional MQP model, the MQP-V model is more suitable for describing the ionosphere without the F1 layer to increase the accuracy of ray tracing and for reducing the error of parameter inversion based on the iono- sphere model. Acknowledgements. This study was supported by the Na- tional Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 61172017). References Baker, D.C., and S. Lambert (1989). Range estimation for SSL HFDF systems by means of a multiquasi- parabolic ionospheric model, IEE Proceedings H (Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation), 136 (2), 120-125. Bourgeois, D., C. Morisseau and M. Flecheux (2005). Quasi-parabolic ionosphere modeling to track with Over-The-Horizon Radar. IEEE/SP Workshop on Statistical Signal Processing, 962-965. Bourgeois, D., C. Morisseau and M. Flecheux (2006). Over-the-horizon radar target tracking using multi- quasi-parabolic ionospheric modeling, IEE Proceed- ings-Radar, Sonar and Navigation, 153 (5), 409-416. Dyson, P.L., and J.A. Bennett (1988). A model of the SUN ET AL. 6 Figure 5. One-hop oblique sounding ionograms generated with the three MQP models and the experimental ionogram. Time: May 25, 2014, at 02:07 (UT). Table 3. Difference values in the one-hop group paths of the experimental oblique sounding and of the simulation results. Time: May 25, 2014, at 02:07 (UT). f(MHz) F1 F2 at a low angle F2 at a high angle 10 10.8 10 10.8 11.6 12.4 12.8 12 12.4 12.8 Pexp - PMQP-V (km) -83 -28 16 -13 -25 -54 -118 123 118 158 Pexp - PMQP-VD (km) -83 -27 16 -13 -25 -53 -118 123 118 160 Pexp - PMQP (km) -81 122 17 -12 -25 -52 -117 123 118 160 7 vertical distribution of the electron concentration in the iono-sphere and its application to oblique propagation studies, Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 50 (3), 251-262. Gasse, V., D. Lemur and L. Bertel (1999). A 3D ray trac- ing procedure to study ionospheric tilts, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C: Solar, Terrestrial & Planetary Science, 24 (4), 379-383. Hou, C.Y., G. Ke and Y. Fu (2015). The sky-wave radar detection performance computing based on the dy- namic ionospheric model, Neurocomputing, 151, 1305-1315. Krasheninnikov, I.V., J.C. Jodogne and L.F. Alberca (1996). Compatible analysis of vertical and oblique ionos- pheric sounding data, Annali di Geofisica, 39 (4), 763-768. Li, W.M., D.L. Su, Z.W. Yang and Y. Liu (2012). Iono- sphere hybrid modeling method for short-wave ray tracing, Journal of Beijing University of Aeronau- tics and Astronautics, 38 (4), 473-477. Li, X.D., Q. He, B.X. Han and Z.S. He (2012). Detection Performance of MIMO-OTH Radar: Advantages of Multipath Ionospheric Propagation//Computer and Information Technology (CIT), 2012 IEEE 12th International Conference on IEEE, 758-762. Liu, R.Y., G.H. Liu, J. Wu, B.C. Zhang, J.Y. Huang, H.Q. Hu and Z.H. Xu (2008). Ionospheric foF2 reconstruc- tion and its application to the short-term forecast- ing in China region, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 51 (2), 300-306. Liu, W., P.N. Jiao, S.K. Wang and J.J. Wang (2008). Short wave ray tracing in the ionosphere and its application, Chinese Journal of Radio Science, 23 (1), 41-48. Mahajan, K.K., R. Kohli, V.K. Pandey and N.K. Sethi (1990). Information about the E-region valley from incoherent scatter measurements, Advances in Apace Research, 10 (8), 17-20. Wang, J., W. Fu, X.Z. Feng and D.M. Lu (2009). Tech- nique on short distance high frequency single sta- tion location, Electronic Warfare Technology, 24 (1), 25-28. Wang, S.K., W. Liu, S.L. Li, Y.B. Guo, J.M. Fan and P.N. Jiao (2010). Inversion method of F1 layer on vertical sounding ionogram, Chinese Journal of Radio Sci- ence, 25 (1), 172-177. * Corresponding author: Xiao-Juan Zhang, Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; email: xjzhang@mail.ie.ac.cn. © 2016 by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. All rights reserved. MQP IONOSPHERE MODEL WITH EF-VALLEY << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles false /AutoRotatePages /None /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Warning /CompatibilityLevel 1.3 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.1000 /ColorConversionStrategy /LeaveColorUnchanged /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams true /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize false /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments false /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile (None) /AlwaysEmbed [ true /AndaleMono /Apple-Chancery /Arial-Black /Arial-BoldItalicMT /Arial-BoldMT /Arial-ItalicMT /ArialMT /CapitalsRegular /Charcoal /Chicago /ComicSansMS /ComicSansMS-Bold /Courier /Courier-Bold /CourierNewPS-BoldItalicMT /CourierNewPS-BoldMT /CourierNewPS-ItalicMT /CourierNewPSMT /GadgetRegular /Geneva /Georgia /Georgia-Bold /Georgia-BoldItalic /Georgia-Italic /Helvetica /Helvetica-Bold /HelveticaInserat-Roman /HoeflerText-Black /HoeflerText-BlackItalic /HoeflerText-Italic /HoeflerText-Ornaments /HoeflerText-Regular /Impact /Monaco /NewYork /Palatino-Bold /Palatino-BoldItalic /Palatino-Italic /Palatino-Roman /SandRegular /Skia-Regular /Symbol /TechnoRegular /TextileRegular /Times-Bold /Times-BoldItalic /Times-Italic /Times-Roman /TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT /TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT /TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT /TimesNewRomanPSMT /Trebuchet-BoldItalic /TrebuchetMS /TrebuchetMS-Bold /TrebuchetMS-Italic /Verdana /Verdana-Bold /Verdana-BoldItalic /Verdana-Italic /Webdings ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 150 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.10000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 150 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.10000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.08250 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName (http://www.color.org) /PDFXTrapped /Unknown /CreateJDFFile false /SyntheticBoldness 1.000000 /Description << /ENU (Use these settings to create PDF documents with higher image resolution for high quality pre-press printing. The PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Reader 5.0 and later. These settings require font embedding.) /JPN /FRA /DEU /PTB /DAN /NLD /ESP /SUO /NOR /SVE /KOR /CHS /CHT /ITA >> >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [595.000 842.000] >> setpagedevice